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Operational Amplifiers

This document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including their ideal and practical components, internal block diagrams, modes of operation, and key parameters such as common mode rejection ratio, input offset voltage, input bias current, input impedance, output impedance, slew rate, frequency response, and noise specification. It provides detailed explanations and examples for understanding op-amp specifications and performance.

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Ayhan AbdulAziz
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54 views19 pages

Operational Amplifiers

This document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), including their ideal and practical components, internal block diagrams, modes of operation, and key parameters such as common mode rejection ratio, input offset voltage, input bias current, input impedance, output impedance, slew rate, frequency response, and noise specification. It provides detailed explanations and examples for understanding op-amp specifications and performance.

Uploaded by

Ayhan AbdulAziz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Operational Amplifiers
Course: Applied Electronics
Instructor: Ismail Amin Ali
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Duhok
2 Operational Amplifiers
❑ An operational amplifier (op-amp) has two input
terminals, the inverting (-) input and the noninverting
(+) input, and one output terminal.
❑ Most op-amps operate with two dc supply voltages,
one positive and the other negative.
3 The Ideal OP-Amp
4 Practical Op-Amp
5 Internal Block Diagram of an Op-Amp
6 Modes of Operation
❑ Differential Mode
 Single-ended

 Double-ended
7 Modes of Operation
❑ Common-mode
8 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
CMRR = 20 log (Aol/Acm)
where Aol is open-loop differential voltage gain
Acm is common-mode gain

 The open-loop voltage gain, Aol, of an op-amp represents the ratio of


output voltage to input voltage when there are no external
components.
 Aol can range up to 200,000 (106 dB).
 Datasheets often refer to the Aol as the large-signal voltage gain.
9 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Input Offset Voltage

 The ideal op-amp produces zero volts out for zero volts in.
 In a practical op-amp, however, a small dc voltage,
VOUT(error), appears at the output when no differential input
voltage is applied.

 The input offset voltage, VOS, is the differential dc voltage


required between the inputs to force the output to zero volts.

 Typical values of input offset voltage are in the range of 2 mV


or less.
10 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Input Bias Current
 The input bias current is the dc current required by the inputs
of the amplifier to properly operate the first stage.
 By definition, the input bias current is the average of both input
currents and is calculated as follows:
IBIAS = (I1 + I2)/2
11 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Input Impedance
 Two basic ways of specifying the input impedance of an op-
amp are the differential and the common mode.
➢ The differential input impedance Zin(d) is the total resistance
between the inverting and the noninverting inputs. It is measured
by determining the change in bias current for a given change in
differential input voltage.
➢ The common-mode input impedance Zin(cm) is the resistance
between each input and ground and is measured by determining
the change in bias current for a given change in common-mode
input voltage.
12 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Input Offset Current
 Ideally, the two input bias currents are equal, and thus their difference
is zero. In a practical op-amp, however, the bias currents are not
exactly equal.
 The input offset current, IOS, is the difference of the input bias
currents, expressed as an absolute value: IOS = | I1 - I2 |
 In many applications, the offset current can be neglected.
 However, high-gain, high-input impedance amplifiers should have as
little IOS as possible because the difference in currents through large
input resistances develops a substantial offset voltage.
 The offset voltage developed by the input offset current is
VOS = I1Rin - I2Rin = (I1-I2)Rin=VOS = IOS Rin
 The error created by IOS is amplified by the gain Av of the op-amp
and appears in the output as:
VOUT(error) = Av IOS Rin
13 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Output Impedance Zout is the resistance viewed from
the output terminal of the op-amp.
14 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Slew Rate
 The Slew Rate is the maximum rate of change of the output
voltage in response to a step input voltage.
 The slew rate is dependent upon the high-frequency response
of the amplifier stages within the op-amp.
 For a step input, the slope on the output is inversely
proportional to the upper critical frequency. Slope increases as
upper critical frequency decreases.
15 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Slew rate
 Slew rate is measured with an op-amp connected as shown in Figure below.
 This particular op-amp connection is a unity-gain, noninverting configuration. It gives a
worst-case (slowest) slew rate.
 A pulse is applied to the input and the resulting ideal output voltage.
 The width of the input pulse must be sufficient to allow the output to “slew” from its lower
limit to its upper limit. A certain time interval, is required for the output voltage to go from
its lower limit to its upper limit once the input step is applied.
 The slew rate is expressed as:

Slew rate =  Vout/  t


where  Vout =+Vmax-(-Vmax)

The unit of slew rate is volts per microsecond (V/ms)


16 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Frequency Response
 The internal amplifier stages that make up an op-amp have
voltage gains limited by junction capacitances.
 Although the differential amplifiers used in op-amps are
somewhat different from the basic amplifiers discussed earlier,
the same principles apply.
 An op-amp has no internal coupling capacitors, therefore, the
low-frequency response extends down to dc (0 Hz).
17 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ Noise Specification
 Noise is defined as an unwanted signal that affects the quality
of a desired signal.
 Only noise generated within the op-amp is considered in the
op-amp noise specification.
 There are two basic forms of noise.
➢ At low frequencies, noise is inversely proportional to the
frequency; this is called 1/f noise or “pink noise”.
➢ Above a critical noise frequency, the noise becomes flat and is
spread out equally across the frequency spectrum; this is called
“white noise”.
 The power distribution of noise is measured in watts per hertz
(W/Hz). Power is proportional to the square of the voltage, so
noise voltage (density) is found by taking the square root of the
noise power density.
18 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ For operational amplifiers, noise level is normally shown with units of V/ 𝐻𝑧 and is
specified relative to the input at a specific frequency above the noise critical frequency.
❑ A noise level graph for a very low-noise op-amp is shown in the Figure below, the
specification for this op-amp will indicate that the input voltage noise density at 1 kHz is
1.1 nV/ 𝐻𝑧
❑ At low frequencies, the noise level is higher than this due to the 1/f noise contribution as
you can see from the graph.
19 Op-Amp Parameters
❑ For operational amplifiers, noise level is normally shown with units of
V/ 𝐻𝑧 and is specified relative to the input at a specific frequency above
the noise critical frequency.
❑ A noise level graph for a very low-noise op-amp is shown in the Figure
below, the specification for this op-amp will indicate that the input voltage
noise density at 1 kHz is 1.1 nV/ 𝐻𝑧
❑ At low frequencies, the noise level is higher than this due to the 1/f noise
contribution as you can see from the graph.

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