OPERATIO

NAL
AMPLIFI
ER
studio shodwe

WHAT IS
AN
OPERATION
AL
 OP AMPS
Is a type of electronic amplifier used to amplify voltage signals or
weak electrical signals.
An op amp is like a powerful magnifying glass for electrical signals,
making small signals bigger and more useful for various electronic
tasks.
 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
The concept of operational amplifiers dates back to the early 20th
century when they were used in analog computers for performing
mathematical operations. The development of the first integrated
circuit (IC) op-amps in the 1960s revolutionized electronics, making
these amplifiers more compact, reliable, and accessible.
 PRINCIPLE
OF OP
AMPS
An op amp is a high-gain electronic voltage amplifier
with a differential input and usually a single-ended
output. The differential input consists of two
terminals: the inverting input and the non-inverting
input. The output voltage of the op amp is the
amplified difference between the input voltages.
WHY DO
WE NEED
OP AMPS?
 why do we
need op-
amp?
We are surrounded by many analog signals in
our daily lives. We humans can directly feel and
sense these analog signals. We use sensors to
read these analog signals in nature and make
use of them for a better life.
purpose of op-amps
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is primarily used to amplify the difference
between two input voltages, essentially acting as a high-gain voltage amplifier,
making it useful for various applications like signal processing, filtering,
comparison, and performing mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
integration, and differentiation within analog circuits; due to their high gain, op-
amps almost always require negative feedback to achieve precise control over
amplification.
key points about op-
amps
• Differential amplification:
• Op-amps amplify the difference between the voltage at their two input terminals (inverting and non-
inverting).

• High open-loop gain:

• They have a very large internal gain, which allows for precise control with feedback circuits.

• Wide range of applications:

• Op-amps can be configured to perform various functions like voltage amplification, filtering,
comparators, integrators, differentiators, and more.

• Negative feedback:
• To achieve stable and controlled amplification, op-amps are typically used with negative feedback
loops, where a portion of the output signal is fed back to the input to counteract the amplification.
what op-amps
can do? RESISTOR

• it enables substantial
amplification an input signals. Ω
• Enables elimination of noise OHMMETER

from an input signal

 op-amps basic
classification
voltage current Transconductanc Transresistanc
e
e

Voltage “in” and

Current “in”
Current “out” and Voltage
Voltage “in” and current “in” and “out”
Voltage “out” current “out”
Block OF AN
DiagOrPAEa m
RATIONAL
MPLIFIER
 Importance of
Understanding the Block
Diagram

The block diagram of an op-

amp is a simplified
representation of its
internal stages.

It provides a clear view of

how each stage processes
the input signal, amplifies
it, and outputs it.

Predict the behavior of the

op-amp in various
configurations and
applications, ensuring
optimal performance.
The op-amp is typically divided
into three main stages:

1.Input Stage (Differential

Amplifier): Accepts two input signals
and amplifies the difference between
them.
2.Voltage Amplifier Stage: Provides
significant voltage gain to the input
signal.
3.Output Stage: Delivers the amplified
output signal to a load with low output
impedance.
• The diagram includes the positive
power supply (+VCC) and negative
power supply (−VEE) to power the op-
amp.
 Input Stage –
Differential Amplifier

• The differential amplifier

amplifies the difference
between two input signals.
• It provides high input
impedance and can operate
from DC (direct current)
signals, making it versatile.
• The input stage has two
terminals: inverting input (-)
and noninverting input (+).
 The voltage amplifier is responsible
for boosting the signal's voltage

TAG E gain.

O L
V L I F I ER It uses transistors or other devices
P
AM TAGE
to provide significant amplification.

S A typical op-amp may have a voltage

gain of 200,000 or more, which
comes primarily from this stage.
OUTPUT STAGE – • The output stage
OUTPUT provides low output
impedance and
AMPLIFIER sufficient current to
drive a load.
• It is typically
implemented using
an emitter follower
or another low
impedance circuit.
• The output stage
ensures the op-amp
can deliver the
necessary current to
external devices
without distortion.
 • An op-amp uses a dual power
supply: +VCC for the positive
Power Supply and voltage and −VEE
negative voltage.
for the

Input Conditions • This arrangement allows the op-

amp to produce both positive and
negative output signals.
There are three
. key input
modes:
Differential Inverting Noninverting
Mode Mode Mode

1 3
Both inputs are 2
Only the inverting Only the
used, producing an input is used, with a noninverting input is
output in phase with 180-degree phase used, with the
the noninverting shift in the output. output in phase with
input. the input.
 Characteristics of
Operational Amplifier
 WHAT IS AN IDEAL
OP-AMP AND
PRACTICAL OP-AMP?
IDEAL OPERATIONAL
PRACTICAL OP-AMP
AMPLIFIERS

An Ideal Operational amplifier A real word op amp with

is a theoretical concept used to specific limitations.
simply analysis and design in
circuit .
 1. OPEN LOOP GAIN(A)
-The open loop voltage gain without feedback
*ideal-INFINITE
*Practical- FINITE ranges from 2x10⁴

2.INPUT IMPEDENCE(Rin)
-is the ratio of input voltage to input current.
*Ideal-INFINITE
*Practicàl- Very high but finite
3.OUTPUT IMPEDENCE(Ro)
-The Output impedance is a measure of how much a component resists current flow when
connected to a load.
*Ideal- ZERO
*Practical- non zero but typically very low.

