Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

CHAPTER 2
Fluid Statics
FE-type Exam Review Problems: Problems 2-1 to 2-9

The pressure can be calculated using: p = γ Hg h were h is the height of mercury.

2.1 (C)
p = γ Hg h = (13.6 × 9810N/m3 ) × (28.5 in × 0.0254 m/in) = 96 600 Pa

Since the pressure varies in a vertical direction, then:

2.2 (D)
p = p0 − ρ gh = 84 000Pa − 1.00kg/m3 × 9.81m/s 2 × 4000m = 44 760 Pa

pw = patm + γ m hm − γ water hw = 0 + 30 000 × 0.3 − 9810 × 0.1 = 8020 Pa

2.3 (C)
This is the gage pressure since we used patm =0.

Initially, the pressure in the air is

p Air ,1 = −γ H = −(13.6 × 9810) × 0.16 = −21 350 Pa.
2.4 (A)
After the pressure is increased we have:
p Air ,2 = −21 350 + 10 000 = −11 350 = −13.6 × 9810 H 2 . ∴ H 2 = 0.0851 m

The moment of force P with respect to the hinge, must balance the moment of
the hydrostatic force F with respect to the hinge, that is: (2 × 5 ) × P = F × d
3
5
F = γ hA = 9.81 kN/m3 × 1m × (2 × × 3m 2 )] ∴ F = 98.1 kN
2.5 (B) 3
The location of F is at
3 ( 3.33) 12
3
I
yp = y + = 1.67 + = 2.22 m ⇒ d = 3.33 − 2.22 = 1.11 m
yA 1.67(3.33 × 3)
3.33 × P = 98.1× 1.11 ∴ P = 32.7 kN

The gate opens when the center of pressure is at the hinge:

1.2 + h I 11.2 + h b(1.2 + h)3 /12
y= + 5. y p = y + = + = 5 + 1.2.
2.6 (A) 2 Ay 2 (1.2 + h)b(11.2 + h) / 2
This can be solved by trial-and-error, or we can simply substitute one of the
answers into the equation and check to see if it is correct. This yields
h = 1.08 m.

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 Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

The hydrostatic force will pass through the center, and so FH will be balanced
by the force in the hinge and the force P will be equal to FV.
2.7 (D)
∴ P = FV = 9.81× 4 × 1.2 × w + 9.81× (π ×1.22 / 4) × w = 300. ∴ w = 5.16 m.

The weight is balanced by the buoyancy force which is given by FB = γ V

2.8 (A) where V is the displaced volume of fluid:
900 × 9.81 = 9810 × 0.01× 15w. ∴ w = 6 m

The pressure on the plug is due to the initial pressure plus the pressure due to
the acceleration of the fluid, that is: p plug = pinitial + γ gasoline ΔZ where,
ax
ΔZ = Δx
g
2.9 (A)
5
p plug = 20 000 + 6660 × (1.2 × ) = 24 070 Pa
9.81
Fplug = p plug A = 24 070 × π × 0.022 = 30.25 N .

Pressure

Since p = γ h, then h = p/γ

2.12 a) h = 250 000/9810 = 25.5 m
c) h = 250 000/(13.6 × 9810) = 1.874 m

This requires that pwater = pHg ⇒ (γ h )water = (γ h )Hg

2.14
b) 9810 × h = (13.6 × 9810) × 0.75 ∴h = 10.2 m.

2.16 Δp = −γΔz ⇒ Δp = – 0.0024 × 32.2 (10,000) = –773 psf or –5.37 psi.

