Naga College Foundation Inc.

M.T. Villanueva Avenue

City of Naga

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

GEC 6: ART APPRECIATON

CONTENT

LESSON 1: SCULPTURE

LESSON 2: ARCHITECTURE

LESSON 3: MUSIC AND MUSICAL

INSTRUMENTS

LESSON 4: DANCE
Course Description

This course is a basic introduction to the student of humanities using an

interdisciplinary approach. This course focuses upon central concepts and the
fundamental nature of philosophy, architecture, literature, music, religion and
art. Concepts from these disciplines are integrated with contemporary culture.
Reflect on the totality of human experience that integrates all branches of
knowledge

COURSE OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of the course, the student should have:

CO. 1 Demonstrated specific knowledge of the development, elements,

purposes, and significance of the visual and performing arts as well as
the creative ideas and the accomplishments of western and eastern
cultures in art, drama, music, literature, and philosophy.
CO. 2 Formulated an analysis of selected creative works by successfully
answering questions on objective examinations in the form of essays and
oral discussions.
CO. 3 Offered insight into the relationships between humanities and culture and
recalled important information so that comparisons and analysis can be
made.
CO. 4 Presented selected illustrations that characterized a certain historical
Period.
CO. 5 Recognized the intrinsic values of arts and expected to understand the
relationships of different types of media, styles, forms, techniques in the
creation of their own form of artistic diversity.
CO. 6 Created any form of arts that will reflect their insights and feelings.

LESSON 1: SCULPTURE
Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Differentiated sculpture from architecture

2. Identified the highlight features of different era of sculpture

3. Constructed a sculpture and write a brief description of it

4. Illustrated the different structures seen nowadays

WHAT IS SCULPTURE?

Sculpture comes from Latin word “Sculpere” which means to carve. It is the art of
making three dimensional figures or designs from single block mass of materials.

Sculpture may be the oldest form of the arts.

There are two major sculptural processes:

A. Subtractive process or taking away unwanted materials

B. Additive process or construction of a figure by putting together

The process employed is called Modelling, which is done by building up a piece of

sculpture from a soft material like clay or wax (additive modelling) or by cutting away
from a hard block to get the desired shape (subtractive modelling)

SCULPTU
RAL TECHNIQUES
Sculpture is created in four
basic ways:

a. Carving
Subtractive
process: material
is removed
mainly on wood
and marble stone.

b. Modelling
Additive process: material is added to build up shape like clay, wax, plaster,
paper-mache

c. Casting
A mold is used to form molten bronze or other material into a desired shape

d. Construction
ELEMENTS OF SCULPTURE

A. MEDIUM OF SCULPTURE

The materials used in sculpture are stone, wood, terra cotta, ivory, bronze, ice,
marble etc. The stone varieties include the hard basalt and diorite, the finely grained
marble, the tough granite and the softer sandstone. In modern times, metals such as
forged iron, welded steel, aluminium and glass have replaced bronze.

Depending on the method and medium used, the effects created by the sculptor
vary. For large scale modelling, bronze is suitable; for casual subjects, sandstone; for
bold effects, granite; for intricate carving wood; for carving small pieces, ivory.

In classical sculpture, the favourite subjects were the human body and the bodies
of animals, the most common medium was marble, which takes on a high polish and is
almost translucent.

B. LINE
The lines in sculpture are the same as those in painting. Thus curved lines
express grace; horizontal lines, repose or equanimity, crooked or jagged lines,
energy and struggle.

C. VOLUME
Volume is an element of sculpture and architecture. Associated with solidity of
thickness, volume concerns sculpture because figures occupy space and are observed
from any direction depending on the position of the beholder. Volume is perceived by
the outlines or shapes of objects and by surface lights and shadows.
Sculpture in the round emphasizes mass and weight and its subjects are of
definite form and solidity

RELIEF SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture is high relief if the figures project from the background; they are
almost in the round.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
A. ARCHAIC ART
In Egyptian tombs, human forms were depicted in a most characteristic pose: the
head is always seen in profile, the torso is strictly frontal, and the feet are also in
profile
Portrait statues during the Old Kingdom period were idealized; the individual was
represented at his best; deformities and old age were seldom represented.
Old kingdom sculpture tended to limit experimentation but did not preclude
development in later periods.
A New Kingdom period yielded more monuments than any other period. A
pleasant animation, greater softness in modelling and elaboration of detail replaced
the severity of the Middle Kingdom statures.
1. GREECE
Sculpture in Greece (625-450 B.C.) was religious before it became secular.
Statues were used as votive offerings to the gods and as tomb figures. Sculpture in
the round developed during this period, exemplified by the standing nude male and
draped female. The bulging eyes and he hair arranged in a pattern of ringlets are
typical of this period.