4. OUTPUT OFFSET VOLT(Voo)

-Offset voltage is a small voltage that's
present at the output of an amplifier when
there's no input voltage. It's caused by
imperfections in the amplifier circuit.
5. BANDWIDTH(BW)
-refers to the range of frequencies over which the
amplifier can operate with a relatively constant gain

6.COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO(CMRR)

-Refers to an op-amps ability to reject or ignore signals
that are common to both input terminals.

7. SLEW RATE
-The maximum rate of change of output voltage with time
is known as a slew rate
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE
- The voltage that must be applied between the input terminals of the amplifier
to bring its output voltage to zero volts is called the input offset voltage

INPUT BIAS CURRENT

-refers to the small DC current that flows into each of the input terminals of the
op-amp
INPUT OFFSET CURRENT
Input offset current (I) is the difference between the input currents of an
operational amplifier's inverting and non-inverting terminals
Power Supply rejection Ratio (PSRR)
- specifies that if there is any change in the supply voltage, then how it will
affect the output of the op-amp.
- measures an operational amplifiers ability to suppress the influence of
power supply fluctuations( both noise and ripple) on its out put.
Ideal OP AMP
- Infinite PSRR
Practical OP AMP
- finite PSRR Varies depending on the design, frequency of the power supply
variation, and other factors
Equivalent Circuit of
Op-Amp
 EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT OF AN
IDEAL OP-AMP

The equivalent circuit is useful in

analyzing the basic operating
principles of op-amps and in
observing the effects of feedback
arrangements.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL OP-AMP

• Infinite open-loop gain (Aol)

• Infinite input impedance (Zin)
• Zero output impedance (Zout)
• Zero input offset voltage
• Infinite bandwidth
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN IDEAL OP-
AMP
FORMULA: Vo = A Vid = A (V1-
V2)
 EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT OF
PRACTICAL OP-AMP

The Equivalent Circuit of Practical Op Amp

shows the op-amp parameters like input
resistance, output resistance, the open loop
voltage gain in terms of circuit components
like Rin, Ro etc. The op-amp amplifies the
difference between the two input voltages.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRACTICAL OP-
AMP

• Finite open-loop gain (Aol)

• Finite input impedance (Zin)
• Non-zero output impedance (Zout)
• Input bias currents (IB+) and (IB-)
• Input offset voltage (Vio)
• Finite bandwidth
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF
PRACTICAL OP-AMP
 Vd= V1-V2
FORMULA: Vs= (AOL)(Vd)
Vo= (AOL)(Vd) x
RL/RL+Ro
• The output voltage is directly proportional
to the difference voltage Vd. It is to be
noted that the op-amp amplifies difference
voltage and not the individual input
voltages. Thus the output polarity gets
decided by the polarity of the difference
voltage Vd.
• The voltage source AOL Vd is the
Thevenin’s equivalent voltage source while
Ro is the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
looking back into the output terminals.
 IDEAL VS PRACTICAL

Input Impedance:
Gain: In an ideal op amp, the input
An ideal op amp has impedance is infinite,
infinite open-loop gain, meaning it draws no current
while a practical op from the input signal,
amp has a very high whereas a practical op amp
but finite gain. has a very high but finite
input impedance.
 IDEAL VS PRACTICAL
Output Impedance: Bandwidth:
• An ideal op amp has • An ideal op amp has infinite
zero output bandwidth, meaning it can
impedance, acting amplify signals across all
like a perfect voltage frequencies, while a practical op
source, while a amp has a limited bandwidth
practical op amp has where gain starts to decrease at
a small but non-zero higher frequencies.
. output impedance.
 IDEAL VS
Offset Voltage:
• An ideal op amp has PRACTICAL
no offset voltage,
while a practical op
amp exhibits a small
offset voltage which
can affect the output
even with no input
signal.
Op Amp Closed Loop
Operation

Introduction to Closed Loop

Configuration
What is Closed-Loop Operation?
• A configuration where a portion of the
output signal is fed back to the input.

• Uses negative feedback to control gain

and improve stability.

