SARDAR

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CTII

 Introduction of the site:

 Name of site : Sardar center

 Address: Near vastrapur fountain,
Sardarchowk,
Vastrapur,
Ahmedabad.
 Client: N.J.Devani Builders Pvt Ltd.
 Architect: Dilip Soni
 Structural Consultant: Kiran Bhavsar
 Site in charge: Ghyanshyam Devani

 Salient Features:

 Type of project:: Commercial / Residential

 No. of Stories: 11 stories – 2 commercial+9 Residential
 No. of lifts: 2
 Sizes of residential flats: 98 sq. yards , 138 sq.yards.
 No. of shops: 90 (45 in each floor)
 Total cost of project: 15 crores.
 Land area: 4200 sq.yards

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 Description of Fromwork Materials:

1. Steel Props
Cost: Rs.1000/pc
The maximum height up to which it can be extended is 16 ft.
Basically they are used to support the beam and the slab
When they are casted at site.
2. Acro Span:
Cost: Rs.1000/pc
Maximum length that can be attained is 5 meters. It consists
Basically of trusses. They are used to support the slab when
They casted.

 Opening span:

OPENING LENTH MIN MAX WT.

S0+S1 345 CMS 412 CMS 40.0 KG
L0+L1 315 CMS 550 CMS 55.8 KG
B.M 1040 KG.M
TOTAL LAND 2700 KG
FACTOR OFSAFTY 2:1

 Outer span:

TOP MEMBER 2MM SHEET WITH RIBBED SECTION

BOTTOM MEMBER 63 x 6 MM FLAT
DIAGONAL MENMBER 32 x 5 MM FLAT
STIFFNERS 10 MM M.S ROUND
BEARING PLATE 75 x 75 x 8 MM
DEPTH OF MEMBER 254 MM
WIDTH OF MEMBER 100MM

 Inner span:

BOTTOM MEMBER 40*90*4 MM TEE SECTION

ALL OUTER SPECIFICTION SHALL BE AS ABOVE
DEPTH OF MEMBER 222 MM
EIDTH OF MEMBER 92 MM

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 Light weight acro span:

 Standard types:

MINIMUM MAXIMUM
ESO + ESI 175 CM 270 CM
SO + ESI 240 CM 345 CM
SO + SI 254 CM 412 CM
SO + LI 305 CM 475 CM
LO + SI 315 CM 485 CM
LO + LI 315 CM 550 CM

The following table provides a ready reckoner for determining the

clear span. Acro span giving spacing for various slab thickness and
span.

 Lightweight Acro span loading table:

SLAB TOTAL LOAD (including Permissible clear span for

THICKNESS(mm) 180kg/sq. m for shutters & center line spacing (mm)
live loads) kg/ sqm

100 420 5500 5000 4150 4010

115 456 5510 4750 4470 3890
125 480 5330 4650 4340 3760
140 516 5160 4500 4190 3630
150 540 5000 4350 4090 3503
180 612 4750 4100 3890 3350
190 636 4620 4050 3780 3280
200 660 4520 3950 3680 3200
225 720 4340 3800 3530 3070
250 780 4140 3650 3380 2840
275 840 4010 3500 3280 2640
300 900 3730 3400 3150 2490

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 Formwork of column: (for rectangular & square)

 First of all the top layer of the slab is made smooth.

 Then the centerline is marked according to the drawings.
 After that the starter mould that is cleaned with the help of "'kharochi"" is
placed according to the centerline marked.
 Then the shuttering oil is applied on the inner side of the starter mould
with the help of a piece of cloth.
 Then M20 grade of concrete is prepared and placed up to the height of the
starter mould, covering area till the line of reinforcement.
 First of all a wooden form is placed at the height of the column and simply
supported with the help of a lateral steel prop.
 It is closely placed touching the starter. Then the second form is placed on
the width and clamped with the help of a "'shikanja".
 With the same procedure the third form is erected at the width of the
column.
 Both the sides of the column is kept in alignment to the starter mould with
the help of a shikanja which is fixed on the reinforcement bars.
 Then with the help of binding wire they are tied from
the outer edge from bottom and fixed with the help
of nails.
 It is done so that the forms remain in alignment after
the shikanja is removed for fixing the fourth side.
 Then the fourth side is erected at the length and
clamped wit the help of shikanja.
 After that the rafters are fixed 5 in number in one set
of forms at the distance given in the figure and the
shikanja is removed.
 Then two lateral supports of adjustable props are
given on the length and supports of wooden prop are given on the width of
the column.
 The verticality is then checked with the help of a plumb bob.
 Also the above type of an instrument is made with the help of wooden
battens and it is also used to check the verticality of the forms when the
they are supported laterally.