From the given information the specific gravity is S = 1.0 + z/100 since S(0) = 1
and S(10) = 1.1.
By definition ρ = 1000 S, where ρwater = 1000 kg/m3.
Using dp = −γ dz then, by integration we write:
2.18
⎛ z2 2 ⎞
p 10

∫0 dp = ∫0 1000(1 + z /100) gdz = 1000 g ⎜

⎝
z +
100 ⎠
⎟

10 2
p = 1000 × 9.81(10 + ) = 103 000 Pa or 103 kPa
2 × 100

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Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

Note: we could have used an average S: Savg = 1.05, so that ρ avg = 1050 kg/m3
and so p = γ h ⇒ p = 1050 × 9.81× 10 = 103 005 Pa

From Eq. (2.4.8): p = patm [(T0 − α z ) / T0 ]g / α R = 100 [(288 − 0.0065 ×

300)/288]9.81/0.0065 × 287 = 96.49 kPa
Assuming constant density, then
⎛ 100 ⎞
2.20 p = patm − ρ gh = 100 − ⎜ ⎟ × 9.81× 300 / 1000 = 96.44 kPa
⎝ 0.287 × 288 ⎠
96.44 − 96.49
% error = × 100 = −0.052%
96.49
Since the error is small, the density variation can be ignored over heights of 300
m or less.

dp
Eq. 1.5.11 gives B = ρ But, dp = ρgdh. Therefore,
dρ T

B dρ g
ρ gdh = dρ or = dh
ρ ρ2 B

Integrate, using ρ0 = 2.00 slug/ft3, and B = 311,000 lb/in2:

ρ h
dρ g
∫ ρ 2
=
B ∫
dh . ∴
2 0
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 1 1⎞ 32.2 ft/s 2
−⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ h = 7.2 ×10−7 h
2.22 ⎝ ρ 2⎠ ⎜
⎝
311, 000 lb/in ×144 in ft ⎟
2 2 2
⎠ ( )
1
This gives ρ =
0.5 − 7.2 ×10−7 h
h h
g g
∫ ∫ 0.5 − 7.2 × 10−7 hdh = −7.2 ×10−7 ln(0.5 − 7.2 ×10
−7
Now, p = ρ gdh = h)
0 0

If we assume ρ = const: p = ρ gh = 2.0 × 32.2 × h = 64.4h

b) For h = 5000 ft: paccurate = 323,200 psf and pestimate = 322,000 psf.
322, 000 − 323, 200
% error = × 100 = −0.371 %
323, 200

9.81
2.24 Use Eq. 2.4.8: p= 101(288 − 0.0065 z / 288) 0.0065 ×287

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 Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

a) for z = 3000 ∴p = 69.9 kPa.

c) for z = 9000 ∴p = 30.6 kPa.

Manometers

Referring to Fig. 2.7b, the pressure in the pipe is:

2.26
p = γh = (13.6 × 9810) × 0.25 = 33 350 Pa or 33.35 kPa.

Referring to Fig. 2.7a, the pressure in the pipe is p = ρgh. If p = 2400 Pa, then
2400
2400 = ρgh = ρ × 9.81h or ρ =
9.81h
2.28 2400
a) ρ = = 680 kg/m3 ∴The fluid is gasoline
9.81× 0.36
2400
c) ρ = = 999 kg/m3 ∴The fluid is water
9.81× 0.245

See Fig. 2.7b: The pressure in the pipe is given by p1 = –γ1h + γ2H
2.30 5 9.5
p1= –0.86 × 62.4 × + 13.6 × 62.4 × = 649.5 psf or 4.51 psi
12 12

pwater − poil = γ oil × 0.3 + γ Hg × H − γ water × 0.2

2.32 40 000 – 16 000 = 920×9.81×0.3+ 13 600×9.81×H −1000×9.81×0.2
Solving for H we get: H = 0.1743 m or 17.43 cm

pwater = γ Hg ( 0.16 ) − γ water (0.02) − γ Hg (0.04) − γ water (0.02)

2.34 Using γ water = 9.81 kN/m3 and γ Hg = 13.6 × 9.81 kN/m3

pwater = 15.62 kPa

pwater – 9.81 × 0.12 – 0.68 × 9.81 × 0.1 + 0.86 × 9.81× 0.1 = poil
2.36
With pwater = 15 kPa, poil = 14 kPa

pgage = pair + γ water × 4 where, pair = patm − γ Hg × H

⇒ pgage = −γ Hg × H + γ water × 4
2.38
pgage = −13.6 × 9.81 × 0.16 + 9810 × 4 = 17.89 kPa
Note: we subtracted atmospheric pressure since we need the gage pressure.