B. HELENISTIC AND GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD

A famous sculpture of the Pergamum school was “The Dying Gaul”. In its
expression of pain and its realistic treatment, the statue is characteristic of Hellenistic
Period.
Perhaps the most popular and the finest Greek statue is “Venus of Melus”,
discovered in a grotto on the island of Melus. Both arms are missing, some opine that
the left hand may have rested on a column and right hand may have held the
garment.
Another well-known statue is the Victory of Samothrace. The arms and head are
missing.

C. ROMANISQUE SCULPTURE

In 1837 a priest discovered the sculptured “Last Judgement” scene with the
inscription Gislebertus Hoc Fecit just below the feet of Christ.

D. THE RENAISSANCE

In the 15th century, Italy took the lead in sculpture and architecture and held it
for the next two hundred years.

a. Ghilberti (1378-1455)
- Winning over Brunelleschi in a contest in 1401, he made the north doors
of the Baptistry of Florence. His fame, however, rests on his sculptures on
the east doors which face the Cathedra. The figures, which are very
dramatic and vigorous, have been called “Gates of Paradise”.

b. Donatello (1386-14660)
- Considered the best Florentine sculptor of the Early Renaissance, he did a
bronze statue of DAVID, “The Bust of the Child Jesus” and the “Singing
Choir” in the Cathedral of Florence.

c. Verrochio (1435-1488)
- A master of anatomy and realistic form, Andrea del Verrochio gave
the young Leonardo da Vinci a start in his studio.

d. Michaelangelo (1475-15641)
- A great painter and architecture, he considered himself first as a sculptor.
His well-known sculptures are “David” and “Pieta” which best represent his
High Renaissance Style. He also did a marble statue of “Moses”.

E. BAROQUE PERIOD
 The baroque style was anticipated in the massive dome and façade planned by
Michaelangelo for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome. Facades during this period featured
two concave curves at each sie and a concave curve in the center. Archs and twisted
columns were common decorations.

F. ROCOCO SCULPTURE

Jean Baptist Pigalle, Etienne Falconet, Clodion, and Jean Antoine Houdeon best
represent this period in sculpture

G. MODERN SCULPTUE

Neo-classical sculpture is represented by the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova,

Darie Bartel Thorvaldsen, and the Englishman John Flaxman. Numerous statues of
general and poets were done in a realistic manner.

Impressionism is exemplified by Auguste Rodin who left parts of the rough

unfinished block from which his sensitive modelling of figures emerged, thus giving
his work a living quality.

Henry Moore is considered by many critics as today’s outstanding sculptor. He

exemplifies the idea of space being treated as volume instead of as emptiness.
Shaped voices as well as masses have to be appreciated in his hollowed-out forms.
His works show a preference for the horizontal and for geometric forms in simple
contours.

H. WELDING SCULPTURE

Welding used as casting in sculpture was invented by Julio Gonzalez, a compatriot

of Picasso. “ The Horse” by Raymond Ducham Villon combines the anatomy of a real
horse with the anatomy of a locomotive. Alexander Calder, invented the mobile,” a
form of sculpture made out of wire, string and small light objects such as plastic balls.

I. SCULPTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

A form of native sculpture among the aborigines was existing at the time of the
coming of the Spaniards. It was mostly idols, carved out woods, clay and stones.
Most of the figures were carved only in front, showing the frontal sculpture, that
these idols were used for religious purposes.

a. Spanish period
There were no art schools during Spanish colonization, the carvers learned
from their predecessors of from their fellow carvers. There was very little
progress as models far comparison or copying were for too few.
b. American period
After peace had been restored in the country, the people began expressing
their nationalistic feelings in various ways- in their writings, paintings and
sculptures. They erected monuments in town plazas all over archipelago.
The construction of government buildings in the 1920’s-30’s helped in
fostering the development of sculptures.

c. Modern period
 Modernism in Philippine sculpture was heralded by Francisco R. Monti who
specialized in architectural sculpture or sculpture for the decoration of
buildings.

d. Metal Sculpture
The use of metal in sculpture made its debut in the 1960’s. Later on junk and
other discarded objects became fashionable materials in sculpture

LEARNING ACTIVITIES #1

1. Create a matrix which shows the development of sculpture through ages.

Output will be submitted on/before June 5, 2020.

2. Create your own video that shows how you made your own sculpture.
Send your video on our group chat not later than July 3, 2020.

