Accepted Manuscript

Exergo-economic analysis of a typical wind power system

Wendell de Queiróz Lamas

PII: S0360-5442(17)31526-8
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.020
Reference: EGY 11514

To appear in: Energy

Received Date: 26 March 2017

Revised Date: 10 August 2017
Accepted Date: 5 September 2017

Please cite this article as: de Queiróz Lamas W, Exergo-economic analysis of a typical wind power
system, Energy (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.020.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Exergo-economic analysis of a typical wind power

system

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Wendell de Queiróz Lamas∗
Department of Basic and Environmental Sciences
School of Engineering at Lorena
University of Sao Paulo

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12602-810, Lorena, SP, Brazil

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Abstract

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The objective of this work is to list irreversibilities throughout the wind power
system and to use this information to develop a sequence of equations repre-
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sentative of system constraints associated to its objective function, known as
EPC (exergetic production cost), also to allocate costs of products generated
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into this system. The methodology is based on the system functions identifi-
cation as a whole and from each unit individually, in the construction of the
thermo-economic functional diagram, in the formulation of the cost problem
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of the system being studied and in the solution of the cost equations system of
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the associated products. Equations related to wind power system features are
listed, such as air flow power, air mass flow, physical exergy (or general flow
exergy), kinetic exergy, and turbine output power. It is possible to observe that
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the cost for wind power system is directly related to interest rate applied, also
its decrease (cost) depends of the time of amortisation, and that the revenue for
wind power system is between three and a half years and around five years.
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Keywords: exergetic production cost, exergo-economics, wind power system

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2010 MSC: 00-01, 99-00

∗ Corresponding author
Email address: wendell.lamas@usp.br (Wendell de Queiróz Lamas)

Preprint submitted to Energy - The International Journal September 6, 2017

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

1. Introduction

A wind power system aims to convert the mechanical energy generated by

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the movement of rotors arranged on the wind tower, caused by the local wind,
in electrical power through a generator system.
5 Despite the main mechanism of energy conversion in wind turbines is ba-

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sically fluid mechanics and the conversion of kinetic energy into mechanical
power, there is a mass and heat transfer compound that it can be used in ex-

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ergy analysis like an electro-mechanical one. These features make possible to
estimate losses and the real final cost of electrical power generated.
10 The exergo-economics, also know as thermo-economics, associates second

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law of thermodynamics aspects to economics fundamentals in order to establish

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the exergetic production cost to the plant in analysis.
The classical CGAM1 problem illustrates four methods of exergo-economic
analysis into five works. First of all researches involved had described basic
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15 assumptions adopted for the plant idealized by them and had presented a con-
ventional solution for its optimisation [1]. The CGAM plant was evaluate by
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[2] applying economic analysis and exergy costing. A methodology based on

functional diagram was proposed by [3]. In its time, the engineering functional
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analysis was used by [4] to solve this problem. Finally, the exergetic cost theory
20 was presented by [5] as solution method for CGAM problem.
Some wind power system fundamentals were explained by [6, 7, 8] and they
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were used as basis in this work.

Mathematical modelling and physical concepts related to a wind power sys-
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tem are described by [9].

25 Thermodynamic features of a wind power system were listed by [10, 11].
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Exergy analysis was used to optimise a wind power system associated to

1 In 1990, a group of concerned specialists in the thermodynamic field (C. Frangopoulos, G.

Tsatsaronis, A. Valero, and M. von Spakovsky) decided to compare their methodologies by solving
a predefined and simple problem of optimisation: the CGAM problem, which was named after the
first initials of the participating investigators [1].

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genetic algorithms by [12].

Case studies on wind power system were developed by [13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18] applying thermodynamic second law analysis to specific conditions.

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30 The objective of this work is to list irreversibilities throughout the wind
power system and to use this information to develop a sequence of equations

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representative of system constraints associated to its objective function, known
as EPC (exergetic production cost), also to allocate costs of products generated
into this system.