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Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

p + 9810 × 0.05 + 1.59 × 9810 × 0.07 – 0.8 × 9810 × 0.1 = 13.6 × 9810 × 0.05
2.40
∴p = 5873 Pa or 5.87 kPa.

The distance the mercury drops on the left equals the distance along the tube
that the mercury rises on the right. This is shown in the sketch.

Oil (S = 0.87)
B

10 cm
Water Δh

A 9 cm

7 cm

Δh
Mercury
o
40

2.42 From the previous problem we have:

( pB )1 = pA + γ water × 0.07 − γ HG × 0.09sin 40 − γ oil × 0.1 = 2.11 kPa (1)
For the new condition:
( pB )2 = pA + γ water × ( 0.07 + Δh ) − γ HG × 0.11sin 40 − γ oil × ( 0.1 − Δh sin 40 ) (2)

where Δh in this case is calculated from the new manometer reading as:
Δh + Δh / sin 40 = 11 − 9 cm ⇒ Δh = 0.783 cm
Subtracting Eq.(1) from Eq.(2) yields:
( pB )2 − ( pB )1 = γ water × ( Δh ) − γ HG × 0.02sin 40 − γ oil × ( −Δh sin 40 )
Substituting the value of Δh gives:
( pB )2 = 2.11 + ⎡⎣( 0.00783) − 13.6 × 0.02sin 40 − 0.87 × ( −0.00783sin 40 )⎤⎦ × 9.81
= 0.52 kPa

a) Using Eq. (2.4.16):

p1 = γ1 ( z2 − z1 ) + γ 2 h + ( γ 3 − γ 2 ) H where h = z5 − z2 =17 − 16 = 1 cm
2.44
4000 = 9800(0.16 – 0.22) + 15 600(0.01) + (133 400 − 15 600)H
∴H = 0.0376 m or 3.76 cm

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 Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

From No. 2.30: poil = 14.0 kPa

From No. 2.36: poil = pwater – 9.81 × (0.12+Δz) – 0.68 × 9.81 × (0.1−2Δz) +
2.46
0.86 × 9.81× (0.1−Δz)
∴Δz = 0.0451 m or 4.51 cm.

Forces on Plane Areas

The hydrostatic force is calculated using: F = γh A where, h = 10 m , and

2.48
A = π R2 = π ( 0.15 m ) hence, F = 9810 × 10 × π ( 0.15 ) = 6934 N .
2 2

For saturated ground, the force on the bottom tending to lift the vault is:
F = pc A = 9800 × 1.5 × (2 × 1) = 29 400 N
The weight of the vault is approximately: W = ρ g V walls
2.50
W = 2400 × 9.81 ⎡⎣ 2 ( 2 ×1.5 × 0.1) + 2 ( 2 × 1× 0.1) + 20 ( 0.8 × 1.3 × 0.1) ⎤⎦ = 28 400 N.

The vault will tend to rise out of the ground.

b) Since the triangle is horizontal the force is due to the uniform pressure at a
depth of 10 m. That is, F = pA, where p = γ h = 9.81×10 = 98.1 kN/m2
2.52
The area of the triangle is A = bh 2 = 2.828 × 2 / 2 = 2.828 m2
F = 98.1 × 2.828 = 277.4 kN.

a) F = γ hA = 9.81× 6 × π 22 = 739.7 kN

I π × 24 / 4
yp = y + = 6+ = 6.167 m ∴(x, y)p = (0, –0.167) m
Ay 4π × 6
c) F = 9.81 × (4 + 4/3) × 6 = 313.9 kN
2.54
3 × 4 3 / 36 y
y p = 5.333 + = 5.50 m ∴y = –1.5 x
5.333 × 6
1.5
4/2.5 = . ∴x = 0.9375
x
∴(x, y)p = (0.9375, –1.5) m

