IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)

e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735. Volume 5, Issue 5 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 84-92
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Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANET

Chintan Patel 1, Prof. Vyomal N. Pandya 2, Prof. Milind Shah 3,
1
(Department of E.C. Engineering, Government Engineering College, Surat, India)
2
(Department of E.C. Engineering, C.K.P.C.E.T, Surat, India)
3
(Department of E.C. Engineering, Government Engineering College, Surat, India)

Abstract : A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any
network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes
are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The
main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy
is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides
a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to
reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV
are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is
needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are
carried out using the ns-2 network simulator.
Keywords – AODV, DSR, MANET, NS-2, Reactive routing protocols, Survey.

I. Introduction
The wireless networks are classified as Infrastructured or Infrastructure less. In Infrastructured wireless
networks, the mobile node can move while communicating, the base stations are fixed and as the node goes out
of the range of a base station, it gets into the range of another base station. In Infrastructure less or Ad Hoc
wireless network, the mobile node can move while communicating, there are no fixed base stations and all the
nodes in the network act as routers. The mobile nodes in the Ad Hoc network dynamically establish routing
among themselves to form their own network „on the fly‟.
In areas where there is little [2] or no communication infrastructure or the existing infrastructure is
expensive or inconvenient to use, wireless mobile users may be able to communicate through the formation of
an Ad-hoc Network. In such a network, each mobile node does not operate only as a host but also as a router,
forwarding packets for other mobile nodes in the network that may not be within direct wireless transmission
range of each other. Each node participates in an ad hoc routing protocol that allows it to discover “multi-hop”
paths through the network to any other node. The idea of ad hoc networking is sometimes also called
infrastructure less networking. Some examples of the possible uses of ad hoc networking include, students using
laptop computers to participate in an interactive lecture, business associates sharing information during a
meeting, soldiers relaying information for situational awareness on the battlefield, and emergency disaster relief
personnel coordinating efforts after a hurricane or earthquake.

1.1 MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork)

The MANET [2] is a collection of nodes, which have the possibility to connect on a wireless medium
and form an arbitrary and dynamic network with wireless links. This means that links between the nodes can
change with time, new nodes can join the network, and other nodes can leave it. A MANET is expected to be of
larger size than the radio range of the wireless antennas, because of this fact it could be necessary to route the
traffic through a multi-hop path to give two nodes the ability to communicate. There are neither fixed routers
nor fixed locations for the routers as in cellular networks - also known as infrastructure networks.
Cellular networks consist of a wired backbone, which connects the base-stations. The mobile nodes
can only communicate over a one-hop wireless link to the base-station; multi-hop wireless links are not possible.
By contrast, a MANET has no permanent infrastructure at all. All mobile nodes act as mobile routers. A
MANET [2] is highly dynamic. Links and participants are often changing and the quality of the links as well.
Furthermore, asymmetric links are also possible. New routing protocols are needed to satisfy the specific
requirements of mobile Ad hoc networks. There exists a large family of ad hoc routing protocols.

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Fig. 1 Wireless Network Structures (Infrastructure Networks) [2]

Fig.2 Wireless Network Structures (Infrastructure less Networks) [2]

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) [5] are autonomous self-organized networks without the aid of any
established infrastructure or centralized administration (e.g., base stations or access points). Communication is
done through wireless links among mobile hosts through their antennas. Due to concerns such as radio power
limitation and channel utilization, a mobile host may not be able to communicate directly with other hosts in a
single hop fashion. In this case, a multi-hop scenario occurs, in which the packets sent by the source host must
be relayed by several intermediate hosts before reaching the destination host. Thus, each mobile host in a
MANET must function as a router to discover and maintain routes to other nodes in the network.
In a Mobile Ad-hoc Network [5], nodes move arbitrarily, therefore the network may experience rapid and
unpredictable topology changes. The topology of the mobile ad-hoc network depends on the transmission power
of the nodes and the location of the mobile nodes, which may change with time. In general, Mobile Ad-hoc
Networks are self-creating, self-organizing, and self-administrating networks.
Characteristics of MANET [7]
 Communication via wireless means.
 Nodes can perform the roles of both hosts and routers.
 Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links.
 Energy-constrained Operation.
 Limited Physical Security.
 Dynamic network topology.
 Frequent routing updates.
Advantages of MANET [7]
 They provide access to information and services regardless of geographic position.
 These networks can be set up at any place and time.
Disadvantages of MANET [7]
 Limited resources and physical security.
 Intrinsic mutual trust vulnerable to attacks.
 Lack of authorization facilities.
 Volatile network topology makes it hard to detect malicious nodes.
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 Security protocols for wired networks cannot work for ad hoc networks.
APPLICATIONS OF MANET [7]
 Military or police exercises.
 Disaster relief operations.
 Mine cite operations.
 Urgent Business meetings.