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35 In general, this work presents a proposal of methodology based on thermo-
economics to work as a tool for exergetic analysis of wind power systems. Fun-

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damentally, thermo-economics is a physical optimisation tool commonly used in
project stage. Where associated to other tools, i.e. operational research, it can
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expanded to a mathematical modelling tool. It can be highlighted the associa-
40 tion of thermal and electrical (and/or electro-mechanical) elements in the same
exergy approach.
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2. Materials and Methods

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2.1. Wind power generation system

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Figure 1 shows a typical wind power system set to supply part of the demand
45 for a home and/or interconnected to the local power grid [19, 13, 20].
In a wind turbine, the rotors are connected to a shaft which transfers the
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spinning motion to the coil of a generator. In between, a gearbox is also installed

to increase the spinning speed of the shaft. Electrical power generated by the
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generator is either fed into the grid or transferred to a battery bank for storage.
50 Inverters are provided to convert the DC current to AC.
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The most important component of a wind power generation system is the

turbine itself. Parts described below are common to turbines but the assembly
method may vary.

Tower Usually a steel or concrete tubular structure that vary in height from
55 200 to 300 feet. Smaller wind turbines, less than 10 kilowatts, use poles

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instead of free standing towers. Horizontal turbines require towers.

Rotors Rotors blades and rotor hub.

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Nacelle or drive train Houses the gearbox, rotor shaft, generator (or alterna-
tor) and controls;

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60 Gearbox This synchronizes the motion of the rotor and the generator, and is
generally used for speeding of the generator. Gearboxes are not needed

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for smaller turbines.

Generator These convert the mechanical energy of the rotors into electricity.
Both synchronous/ permanent magnet generators and asynchronous or

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65 induction generators can be used. The former can be used without a
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gearbox and are also more efficient. Asynchronous generators are more
durable and need less maintenance, and can be synchronised with the grid
more easily. Alternators are also used instead of generators.
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Electronics and controls Essentially wind assessment instruments that guide
the rotation and pitch of the rotors for maximum power output. Diagnos-
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70

tic equipment, and other controls for cooling the generator may also be
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included.

Tail vane or yaw Tail vane or yaw is used for aligning horizontal wind turbines
with wind.
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75 Braking
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Pitch controls Pitch controls for managing the pitch of the rotors.
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Battery bank Electrical power generated by the turbine can be stored in bat-
teries till it is used locally (on-site) or transferred to the transmission grid.

DC to AC inverter On-site renewable energy use or supply to grid.

80 Wind turbines with direct drive systems do not require a gearbox. The rotor
hub is directly connected to the generator by a fixed axle or shaft. Maintenance

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costs for such turbines are lower as there are fewer moving parts and no gear
oil to be changed.
The design data, in fact, are the values adopted that was extracted from

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85 literature and condensed at Table 1.
Some data are based on ENERCON E-40/6.44, which product specifications

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are listed in Table 2 and it is showed in Figure 2.
The wind turbine E-40/6.44 is produced by Enercon GmbH, a German man-
ufacturer. Its rated power is 600 kW. The wind turbine starts its work at a wind

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90 speed of 2.5 m/s and its cut-out wind speed is 28.0 m/s.
The rotor diameter is 43.7 m and its area amounts to 1,521 m2 . The wind

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turbine is equipped with three rotor blades and the maximum rotor speed is 34
U/min.
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The Enercon E-40/6.44 is fitted with a ”without direct drive gearbox”.
95 The Enercon GmbH has used one synchronous generator for the E-40/6.44
with the maximum speed of 34 U/min. The voltage amounts to 440 V at the
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mains frequency at 50 Hz.
Steel tube was used in the construction of the SAM tower and its corrosion
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protection focus on painted.

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100 2.2. Thermo-economic method

There are several mathematical methods associated to thermal system ex-

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ergetic analysis [18, 21], but it was chosen that based on the use of thermo-
economic functional diagram, which will be later applied to the allocation of
costs of products generated by the power systems on study [3, 22, 23].
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105 The methodology is based on the system functions identification as a whole

and from each unit individually, in the construction of the thermo-economic
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functional diagram, in the formulation of the cost problem of the system be-
ing studied and in the solution of the cost equations system of the associated
products [22, 23].
110 The thermo-economic optimisation method based on thermo-economic func-
tional diagram combines the second law of thermodynamic with concept of ex-

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ergy associated to engineering economic and it is typically divided into these

stages:

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• System functions identification as a whole and for each unit individually;

115 • Construction of the thermo-economic functional diagram;

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• Formulation of the optimisation problem involving:

– Selection of decision variables;

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– Derivation of constraints (exergetic functions associated with each
unit);

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120 – Derivation of cost functions;

– Derivation of the explicit form of the optimisation equations;