2.56 F = γh A = 9810 × 6 × 20 = 1.777 × 106 N, or 1177 kN

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Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

I 4 × 5 3 / 12
yp = y + = 7.5 + = 7.778 m
Ay 7.5 × 20
ΣM Hinge = 0 ⇒ (10 – 7.778) 1177 = 5 P ∴P = 523 kN

The vertical height of water is h = 1.22 − 0.42 = 1.1314 m

The area of the gate can be split into two areas: A = A1 + A2 or
A = 1.2 × 1.1314 + 0.4 × 1.1314 = 1.8102 m2
Use 2 forces: F1 = γ h1 A1 = 9810 × 0.5657 × (1.2 × 1.1314) = 7534 N
1.1314
F2 = γ h2 A2 = 9810 × × (0.4 × 1.1314) = 1674 N
3
2.60
2
The location of F1 is at y p1 = (1.1314) = 0.754 m, and F2 is at
3
I2 1.1314 0.4 × 1.13143 / 36
yp2 = y + = + = 0.5657 m
A2 y 3 0.4 × (1.1314 / 2) × (1.1314 / 3)
1.1314
ΣM hinge = 0 : 7534 × + 1674 × (1.1314 − 0.5657 ) − 1.1314 P = 0
3
∴P = 3346 N

The gate is about to open when the center of pressure is at the hinge.
b × 23 /12
2.62 b) y p = 1.2 + H = (2.0/2 + H ) +
(1 + H )2b
∴H = 0.6667 m

A free-body-diagram of the gate and block is

sketched. T

Sum forces on the block: 0

T

ΣFy = 0 ∴W = T + FB F stop
FB
where FB is the buoyancy force which is given yp
2.64 by
FH
FB = γ ⎡⎣π R (3 − H ) ⎤⎦
2
W

Take moments about the hinge: Rx

T × 3.5 = FH × (3 − yp ) Ry

where FH is the hydrostatic force acting on the gate. It is, using

20
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 Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

h = 1.5 m and A = 2 × 3 = 6 m2 ,

FH = γ hA = ( 9.81 kN/m3 )(1.5 m × 6 m2 ) = 88.29 kN

From the given information,

I 2 ( 33 ) /12
yp = y + = 1.5 + =2m
yA 1.5 × 6
88.29 × ( 3 − 2 )
∴T = = 25.23 kN
3.5
FB = W − T = 70 − 25.23 = 44.77 kN. ∴ γπ R2 ( 3 − H ) = 44.77

44.77 kN
H =3 m− = 1.55 m
( 9.81 kN/m ) π (1 m )
3 2

The dam will topple if there is a net clockwise moment about “O.”
The weight of the dam consists of the weight of the rectangular area + a
triangular area, that is: W = W1 + W2 . The force F3 acting on the bottom of the
dam can be divided into two forces:
Fp1 due to the uniform pressure distribution and
Fp2 due to the linear pressure distribution.
W1 = 2.4 × 62.4 × 63 × 6 = 56, 609 lb assume 1 m deep
b)
W2 = 2.4 × 62.4 × 63 × 24 / 2 = 113, 219 lb
W3
2.66 W3 = 62.4 × (60 × 22.86/2) = 42, 794 lb
F1
W F2
F1 = 62.4 × 30 × 60 = 112,320 lb
O
F2 = 62.4 × 5 × 10 = 3,120 lb F3
Fp1 = 62.4 × 10 × 30 = 18,720 lb

Fp 2 = 62.4 × 50 × 30 / 2 = 46,800 lb

ΣM O : (112,320)(20) + (18,720)(15) +
(46,800)(20) − (56,609)(3) − 3,120(10/3)
− (113,219)(14) − 42,794(22.38) = 740,178 > 0. ∴will tip.