II. Routing Protocols In Manet

Classification [6] of Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks:
(1) Based on Routing information update mechanism
 Table Driven(Proactive)
 DSDV, WRP, CGSR, STAR, etc.
 On-Demand(Reactive)
 AODV, DSR, SSA, ABR, etc.
 Hybrid
 ZRP, CEDAR, etc.
(2) Based on the use of temporal information
 Path Selection using Past History
 DSDV, WRP, STAR, AODV, DSR, etc.
 Path Selection using Prediction
 LBR, RABR, etc.
(3) Based on topology information
 Flat Routing
 AODV, DSR, SSA, ABR, etc.
 Hierarchical Routing
 CGSR.
(4) Based on utilization of specific resources
 Power Aware Routing
 PAR
 Routing Using Geographical Information
 LAR
 Routing with Efficient Flooding
 Table Driven(OLSR)
 On-Demand(PLBR)
A routing protocol [1] is needed whenever a packet needs to be transmitted to a destination via number of nodes
and numerous routing protocols have been proposed for such kind of ad hoc networks. These protocols find a
route for packet delivery and deliver the packet to the correct destination. The studies on various aspects of
routing protocols have been an active area of research for many years. Many protocols have been suggested
keeping applications and type of network in view. Basically, routing protocols can be broadly classified into two
types as: Table Driven Protocols or Proactive Protocols and On-Demand Protocols or Reactive Protocols. In
Table Driven routing protocols each node maintains one or more tables containing routing information to every
other node in the network. All nodes keep on updating these tables to maintain latest view of the network. Some
of the existing table driven protocols are DSDV, GSR, WRP and ZRP. In on-demand routing protocols, routes
are created as and when required. When a transmission occurs from source to destination, it invokes the route
discovery procedure. The route remains valid till destination is achieved or until the route is no longer needed.
Some of the existing on demand routing protocols are: DSR, AODV and TORA.

2.1 Proactive/Table-Driven Routing Protocols

In proactive routing protocols [2], each node maintains routing information to every other node (or
nodes located in a specific part) in the network. The routing information is usually kept in a number of different
tables. These tables are periodically updated and/or if the network topology changes. The difference between
these protocols exists in the way the routing information is updated, and the type of information kept at each
routing table. Keeping routes to all destinations up-to-date, even if they are not used, is a disadvantage with
regard to the usage of bandwidth and of network resources. It is also possible that the control traffic delays data
packets, because queues are filled with control packets and there are more packet collisions due to more network
traffic. Proactive protocols do not scale in the frequency of topology change. Therefore the proactive strategy is
appropriate for a low mobility network.

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Table driven routing protocol [3] attempt to maintain consistent, up-to-date routing information from
each node to every other node in the network. These protocols require each node to maintain one or more tables
to store routing information, and they respond to changes in network topology by propagating updates routes
throughout the network in order to maintain a consistent network view. The Destination-Sequenced Distance-
Vector Routing (DSDV) protocol is a table driven algorithm that modifies the Bellman-Ford routing algorithm
to include timestamps that prevent loop-formation. The Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) is a distance vector
routing protocol which belongs to the class of path-finding algorithms that exchange second-to-last hop to
destinations in addition to distances to destinations. This extra information helps remove the “counting-to-
infinity” problem that most distance vector routing algorithms suffer from. It also speeds up route convergence
when a link failure occurs.

2.2 Hybrid Routing Protocols

Based on combination of both table and demand driven routing protocols, some hybrid routing
protocols [3] are proposed to combine advantage of both proactive and reactive protocols. The most typical
hybrid one is zone routing protocol (ZRP).

