CE 513 – STRUCTURAL ENGR. AMIE LOU G.

CISNEROS, EnP, MSCE

STEEL DESIGN College of Engineering and Technology, Cor Jesu College , Digos City
 BEAMS
 Members acted upon primarily by transverse
loading (loads that are applied at right angles
to the longitudinal axis of the member).
 They are primarily subjected to flexure or
bending.
 TYPES OF BEAMS
 GIRDER
A major (deep beam) that often provide support for
other beams.
 JOIST
 Light beam that supports the floor

 PURLIN

A roof beam spanning between trusses or rigid

frames.
 STRINGER
A main longitudinal beam usually supporting bridge
 BEAM BENDING PLANES

 Beam may be loaded in the:

 plane of the web or
 perpendicular to the plane of the web
 Bending about Major Axis or Strong Axis
 If the loadis in the plane of the web
 𝑰𝒙 should be used

 Bending about Minor Axis or Weak Axis

 If the loadis perpendicular to the plane of the web
 𝑰𝒚 should be used
 CLASSIFICATION
OF STEEL SECTIONS
 Compact
 Itsflanges must be continuously connected to the
web or webs and the width thickness ratios must
not exceed the applicable limits (Table 5 – 1).
 Non – compact
 The width – thickness ratio of the compression
element does not exceed the values present in
Table 5 – 1.
 CLASSIFICATION
OF STEEL SECTIONS
 Slender
 Ifthe width – thickness ratios of any compression
element exceed the non – compact limit
A. COMPACT SECTION
For a section to qualify as compact, its
flanges must be continuously connected to
the web or webs and the width – thickness
ratios of its compression elements must not
exceed the following criteria simultaneously:

𝒃𝒇 𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝒅 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟎
≤ & ≤
𝟐𝒕𝒇 𝑭𝒚 𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚
B. LATERAL BUCKLING
To prevent lateral buckling, a beam’s
compression flange be supported at
frequent intervals. Complete lateral
support is achieved when a beam is fully
encased in concrete or has its flanges
welded or bolted along its full length.
C. LATERAL BUCKLING
D. ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS
FOR MEMBERS AND CHANNELS
BENT ABOUT THE MAJOR AXIS
D.1 MEMBERS WITH COMPACT SECTION

 For members with compact section and with braced

length 𝑳𝒃 ≤ 𝑳𝒄 , the allowable bending stress in
both tension and compression is:

𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑭𝒚

𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒃𝒇 𝟏𝟑𝟕, 𝟗𝟎𝟎

𝑳𝒄 = 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝑭𝒚 𝒅/𝑨𝒇 𝑭𝒚
D.2 MEMBERS WITH NON - COMPACT
SECTION
 CASE 1
 For members with 𝑳𝒃 ≤ 𝑳𝒄 except that their flanges are
non – compact (excluding built – up members and
members with yield points greater than 448 MPa),
the allowable bending stress in both tension and
compression is:

𝒃𝒇
𝑭𝒃 = 𝑭𝒚 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟐 𝑭𝒚
𝟐𝒕𝒇
D.2 MEMBERS WITH NON - COMPACT
SECTION
 CASE 2
 For built – up members with 𝑳𝒃 ≤ 𝑳𝒄 except that
their flanges are non – compact and their webs are
compact and non – compact (excluding hybrid
girders and members with yield points greater
than 449 Mpa), the allowable bending stress in
both tension and compression is:
𝒃𝒇 𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝒃 = 𝑭𝒚 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟐
𝟐𝒕𝒇 𝒌𝒄
𝟒.𝟎𝟓 𝒉
𝒌𝒄 = 𝟎.𝟒𝟔 if > 𝟕𝟎, otherwise 𝒌𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟎
𝒉 𝒕𝒘
𝒕𝒘
D.2 MEMBERS WITH NON - COMPACT
SECTION

 CASE 3
 For members with non – compact sections (not
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒃𝒇
included in the above) and 𝑳𝒃 ≤ , the
𝑭𝒚
allowable bending stress in both tension and
compression is:

𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚
D.3 MEMBERS WITH COMPACT OR NON - COMPACT
SECTION W/ 𝑳𝒃 > 𝑳𝒄

1. ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS IN TENSION

 Members with compact or non – compact section

and with unbraced length 𝑳𝒃 > 𝑳𝒄 the allowable

bending stress in tension is:

𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚
C. MEMBERS WITH COMPACT OR NON - COMPACT
SECTION W/ 𝑳𝒃 > 𝑳𝒄

2. ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS IN COMPRESSION

𝟕𝟎𝟑,𝟐𝟕𝟎𝑪𝒃 𝑳 𝟑,𝟓𝟏𝟔,𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝑪𝒃
a. When ≤ ≤
𝑭𝒚 𝒓𝑻 𝑭𝒚

 𝑭𝒃 = 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝒃𝟑 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚

𝟐
𝟐 𝑭𝒚 𝑳 𝒓𝑻
𝑭𝒃𝟏 = − 𝟔
𝑭𝒚 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚
𝟑 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝑪𝒃
𝟖𝟐, 𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝑪𝒃
𝑭𝒃𝟑 = ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚
𝑳×𝒅
𝑨𝒇
C. MEMBERS WITH COMPACT OR NON - COMPACT
SECTION W/ 𝑳𝒃 > 𝑳𝒄

2. ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS IN COMPRESSION

𝑳 𝟑,𝟓𝟏𝟔,𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝑪𝒃
b. When >
𝒓𝑻 𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝒃 = 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝒃𝟑 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚
𝟏, 𝟏𝟕𝟐, 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝒃
𝑭𝒃𝟐 = 𝟐
𝑳
𝒓𝑻
𝟖𝟐, 𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝑪𝒃
𝑭𝒃𝟑 =
𝑳×𝒅
𝑨𝒇
C. MEMBERS WITH COMPACT OR NON - COMPACT
SECTION W/ 𝑳𝒃 > 𝑳𝒄

2. ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS IN COMPRESSION

𝑳
c. For any value of
𝒓𝑻

𝟖𝟐, 𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝑪𝒃
𝑭𝒃𝟑 = 𝟐
≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚
𝑳×𝒅
𝑨𝒇
 THE MOMENT GRADIENT MULTIPLIER 𝑪𝒃

𝟐
𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟏
𝑪𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 ≤ 𝟐. 𝟑
𝑴𝟐 𝑴𝟐
 Where:
 𝑴𝟏 = smaller and 𝑴𝟐 = larger of the bending moment at
the ends of the unbraced length
 𝑪𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟎 – when the bending moment at any point of
the unbraced length is larger than at both ends
 𝑪𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟎 – for cantilever beams
 𝒃𝒇 = flange width, mm
 𝒕𝒇 =flange thickness, mm
 𝒅 = depth, mm
 𝒕𝒘 = web thickness, mm
 𝑨𝒇 =area of the compression flange = 𝒃𝒇 × 𝒕𝒇 𝒎𝒎𝟐
 𝑳 = 𝑳𝒃 = distance between cross sections braced against twist
and lateral displacements of the compression flange, mm
 𝒓𝑻 = radius of gyration of the section comprising the compression
flange plus 1/3 of the compression web area about an axis in the
plane of the web, mm
E. ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS
FOR WEAK AXIS BENDING OF I –
SHAPED MEMBERS, SOLID BARS
AND RECTANGULAR PLATES
E.1 MEMBERS WITH COMPACT SECTION

 If a doubly symmetrical (I – and H – shapes) rolled

shape is placed such that bending will occur
about its weak axis, and solid round and square
bars, and solid rectangular section bent about
their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is:

𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒚
E.2 MEMBERS WITH
NON - COMPACT SECTION
 For non – compact sections bent about their
weak axis, the allowable bending stress is:
𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚
 For a doubly symmetrical (I – and H – shapes)
with non – compact flanges bent about their
weak axis (with their flanges continuously
connected to their web), the allowable stress is:
𝒃𝒇
𝑭𝒃 = 𝑭𝒚 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝑭𝒚
𝟐𝒕𝒇
F. SHEAR STRESS IN STEEL BEAMS
It is assumed that only the web thickness
carries the shear in W shapes. The average
shear stress is then compared against the
allowable shear stress with a maximum of
0.40Fy. The average shear stress in the web
is:
𝑽 𝑽
𝒇𝒗 = =
𝑨𝒘 𝒅𝒕𝒘
𝒅 = overall depth 𝒕𝒘 = web thickness
F.1 ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS