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Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

Forces on Curved Surfaces

Since all infinitesimal pressure forces pass thru the center, we can place the
resultant forces at the center. Since the vertical components pass thru the
bottom point, they produce no moment about that point. Hence, consider only
horizontal forces:
2.68 ( FH ) water = ( γ hA ) = 9.81× 2 × (4 ×10) = 784.8 kN
water
(FH )oil = ( γ hA ) = 0.86 × 9.81×1× 20 = 168.7 kN
oil

ΣM: 2 P = 784.8 × 2 − 168.7 × 2. ∴P = 616.1 kN

A free-body-diagram of the volume of water in the F1

vicinity of the surface is shown.
Force balances in the horizontal and vertical
. A

FH
directions give: F2
xV
FH = F2 FV

FV = W + F1 B. W

where FH and FV are the horizontal and vertical components of the force acting
on the water by the surface AB. Hence,
FH = F2 = ( 9.81 kN/m3 ) ( 8 + 1)( 2 × 4 ) = 706.3 kN

The line of action of FH is the same as that of F2. Its distance from the surface
is

I 4 ( 23 ) 12
2.70 yp = y + =9+ = 9.037 m
yA 9×8

To find FV we find W and F1:

⎡ π ⎤
( )
W = γ V = 9.81 kN/m3 ⎢ 2 × 2 − 22 ⎥ × 4 = 33.7 kN
⎣ 4 ⎦
( )
F1 = 9.81 kN/m3 ( 8 × 2 × 4 ) = 628 kN

∴ FV = F1 + W = 33.7 + 628 = 662 kN

To find the line of action of FV, we take moments at point A:
FV × xV = F1 × d1 + W × d2
2R 2× 2
where d1 = 1 m, and d2 = = = 1.553 m:
3( 4 − π ) 3( 4 − π )

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 Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

F1 × d1 + W × d2 628 × 1 + 33.7 × 1.553

∴ xV = = = 1.028 m
FV 662

Finally, the forces FH and FV that act on the surface AB are equal and opposite
to those calculated above. So, on the surface, FH acts to the right and FV acts
downward.

Place the resultant FH + FV at the center. FV passes through the hinge. The
2.72 moment of FH must equal the moment of P with respect to the hinge:
2 × (9.81 × 1 × 10) = 2.8 P. ∴P = 70.1 kN.

The resultant FH + FV of the unknown liquid acts thru the center of the circular
arc. FV passes through the hinge. Thus, we use only ( FH ) . Assume 1 m wide:

FH = γ x hA = γ x ( R 2 )( R ×1) = γ x R2 2

The horizontal force due to the water is Fw = γ w hA = γ w ( R 2 )( R ×1) = γ w R2 2

2.74 The weight of the gate is W = S γ w V = 0.2γ w (π R2 4 ) × 1

Summing moments about the hinge: Fw ( R 3) + W ( 4 R 3π ) = FH × R

⎛ R2 ⎞ R ⎛ πR 2 ⎞ 4R ⎛ R 2 ⎞
a) ⎜⎜ 9810 × ⎟⎟ × + ⎜⎜ 0.2 × 9810 ⎟⎟ × = ⎜⎜ γ x ⎟× R
⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 3π ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠

∴ γ x = 4580 N/m3

The pressure in the dome is:

a) p = 60 000 – 9810 × 3 – 0.8 × 9810 × 2 = 14 870 Pa or 14.87 kPa
The force is F = pAprojected = (π × 32) × 14.87 = 420.4 kN
b) From a free-body diagram of the dome filled with oil: W
2.76
Fweld + W = pA
Fweld
pA
Using the pressure from part (a):
1⎛4 ⎞
Fweld = 14 870 × π × 32 – (0.8 × 9810) × ⎜ π × 33 ⎟ = –23 400 or –23.4 kN
2⎝3 ⎠

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Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

Buoyancy

Under static conditions the weight of the barge + load = weight of displaced
water.
2.78
(a) 20 000 + 250 000 = 9810 × 3 (6d + d 2 /2). ∴d2 + 12d – 18.35 = 0
∴d = 1.372 m

The weight of the cars will be balanced by the weight of displaced water:
2.80
3000 × 60 = 62.4(25 × 300 × Δd ) ∴Δd = 0.3846 ft or 4.62 in

T + FB = W (See Fig. 2.11 c.)