2.3 Reactive/ On-Demand Routing Protocols

These protocols [2] were designed to overcome the wasted effort in maintaining unused routes. Routing
information is acquired only when there is a need for it. The needed routes are calculated on demand. This saves
the overhead of maintaining unused routes at each node, but on the other hand the latency for sending data
packets will considerably increase. It is obvious that a long delay can arise before data transmission because it
has to wait until a route to the destination is acquired. As reactive routing protocols flood the network to
discover the route, they are not optimal in terms of bandwidth utilization, but they scale well in the frequency of
topology change. Thus this strategy is suitable for high mobility networks. Reactive protocols can be classified
into two categories, Source routing and Hop-by-hop routing. In Source routed on-demand protocols, each data
packets carry the complete source to destination address. Therefore, each intermediate node forwards these
packets according to the information kept in the header of each packet. This means that the intermediate nodes
do not need to maintain up-to-date routing information for each active route in order to forward the packet
towards the destination. Furthermore, nodes do not need to maintain neighbor connectivity through periodic
beaconing messages neighbors through the use of beaconing messages. In hop-by-hop routing (also known as
point-to-point routing), each data occurs by coding route request packets through packet only carries the
destination address and the next hop address. Therefore, each intermediate node in the path to the destination
uses its routing table to forward each data packet towards the destination.
A different approach from table-driven routing [3] is on demand routing. This type of routing creates
routes only when desired by source node. When a node requires a route to a destination, it initiates a route
discovery process within the network. This process is completed once a route is found or all possible routes
permutations have been examined. Once a route has been established, it is maintained by a route maintenance
procedure until either the destination becomes inaccessible along every path from the source or until the route is
no longer desired. On-demand routing protocols were designed with the aim of reducing control overhead, thus
increasing bandwidth and conserving power at the mobile stations. These protocols limit the amount of
bandwidth consumed by maintaining routes to only those destinations for which a source has data traffic.
Therefore, the routing is source-initiated as opposed to table driven routing protocols that are destination
initiated. There are several recent examples of this approach (e.g., AODV, DSR, TORA, ZRP) and the routing
protocols differ on the specific mechanisms used to disseminate flood search packets and their responses, cache
the information heard from other nodes‟ searches, determine the cost of a link, and determine the existence of a
neighbour. However, all the on-demand routing proposals use flood search messages that either: (a) give sources
the entire paths to destinations, which are then used in source routed data packets (e.g., DSR); or (b) provide
only the distances and next hops to destinations, validating them with sequence numbers (e.g., AODV) or time
stamps (e.g., TORA).

2.3.1 Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)

Ad hoc On-demand distance vector (AODV) [3] is another variant of classic distance vector routing
algorithm, based on DSDV and DSR. It shares DSR on-demand characteristics, discovers routes on an as needed
basis via a similar route discovery process. However, AODV adopts traditional routing tables; one entry per
destination which is in contrast to DSR that preserves multiple route cache entries for each destination. The
early design of AODV is undertaken after the experience with DSDV routing algorithm. Like DSDV, AODV
provides loop free routes in case of link breakage but unlike DSDV, it doesn‟t need global periodic routing
advertisement. AODV uses a broadcast route discovery algorithm and then the unicast route reply massage. The
following sections explain these mechanisms in more details.

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Route Discovery
When a node wants to send a packet to some destination and does not have a valid route in its routing
table for that destination, initiates a route discovery. Source node broadcasts a route request (RREQ) packet to
its neighbours, which then forwards the request to their neighbours and so on shown in figure 2.3. To control
network-wide broadcasts of RREQ packets, the source node use an expanding ring search technique. In this
technique, source node starts searching the destination using some initial time to live (TTL) value. If no reply is
received within the discovery period, TTL value incremented by an increment value. This process will continue
until the threshold value is reached. When an intermediate node forwards the RREQ, it records the address of
the neighbour from which first packet of the broadcast is received, thereby establishing a reverse path.

Fig. 3: AODV Path Discovery Process [3]