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• Solution of the system of optimisation equations.
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2.3. System functions identification
This stage is very important and it depends on the configuration of energy
125 system that is to be optimised. The function of system as a whole depends on
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the purpose of plant and each component of plant also has a goal in the system.
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For a better understanding of this step, the physical representation of the plant
configuration is usually constructed, where the function of system as a whole
and for each unit is established.
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130 In order to identify the various exergetic functions of the system as a whole
and for each unit individually, Figure 3 illustrates in a simplified way the settings
used for developing the method based on a hypothetical power system.
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From the process diagram for the hypothetical power system (Figure 3), all
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the thermodynamic characteristics of the system considered must be listed: fluid

135 type, flow, pressure, temperature, specific enthalpy, specific entropy, and specific
exergy (or LHV2 , when applicable). These characteristics must be relative to
each point in the process, which is duly indicated in the process diagram.

2 Lower Heating Value.

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2.4. Thermo-economic functional diagram

The functional diagram of the system, which allows for the desired analysis,
140 is composed of geometric figures representing the units and of a network of

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lines representing the distributions of unit functions in exergetic terms. These
units correspond to the actual components of the plant.

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Figure 4 shows the thermo-economic functional diagrams for the system
shown in Figure 3.
The notation adopted in the thermo-economic functional diagrams is:

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145

• Y - exergetic functions (in incremental basis);

• Yi,j - j-th input to i-th unit (with comma separation);

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• Yi.k - k-th output from i-th unit (with dot separation).
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It is important, to follow the development of the method proposed in this
150 work, to observe that each unit (or component of the plant) will receive an
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identification number. It is also essential to understand the transposition of Fig-
ure 3 (flow diagram to identify system functions) to Figure 4 (system functional
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diagram), to observe that the flows considered refer to the exergetic increments
and not to the absolute value of this thermodynamic property.
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155 Note that the border functional line is the one that separates the inputs and
products from the energy system with the outside environment. It should also
be noted that the functional diagram in this conception considers the process
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external to the energy system in question.

2.5. Determination of Expressions for Exergetic Functions - Constraints

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160 For the determination of the exergetic functions (constraints) associated

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with the thermo-economic functional diagram, losses through pipes will be ne-
glected because they are not significant and do not invalidate the analysis ac-
cording to [24, 25]. Thus, on the basis of Figure 3, expressions for the exergetic
functions (on incremental basis) of Figure 4 (functional diagrams) can be ob-
165 tained, where each unit (component) makes its own exergetic contribution to
the system.

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Eqs. (1) to (9) represent the mathematical modelling for blocks of the hy-
pothetical power system from Figure 4. Note that these equations were choose
randomly.

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170 Unit 1. - Description 1

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Y1,1 = ṁ1 · (h0 − h1 ) − T0 · (s0 − s1 ) (1)

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T1
Y1.1 = ṁ1 · cpAir · (T1 − T0 ) − T0 · ln (2)
T0

Unit 2. - Description 2

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AN Y2,1 = Y1.1 (3)

ṁV apour · (h2 − h1 )

Y2.1 = (4)
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ηP ump

Y2.2 = Q̇P rocess (5)

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Unit 3. - Description 3
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Y3,1 = Y2.1 (6)

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Y3.1 = ẆShaf t (7)

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Unit 4. - Description 4
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Y4,1 = Y3.1 (8)

Y4.1 = ĖGenerated (9)

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2.6. Mathematical modelling of thermo-economic optimisation

175 The objective of optimisation is to minimise the exergy production cost

(EPC), which is basically composed of costs of production of inputs related to

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process heat (cold or hot production) and electrical power (purchased from grid
or generated in co-generation), depending on the power system considered. For

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a better understanding of the concept of EPC it becomes necessary to construct
180 the diagram of costs associated with manufacture (on exergetic basis). Eq. (10)

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shows a general EPC.

  X
U S$
EP C = ci · Yi.k (10)
h

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i

In Eq. (10), the indices i and k represent the products associated with the
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power system. The index i represents the unit to which the input belongs and
the index k, to its k − th output.
185 Specifically in this case, ci represents the exergy product cost of the power
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system in US$/kWh and Yi.k , the exergy in kW associated with the product.

2.6.1. Diagram of associated costs for the hypothetical power system

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A system may have more than one situation to be optimised depending on

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the type of exergy product considered useful in the process.

190 In hypothetical power system from Figure 3, there are two products to be
considered: process heat (Y2.2 ) and electrical power (Y4.1 ).
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Following, these two situations will be presented. Note that all equations
are related to hypothetical system, then there is not real relationship or logic
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through their blocks connection.