LESSON 2: ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is an art form that reflects how we present ourselves across the
earth’s landscape, and, like other expressive mediums, it changes with styles,
technologies and cultural adaptations. Architectures not only provide worldly needs of
shelter, workspace and storage but also represents human ideals in buildings like
courthouses and government buildings and manifestations of the spirit in churches and
cathedrals. Traditional architecture has survived over thousands of years in one form or
another, while contemporary design offers new approaches in how we use materials and
technology to shape the look of our environment.

Architecture is the art of building. It is an art that has a practical basis. It is the
only art which is used in one way or another by anyone, it is considered with the
enclosure of space for human use.

Architecture has three inherent qualities: function, the use of the building;
permanence which indicates whether or not the building is lasting and aesthetics.

EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN BUILDING DESIGN AND TECHNIQUES METHODS

 The basic methods of building design and construction have been used for
thousands of years. Stacking stones, laying bricks or lasting wood together in one form
or another are still used today in all parts of the world. But over the centuries,
innovations in methods and materials have given new expression to architecture and the
human footprint on the landscape.

The first builders learned that round or oval buildings were the simplest kind to
construct. All that was needed to do was lay stones of nearly equal size in the circle or
oval on the ground, using enough mud for mortar. Mortar can be made of many
materials- sand and pebbles mixed with clay or mud. Its purpose is to bind together
stones or bricks in a strong and lasting way.

1. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

At the core of the Egyptian religion was a profound pre-occupation with death and
immortality. Egyptians believed that part of the spirit of man required the preservation
of the body for its permanent home. This they accomplished by mummification and
ensured the preservation of the mummy by its concealment within the tomb.

Pyramids

A pyramid is called triangular, rectangular, square or regular, if its base is a

triangle, a rectangle, square or a regular polygon. The typical pyramid had in its
approximate center a chamber, intended to enshrine the sarcophagus with the body of
the monarch for whom it was built.

The lay-out of the interior structure of the pyramids was not at all uniform and
varied in size and number of rooms as well as in their arrangement in each individual
movement.

The walls of the chambers of the royal dead were paintings of the kings
surrounded by his family and deities. The paintings of these personages were of stylized
linear geometric style with the face in profile, having a fully delineated eye, and the
shoulders in frontal position. The pyramids were surrounded by small rectangular
buildings called mastabos.

The Egyptian’s love for permanence has made the pyramids recognized symbols
of eternity.
 Temples
More elaborate than the tombs.
Egyptian temples were surrounded by massive high walls, up to 20-30 feet thick.
There was one great gate, placed between two towers called Pylons. The Egyptians
developed also the use of the post-and-lintel system and the extensive use of columns
with lotus and papyrus motifs. Walls and columns were often decorated with designs
carved into the surface of the stone and brightly period.
Egyptian’s temples bespoke the character of Egypt’s religion and society.

2. GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Greece was divided into numerous cities: Athens, Sparta, Corinth and Thebes.
The highest area of a Greek city was called the Acropolis. In each city the Acropolis came
to represent two ideas- safety ad a sacred area for the gods. In spite of this division,
Greece was unified by a common language and literature. The Greeks were also united
by a common religion which honoured Zeus as the highest of the gods and goddesses
who dwelt on the high peaks of Mt. Olympus.

Most Greeks citizens lived more for the state than for themselves. Their
architectural energies centred on temples erected by the city. The Greeks temples were
built on a foundation of stone. Three or more steps led up to the temple and the outside
walls were surrounded by columns. Inside the columns was a walk that led all around
the cella, or inner chamber. The cella was often divided into two parts that did not open
into each other, but only to the outside. In one room was a statue of the god; in the
other, the god’s treasures.

The most famous of all Greek temples is the Parthenon-built of marble, its perfect
and graceful shape dominated the Athens Acropolis. It was decorated with magnificent
sculpture that was brightly painted.

The Parthenon exemplified the practical application of the ideals of balance and
proportion, giving the classical temple the appearance of an exquisite work of art.

Another remarkable example of Greek architecture is the open air theatre. The
stage was circular and the seats were carved into the hillside and arranged in a large
semi-circle.

The Architectural Order

There are three Greek Orders:

a. The Doric Order, which has a plain abacus capital, is the shortest and most
massive of the three
 b. The Ionic Order, which is taller and more slender, has a capital characterized
by a pair of spirals of volutes, and a base
c. The Corinthian Order, which is the tallest and the most slender of the three,
has a capital featuring curling acanthus leaves, and it also has a base.

3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Unlike the idealistic Greeks, the Romans were a practical and realistic people. Not
particularly religious, they stressed civic virtues of citizens and placed much importance
on the family unit.