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 Formwork of beam:

 First of all the level of beam bottom is marked on the columns with the
help of a level tube.
 Then small rectangular wooden pieces having irregular length but top
surface even are fixed at the level marked on the columns called "pattas"
 It provides an even surface for the fixing of the beam bottom.
 The wooden pieces are fixed with the help of a binding wire and the
binding wire in turn is tied with the help of the reinforcement bars.
 Then the length and width of the beam is taken and accordingly the size of
the beam bottom is cut.
 The beam bottom is usually cut in two pieces and the joint is locate din the
center and this is fixed with the help of a wooden piece called "'Lafa" with
the help of nails.
 Then it s made to rest on the wooden supports which are fixed on the
columns with the help of binding wire.
 Meanwhile a rectangular wooden piece is fixed if fixed on the top of
adjustable props with the help of nails called T-heads.
 After that it is erected under the beam bottom and here also a small
wooden piece is kept in between the T-head and the beam bottom and
fixed with nails.
 In the same way steel props are erected at an approximate distance of 80-
90 cms.
 if the length of the casted beam is projecting a bit outside then it is made
in level with the help of hammer.
 Then the placement of the steel plated are started from one side of the
beam bottom.
 After one steel plate is erected, it is fixed with the help of nails to the beam
bottom.
 In the same manner three to four steel plates are erected and then a wall
plate was fixed at the top most exterior surface of the steel plate to
maintain the alignment. (Also the adjustable spans rests on these wall
plates)
 In the same that side is completed.
 Then the second side is erected in the same fashion and in turn is fixed
with the help of shikanja with the other side.
 Meanwhile a wooden piece is cut to fit the width of the beam.
 Then with the help of the wooden piece the width of the beam is
demarcated and the two sides are fixed permanently with the help of nails
and binding wire.
 The verticality of the steel plates is checked with the help of plumb bob. In
this way the formwork of the beam is done.
 The verticality of the steel plates is checked with the help of plumb bob. In
this way the formwork of the beam is done.

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 Formwork for slab:

 As the formwork of the beam is completed including the fixing of the wall
plates on the top most exterior surface of the steel plates, then the
formwork of the slab is started.
 After that, one end of the adjustable span is placed at one of the surface
to be covered.
 Then it is stretched up to the next end and it is then rested upon that.
 When it is completely straight, they permanently fix it with the help of nails
so that it remains in position while concreting.
 The number of spans to be fixed in one bay is decided upon the length
and breadth of the bay.
 The distance between two spans is kept according to the width of the steel
plates to be erected. After this the steel plates are erected and after they
are in alignment they are fixed completely with the help of nails.
 They make the two steel plates very near to each other by hammering it.
 In this way the whole bay is completed.
 The places where the space is left the steel plates do not fix to the
required sizes, so they either have that size of steel plates ready or they
place wood pieces according to size required.
 In this way the formwork of slab is completed.

Form work for Slab

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Library
study

 Books referred:

 IS -456
 IS-2502
 Formwork to concrete - C.K.Austin
 Formwork notebook - J.K.Richardson
 Formwork for concrete structure - Wynn and Manning
 Technical fundamental of concrete construction - Bernhard
 Pesckey
 Formwork-for concrete - M.K.Hurd

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 Formwork for concrete structure - R.L.Peurifoy

IS-456 - 2000

1 FORMWORK:

1.1 General

The formwork shall be designed and constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid

during placing and compaction of concrete, and shall be such as to prevent loss
of slurry from the concrete. For further details regarding design, detailing, etc,
reference may be made to IS 14687. The tolerances on the shapes, lines and
dimensions shown in the drawing shall be within the limits given below:

a. deviation from specified +12

dimensions of cross mm
section -6
of columns and beams.
b. deviation from dimensions
of footing
1. Dimensions in plan +50
mm
- 12

2. Eccentricity 0.02 times the width

of the footing in the
direction of deviation
but not more than
50 mm.

3. Thickness ±0.05 times the

specified thickness
These tolerances apply to concrete dimensions only, and not to positioning of
vertical reinforcing steel or dowels.

1.2 Cleaning and Treatment of Formwork

All rubbish, particularly, chippings, shavings and sawdust shall be removed from
the interior of the forms before the concrete is placed. The face of formwork in
contact with the concrete shall be cleaned and treated with form release agent.

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Release agents should be applied so as to provide a thin uniform coating to the
forms without coating the reinforcement.

1.3 Stripping Time

Forms shall not be released until the concrete has achieved strength of at least
twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of
formwork. The strength referred to shall be that of concrete using the same
cement and aggregates and admixture, if any, with the same proportions and
cured under conditions of temperature and moisture similar to those existing on
the work.
1.3.1 While the above criteria of strength shall be the guiding factor for removal
of formwork, in normal circumstances where ambient temperature does not fall
below 15 oC and where ordinary Portland cement is used and adequate curing is
done, following striking period may deem to satisfy the guideline given in 1.3:

Minimum period before striking form work:

Types of form work Minimum period
Before striking
Form work
a. Vertical to columns, walls, 16-24 hrs.
beams
3 days
b. Soffit to slabs
(Props to be refixed immediately
after removal of form work)
7 days
c. Soffit form work to beams
(Props to be refixed immediately
after removal of form work)

d. Props to slabs 7 days

1. Spanning up to 4.5 m. 14 days
2. Spanning over 4.5 m.

e. Props to beams and arches: 14 days

1. Spanning up to 6 m. 21 days
2. Spanning over 6 m.

For other cements and lower temperature, the stripping time recommended
above may be suitably modified.