• This method improves accuracy, linearity,

and bandwidth, making it ideal for practical
applications.
Open-Loop vs. Closed-
Loop Operation
Open Loop Closed Loop
• Infinite gain • Uses negative
• Unstable feedback to control
• Impractical for most gain
applications • Improves stability
Advantages of Closed-
Loop
Operation
• Controlled Gain
• Increased Stability
• Improved
Bandwidth
• Reduced
Distortion
Types

Closed-
Loop
Operation
Inverting Non-Inverting
Op-Amp Op-Amp
• Input Connection • Input Connection
• Feed Resistor • Voltage Divider
Feedback

Buffer Summing
• Feedback • Multiple Inputs
Amplifier
Resistors Amplifier
• Feedback
• Gain Resistors
Inverting Op-
Amp

• The inverting amplifier is a common closed-loop op-amp configuration

using negative feedback.

• Input signal is applied to the inverting (-) terminal.

• The non-inverting (+) terminal is grounded.

• Output is 180° out of phase with the input.

Inverting Op-
Amp
Inverting Op-
Amp

Problem 1: Problem 2: Problem 3: Problem 4:

• V(in) = 17 • V(in) = -1 • V(in) = 86 volts • V(out) = 2
volts volts • V(out) = -30 volts
• R1 = • V(out) = 4 volts • R2 =
12k(ohms) volts • R1 = 4k(ohms)
• R2 = • R2 = 66k(ohms) • R1 =
60k(ohms) 20k(ohms) • R2 =? 3k(ohms)
• V(out) = ? • R1 =? • V(in) = ?
Non-Inverting
Amplifier

• The non-inverting amplifier is another closed-loop op-amp

configuration using negative feedback.

• Input is applied to the non-inverting (+) terminal.

• The inverting (-) terminal receives feedback from the output.

• Output is in phase with the input.

Non-Inverting
Amplifier
Non-Inverting
Amplifier

Problem 1: Problem 2: Problem 3 : Problem 4:

• V(in) = 1 volts • R(in) = • Rf = 77k(ohms) • R(in) =
• R(in) = 5k(ohms) • Vo = 74 volts 1k(ohms)
1.5k(ohms) • Rf = 19k(ohms)• •
V(in) = 24 volts Vo = 15 volts
• Rf = 12k(ohms)• Vo = 7 volts • R(in) = ? • V(in) = 4 volts
• Vo = ? • V(in) = ? • Rf = ?
Buffer Amplifier

• A voltage follower (also called a buffer) is a special case of the non-

inverting amplifier with a gain of 1.

• The output is directly fed back to the inverting (-) input.

• This makes the gain exactly 1 (𝐴𝑣=1).

Summing Amplifier

• A Summing Amplifier is an op-amp configuration that combines

multiple input signals into a single output signal.

• Multiple input signals (𝑉1,𝑉2,𝑉3) are applied to the inverting (-)

input through individual resistors.

• The output is the weighted sum of the inputs, with a negative sign.
Summing Amplifier
 Application
s
Closed-Loop
•Operation
Audio Amplifiers
• Filters
• Signal Processing
• Voltage Regulators
Analyze Closed-Loop
Circuits
0 KCL (Kirchhoff’s Current Law)

1
0 Ideal Op-Amp Assumptions

2
0 Node Voltage Analysis

3
Closed-Loop
Configurations
Feedback
• Means some part of the
output is fed back to the
input
• The op amp that uses
feedback is said to be in a
closed-loop configuration
 Types of Feedbacks
Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
(Amplifier) (Oscillator)
• Negative feedback is a technique • Positive feedback is a technique
where a portion of the output signal where a portion of the output signal
is fed back to the input in opposite is fed back to the non-inverting input
phase to stabilize and control the (+) of an operational amplifier (op-
gain of an operational amplifier (op- amp). Unlike negative feedback,
amp). This makes the circuit more which stabilizes the circuit, positive
predictable, linear, and stable. feedback reinforces changes, leading
to hysteresis, oscillations, or bistable
operation..
 Types of Feedbacks
Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
(Amplifier) (Oscillator)
• Stabilizes Performance • Signal Reinforcement
• Reduces distortion • Also called
• Improves bandwidth. regenerative
feedback
• Distortion and Instability
• Applications in Oscillator
and comparators
Why Use Negative Feedback in
Op-Amps?

• Inverse/Degenerative Feedback
• Gain Control and Stabilization
• Bandwidth Increase
• Minimized Distortion
 Features of negative
feedback
• It reduces and • Increases input • Reduces noise
stabilizes the resistance • Temperature
gain • Decreases output and Supply
• Increases resistance Voltage
bandwidth • Improve frequency Variation
• Reduces response Compensation
nonlinear
distortion
Conclusion

• Closed-loop operation makes Op-Amps more practical and reliable.

• Negative feedback is widely used in amplifier design.

• Understanding feedback mechanisms helps optimize circuit

performance.
 Thank you
for listening!