The romans admired the older Greek civilization and propagated it throughout the
empire. In the visual arts, Roman artists adopted Greek forms and techniques.

In architecture, which is one of the greatest contributions of the Romans to the

western civilization, the Romans adopted certain features of Greek architecture but these
were modified to suit their purposes. The Romans added the Tuscan, a simplified version
of Doric and Composite, more elaborate than the Corinthian. The Roman also accepted
from Etruscans certain features of the Temple plans and the principles of the arch.

The Arch and The Vaults

The Roman mason who were very skilful in using brick and stone, developed a
roof form, called arch and vault. An arch is made by using wedge-shaped stones called
Vousssoirs, placed with the narrow end on the inside of an arch, the wide end on the
outside. An arch may be round, pointed or a combination of these. It may be used as an
entrance, repeated along wall as decoration or used to support a heavy roof.

A barrel or tunnel vault is a connected series of arches built one behind the other.
When two barrels vaults intersect, they form a groined vault.

The domes which were a development of the arch, is basically like a tea cup put
upside down over an open circle.

In Rome, the chief feature was a forum (Public square)

 THE MIDDLE AGES
Under the Medieval Period, there were four artistic styles- Early Christian,
Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic

A. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Early Christian architecture developed only at the end of the era of Christian
persecution. The Early Christian basilica was designed to meet the needs of the church.
It grew in part from the Roman house, where the earliest Christians met for worship,
and in part from pagan basilicas.

This early building for worship gave rise to the basilica type which became the
basic structure for later churches

B. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Byzantine is the name given to the architecture that developed in the city called
Byzantium.

Byzantine churches were usually built in the form or a Greek Cross, a cross with
four equal arms. Domes made of brick and mortar were the most common form of roof,
a round dome, raised over a square space. This was done by means of pendentives,
triangular forms with curved sides that look as though they were cut out of ball, there
was a central dome with half domes grouped around it.

The interiors of the Byzantine churches were richly decorated with colored
marbles and band of lacy stones carving. Walls and domes were often covered with
brilliant mosaics-designs and pictures made of pieces of colored glass stuck into plasters.

C. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
 Romanesque art is often associated with the architectural style of the period.

All the buildings built between 1000-2000 bear the general name Romanesque.
They all have certain characteristics in common, such as thick walls, small windows,
round arches, short, thick columns and a heavy and massive appearance.

In church architecture, the simple basilica plan was made more elaborate. More
altars and chapels were built off the side aisles and the apse. A semi-circular aisle called
an Ambulatory was placed between the apse and its chapels. Transepts were extended
on either side of the nave to make the church into the shape of the cross. Main façade of
the church became important architectural feature. The doors were placed inside the
arches and these arches were covered with carved decorations. Towers were raised on
either side of the entrance.

D. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
 The architecture in this era had discovered three building techniques that they
combined to form the Gothic style: the rib vault, pointed arch and the flying buttress. All
these buildings methods aided the architects in building higher and higher churches and
in stressing the vertical line in the design. Steeply slanting roofs, pinnacles crowning the
flying buttress, slender spires, all make the Gothic Churches look as though they are
reaching into heaven.

4. RENAISSANCE

An important Renaissance contribution to architecture was made in the design of

palaces. The palaces were constructed of great blocks of stone. The facades were
generally divided into equal sections and were usually three stories high.

As to religious architecture, Michaelangelo designed the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica.

The Basilica with its magnificence dome is one of the greatest achievements of the
Renaissance.

5. BAROQUE

The main characteristic of Baroque architecture is movement. Architects wanted their

buildings to be exciting and giving the expression of activity. They did this by making
dramatic contrasts of lights and shadow and by using curved shapes, columns, arches
and vaults. Instead of straight columns, the twisted ones were used.

The interior of Baroque churches are decorated with fantastic shapes modelled out of
stucco and stone and often painted and gilded. Domes and ceilings are painted with
clouds and flying figures of angels.

6. THE 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

The new materials included cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete and large sheets of
glass. The new types of buildings were high office buildings, factories, apartments, and
railroad stations.

7. MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The growth of industrialism, new means of transportation and communication and

new concepts of medicine or education gave rise to problems unfazed by previous
generations.

Structural steel, reinforced concrete, glass, fabricated materials offered fresh

possibilities in design. Steel has the advantages of resilience, strength and durability.

Concrete with a mixture of sand, crushed stone or gravel, water and cement is very
strong and withstand great weight. But it will not stand strain or tension.