1.3.2 The number of props left under, their sizes and disposition shall be such as
to be able to safely carry the full dead load of the slab, beam or arch as the case

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may be together with any live load likely to occur during curing or further
construction.

1.3.3 Where the shape of the element is such that the formwork has re-entrant
angles, the formwork shall be removed as soon as possible after the concrete
has set, to avoid shrinkage cracking occurring due to the restraint imposed.

IS 14687 : 1999
Indian Standard
FALSEWORK FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES –
GUIDELINES

1 SCOPE

1.1 These guidelines cover the common requirements of materials, design

mid construction of falsework, as applied to general building and ordinary
civil engineering constructions excluding bridges and special structures,
General building construction for the purpose of this code means
structures up to 4 storeys or 15 m height and dead load formwork and
concrete not exceeding 20 kN/m2. The provisions of these guidelines can
be applied to other buildings and structures with additional requirements.
1.2 The requirement of special falsework systems, such as moving forms,
climbing forms, slip forms, flying forms, etc, are not covered in these
guidelines. It also does not govern many requirements of moulds for
precast and prestressed concrete components, architectural concrete and
lost forms.

2 REQUTREAMITS OF FALSEWORK

2.1 Safety and Integrity

The falsework shall be planned with safety of permanent constructions
and workers. It shall be adequately braced laterally and diagonally.

2.2 Rigidity and Deflection

Falsework shall be rigid enough so that the deflections under the dead
load and live loads and forces caused by ramming and vibration of
concrete and other incidental loads imposed upon it during and after
casting of concrete are well within permissible limits (see 7.5). The rigidity
can be achieved by suitable number of ties and braces. Screw jacks or
hard board wedges, where required shall be provided to control false work
Settlement.

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2.3 Strength and Stability
The falsework shall be of adequate strength and so detailed as to
withstand anticipated loads including lateral loads, vibrations and small
accidental loads.

2.4 Functional Requirement

2.4.1 Erection and Release

Falsework shall be so designed and constructed that they can be removed

in parts to the desired sequence without damaging the surface of concrete
or disturbing other sections or causing collapse of the formwork systems.
The connections joining various components of the formwork should be
capable of being easily removed while formwork stripping.

2.4.2 Ease of inspection

The scheme of falsework should facilitate adequate and safe access to all
areas for inspection.

2.4.3 Shape and Size

The falsework shall be erected such that the shape and dimensions of the
concrete structures are conforming- to the drawings, the specifications
and tolerances. Chamfers, bevelled edges and mouldings if specified,
should be provided in the forms.

2.4.4 Finish

The form work should be hard enough so as to get damaged due to

operations of reinforcement fixing, pouring and vibrating of concrete and
removal of forms. The materials of formwork shall depend upon the final
finished surface required.

2.4.5 Reuse

It shall be designed and planned to permit maximum reuses, reducing the

cost of concrete work. While avoiding unsafe or poor practices, adequate
planning shall be done right from initial stages to develop a viable reuse
plan, utilizing member sections and sizes that will involve minimum
material cutting, wastage and minimum assembly.

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3 Types of Falsework

3.1 False work may be fabricated at site, or partially or wholly prefabricated.

3.2 Commercially available falsework systems may be used provided those meet
the requirements of these guidelines and detailed information as necessary
is furnished, unless otherwise it is specifically agreed between the supplier
and agencies executing and supervising the construction.
3.3 When propriety systems of falsework are employed, it is recommended that
the designer may obtain the information as per Annex B from the supplier.

4 Materials and Accessories for Falsework

4.1 General

The falsework may consist of timber, plywood, steel, aluminum, PVC, plastics,
ferro-cement or any engineering material. General requirement are given in 4.1.1
to 4.1.4.

4.1.1 Timber

Timber should be softwood of partially seasoned stock to avoid swelling or

warping. Timber which may be used for making strong scaffolding, beams,
columns, props and bracing shall conform to IS 883.

4.1.2 Plywood

Plywood conforming to IS 4990 may be used for form lining, sheathing and
panel.

4.1.3 Steel

Steel sheet plates conforming to IS 2062 or IS 8500 or IS 1977 may be used for
form and form lining and rolled sections and tubes conforming to IS 2062 or IS
8500 or IS 1161 may be used for steel forming and bracings.

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Whenever proprietary systems are intended to be used, technical information as

per Annex B should be obtained from the manufacturer beforehand. Steel clamps
and couplers shall conform to IS 2750.

4.1.4 Other Materials

Other material which may be used in falsework include aluminum, PVC,

reinforced plastics, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, ferro-cement and
polythene sheet for lining, etc. in certain applications, masonry, concrete,
concrete and earthwork may be used as a part of falsework.