When the RREQ reaches a node that is either the destination node or an intermediate node with a fresh
enough route to the destination, replies by unicasting the route reply (RREP) towards the source node. As the
RREP is routed back along the reverse path shown figure 2.3, intermediate nodes along this path set up forward
path entries to the destination in its route table and when the RREP reaches the source node, a route from source
to the destination establish.
Route Maintenance
A route established between source and destination pair is maintained as long as needed by the source. If the
source node moves during an active session, it can reinitiate route discovery to find out a new route to
destination. However, if the destination or some intermediate node moves, the node upstream of the break
remove the routing entry and send route error (RERR) message to the affected active upstream neighbours.
These nodes in turn propagate the RERR to their precursor nodes, and so on until the source node is reached.
The affected source node may then choose to either stop sending data or reinitiate route discovery for that
destination by sending out a new RREQ message.
Advantages and Drawbacks of AODV
AODV protocol has number of advantages [1] too. The routes are established on demand and destination
sequence numbers are used to find the latest route to the destination. The connection setup delay is lower. It also
responds very quickly to the topological changes that affects the active routes. It does not put any additional
overheads on data packets as it does not make use of source routing. It favours the least congested route instead
of the shortest route and it also supports both unicast and multicast packet transmissions even for nodes in
constant movement. AODV has also certain drawbacks [1] like DSR. The intermediate nodes can lead to
inconsistent routes if the source sequence number is very old and the intermediate nodes have a higher but not
the latest destination sequence number, thereby having stale entries. The various performance metrics begin
decreasing as the network size grows. It is vulnerable to various kinds of attacks as it based on the assumption
that all nodes must cooperate and without their cooperation no route can be established. The multiple Route
Reply packets in response to a single Route Request packet can lead to heavy control overhead. The periodic
beaconing leads to unnecessary bandwidth consumption. It expects/requires that the nodes in the broadcast
medium can detect each others‟ broadcasts. It is also possible that a valid route is expired and the determination
of a reasonable expiry time is difficult. The reason behind this is that the nodes are mobile and their sending
rates may differ widely and can change dynamically from node to node.

2.3.2 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) is one of the purest examples of an on-demand routing protocol
that is based on the idea of source routing. It is designed specially for use in multihop ad hoc networks for
mobile nodes. It allows the network to be completely self-organizing and self-configuring and does not need any
existing network infrastructure or administration. DSR [3] uses no periodic routing messages like AODV,
thereby reduces network bandwidth overhead, conserves battery power and avoids large routing updates. Instead
DSR needs support from the MAC layer to identify link failure. DSR is composed of the two mechanisms of

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Route Discovery and Route Maintenance, which work together to allow nodes to discover and maintain source
routes to arbitrary destinations in the network show in figure 4. The following sections explain these
mechanisms in more details:
Route Discovery
When a mobile node has a packet to send to some destination shown figure 4, it first checks its route
cache to decide whether it already has a route to the destination. If it has an unexpired route, it will use this route
to send the packet to the destination. On the other hand, if the cache does not have such a route, it initiates route
discovery by broadcasting a route request packet shown in figure 4. Each node receiving the route request
packet searches throughout its route cache for a route to the intended destination. If no route is found in the
cache, it adds its own address to the route record of the packet and then forwards the packet to its neighbours.
This request propagates through the network until either the destination or an intermediate node with
a route to destination is reached. Whenever route request reaches either to the destination itself or to an
intermediate node which has a route to the destination, a route reply is unicasted back to its originator.

Fig. 4: DSR Route Discovery Process [3]

Route Maintenance
In DSR, route is maintained by using route error packets and acknowledgments. When a packet with source
route is originated or forwarded, each node sending the packet is responsible for confirming that the packet has
been received by the next hop. The packet is retransmitted until the conformation of receipt is received. If the
packet is transmitted by a node the maximum number of times and yet no receipt information is received, this
node returns a route error message to the source of the packet. When this route error packet is received, the hop
in error is removed from the host‟s route cache and all routes containing the hop are truncated at that point.
Advantages and Drawbacks of DSR
DSR protocol has number of advantages [1]. It does not use periodic routing messages (e.g. no router
advertisements and no link-level neighbour status messages), thereby reducing network bandwidth overhead,
conserving battery power, and avoiding the propagation of potentially large routing updates throughout the ad
hoc network. There is no need to keep routing table so as to route a given data packet as the entire route is
contained in the packet header. The routes are maintained only between nodes that need to communicate. This
reduces overhead of route maintenance. Route caching can further reduce route discovery overhead. A single
route discovery may yield many routes to the destination, due to intermediate nodes replying from local caches.
The DSR protocol guarantees loop-free routing and very rapid recovery when routes in the network change. It is
able to adapt quickly to changes such as host movement, yet requires no routing protocol overhead during
periods in which no such changes occur. In addition, DSR has been designed to compute correct routes in the
presence of asymmetric (uni-directional) links. In wireless networks, links may at times operate asymmetrically
due to sources of interference, differing radio or antenna capabilities, or the intentional use of asymmetric
communication technology such as satellites. Due to the existence of asymmetric links, traditional link-state or
distance vector protocols may compute routes that do not work. DSR, however, will find a correct route even in
the presence of asymmetric links.
DSR protocol is not totally free from drawbacks [1] as it is not scalable to large networks. It is mainly
efficient for mobile ad hoc networks with less than two hundred nodes. DSR requires significantly more
processing resources than most other protocols. In order to obtain the routing information, each node must spend
lot of time to process any control data it receives, even if it is not the intended recipient. The contention is
increased if too many route replies come back due to nodes replying using their local cache. The Route Reply
Storm problem is there. An intermediate node may send Route Reply using a stale cached route, thus polluting
other caches. This problem can be eased if some mechanism to purge (potentially) invalid cached routes is
incorporated.