𝒉 𝟗𝟗𝟖
a. When ≤ , the allowable shear on overall
𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚
depth times the web thickness is:

𝑭𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝑭𝒚
or
𝑽
≤ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝑭𝒚
𝒅𝒕𝒘
F.1 ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS

𝒉 𝟗𝟗𝟖
b. When > , the allowable shear stress on the
𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚
clear distance between flanges times the web
thickness is:
𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝒗 = 𝑪𝒗 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝑭𝒚
𝟐. 𝟖𝟗

𝑽 𝑭𝒚
𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝑭𝒚 ≥ ≤ 𝑪𝒗
𝒉𝒕𝒘 𝟐. 𝟖𝟗
 Where:
𝟑𝟏𝟎,𝟐𝟔𝟒𝒌𝒗
𝑪𝒗 = 𝒉 𝟐
when 𝑪𝒗 < 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
𝑭𝒚 𝒕
𝒘

𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒗
𝑪𝒗 = 𝒉 when 𝑪𝒗 > 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
𝑭𝒚
𝒕𝒘
𝟓.𝟑𝟒 𝒂
𝒌𝒗 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟎 + 𝒂 𝟐
when < 𝟏. 𝟎
𝒉
𝒉
𝟒.𝟎𝟎 𝒂
𝒌𝒗 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 + 𝒂 𝟐
when > 𝟏. 𝟎
𝒉
𝒉
 𝒕𝒘 = thickness of web, mm
 𝒂 =clear distance between transverse (web) stiffeners,
mm
 𝒉 = clear distance between flanges at the section under
investigation, mm
 𝒉 = 𝒅 − 𝟐𝒕𝒇
 𝒅 = overall depth of the beam, mm
G. WEB STIFFENERS
Intermediate stiffeners are required the ratio
𝒉
exceed 260 and the maximum web shear
𝒕𝒘
stress 𝒇𝒗 is greater than that permitted by:
𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝒗 = 𝑪𝒗 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝑭𝒚
𝟐. 𝟖𝟗
The spacing of the intermediate stiffeners is:
𝟐
𝟐𝟔𝟎
𝒂≤𝒉
𝒉
𝒕𝒘
H. BEAM BEARING PLATES
& COLUMN BASE PLATES
The function of the plates is to distribute a
concentrated load to the supporting
material.
2 TYPES OF BEAM BEARING PLATE CASES
1. Plates that transmits the beam reaction to
a support;
2. Plates that transmits a load at the top of
the flange of a beam.
Design of Bearing Plate
1. Determine the N so that web yielding and
web crippling are prevented.
2. Determine the dimension B so that B x N
is sufficient to prevent the supporting
material from being crushed in bearing.
3. Determine the thickness t so that the
plate has sufficient bending strength.
BEAM BEARING PLATE
H.1 WEB YIELDING

 the compressive crushing of a beam web caused

by the application of a compressive force to the
flange directly above or below the web
 This compressive force could be:

 An end reaction from a support, or

 A load delivered to the top flange by a column
or another beam
H.1 WEB YIELDING
H.1 WEB YIELDING
H.1 WEB YIELDING

 For loads applied at or near the end of the

member:
𝑹
≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑭𝒚
𝒕𝒘 𝑵 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝒌

or

𝑹 − 𝟐. 𝟓𝒕𝒘 𝒌 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑭𝒚
𝑵𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑭𝒚 𝒕𝒘
H.1 WEB YIELDING

 For loads applied at a distance x greater than d

from the end of the member:
𝑹
≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑭𝒚
𝒕𝒘 𝑵 + 𝟓𝒌

or

𝑹 − 𝟓𝒕𝒘 𝒌 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑭𝒚
𝑵𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑭𝒚 𝒕𝒘
H.2 WEB CRIPPLING