Skeleton construction and cantilever construction were made possible by steel rods
and cement.
 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

A. PREHISPANIC ARCHITECTURE

The type of architecture is called handicraft architecture. Typical examples of this are
the Ifugao house, nipa hut and the Maranaw house.
 If the Egyptians have pyramids as evidence of their architectural skills, the
Philippines can be proud of rice terraces. The rice terraces were gargantuan human feats
built with raw hands. It has a complex and equitable sharing system making water a
public commodity accessible to all anytime.

B. SPANISH ARCHITECTURE

The Spanish introduced masonry (stonework) thereby making the buildings more
durable.

The Spanish houses have the following characteristic features: the use of sliding
windows which are made of shell or capiz, beneath which are either wooden or iron grills
for ventilations, the use of lace-like decorations on wood in the partitions between rooms,
the use of roofing, the presence of a veranda of azotea, and the use of grand staircase

C. AMERICAN PERIOD

The American regime established itself in the archipelago, new trends, and ideas in
building designs and construction developed.

Classicism In architecture flourished not only in the city but also in the suburbs and
provinces.

D. MODERN PERIOD

The distinct features of the architectural buildings are the interplay of modern lines in
a perfect rhythm of small and large rectangles. The use of cantilevers, movable louvers,
pierced screen which functions as diffuser of light and as an ornamental item, single
pitched roofs, split level roofs and floors, slabs, wall screens, wide overhangs, port
cochres, inveterate separation of the active from the quiet space and the continuity of
interior spaces with outdoor space.

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE

 LINE
- Delineates shapes, architecture follows different shapes and forms. Some
buildings have geometric shapes, cylindrical towers, pyramids and boxlike
office.
 COLOR
- Buildings and houses made of wood are usually painted, the color of the
material itself is a factor in the appeal of any piece of architecture.
 VALUE
- Refers to the amount of light in a given graphic work of art. Shadows
occur naturally under almost all light conditions.
 TEXTURE
- An element which refers to the perception of touch
 SPACE
- of great importance because it uses space as one of its elements,
ARCHITECTURE IS PRIMARILY AN ART OF SPACE.
LEARNING ACTIVITY NO. 2
NAME:____________________________________SCORE:________________

COURSE:____________________ TIME AND DAY: __________ DATE: _______

TRUE OR FALSE

DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and if it is FALSE circle the
word/s that make/s the statement wrong and write the correct answer on the space
provided.

________________ 1. There are two principal types of architecture namely free standing
and relief.

________________ 2. Welding can be considered as architecture that undergo additive

process.

________________3. Architecture can be defined as a process when it refers to the

structure or behaviour of a building.

________________4. Durability refers to the condition of good standing of the building.

________________5. A structural part projecting horizontal and anchored one end

only is called post and lintel.

ESSAY

1. What relationship is there between architecture and history?

2. Why do certain societies concentrate their efforts on building certain

kinds of building?

3. If art is the record of the society which produced it, what is revealed

about the contemporary society by the modern architecture?

LESSON 3: MUSIC And MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Developed sense of positive self-confidence in speaking in front of the class

2. Discussed the four basic elements of music
3. Recognized the importance of music as human expression
4. Classified the instruments according to how it is played
5. Composed a song that will reflect one’s personal emotion/expression on the chosen
topic

DEFINITION

MUSIC is an art from, and cultural activity, whose medium is sound. General
definitions of music include common elements such as pitch, rhythm, dynamics, and the
sonic qualities of timbre and texture. Different styles or types of music may emphasize,
deemphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of
instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping. The word music
derived from Greek word “mousike” which means Art of the Muses.

The creation, performance, significance and even the definition of music vary
according to culture and social context.
 Music can be divided into genres and genres can be further divided into
subgenres, Although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often
subtle.

MUSIC AS FORM OF ART OR AN ENTERTAINMENT

Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic
pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposed, or as an entertainment product for market
place.

Composition is the act or practice of creating a song, an instrumental music piece,

a work with both singing and instruments, or another type of music.

The significance of music as art form is best appreciated through a consideration

of its relation with other arts, the role it plays especially in the combined arts.