4.2 Falsework accessories

4.1.1 Form ties

Form ties (see fig. 1) may be used in the form of variety of threads and wing nuts
having varying diameter from 10 mm to 30 mm and of a suitable length as per
the requirement of each job. A plastic tube may be used covering the ties for
easy removal of ties after concrete is set.
The form ties may be fitted with plastic or wooden sleeving cones at each end.
Ties may also be used in association with concrete blocks with central holes.
The part of form tie, if left inside the concrete blocks with central holes.

4.1.2 Form Anchor

Form anchors should be embedded during concrete placement at specified
locations in case formwork for the next lift is to be secured to the concrete being
placed, the securing of formwork should be done only after the previously placed
concrete has gained adequate strength.

4.1.3 Form Jacks

These proprietary systems may be used to facilitate supporting of the formwork
from the lower flanges of steel beams (as an alternate to hanging the forms).

4.1.4 Spreaders, Spacers

These devices may be used to keep forms in the proper position and to maintain
a correct spacing between vertical forms and reinforcing bars. These may be
made of high strength mortar (vibrated or pressed), concrete, various grades of
plastic, steel, etc.

4.1.5 Column Clamps

The column clamps may be used to hold the column form together and to resist
the lateral pressure of tile freshly poured concrete.

4.1.6 Sealing Strip

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T-strips made of PVC sections and dimensions ranging from 15 min to 40 min
may be used for sealing the joints between die faces of formwork against
leakage of mortar or slurry.

4.1.7 Chamfer-Fillets
Proprietary fillets made of PVC to provide chamfers of various dimensions from
10 to 30 mm may be used.

4.1.8 Adjustable Steel Props

Adjustable steel props may be used.

Formwork Coatings and Releasing Agents

Formwork in contact with concrete may be treated with a coating or releasing

agent of approved composition. The type of coating and its composition depends
upon the type of shuttering material used and its surface which would be in
contact with concrete. Coating and release agent should:

a) provide a clean easy release or strike without damage to either the

concrete face or the form,
b) contribute to the production of blemish free
concrete surface,
c) have no adverse effect upon either the form
or concrete, be easy to apply evenly at the
recommended coverage, and
e) not inhibit adhesive of any finish applied to
the formed surface.

6.3.1 Shuttering should be coated with suitable form release agents for easy
stripping, before each use. The form release agents are temporary coatings
consisting of fatty acids which react with the alkali

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 Library study

 The durability, modality and other characteristics of concrete have made it

increasingly acceptable, as an architectural medium and highly suitable
construction materials.
 Concrete in its plastic stage has no form, and therefore it needs to be
molded to the required shape.
 Formwork includes mould in contact with concrete and all necessary
supports, hardware's and bracings.
 Forms are tools and die of construction.
 They mould the concrete in the required and desired size and shape, and
control its position and alignment.
 But formwork is more than a mould; it is a temporary structure that
supports its weight and that of freshly placed concrete, as well as
construction live loads, including materials, equipments and workmen's.
 During the current century formwork techniques have developed with
development of concrete technology.
 The basic objects of formwork that are concerned with engineers are
QUALITY, SAFTY AND ECONOMY.
 QUALITY: To design and build forms accurately so that the desired size,
shape and finish of concrete is attained.
 SAFTY: To build substantially so that formwork is capable to support all
dead and live loads, without collapse and danger to workmen and to the
concrete structure.
 ECONOMY: To build efficiently, saving time and money.
 The fallowing aspects should also be considered in formwork design.
 Correct assessment of loads coming over forms with due consideration to
pressure that arises from fresh concrete.
 Selection of proper forming materials, considering its strength, durability
and cost. Selection of proper supporting system, either of wood or steel
 Provision for proper ties or anchors for forms and bracings for the
supports.
 Provision for safe working - access platform for laborers and equipment.
 Proper scheduling, stripping and refixing of shores.

 LOADS ON FORMS:

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 The loads on vertical forms are to be assessed from consideration of:
 Density of concrete
 Slump of concrete
 Rate of pour
 Method of discharge
 Concrete temperature
 Vibration
 Height of discharge
 Reinforcement details
 Stiffness of forms
 PROPERTIES REQUIERD FOR FORMWORK:

 Formwork must be firm tight and smooth.

 Formwork must be convenient for workers to erect and remove.
 Formwork must be firm so as to stand the pressure of fresh concrete,
weight of workers and equipments.
 The weight of concrete exerts a vertical pressure in downward direction
and a horizontal pressure towards sides, which formwork should bear.
 Formwork must be tight so as to prevent the concrete from leaking out.
 Formwork must be smooth so that the concrete structure is given a
smooth and plane surface, and to allow the forms to be conveniently taken
down when the concrete has hardened.
 Formwork must be easy to handle so that no time is wasted in assembly
and disassembly, and should be used several times.