2.82
T = 40 000 – 1.59 × 9810 × 2 = 8804 N or 8.804 kN
FB
At the limit of lifting: FB = W+pA where p is the pressure
acting on the plug.
W
(b) Assume h > 15 + R and use the above equation with
R = 1.333 ft and h = 16.4 ft: pA
2.86
( )
FB = γ w V = γ w × 10 × π R2 − Asegment = 62.4 × 10 × 2.977 = 1858 lb
W + pA = 1500 lb + 62.4 × 16.4 × π ( 4 12 ) = 1857 lb
2
θ R
h − 15
Hence, the plug will lift for h >16.4 ft.

(a) When the hydrometer is completely submerged in water:

⎡ π × 0.0152 π × 0.0052 ⎤
W = γ w V ⇒ (0.01 + mHg )9.81 = 9810 ⎢ × 0.15 + × 0.12 ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 4 ⎥⎦
∴mHg = 0.01886 kg
2.88
When the hydrometer without the stem is submerged in a fluid:

π ( 0.015 )
2
W = γ x V ⇒ (0.01 + 0.0189)9.81 = S x × 9810 × × 0.15
4
∴Sx = 1.089

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 Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

Stability

With ends horizontal I o = π d 4 64 The displaced volume is V = W γ water ⇒

V = ( γ xπ d 2 h / 4 ) / 9810 = 8.01× 10−5 γ x d 3 since h = d.

The depth the cylinder will sink is

V 8.01×10−5 γ x d 3
depth = = = 10.20 ×10−5 γ x d
A π d2 / 4
2.90 h
The distance CG is CG = − 10.2 × 10 −5 γ x d / 2 . Then
2
IO πd 4 / 64 d
GM = − CG = − + 10.2 × 10 −5 γ x d / 2 > 0
V 8.01 × 10 γ x d
−5 3
2

This gives (divide by d and multiply by γx): 612.8 – 0.5 γx + 5.1 × 10−5 γ 2x >
0.
Consequently, γx > 8368 N/m3 or γx < 1436 N/m3

16 × 9 + 16 × 4
As shown, y = = 6.5 cm above the bottom edge.
16 + 16
2.92 4γ × 9.5 + 16γ × 8.5 + 16SAγ × 4
G= = 6.5 cm.
0.5γ × 8 + 2γ × 8 + SAγ × 16
∴130 + 104 SA = 174 + 64 SA. ∴ SA = 1.1

The centroid C is 1.5 m below the water surface. ∴ CG = 1.5 m

A × 8 3 / 12
2.94 Using Eq. 2.4.47: GM = − 1.5 = 1.777 − 1.5 = 0.277 > 0
A ×8×3
∴The barge is stable.

Linearly Accelerating Containers

(a) pmax = −1000 × 20 (0 − 4) – 1000 (9.81) (0 − 2) = 99 620 Pa

2.96
(c) pmax = −1.94 × 60 (0 –12) – 1.94 (32.2 + 60) (0 – 6) = 2470 psf or 17.15 psi

Use Eq. 2.5.2:

2.98 ⎛ 8a x ⎞
b) 60 000 = –1000 ax (–8) – 1000 (9.81 + 10) ⎜⎜ − 2.5 + ⎟
⎟
⎝ 9 . 81 ⎠

25
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Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