THE NATURE OF MUSIC; ITS ELEMENTS

 PITCH- is the recognizable level of highness and lowness that music sounds
have. Between the level of pitch there is interval, the most fundamental of
which is the octave.
 MELODY AND HARMONY- when pitches are sounded one after another in a
logical series to have satisfying effect, the result is melody, while harmony
refers to the vertical sounds of pitches in music, which means pitches that are
played or sung together at the same time to create a chord.
 TIMBRE- this is the tone color characteristic of each voice or instrument.
 TEMPO- refers to the pacing of the music and is expressed in various Italian
terms, as follows:
a. Moderato- moderate tempo
b. Allegro- fairly fast
c. Allegretto- pace between moderato and allegro
d. Presto- very fast
e. Prestissimo- as fast as possible
f. Grave- solemn, slow
g. Largo- very slowly and broadly
h. Andagio –very slowly

Another terms are used to denote how the music is to be played. These are:
 a. Con anima –with life
b. Con moto- with emotion
c. Con spirit- with spirit
d. Con brio- with vivacity and spirit
e. Vivace- with vivacity
f. Con ferso- with fire
g. Grazioso- gracefully
h. Maestoso- majestically
i. Dolce-softly, sweetly

 DYNAMICS- the degree in variation of sonority and force with which music is
played from soft to low.
a. Pianissimo- as soft as possible
b. Piano- soft
c. Mezzo piano- somewhat soft
d. Mezzo forte- somewhat loud
e. Forte- loud
f. Fortissimo- as loud as possible
g. Crescendo- getting louder
h. Diminuendo- getting softer
i. Forzando- abruptly loud

 TEXTURE-the overall sound of piece of music

a. Monophony- a single melody
b. Heterophony- two or more instruments or singers playing the same
melody
c. Polyphony- multiple independent melody lines that interweave together,
which are sung or played at the same time.

 RHYTHM- is the arrangement of sounds and silences in time.

Meter animates time in regular pulse groupings, called MEASURES OR BARS.

 EXPRESSION- create change in the music without changing the rhythms of

the melody and its accompaniment. It is achieved through the manipulation of
pitch

 FORM-describes how the overall structure or plan of a song or piece of music

and it describes the layout of a composition as divided into sections. Various
 ways have been developed of combining or varying short tunes in order to
give music greater statute or magnitude, based on two types:

a. Those that depend primarily on the use of one melody

The ones that employ one melody are
o The variation form
o The fugue
b. Those that employ contrasting melodies.
Those that depend on contrast of melody are
o Binary form
o Song form
o Minuet and trio
o Rondo
o First movement form
o Suite
o Sonata

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
A. Strings
 Violino Piccolo  Lute
 Violin  Theorbo
 Viola  Archlute
 Viola d'amore  Angélique
 Viola pomposa  Mandolin
 Tenor violin • GuitarHarp
 Cello • Hurdy gurdy
 Contrabass Violone

B. Woodwind
• Baroque flute • Recorder
• Chalumeau • Flute
• Cortol (also known as Cortholt, • Piccolo
Curtall, Oboe family) • English horn
• Dulcian • Clarinet
• Baroque oboe • Bassoon
• Rackett • Double bassoon
C. Brasses
1. Baroque trumpet 5. Trumpet
2. Cornetto 6. French horn
3. Serpent 7. Trombone
4. Sackbut 8. Tuba

D. Percussion
 Timpane  Tomtom or gong
 Snare drum  Xylophone
 Bass drum  Chimes or bells
 Tambourine  Piano
 Castanets  Celeste and glockenspiel
 Cymbal  Kettle drum
 Triangle
LEARNING ACTIVITY NO. 3

NAME:____________________________________SCORE:________________

COURSE:____________________ TIME AND DAY: __________ DATE: _______

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
DIRECTION: Circle the LETTER of the correct answer.
1. In philosophical position, can sound produced by animals, waterfalls and rivers be
considered as music?
A. Yes, because music is anything that can be found in the world.
B. Yes, because music is from any stimulus of sound.
C. No, because music is an art of organizing sound
D. No, because is formed from personal entertainment.
2. Tempo markings give the player an indication of speed at which to play each beat,
what kind of tempo is used when an immediate slowing down is required.
A. Ritenuto C. Accelerando
B. Allegro D. Andante
3. What do you call an element of music that makes you tap your foot?
A. Rhythm C. Tempo
B. Beat D. Dynamics
4. During Hispanic era, Philippine music is a mixture of indigenous and native
Austronesian music, which among the lyrical song style was popular in Katagalugan?
A. Kulintang C. Kundiman
B. Kumintang D. Balitaw
5. What is the sofa syllable in the first scale degree when we create a song in the key of
C?
A. Do B. Do-Mi-Sol C. Do-Re-Mi D. Do-Fa-Do
6. A texture of music with a single melody with chords, the pianist plays the melody
with his right hand while the left sounds the chords, is called ____
A. Sonority Texture C. Polyphonic Texture
B. Homophonic Texture D. Non-Melodic Texture
7. A texture of music used as a special effects which harmonic sounds obscure or partly
exclude melodic content of composition.
A. Sonority Texture C. Polyphonic Texture
B. Homophonic Texture D. Non-Melodic Texture
8. The following are brass instruments EXCEPT ______.
A. Saxophone C. Trombone
B. Bassoon D. French Horn
9. Which among the choices can be classified as percussion instrument?
A. Oboe C. Glockenspiel
B. Tuba D. Double Bass
10. Which among the plucked instruments seem to be the most popular nowadays
especially in jazz band but seldom to use in an orchestra?
A. Violin C. Double Bass
B. Guitar D. Viola