 TYPES AND METHODS OF FORMWORK:

 Formwork is classified into forgoing criteria, such as, material, type of

equipment, weight, weight easy handling, range of application, modularity
system etc. Further, this is differentiated according to three main type of
application.
 Firstly, formwork which can be used for all structural members, consisting,
mainly of "easy to handle" components, of an individual weight not
exceeding 30 kg is "UNIVERSAL FORMWORK" independent to the
structure and the member.
 Secondly, serial production grid formwork which in independent to the
structure and mainly related to the structural member which can be reset
by means of crane, in the forms of frame panels or panels fabricated from
individual components, having measurements suitable for transportation,
as "STANDARD FORMWORK"". Lastly, formwork to be used especially
for individual structural member consisting of mobile and automatic
""SPECIAL FORMWORK" which is prefabricated for a given structure.
 Apart from these three types, there are other classified according to the
no. of minor types and methods of application. The formwork is

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determined according to the type of formwork, which is used, in the
individual cases at the site.
 The traditional type which has been known since the since the inspection
of concrete structures, consisting loose formwork sheets or boards is
called "' the traditional and conventional formwork method ."' This type of
formwork is used universally.

 FORMWORK FOR FOOTINGS

 The principle construction requirement for footings is sound concrete and

correct position to match column and plans.
 To set the building battens or pagues are set up out side the limits of the
excavation at a convenient location.
 A string or wire tied to pagues is then put up in the plane of the building
line. Then the points below the string are located height so as to use them
as temporary benchmarks.
 Since appearance is rarely important as the footing are below ground, any
old or used materials that is sound may be used to build the forms while
constructing the formwork for footing the panels or planks for one side are
adjusted to line and stacked in position.
 After one side is set, the other side is aligned by spreaders and held in
position by supports.
 If the ground is poor and forms are liable to ship then bracing should be
done. The types of foundation are:

o Strip foundation: A continuous strip needing side forms only.

o Stepped foundation These are used to carry concentrated
o loads from columns. They may be considerable depth and are stepped
to save concrete.
o Splayed pad foundation: These are similar to the above but the sides
are splayed instead of being stepped.
o Pile caps and foundation beams : piles of various types,their heads cut
away to expose steel reinforcement, are driven into the groups, and
bonded together in a concrete pile cap.

 Formwork to strip Foundation:

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 The Sub-soil Forms the bottom of Concrete foundation and the is only
necessary to provide side forms, suitably tied and strutted, to withstand
concrete pressure. Formwork to stepped foundation:
 Box of equal dimensions of step is prepared and strutted or to economies
strutting the box sides may be bolted.
 Formwork to splayed foundation :

 To form the splayed top a pair of forms is cut to shape and the others are
fit accurately between them, Normally only the bass is prepared and after
pouring concrete the shape is given to it.
 The slopping forms has a tendency to lift with the hydrostatic pressure of
wet concrete so it should be anchored either by wiring down to
reinforcement, nailing together a rough frame to fit over the box and
loaded with any heavy material available, or secured by horizontal timbers
fixed to the forms and help down by stakes well driven either side.

 STARTER

 Where a footing carries a reinforce concrete wall or column it should have

a starter about 76 cms.
 High, cast at the same time, as or, immediately after the footing, this is
formed by setting a frame on the shuttering.

 FORMWORK FOR COLUMNS:

 In casting reinforced concrete columns, they are usually poured rapidly

and considerable pressure is developed at the bottom of the box.
 Forms for columns are higher than forms for column foundations hens the
pressure exerted on the side walls is higher, too.
 The columns may be of various geometrical forms in section and may
have to support a flat slab or carry the ends of main and secondary
beams.
 Originally, the formwork to the columns end the beams and slabs was
erected in total before any concrete was placed.
 The present day practice is to cast only to the level of the lowest
supported member, then to strike the column forms and finally to
incorporate make-up pieces within the depths of the beams to continue
the lines of the column head.
 The formwork is made up of shuttering panels.
 The columns of structure have different dimensions.
 Therefore, it is common practice to make the required shuttering panels
of individual boards, nailing the boards together at the site.
 The shuttering panels are joined to form so called column boxes.

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 In order to prevent the formwork from getting pressed as under concrete,
frames of boards or special cramp-irons / angles are placed around the
column boxes.
 Finally, the column boxes are fastened by struts of wood but, should not
be so hard that it cannot easily be rubbed smooth.
 Under good conditions it may be possible to remove forms in 1 day.
 While deshuttering the wedges are removed first, then the tie wires are
cut or bolts removed then the bottom of the side panels are removed.
 Removal should not start at the top of the column but at the bottom.

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 FORMWORK FOR BEAMS.

 The formwork for beams is made up of two sides and a beam bottom with
other accessories.
 The beam box sides run horizontally and are supported and held together
by vertical batterns and the bottom ends of them which takes about two
third of the load being carried are simply held in by timbers mailed to them
which are ultimately resting on centering.