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195 Process A. - Process heat

Figure 5 shows the relationship between vapour cost (cV apour ) and the hy-
pothetical Process A, in other words, the costs diagram for process heat produc-
tion.

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From Figures 3 to 5, it is possible to develop Eq. (11), objective function

200 for process heat, where vapour cost (cV apour [US$/m3 ]) is associated to system
work period (H [h]), and vapour exergy (Y2.1 [kW]).

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EP C = cV apour · H · Y2.1 (11)

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The vapour cost (cV apour [US$/kWh]) is formed by the investment in equip-
ment and accessories (Inv [US$]) related to annuity factor (f [year−1 ]) and

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expected time (t [years]) over system work period (H [h]) and vapour exergy
205 (Y2.1 [kW]) summed to cost of water transformed in vapour (cW ater [US$/m3 ])
and cost of fuel used to do it (cF uel [US$/m3 ]), Eq. (12).

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Inv · f · t
cV apour =
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H · Y2.1
+ cW ater + cF uel

The cost of water used to produce vapour is formed by flow mass of water
(12)

(ṁW ater [m3 ]) and the price of water (taxW ater [US$/m3 ]).
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cW ater = ṁW ater · taxW ater (13)

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The cost of fuel used to produce vapour is formed by flow mass of fuel
(ṁF uel [m3 /s]) and the price of fuel (taxF uel [US$/m3 ]).
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210

cF uel = ṁF uel · taxF uel (14)

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The annuity factor (f [year−1 ]) is related to capital value (q [-]), payback

period (k [years]), and annual interest rate (r [%]), according Eqs. (15) and
(16).
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AC

q k · (q − 1)
f= (15)
(q k − 1)

r
q =1+ (16)
100

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Process B. - Electrical power

215 Figure 6 shows the relationship between vapour cost (cV apour ) and the hy-
pothetical Process B, where the cost of electrical power generated or, eventually,

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purchased, in other words, the costs diagram for electrical power generation.
From Figures 3, 4, and 6, it is possible to develop Eq. (??), objective func-

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tion for electrical power, where vapour cost (cV apour [US$/m3 ]) is associated
220 to system work period (H [h]), and vapour exergy (Y2.1 [kW]), also difference
between cost of electrical power generated (cEPGenerated [US$/kWh]) and pur-

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chased (cEPP urchased [US$/kWh]) associated to system work period (H [h]) and
total power required by Process B (Y4.1 [kW]).

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EP C = cV apour · H · Y2.1 + [(cEPP urchased − cEPGenerated ) · Y4.1 ] · H (17)

The cost of electrical power generated (cEPGenerated [US$/kWh]) is formed

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225 by the investment in equipment and accessories (Inv [US$]) related to an-
nuity factor (f [year−1 ]) and expected time (t [years]) over system work pe-
riod (H [h]) and shaft power (Y3.1 [kW]) summed to cost of vapour (cV apour
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[US$/m3 ]), Eq. (18).

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Inv · f · t
cEPGenerated = + cV apour (18)
H · Y3.1
The price of electrical power purchased (cEPP urchased [US$/kWh]) depends
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230 on the values practised by the local power company.

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3. Results and Discussion

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There are some equations relate to wind power system features. These are
listed from Eq. (19) to Eq. (23) [11, 17].
The Eq. (19) represents the air flow power, which is the kinetic energy per
235 unit time through the rotor disk.

1 3
Pw = ρAvw (19)
2

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Where, ρ is the air density [kg/m3 ], A is the swept rotor area [m2 ], and vw
is the air velocity flowing past the rotor disk [m/s].
The air mass flow moving through the blades is given by Eq. (20).

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ṁ = ρAvw (20)

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The physical exergy, or general flow exergy, is given by Eq. (21).

SC
      
T2 P2 Cp,a (T0 − Tavg )
Ėph = ṁ Cp,a (T2 − T1 ) + T0 Cp,a ln −R −
T1 P1 T0
(21)
Where, Cp,a is the air specific heat at constant pressure [kJ/kg.o C], T1 and

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240

T2 are the wind chill temperature at the input and output to the wind turbine
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blades, respectively, [o C], T0 is the environmental temperature [o C], Tavg is
the average temperature between T1 and T2 [o C], which are extremely variable
and hard to measure, and R is the universal gas constant [kJ/kg.o C].
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245 The kinetic exergy is given by Eq. (22).
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Ėke = Ẇact (22)

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The Eq. (23) describes the turbine output power.