 According to the Code, bearing stiffeners shall be

provided in the webs of the members under
concentrated loads, when the compressive force
exceed the ff. limits:
a. When concentrated loads is applied at a
distance x from the end of the member not less
than 𝒅/𝟐.
𝟏.𝟓
𝑵 𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚𝒘 𝒕𝒇
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝒕𝒘 𝟏+𝟑
𝒅 𝒕𝒇 𝒕𝒘
H.2 WEB CRIPPLING
H.2 WEB CRIPPLING

b. When concentrated loads is applied at a

distance x from the end of the member greater
than 𝒅/𝟐

𝟏.𝟓
𝑵 𝒕𝒘 𝑭𝒚𝒘 𝒕𝒇
𝑹 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝒕𝒘 𝟏+𝟑
𝒅 𝒕𝒇 𝒕𝒘
H.2 WEB CRIPPLING

Where
𝑹 = concentrated load or reaction, N
𝑵 = bearing length (not less than k for end reaction), mm
𝒕𝒘 = web thickness, mm
𝒕𝒇 = flange thickness, mm
𝒌 = distance from the outer face of the flange to the toe of
the fillet, mm
H.3 BEAM BEARING PLATES

 Must be:
a. Large enough that the actual bearing pressure
𝒇𝒑 under the plate does not exceed the
allowable bearing pressure 𝑭𝒑 ;
b. Long enough so that web crippling or yielding
does not occur; and
c. Thick enough so that the allowable bending
stress in steel, 𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝑭𝒚 , is not exceeded.
H.3 BEAM BEARING PLATES
H.3 BEAM BEARING PLATES

 The actual bearing area of the plate is:

𝑨𝟏 = 𝑵 × 𝑩

 The actual bearing pressure under the plate is:

𝑹
𝒇𝒑 = ≤ 𝑭𝒑
𝑨𝟏
H.3 BEAM BEARING PLATES

 The allowable bearing pressure 𝑭𝒑 :

 On sandstone and limestone:
𝑭𝒑 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂
 On brick in cement mortar:
𝑭𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
 On the full area of a concrete support:
𝑭𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒇′𝒄
 On less than the full area of a concrete support:
𝑨𝟐
𝑭𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒇′𝒄 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝒇′𝒄
𝑨𝟏
H.3 BEAM BEARING PLATES

 For bearing plate resting on full area of concrete

support:
𝑹
𝑨𝟏 ≥
𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒇′𝒄
 For bearing plates covering less than the full area

of concrete support:
𝟐
𝟏 𝑹
𝑨𝟏 ≥
𝑨𝟐 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒇′𝒄
H.3 BEAM BEARING PLATES

 Where

𝑨𝟐 = maximum area of the portion of the supporting

surface that is geometrically similar to and concentric with
the loaded area

 The thickness of the plate:

𝟑𝒇𝒑 𝒏𝟐
𝒕=
𝑭𝒃
H.3 BEAM BEARING PLATES

 The thickness of the plate:

𝟑𝒇𝒑 𝒏𝟐
𝒕=
𝑭𝒃
I. BEAMS UNDER UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Normally, a beam is oriented with the web in the

plance of the loading (strong axis bending, x – x
axis), although the beam may be loaded norml to
the plane of the web (weak axis bending, y – y
axis). The x – x and y – y axes of the beam cross
section are known as the principal
axes.Unsymmetrical bending occurs when
bending is about an axis other than one of the
principal axes, or when loads are simultaneously
applied from more than one direction.
I. BEAMS UNDER UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

 The forces on beams subjected to unsymmetrical

bending are resolved into x and y components, as
shown. The stresses due to the moments are:
𝑴𝒙
𝒇𝒃𝒙 =
𝑺𝒙

𝑴𝒚
𝒇𝒃𝒚 =
𝑺𝒚
I. BEAMS UNDER UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

 The adequacy of the section is checked using the

interaction equation:

𝒇𝒃𝒙 𝒇𝒃𝒚
+ ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑭𝒃𝒙 𝑭𝒃𝒚