 The form parts which are to be removed first according to the construction
schedule are placed with their butt-ends against those parts of the frame
work to be removed later.
 For constructing the beam forms the outer most columns are leveled and
on these are placed the beam bottoms all around the balding, two corner
column being set first to give the line.
 This establishes definite points to work form, and the carpenters work in
towards the center of the building, setting next the first interior row of
columns and placing the bottoms.
 from these to the outside columns, them taking the next row and so on.
Along these bottoms the beam sides are erected.
 The beam bottom is usually made of the exact width of the exposed beam
sides as although at times it may be mad wide enough to support the
beam sides as well.
 Length of the beam bottom depends on how it is framed into the
supporting column.
 The depth of beam sides depends on what slab form members frame in
and how they are supported.
 It is usually the depth of beam, less depth of slab, less depth of slab
sheathing, plus thickness of beam bottom framing when beam side
overlap the beam bottom. A sample wire tie across the top of the beam is
frequently used, for deep beams, ties like those in walls are required.

 STRIPPING:

 While removing the formwork firstly the beam sides are removed after 24
hrs. To prevent breakage sheathing, runners, ledgers etc. are hanged
down to the floor and sorted. Bottom support and props are removed after
7 days when concrete gains full strength.

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 FORMWORK FOR SLABS:

 The formwork for slabs mainly depend on the of slab and its designs.
 Generally the types of slabs are namely, slab with beams, Ribbed slabs
Flat slab, inclined slab, etc.
 The formwork for slab with beams is erected separately.
 Firstly the formwork for beams is erected and then for slab form work the
runners are nailed to the beams going round which are cones gently
supported to found at floor down by props.
 Over these runners the sheering is nailed considering the proper ribbed
slabs the designed shape of forms is formed likewise beam formwork and
between them the filler for the slab is placed in essential shape and size.
 Formwork for flat slab could be either of one way or two way.
 In the one way system of forms for a flat slab no ledgers are used, the
joints being supported directly on the posts.

 In erection the posts or props are spaced and set first, with the wedges
under then and cross braced.
 Using the braces as scaffolds the joints are next set and the posts wedged
up to the required elevation.
 Lastly the sheeting for floor slab is laid on the joist. While for two way
system of forms joints can be smaller and are carried by ledgers, which
reduces the number of props required.
 Erection for two way system is more or less similar to that of one way
system.

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 FORMWORK FOR WALLS:

 There are three basic requirements for wall forms.

 Firstly, they must be strong enough to resist the pressure of the wet
concrete; secondly they must have some means of keeping them in
proper horizontal and vertical alignment.
 Thirdly, they must have some provision to save them from falling over
bodily if struck by blowing wind or by a crane bucket or such similar things.
 Though the general methods of construction are applicable in all types of
wall at any height or situation but it is convenient to consider separately
basement and partition walls, low walls, very high walls or piers, relating
walls, and curved walls, as such kind will have a few distinctive features.
 Primarily it is to be decided that whether to build the forms in place and to
build sufficient forms for the whole wall or to use forms several times and
also whether to raise the forms vertically or horizontally.
 While erecting the formwork for walls normally up to 4 mts. Basement
walls or any walls form the full height and above this walls become un
widely and more difficult to brace. Hence, sometimes walls are formed
half-way up and the forms raised vertically. Very high walls, gravity
retaining walls, piers and damns after build with panel forms 2 mts. To 3
mts. High moves vertically very high wall forms can be moved horizontally,
but special handling equipment is necessary (moving/ sliding/ slip for
method).
 Most walls are shuttered on both sides and the pressure on one side is
made to balance the pressure on the other side by some kind of running
between or around.

 STRIPPING:
 After the exterior are removed the tripwires are cut or nuts removed.
 If the forms have been built in place, the waling are then knocked off and
studs are also removed one by one from the sheeting.
 It is easier to remove studs from sheeting when they are in standing rather
than to take them down together and remove studs, this helps in sorting
also.

 The sheeting boards are then removed from the wall, and lastly the wires
cut off or bolts or rods pulled out.
 In panel construction generally bolts are removed first and then the panel
is removed as a whole.

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 FORM WORK FOR STAIRS.:

 Stairs are designed to be self-supporting longitudinally from floor to floor

or landing, or across from wall.
 The sloping slab is supported on joists and ledgers.
 The props are placed as nearly at right angles to the ledgers as possible,
with wedges between but may be placed vertically if cleared to the ledgers
and wall cross braced.
 The side forms for raiser are also nailed to joints, along with sheeting
treads.
 When there is a landing the clearance will only occur at the line at the
landing, the side form ends at the junction of the stair and landing slab,
and lack of required depth of landing is cleared, on a joist is provided at
the junction of slab when thee is a landing.
 The sheeting for the landing is carried on the side with intermediate joints
as required by the span and thickness of the landing.
 On the face of the side forms a Planck is nailed to from the height of the
riser.
 The risers may be slopping inwards or may be recessed. To form these a
filter piece is nailed to the riser plank.

 STRIPPING:

 Stripping the risers can be done in one to two days, but it is advisable to
leave them longer to protect the days.

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 APPLICABLE CONDITIONS FOR FORMWORK:

 As is the case with other technology, this sector too, requires special
conditions for the optimum utilization of its technical resources. These
conditions can be divided into:
 Generally applicable conditions (International) Locally applicable
conditions (National), Standards and modes of operation

 GENERALLY APPLICABLE CONDITIONS FOR FORMWORK.

