Quantum Mechanics I

Homework 3

Due date: 4/09/2020

Question 1 : Find the CG coecient of j1 = 1, j2 = 1

the highest state is |j1 + j2 , j1 + j2 i = |j1 , j2 i.Therefore, |2, 2i = |1, 1i

r r
1 1
|2, 1i = |0, 1i + |1, 0i
2 2

q
We know |1, 1i = a|0, 1i+b|1, 0iusing orthogonal relation : h1, 1|2, 1i = 0, Therefore h1, 1|2, 1i = a 1
2 h0, 1|0, 1i+
q
1
b 2 h1, 0|1, 0i
q q
where a = − 2,
1
b = + 12 . Then,

r r
1 1
|1, 1i = |1, 0i − |0, 1i
2 2

Other possible states where j1 + j2 = 2 can be found using lowering operator.

For |2, 0i

r r
1 1
J− |2, 1i = (J1− + J2− ) |0, 1i + (J1− + J2− ) |2, 1i
2 2
r r
p 1 1
2(2 + 1)|2, 0i = (J1− |0, 1i + J2− |0, 1i) + (J1− |1, 0i + J2− |1, 0i)
2 2
√ 1 √ √ 1 √ √
r   r
6|2, 0i = 2| − 1, 1i + 2|0, 0i + ( 2|0, 0i + 2|1, −1i)
2 2
r
1 2 1
|2, 0i = √ | − 1, 1i + |0, 0i + √ |1, −1i
6 3 6

For |2, −1i

0
Png Wen Han R08222077

r
1 2 1
J− |2, 0i = √ (J1− + J2− )| − 1, 1i + (J1− + J2− )|0, 0i + √ (J1− + J2− )|1, −1i
6 3 6
r
p 1 2 1
2(2 + 1)|2, −1i = √ (J1− | − 1, 1i + J2− | − 1, 1i) + (J1− |0, 0i + J2− |0, 0i) + √ (J1− |1, −1i + J2− |1, −1i)
6 3 6
√ 1 √ 2 √ √ 1 √
r
6|2, −1i = √ ( 2| − 1, 0i) + ( 2| − 1, 0i + 2|0, −1i) + √ ( 2|0, −1i)
6 3 6
r r ! r r !
1 4 1 4
= + | − 1, 0i + + |0, −1i
3 3 3 3
1 1
|2, −1i = √ | − 1, 0i + √ |0, −1i
2 2

For |2, −2i

1 1
J− |2, −1i = √ (J1− + J2− )| − 1, 0i + √ (J1− + J2− )|0, −1i
2 2
√ 1
8|2, −2i = √ 4| − 1, −1i
2
|2, −2i = | − 1, −1i

Other possible states where j1 + j2 = 1 can be found using lowering operator.

For |1, 0i

r r
1 1
J− |1, 1i = (J1− + J2− )|1, 0i − (J1− + J2− )|0, 1i
2 2
√
r r
1 1
2|1, 0i = (J1− |1, 0i + J2− |1, 0i) − (J1− |0, 1i + J2− |0, 1i)
2 2
1 √ √ 1 √ √
r r
= ( 2|0, 0i + 2|1, −1i) − ( 2| − 1, 1i + 2|0, 0i)
2 2
r r
1 1
|1, 0i = |1, −1i − | − 1, 1i
2 2

For |1, −1i

r r
1 1
J− |1, 0i = (J1− + J2− )|1, −1i − (J1− + J2− )| − 1, 1i−
2 2
√
2|1, −1i = |0, −1i − | − 1, 0i
1 1
|1, −1i = √ |0, −1i − √ | − 1, 0i
2 2

Page 1 of 4
Png Wen Han R08222077

Dimension check (2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 9 indicates one more state still need to be nd out which correspond to
j1 + j2 = 0

Let |0, 0i = a|1, −1i + b|0, 0i + c| − 1, 1i

using orthogonal relation h0, 0|2, 0i = h0, 0|1, 0i = 0 and h0, 0|0, 0i = a2 + b2 + c2 = 1

r r
1 1
h0, 0|1, 0i = a h−1, 1| − 1, 1i − c h1, −1|1, −1i
2 2
r r
1 1
0= a− c
2 2
a=c

1 2 1
h0, 0|2, 0i = a √ h−1, 1| − 1, 1i + b √ h0, 0|0, 0i + c √ h1, −1|1, −1i
6 6 6
1 2 1
0 = a√ + b√ + c√
6 6 6
2a 2
√ = −b √
6 6
a = −b

then 3a2 = 1,a = b = c = √1 .