II. ESSAY
1. Why is music significant to man?
2. How does music relate to other arts?
3. How do you react to the Philippine National Anthem as a piece of music?
4. What is the relation of music to a people’s cultural heritage and cultural identity?

5. Create your own advocacy song in connection with the current situation in the
society. You may use any language (of your choice) in a 3 stanza composition.

LESSON 4: DANCE

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Defined the meaning of dance and discussed its importance to human

2. Should have known the history and origin of dance and its changes throughout
time.

3. Interpreted the meaning of a concept through dance

4. Organized a dance performance using the contemporary dance steps

DEFINITIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE

Dance is the rhythmic and expressive body movement usually coordinated into a

pattern and to a musical accompaniment. It is the oldest of the arts, reflecting man’s

age-old need to communicate joy or grief by using the most immediate instrument at his

body.

Although an art where the emphasis is on movements of the body, the dance also
employs costumes, lightning, sometimes stage scenery for the purpose of spectacle and
music. This is why it is called a combined art.
A. REASONS WHY DO PEOPLE DANCE
1. It has been used in worship
 2. It plays a role in courtship
3. It serves as a form of acquaintance for a man and woman
4. It is an expression of the joy one feels
5. It brings magical power to people
6. It brings victory or somehow restores health
7. It even breaks the monotony of the daily activities
8. It serves to entertain others
9. It gives beauty and inspiration to others
10. It provides personal and effectiveness of communication
B. SIGNIFICANT FEATURES OF THE DANCE AS A FORM
Two kinds of movement
1. Movement within the body which includes head, hand and feet
2. Movement from one space to another
 Rhythm –fast or slow repetition and variation of movement
 Design- arrangement of movements according to pattern
 Dynamics-variation in force and intensity of movement
 Gestures- especially hand movement
 Music- accompaniment that motivates the dancer’s movement
 Theme- content or main ingredient of the dance, it usually conveys
message
 Technique-skill in executing movement
C. DIMENSIONS OF DANCE
 Time- either fast or slow
 Space- position of the dance in relation to his background
 Dynamics- which determines the rhythm
D. CLASSIFICATION OF DANCE ACCORDING TO THEIR PURPOSES
1. ETHNIC DANCE- distinguish religious dances, dances that are the hymns of
praise to God, or are designed to bring on good fortune.
2. SOCIAL DANCE- dances for pleasure, usually performed by group of people
a. Ballroom dance, which originated as square dance, waltz, tango, swing,
Charleston,etc.
b. Folk dance, usually derived from ethnic dances
3. SPECTACULAR DANCE- dances which are intended for viewing
a. Ballet, as the supreme expression of art in dance
b. Modern dance, also called impressional dance,
E. TYPES OF DANCE
There are many styles of dance to choose from, each with its own attractions.
Popular styles of dancing include:
 1. BALLET
- mostly performed in classical music, this dance style focuses on strength,
technique and flexibility.
2. BALLROOM DANCING
- this involves a number of partner-dancing styles such as the waltz, swing,
foxtrot, rumba and tango.
3. BELLY DANCING
- originating in the Middle East, this dance style is a fun way to exercise
4. HIP-HOP
- Performed mostly to hiphop music, this urban dance style can involve
breaking, popping, locking and freestyle.
5. JAZZ
- A high energy dance style involving kicks, leaps and turns to the beat of
the music.
6. POLE DANCING
- Has become increasingly popular a s a form of exercise. It involves
sensual dancing with a vertical pole, and requires muscle endurance,
coordination and upper-and-lower-body strength.
7. SALSA
- Involving a mixture of Carribean, Latin American and African influences,
salsa is usually a partner dance and emphasizes rhythms and sensuality.
8. SQUARE DANCING
- A type of folk dance where four couples dance in a square pattern, moving
around each other and changing partners.
9. TAP DANCING
- Focuses on timing and beats. The name originates from the tapping
sounds made when the small metal plates on the dancer’s shoes hit the
floor.
F. THE BENEFITS OF DANCE
 Learning Benefits
- the brain works by electrical current thereby needing oxygen and water to
function well. Movement helps to provide one of these two elements.
Another wonderful thing happens with movement is the brain produces
neurochemical called endorphins. This chemical causes a feeling of energy
and makes the brain more conducive to learning.
 Behavioural Benefits
 - dance can help calm children suffer with hyperactivity disorder as well as
those that suffer from self-destructive behaviour. The act of dance seems
to help calm and focus these troubled young minds.
 Physical Benefits
- Dance will help develop muscles, tone the body, improve circulation,
improve posture, balance, coordination and promote greater flexibility.
Flexibility is often overlooked as a benefit but can really decrease the
chances of injury especially in an active child. Dance helps keep the body
conditioned and the mind focused which heightened ones ability to
perform other physical activities
 Mental Benefits
- Children who are involved in dance will excel in their academics and tend
to be more creative. The art of dance helps teach a child to focus,
creativity, and discipline, all in which are mandatory in any area of
education.
 Social Benefits
- Dance improves sensitivity, understanding, appreciation, and
consideration for others, both for their similarities and differences. Dance
can broaden your child’s horizon by introducing them to other people and
help them better relate later in life to those they may face and also in their
future career.
 Aesthetic Benefits
- Dance awakens consciousness of beauty lending new meaning to
movement and form.
 Emotional Benefits
- Dance helps develop self-confidence and self-esteem in a stimulating
environment.
 Coordination Benefits