 Long term planning without any improvisation

 Continuous work utilization of large series.
 Permanent and close co-operation between all those involved in the
planning preparation and execution of a project.

 The quality, economy and speed of concrete construction are mainly

determined by the use and type of formwork.
 The concrete is after all, the reflection of the forms. Therefore, when the
surface and the support are good, there is no finishing is to done and so a
saving is achieved in costs.

 LOCAL CONDITIONS FOR FORMWORK:

 In addition to the general (Internal) conditions the following factors have

also to be taken into account.
 Local architecture and forms.
 Vocation training and qualifications one of the construction staff.
 Quality of the ingredients in the concrete.
 Particularly extreme climatic conditions, e.g. extreme dryness or high
humbly which influence certain types and qualities of formwork.
 The requirement to be placed on the object being constructed.
 Type and quality of equipment available for formwork.
 Standards.

 FORMWORK SAFETY:

 Formwork failure is one of the reasons of accidents during concrete during

concrete construction as a system of formwork is not a stable structure
when filled with concrete due to weight on top.

1. CAUSES OF FAILURES:-

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 Premature stripping of forms, premature removal of shores and careless
practice in restoring normally causes the failure. In addition to these other
causes of the failures are initial design, erection and assembly of the
formwork. Also failure could be due to load of extra dumping of concrete
or contraction of equipment or material on one section of a form.

2. INADEQUATE BRACING:-

 Inadequate cross bracing and horizontal bracing of shores is one of the

factor involved in formwork accidents. Unexpectedly one member gives
way, then other becomes overloaded and the whole formwork collapses.

3. VIBRATION:-

 Form sometimes collapse when their supporting shores or jacks are

displaced by vibration caused by passing traffic or the movement of men
and equipment on the formwork, or the effect of vibrating concrete to
consolidate it.

4. PLUMBING SHORES AND WEAK SOIL:-

 Formwork should be safe if adequately braced and constructed so all

loads are carried to solid ground through vertical members. But the shores
must be set plump and the must be able to carry the load without setting.

5. CONCRETE PLACEMENT:-

 Failure to regulate properly the rate and order of placing concrete on

horizontal surfaces or curved roofs produce unbalanced loading and
consequent failures of formwork.

6. LACK OF DETAILS:-

 Small different in assembly details such as insufficient nailing or tightening

the bolts or typing of comers etc., cause local weakness or overstress
leading to form failure.

 PLANNING FOR SAFETY

 Safety begins in the planning and management of a project, and all bids
should include allowances for the cost of supervision equipment, and
safety for workmen and structure. Also should be correctly designed and
strong enough for the expected load.

1. Supervision and Inspection:

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 Competent supervisor during erection and concreting is must to achieve

safety in the use of forms. Form work must be constructed exactly as
designed and safe erection procedure should be followed.

2. Platforms and access for workers:

 Any construction job requires a method of access and work area of work
platform. Long ladders to the tops of piers or framework should have rest
or passing platform that will serve to stop a serious fall. In some type of
structure, it is necessary to provide special scaffolding or equipment for or
equipment for stripping forms. Safety signs should be erection to keep
unauthorized persons clear of areas where removing forms is underway.

3. Control of concreting practices:

 Rate and sequence of concrete placing should be followed. Concrete not

be placed until formwork for a given section is completed. An attempt
should be made to place concrete so that unbalanced from loading are
avoided.

4. Improving soil bearing and bracing:

 If the bearing quality of soil weaker than it should compacted, stylized by

tamping in a lean Portland cement mortar or covered with a layer of
crushed stone. It shores rest on weak soil and are diagonally braced in
two directions, and earth slippage or washout might cause shifting or
sagging, but there is less chance of a full collapse.

5. Shoring and Reshoring:

 Shoring should be properly plumbed and wedged to carry its shore of the
load. A bent jack or defective timber should not be used. Forms and
shores should be kept in place long enough to develop sufficient concrete
strength. Reshoring should be done very carefully and should not be
wedge tightly to prevent a stress reversal which might crack the concrete.

 REMOVAL OF FORMS:

 The time of removal of the forms and shores is normally specified by the
architect engineer for big jobs.
 Where reuses of terms planned. It is vital to the interest of the contractor
to remove forms and shores as early as possible.

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 Another advantage of the early form removable is that the necessary
surface repair or treatment can be done while the concrete is green and
favorable to good bond.
 Determining the earliest proper stripping time is necessary before
removal. While removal of forms and shores there should not be any
evidence of cracking or other damages to the concrete.
 Supporting forms and shores must not be removed from beam floors, and
walls until these structural units are enough to carry their own weight and
any superimposed load.
 Generally forms for vertical members such as columns and piers may be
removed before those for beams and slabs.
 Forms and shoring be designed for easy, safe removal in a way that
permits the concrete to take its load gradually and uniformly without
chock.
 Considerable damage can be done to formwork which has not been
planned for orderly removal.
 Column forms should be made so that they can be stripped without
disturbing adjacent beam and girder forms. Beam and girder side forms
may be made come out before slab soffits.
 Stripping requires considerable care on the part of workmen to avoid
damage to the green concrete. Form panels and shoring components
should not be dropped but should be handed down or lowered, on ropes,
cables or other devices to avoid damages.
 Removal of shores from multistory building rewires special consider action
because a given floor slab may be required to support one or two stories
of construction live and dead loads from the work going on above. The
total load of the upper structure, including freshly placed concrete,
formwork, workmen placing equipment etc, must not exceed the live load
which the lower structure is capable of carrying at the strength then
available.
 Economical to invest in high grade resale panels sections, materials and
hardware a part of their cost to be correct job.
 The terms contraction can be done at site or at the contractor’s workshop
at head quarter, this depends on local conditions, transportation and
location of the site.