   
1 vw 2 −0,17 vωw
Ẇe = Pw × − 0,022β − 5,6 e b ×η (23)
2 ωb
EP

Where, ωb is the turbine rotational speed, β is the blade inclination angle

o
[ ], and η is the system yield.
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3.1. System Functions Identification

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250 In order to better understand this stage, the physical representation of the
wind power system (Figure 7) is constructed, where the function of the system
as a whole and for each unit is established individually, taking into account
that the global function representative of the system depends on the purpose or
objective of the plant and that each component of the system has its importance
255 related to its purpose in the system.

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3.2. Thermo-economic Functional Diagram Construction

Based on the process diagram constructed, showed in Figure 7, the thermo-

economic functional diagram for the wind power system is elaborated, as shown

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in Figure 8.

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260 3.3. Costs Allocation Problem Formulation

Eq. (24) represents the objective function of the thermo-economic optimisa-

tion problem of the wind power system, where the goal is to obtain the exergy

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production cost (EPC) from the costs of sub-products of the system.

  X
U S$

U
EP C = ci · Yi.k (24)
h i

265
AN
In Eq. (24), the indexes i and k represent the products associated with the
wind power system, such as electrical power. The index i represents the unit to
which the input belongs and the index k, to its k-th output.
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Specifically in this case, ci represents the exergy cost of the product of the
wind power system in US$/kWh and Yi.k the exergy in kW associated with that
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product.
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270 3.4. Equations for Exergetic Functions (Constraints)

From the process diagram shown in Figure 7 and the values of wind power
system properties listed in Table 1, the values of the exergetic flows on an incre-
EP

mental basis, associated with the thermo-economic functional diagram shown

in Figure 8 are determined. It is worth mentioning that each unit lends its own
exergetic contribution to the system.
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275

The following Eqs. (25) to (34) [26, 27, 28] are related to the inputs and
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outputs highlighted in the functional diagram (Figure 8), in order to determine

the constraints of the wind power system.

Unit 1:. Turbine

Y1,1 = Pw (25)

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Y1.1 = Ėph + Ėke (26)

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280 Unit 2:. Gearbox

Y2,1 = Y1.1 (27)

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Y2.1 = Ẇe (28)

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Unit 3:. Generator

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Y3,1 = Y2.1 (29)

ANY3.1 = Pe (30)

Unit 4:. Batteries Bank

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Y4,1 = Y3.1 (31)

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hA (Troom − Tbatt ) + I 2 R
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Y4.1 = (32)
mCpair
Unit 5:. Inverter
EP

Y5,1 = Y4.1 (33)

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Y5.1 = 0.92 ∗ Y4.1 (34)

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The Table 3 relates the values of the exergetic flows associated with the units
285 described in the process and functional diagrams, respectively shown in Figures
7 and 8.
These values from Table 3 are directly related to the characteristics of sys-
tem components chosen. Also, it is assumed for this analysis 8 % of loss from
batteries bank to inverter.

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290 3.5. Mathematical Modelling of Associated Products Costs

The objective of the determination of these equations is to obtain the exer-
getic production cost (operational cost), which is basically constituted by the

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production costs of the related inputs, depending directly on the type of the
system considered.

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295 The determination of equations of the associated products costs is made
from the analysis of the structural model based on costs associated to the man-
ufacture, in exergetic base, illustrated in Figure 9, that relates the allocated

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costs in function of the constituent unit of the system as a whole.
For the elaborated structural model, the units are associated with the costs

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300 of electrical power generation (cel ). Thus, the exergetic production cost (EPC)
can be defined by Eq. (35).
AN
EP C = cel · Y3.1 (35)
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For this formulation, the Eq. (36) relates the cost related to the electrical
power generation in the system consisting of turbine, gearbox, generator, bat-
teries bank, and inverter.
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Iaero · f
TE

cel = + cOMaero (36)

H · Y3.1
305 It was developed based on [23].
EP

3.6. Wind Power System Associated Costs

For the development of the calculations concerning the costs associated with
the products of the wind power system some values established previously
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should be considered. These initial considerations are listed in Table 4.

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310 The values referenced in the Table 4 are applied to Eq. (36) to obtain the
costs of wind power system products for the established analysis conditions:
interest rates of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 % p.y.3 , and amortisation periods of 2, 4, 6,
8 and 10 years.