- Increased hand-eye coordination and improved fine motor skills.

LEARNING ACTIVITY NO. 4

NAME:____________________________________SCORE:________________

COURSE:_____________________TIME AND DAY: __________ DATE: _______

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
 DIRECTION: Circle the letter of correct answer.
1. Which among the statements tell facts about dancing?
A. Dance contributes to increase blood pressure.
B. Dance is considered to be one of the top 5 physical activities
C. Dance increases your stamina, flexibility, good posture, agility, speed and
balance
D. Increase risk of coronary heart disease.
2. When dance is defined as an art, ritual or a recreation, we refer to the
relationship of___
A. Dance and Human Culture C. Dance and the Human Mind
B. Dance and Human Body D. Dance and the Psychology
3. When dance is performed such action as rotating, bending, stretching, jumping,
galloping and turning, human can devise an infinite number of movements, we
refer to the relationship of ___
A. Dance and Human Culture C. Dance and the Human Mind
B. Dance and Human Body D. Dance and the Psychology
4. Dancing can have a psychological effects; feelings and ideas can be expressed
and communicated and make the group feel unified, we refer to the relationship
of ___
A. Dance and Human Culture C. Dance and the Human Mind
B. Dance and Human Body D. Dance and the Psychology
5. The modern field of dance therapy developed as a means to help people express
themselves and relate to others.
A. Dance and Human Culture C. Dance and the Human Mind
B. Dance and Human Body D. Dance and Psychology
6. Dance may involve a fixed vocabulary of movements that have no meaning in
them but symbolic gestures may be used.
A. Dance and Human Culture C. Dance and Human Mind
B. Dance and Human Body D. Dance and Psychology

7. Liza Macuja was known as the international classical dancer, in what type of
dancing is she known for?
A. Belly Dance C. Ballet Dance
B. Contra Dance D. Jazz Dance
8. In her single album WAKA-WAKA, most of the dance steps used by Shakira can
be classified as ______
A. Belly Dance C. Jazz Dance
 B. Flamenco D. Latin Dance
9. Michelle was asked by their barangay captain to conduct dance exercise in their
barangay as part of their project in Health and Wellness. What type of dance is
appropriate for the said event?
A. Folk dance C. Country Dance
B. Contemporary dance D. Hip-Hop
10. During Buwan ng Wika celebration, most of the schools conduct a dance
competition. The type of dance to perform should reflect the tradition and culture
of different regions in the Philippines. What type of dance is described in the
statement?
A. Folk Dance C. Country Dance
B. Tap Dance D. Jazz Dance

II. ESSAY
Explain your answer briefly.(5 pts.)

What type of dance reflects your personality and why?

III. APPLICATION
Make a your own music video using the composed advocacy song on the previous
activity (Activity 3). It should be at least 3 minutes. The video will be submitted
on our group chat on or before July 5, 2020.

References:
1. Yagyagan, Daniel S. et al., HUMANITIES: Arts in the Perspective of Time 1st Ed.,
2010, Mindshapers Co. Inc., Intramuros, Manila
2. Espina, Felicidad, et al., HUMANITIES FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS, 2004, Katha
Publishing Company
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/musical_instruments
4. www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au
5. www.dancefacts.net