 SETTING THE STRIPPING:

 Substantial saving can be made design and planning provision that make
erecting and stripping easier and faster.
 The designer for easy handling and disassemble is essential.
 The total formwork plan should, if possible, permit repetition of the same
function to increase the crew efficiency as the job progress, scaffolding
and platforms to make both erection and stripping more convenient and
safe for worker should be part of the formwork plan.

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 In comparing the expected and stripping coast for various formwork plans,
estimate may based on man hours per square meter as shown by
previous experience with similar types of forms.
 A more detailed comparison might be made through an analysis of crew
size, specific, operations and time from start of stripping of a form until it is
ready for the next placement, but this would be justified only for the major
forms on a job, including those with a large number of reuses.
 Total time in hours multiplied by the number of men in the crew gives the
total expected man hours. The contact area formed at each placement by
the estimated man hours fives a production rate in square meter per man
hour.

 SHORING AND SCAFFOLDING:

 Vertical Shores, or posts, and scaffolding are used with formwork to

support concrete girders, beams, floor slabs, roof slabs and other
members until these members gain sufficient strength to be self -
supporting. Many types and sizes of each are available and may be made
from wood or steel.

 SHORES:

 In General, Shores are installed as single member units which may be tied
together at one or more intermediate points with horizontal and diagonal
branches to give them greater stiffness and to increase their load-
supporting capacities.
 They should be securely fastened at the bottom and top ends to prevent
displacement while they are in use.
 Wood shores have several advantages and disadvantages than whey are
compared with patent shores.
 Among the advantages are lower initial cost, ready availability, possession
of high capacity in relation to their weight, easy attachment and removal of
braces, etc. and among the disadvantages are difficulty in adjusting their
length, Installation cost of labor sometimes being higher than for patented
shores, if carelessly stored they might develop one which reduce their
load capacities etc.
 T- Head on top of each shore is essential when wood shores are installed
to support beam bottoms. Two -tier wood shores will be necessary to
install if the height of placing concrete is very high from the supporting
floor.
 Such a nailed and braced. Patented shores are used extensively with
formwork to support structural concrete elements.

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 When compared with wood shores they have several advantage and
disadvantage.
 The advantages include their availability in several basic lengths,
adjustable lengths, adjustment in lengths can be made in minute
increment longer life, lesser installation costs of labor then wood, etc.
 While the disadvantage includes higher initial cost than wood, due to
slendness some of them are less resistant to bucking than wood shores,
etc.
 If patented shores are given reasonable care, they can be used a great
many times, those with screw jacks, lever jacks, and threaded sleeves
should clean and lubricated periodically.

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Modular Scaffolding:

 TUBULAR STEEL SCAFFOLING:

 Tubular - Steel scaffolding has several advantage over single-post shores

and wood scaffolding for supporting loads from concrete, including the :

1. Two-frame section will stand without additional support.

2. A choice of frame heights will permit erection to any desired height.
3. The use of adjustable screw jacks with the legs will permit easy and fast
adjustment to the desired exact height.
4. A choice of lengths of diagonal braces will permit variations in the spacing
of frames over a wide range.
5.The use of screw jacks on the bottom of the legs will compensate for
uneven floor conditions.
6. They provide better safety for workers.
7. They may reduce the cost of scaffolding.
8. They reduce the fire hazard.
9. They can be used for purpose other than shoring formwork.

 ACCESSORY ITEMS FOR TUBULAR SCAFFOLDING:

1. Base plates.
2. Adjustable bases and screw jacks.
3. Clamp which are used to attach tube braces between adjacent scaffolds.
4. Horizontal diagonal braces to prevent racking.
5. Coupling pins to two frames vertically.
6. Flat or U-Shaped shore needs for various sizes of timber.

 SAFETY BY PRACTICES WHEN USING TABULAR SCAFFOLDING:

1. Provide sufficient sills or under pinning, in addition to base plates on all

scaffolding erected on soft ground.
2. Use adjustable bases to compensate for uneven ground.
3. Be sure that all scaffolding is in plumb and level at all times.
4. Do not force braces to fit. Adjust the level of a scaffold until the proper fit
can be made easy.
5. Use horizontal diagonal braces to prevent the scaffolding form racking.
6. In case of rolling tower set all caster brakes when it is not in motion.
7. Use the legs instead of the horizontal struts to support heavy loads.

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