3 p.y. = per year.

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Eqs. (37) and (38) are used to calculate the annuity factor required to
315 develop cost calculations for products associated with the wind power system
(Table 5).

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q k · (q − 1)
f= (37)
qk − 1

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Where:

SC
q =1+ (38)
100
Table 5 lists the costs of wind power system as well as the annuity factors
for the established analysis conditions, with amortisation periods and interest

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320 rates being based on the values practised commercially, oriented by the Central
Bank of Brazil [29]. AN
3.7. Economic Viability
M
Based on the values practised by the concessionaires of the electrical power
supply service in the national territory, in addition to the interest rates and
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325 amortisation periods adopted, a survey of capital revenues is performed for the
conditions established.
TE

The Eq. (39) shows the relation between costs of electrical power generated
by the wind power system and the national average of the concessionaires of
electrical power supply service.
EP

 
U S$
R = {[(Pel − cel ) · EP ]} · H (39)
year
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330 Table 6 lists the calculated values, considering the average tariff practised in
the country, which is 0.145 US$/kWh, according to ANEEL [30].
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4. Conclusions

Equations related to wind power system features were listed, such as air
flow power, air mass flow, physical exergy (or general flow exergy), kinetic

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335 exergy, and turbine output power, and this information was used to develop a
mathematical modelling representative of system constraints associated to its
objective function (exergetic production cost), also to allocate costs of products

PT
generated into this system.
Exergetic values were evaluated and they were compatible with nominal

RI
340 values for the wind power system components.
It was possible to observe that the cost for wind power system is directly
related to the interest rate applied, also its decrease (cost) depends of the time

SC
of amortisation. It is also observed that the best values are obtained for lower
interest rates.

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345 It was noted that the revenue for the wind power system is between three
and a half years and around five years. So for a system that has a life expectancy
AN
of about twenty years, even in the worst interest rate condition, the system gets
paid in an acceptable time, making it viable.
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References
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350 [1] A. Valero, M. Lozano, L. Serra, G. Tsatsaronis, J. Pisa, C. Frangopoulos,

M. von Spakovsky, Cgam problem: Definition and conventional solution,
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Energy 19 (3) (1994) 279–286. doi:10.1016/0360-5442(94)90112-0.

[2] G. Tsatsaronis, J. Pisa, Exergoeconomic evaluation and optimization of

EP

energy systems - application to the cgam problem, Energy 19 (3) (1994)

355 287–321. doi:10.1016/0360-5442(94)90113-9.
C

[3] C. Frangopoulos, Application of the thermoeconomic functional approach

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[30] ANEEL, Agência nacional de energia elétrica, On-line, in Portuguese

445 (February 2017).
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Figure 1: A typical wind power system [20]

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Figure 2: ENERCON E-40/6.44

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Source: https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/getfotoWlRytDNLi0Pturbineenercon e406.44.jpg

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Figure 3: Process diagram

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Figure 4: Thermo-economic functional diagram

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Figure 5: Costs diagram for process heat production

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Figure 6: Costs diagram for electrical power generation
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Figure 7: Typical wind power system process diagram

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Figure 8: Thermo-economic functional diagram for a typical wind power system

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Figure 9: Structural model based in costs for wind power system

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Figure 10: Cost values for the wind power system on various analysis conditions
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Figure 11: Revenue values for wind power system in periods observed

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Table 1: Values adopted for wind power system [26, 27, 28]

Description Value Unit

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A 21 m2
Abatt 3.6 m2
Cp,air 1.0048 kJ.kg −1 .o C −1

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Cp,distilled−water 3.7170 J/kg.o C
hbatt 1,200 W/m2 .o C

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Ibatt 100 A
mbatt 30 kg
P1 101.325 kP a

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P2 101.325 kP a
R
Rbatt
AN 0.287
0.023
kJ.kg −1 .o C −1
Ω
o
T0 25 C
M
o
T1 20 C
o
T2 28 C
D

o
Tbatt 28 C
o
Troom 40 C
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vw 7 m/s
o
β 15.302
η 40 %
EP

ωb 20 rpm
ρ 1.2041 kg/m3
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Table 2: ENERCON E-40/6.44 wind turbine product specifications

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Source: https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/68-enercon-e-40-6.44

Description Value
Power
Rated power 600.0 kW
Cut-in wind speed 2.5 m/s

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Rated wind speed 12.0 m/s

Cut-out wind speed 28.0 m/s
Survival wind speed -

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Wind zone (DIBt) -
Wind class (IEC) -