8ax
60 = 8 ax + 49.52 – 19.81 or ax – 1.31 = 1.574 ax
19.81
a x2 – 5.1 ax + 1.44 = 0 ∴ax = 0.25, 4.8 m/s2

a) The pressure on the end AB (z is zero at B) is, using Eq. 2.5.2,

p(z) = –1000 × 10 (–7.626) – 1000 × 9.81(z) = 76 260 – 9810 z
2 .5

∴ FAB = ∫ (76 260 − 9810 z)4dz

0
= 640 000 N or 640 kN
2.100
b) The pressure on the bottom BC is
p(x) = –1000 × 10 (x – 7.626) = 76 260 – 10 000 x.
7. 626

∴ FBC = ∫ (76 260 − 10 000 x )4dx

0
= 1.163 × 106 N or 1163 kN

Use Eq. 2.5.2 with position 1 at the open end: z

1 A
b) pA = –1000 × 10 (0.9–0) = –9000 Pa.
pB = –1000 × 10 (0.9)–1000 × 9.81(−0.6)
= –3114 Pa
pC = –1000 × 9.81 × (–0.6) = 5886 Pa. C B
x
2.102
e) pA = 1.94 × 60 ⎛⎜ −
37.5 ⎞
⎟ = −364 psf.
⎝ 12 ⎠

pB = 1.94 × 60 ⎛⎜ −
37.5 ⎞ ⎛ 25 ⎞
⎟ – 1.94 × 32.2 ⎜ − ⎟ = –234 psf.
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠

pC = –1.94 × 32.2 ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ = 130 psf.

25
⎝ 12 ⎠

Rotating Containers

z
Use Eq. 2.6.4 with position 1 at the open end: 1 A
1
a) p A = × 1000 × 102 (0 – 0.92) = –40 500 Pa
2
ω
2.104 pB = –40 500 + 9810 × 0.6 = –34 600 Pa
r
pC = 9810 × 0.6 = 5886 Pa C B

1 2 ⎛ 37.5 2 ⎞
c) p A = × 1.94 × 10 ⎜ 0 − ⎟ = –947 psf
2 ⎝ 144 ⎠

26
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 Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

25
pB = −947 + 62.4 × = –817 psf
12
25
pC = 62.4 × = 130 psf
12

The air volume before and after is equal. z

2
1
∴ πr02 h = π ×.6 2 ×.2. ∴ r h = 0.144.
0
2

2 h r0

(a) Using Eq. 2.6.5: r02 × 5 2 / 2 = 9.81 h

1
∴h = 0.428 m
A r
1
∴pA = × 1000 × 52 × 0.62 – 9810 (–0.372)
2
= 8149 Pa
(c) For ω = 10, part of the bottom is bared.
1 1
π × 0.6 2 × 0.2 = π r02 h − π r12 h1 z
2.106 2 2
Using Eq. 2.6.5:
r0
ω 2 r02 ω 2 r12
= h, = h1
2g 2g h
2g 2g
∴ 0.144 = h2 − h12 or
ω 2
ω 2 A
h1 1
r

0.144 × 10 2
h 2 − h12 =
2 × 9.81
Also, h – h1 = 0.8. 1.6h – 0.64 = 0.7339. ∴h = 0.859 m, r1 = 0.108 m
1
∴pA = × 1000 × 102 (0.62 – 0.1082) = 17,400 Pa
2

1
p (r ) = ρω 2r 2 − ρ g[0 − (0.8 − h)] dA = 2πrdr
2
p(r ) = 500ω 2r 2 + 9810(0.8 − h) if h < 0.8 dr

2.108 p(r ) = 500ω 2 (r 2 − r12 ) if h > 0.8

0.6
a) F = ∫ p 2π rdr = 2π ∫ (12 500r
3
+ 3650r )dr = 6670 N
0

(We used h = 0.428 m)

27
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 2 / Fluid Statics

0.6
c) F = ∫ p2π rdr = 2π ∫ (50 000(r 3 − 0.1082 r )dr = 9520 N
−0.108

(We used r1 = 0.108 m)

28
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.