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The Route Maintenance protocol does not locally repair a broken link. The broken link is only communicated
to the initiator. Packet header size grows with route length due to source routing. Flood of route requests may
potentially reach all nodes in the network. Care must be taken to avoid collisions between route requests
propagated by neighbouring nodes.

III. Network Simulator-2

Ns-2 [7] is a discrete event simulator targeted at networking research. It provides substantial support
for simulation of TCP, routing and multicast protocols over wired and wireless networks. It consists of two
simulation tools. The network simulator (ns) contains all commonly used IP protocols. The network animator
(nam) is use to visualize the simulations. Ns-2 fully simulates a layered network from the physical radio
transmission channel to high-level applications. Version 2 is the most recent version of ns (ns-2). The simulator
was originally developed by the University of California at Berkeley and VINT project the simulator was
recently extended to provide simulation support for ad hoc network by Carnegie Mellon University (CMU
Monarch Project homepage, 1999). The ns-2 simulator has several features that make it suitable for our
simulations.
A network environment for ad-hoc networks, Wireless channel modules (e.g.802.11), Routing along
multiple paths, Mobile hosts for wireless cellular networks. Ns-2 is an objectoriented simulator written in C++
and OTcl. The simulator supports a class hierarchy in C++ and a similar class hierarchy within the OTcl
interpreter. There is a one-to-one correspondence between a class in the interpreted hierarchy and one in the
compile hierarchy. The reason to use two different programming languages is that OTcl is suitable for the
programs and configurations that demand frequent and fast change while C++ is suitable for the programs that
have high demand in speed. Ns-2 [7] is highly extensible. It not only supports most commonly used IP protocols
but also allows the users to extend or implement their own protocols. It also provides powerful trace
functionalities, which are very important in our project since various information need to be logged for analysis.
The full source code of ns-2 can be downloaded and compiled for multiple platforms such as UNIX, Windows
and Cygwin.

IV. Simulation Results

For simulation and performance analysis of reactive routing protocols like AODV and DSR, we need
to select one of the performance metrics from Throughput, Average Throughput, End-To-End Delay, Mobility
speed of nodes, Pause time, etc. Here, Throughput is selected to analyze the performance by comparison of
reactive routing protocols (AODV and DSR). It is defined as,
Throughput: It is the ratio of the total packets delivered to the destination to the time taken for deliver the
packets.
Throughput = (total packets delivered to the destination)/( time taken for deliver the packets)
For simulation, some parameters should be defined which are selected as follow in this case

Table1: Simulation Parameters

Parameter Value
Simulation Time 1500 sec
Number of Nodes 2
Routing Protocols AODV, DSR
Simulation Area 500x400 meter^2
Packet Size 500
Interval 0.05

The network animator for two nodes using TCP traffic is shown in the fig. 5. We can see that the node_0 work
as source node and transmits traffic to node_1 while node_1 works as a destination and transmits
acknowledgement to node_0. Fig. 6 shows the comparison of throughput for reactive routing protocols(AODV
and DSR). The AODV gives better throughput compared to DSR because of least congested path.

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Fig. 5: Network Animator for Simulation using two nodes with TCP traffic

Fig. 6: Comparison of Throughput for reactive routing protocols AODV and DSR

V. Conclusion
By surveying about the reactive routing protocols, we come to know in detail about reactive routing
protocols and observe that AODV selects least congested path for traffic flow with minimum possibility of
packet drop while DSR selects shortest path with higher possibility of packet drop compared to AODV. We
have compared two Reactive (On-demand) Routing Protocols, namely, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
Routing (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). As the traffic parameter we have used File Transfer
Protocol (FTP). We analyze both protocols in terms of Throughput. As the time increases, the Throughput
increases in AODV and DSR. By comparison of throughput of both the routing protocols, we can observe that
AODV gives higher throughput compared to DSR in wireless ad hoc network, which matches with our
surveying results.

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