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Rotor
Diameter 43.7 m

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Swept area 1,521.0 m2
Number of blades 3
Rotor speed, max 34.0 U/min

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Tipspeed 78 m/s
Type AERO E-40
Material
AN GFK
Manufacturer Enercon
M
Power density 1 394.5 W/m2
Power density 2 2.5 m2 /kW
Gear box
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Type without direct drive

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Stages -
Ratio -
Manufacturer -
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Generator
Type synchronous
Number 1
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Speed, max 34.0 U/min

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Voltage 440.0 V
Grid connection WR
Grid frequency 50 Hz
Hersteller Enercon
Tower

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Hub height 50/58/65/78 m

Type Steel tube

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Shape conical
Corrosion protection painted
Manufacturer SAM

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Weight
Single blade -

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Hub -
Rotor 8.7 t
Nacelle 20.5 t

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Tower, max 99.0 t
Total weight AN -
Miscellaneous
Installation -
M
Offshore No
Onshore Yes
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Table 3: Values of exergetic flows associated to wind power system

Unit 1: Turbine

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Flow Value [kW]
Y1,1 4.30
Y1.1 21.25

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Unit 2: Gearbox
Y2,1 21.25

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Y2.1 8.5
Unit 3: Generator
Y3,1 8.5

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Y3.1 20.2

Y4,1
AN
Unit 4: Batteries Bank
20.2
Y4.1 466.9536
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Unit 5: Inverter
Y5,1 466.9536
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Y5.1 429.5973
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Table 4: Initial considerations taken as reference (boundary conditions)

Variable Value
EP

H [h/year] 3,650
EP [kW] 20.2
C

Iaero [US$] 30,000.00

COMaero [US$/kWh] 0.00600
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Table 5: Cost values for the wind power system on various analysis conditions

r k q f cel EPC

PT
[%p.y.] [years] [-] [-] [US$/kWh] [US$/h]
4 2 1.04 0.53 0.22 4.47
4 4 1.04 0.27 0.11 2.38

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4 6 1.04 0.19 0.08 1.68
4 8 1.04 0.14 0.06 1.34

SC
4 10 1.04 0.12 0.05 1.13
8 2 1.08 0.56 0.23 4.73
8 4 1.08 0.30 0.12 2.60

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8 6 1.08 0.21 0.09 1.89
8
8
8
10
1.08
1.08
AN 0.17
0.14
0.07
0.06
1.55
1.34
12 2 1.12 0.59 0.24 4.98
M
12 4 1.12 0.32 0.14 2.82
12 6 1.12 0.24 0.10 2.12
D

12 8 1.12 0.20 0.08 1.77

12 10 1.12 0.17 0.07 1.57
TE

16 2 1.16 0.62 0.25 5.24

16 4 1.16 0.35 0.15 3.05
16 6 1.16 0.27 0.11 2.35
EP

16 8 1.16 0.23 0.09 2.01

16 10 1.16 0.20 0.09 1.82
C

20 2 1.20 0.65 0.27 5.50

20 4 1.20 0.38 0.16 3.29
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20 6 1.20 0.30 0.12 2.59

20 8 1.20 0.26 0.11 2.26
20 10 1.20 0.23 0.10 2.08

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Table 6: Revenue values for wind power system in periods observed

r k R

PT
[%p.y.] [years] [US$/year]
4 2 -5,657.40
4 4 1,983.80

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4 6 4,525.60
4 8 5,792.60

SC
4 10 6,549.70
8 2 -6,574.60
8 4 1,190.80

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8 6 3,759.00
8
8
AN
8
10
5,028.00
5,777.60
12 2 -7,502.50
M
12 4 371.40
12 6 2,951.70
D

12 8 4,209.40
12 10 4,938.90
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16 2 -8,440.40
16 4 -472.80
16 6 2,106.80
EP

16 8 3,341.70
16 10 4,041.40
C

20 2 -9,387.90
20 4 -1,340.20
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20 6 1,227.30
20 8 2,430.20
20 10 3,092.80

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• I reported on exergo-economics applied to a typical wind power system

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(WPS);
• I associated thermodynamic, electrical and economic fundamentals to pro-
vide a more detailed analysis of a WPS;

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• I developed a mathematical modelling based on exergy, involving electrical
power and engineering economic features.

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CEP
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