3

|0, 0i = √1 |1, −1i − √1 |0, 0i + √1 | − 1, 1i

3 3 3

Page 2 of 4
Png Wen Han R08222077

QUESTION 2 : Prove [Ji , Jj ] = i~ ∈ijk Jk

Schwinger idea start with two independent quantum simple harmonic oscillator each has its own sets of
creation and anihilation operator (a1 , a†1 ), (a2 , a†2 ),N1 = a†1 a1 , N2 = a†2 a2 . The commutation relation of both
oscillator is as followed

[ai , aj ] = [a†i , a†j ] = 0

[ai , a†i ] = δij
[N1 , a1 ] = −a1
[N1 , a†1 ] = a†1

Schwinger dene →
→
− X † −
σ
 →
−
σ

a1

J = ai aj ~ = ~(a†1 a†2 )
2 ij 2 a2
ij

  
0 1 a1
J1 = 1
2( a†1 a†2 ) ~ = 12 ~(a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 )
1 0 a2
  
0 −i a1
J2 = 21 ( a†1 a†2 ) ~ = 2i ~(−a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 )
i 0 a2
  
1 0 a1
J3 = 21 ( a†1 a†2 ) ~ = 12 ~(a†1 a1 − a†2 a2 ) = 12 ~(N1 − N2 )
0 −1 a2

i 2 † i
[J1 , J2 ] = ~ (a1 a2 + a†2 a1 )(−a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 ) − ~2 (−a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 )(a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 )
4 4
i
= ~2 (−a†1 a2 a†1 a2 + a†1 a2 a†2 a1 − a†2 a1 a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 a†2 a1 )
4
i
+ ~2 (+a†1 a2 a†1 a2 + a†1 a2 a†2 a1 − a†2 a1 a†1 a2 − a†2 a1 a†2 a1 )
4
i  
= ~2 a†1 a2 a†2 a1 − a†2 a1 a†1 a2
2
i      
= ~2 a†1 1 + a†2 a2 a1 − a†2 1 + a†1 a1 a2
2
i  
= ~2 a†1 a1 + a†1 a†2 a2 a1 − a†2 a2 + a†2 a†1 a1 a2
2
i  
= ~2 a†1 a1 − a†2 a2
2
= i~J3

i 2 i
[J2 , J3 ] = ~ (−a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 )(N1 − N2 ) − ~2 (N1 − N2 )(−a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 )
4 4
i
= ~2 (−a†1 a2 N1 + a†1 a2 N2 + a†2 a1 N1 − a†2 a1 N2 )
4
i 2 
+ ~ N1 a†1 a2 − N1 a†2 a1 − N2 a†1 a2 + N2 a†2 a1
4
i h i h i 
= ~2 N1 , a†1 a2 + a†2 [a1 N1 ] + a†1 [a2 , N2 ] + N2 , a†2 a1
4
i  
= ~2 a†1 a2 + a†2 a1
2
= i~J1

Page 3 of 4
Png Wen Han R08222077

1 2 1
[J3 , J1 ] = ~ (N1 − N2 )(a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 ) − ~2 (a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 )(N1 − N2 )
4 4
1
= ~2 (N1 a†1 a2 + N1 a†2 a1 − N2 a†1 a2 − N2 a†2 a1 )
4
1
+ ~2 (−a†1 a2 N1 + a†1 a2 N2 − a†2 a1 N1 + a†2 a1 N2 )
4
1 h i h i
= ~2 ( N1 , a†1 a2 + a†2 [N1 , a1 ] − a†1 [N2 , a2 ] − N2 , a†2 a1 )
4
i
= i ~2 (−a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 )
2
= i~J2

Hence, we have [J1 , J2 ] = J3 , [J2 , J3 ] = J1 ,[J3 , J1 ] = J2 , Simillarly, [J2 , J1 ] = −J3 , [J3 , J2 ] = −J1
,[J1 , J3 ] = −J2 . AllJi does not commute with itself.

Therefore this can be simplied as [Ji , Jj ] = i~ ∈ijk Jk

QUESTION 3 : Show J 2 = 21 ~2 N 1 + N2

J 2 = J12 + J22 + J32

1
= ~2 (a†1 a2 a†1 a2 + a†1 a2 a†2 a1 + a†2 a1 a†1 a2 + a†2 a1 a†2 a1 )
4
1 2
+ ~ (−a†1 a2 a†1 a2 + a†1 a2 a†2 a1 + a†2 a1 a†1 a2 − a†2 a1 a†2 a1 )
4
1
+ ~2 (N12 − N1 N2 − N2 N1 + N22 )
4
1   1
= ~2 2a†1 (1 + N2 ) a1 + 2a†2 (1 + N1 ) a2 + ~2 (N12 + N1 N2 + N2 N1 + N22 )
4 4
1 2 † †

= ~ 2N1 + 2a1 N2 a1 + 2N2 + 2a2 N1 a2 + N12 − N1 N2 − N2 N1 + N22
4
1
= ~2 (2 (N1 + N2 ) + N1 (N2 + N1 ) + N2 (N1 + N2 ))
4  
1 2 N1 N2
= ~ N 1+ +
2 2 2
 
1 2 N
= ~ N 1+
2 2

Page 4 of 4