Table of content

List if illustrations…………………………………………………………………………….1

Glossary of terms……………………………………………………………………………..1

Introduction………………………………………………….………………………………..1

List if illustrations…………………………………………...………………………………..1

Background…………………………………………………….……………………………..1

Aims and objectives…………………………………………………………………………..1

Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………………..1

Collection of data ………………………………………...…………………………………..1

Analysis of data……………………………...………………………………………………..1

Discussions……………………………………………..……………………………………..1

Conclusions…………………………………………….……………………………………..1

Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………..1

References……………………………………………………………………………………..1

List if illustrations

List of table

Table 1………………………………….…………………………………………………….1

List if figures

Figure 1………………………………………….…….......…………………………………2

Figure 2……………………………………………..…….………….………………………2

Figure 3………………………………………………………………………………………2

Figure 4………………………………………………………………………………………2

Figure 5………………………………………………………………………………………2
Glossary of terms

 Reduced level (RL) is the vertical length between a survey point and a desired level
(datum).
 Bench mark (BM) is a permanent accessible point having a height which is known
above a desired level serving as reference point for other points.
 A set-up is the location of a level where several observations are made without
moving the instrument. Back sight is the term given for the first observation made and
fore sight is the term given to the last observation which the next to be measured on
the run, whereas intermediate sight is the term for all other points.
 The Height of Collimation refer to the elevation (imaginary line of collimation) of the
optical axis of the telescope where a setup is situated.
 A.m.s.l is the term for average mean sea level.

Introduction

Levelling is the determination of the elevation of some points with the use of other points as
references. Levelling is considered as a major surveying operation but also, the most basic
part of nearly every surveying project. The main goal is to procure a horizontal optical axis
with reference to which vertical intervals of the points varying below or above the same
optical axis are found.

This alternative to practical will distinct a particular method of levelling technique among
many others specifically the fly level observation or more famously identified as the rise and
fall method. The surveillance will start from a control point or a known reduced level value
of a benchmark and will finish at a known reduced level value of a benchmark. Several
change points or intervals will be set up between the two benchmarks established earlier, to
get a clear view of the fore sight and back sight reading of desired points. The results are
tabulated in a specific manner. The next step is the calculation and tabulation of the
respective reduced levels. then some calculations will be performed to make sure that the
precision of the readings are respected. Consequently, the necessary adaptations of the
readings can be carried out where the correction will be evenly added or subtracted to each
station as required. The last step consists of tabulating the adjusted reduced levels. The
misclosure will be obtained from a formula and the corresponding value is compared with the
error obtained to decide if these data are acceptable or not.
Background

It is common practice that every three or less years, the levels of the staff, tower structure and
benchmarks and sensor level should be rechecked with reference to each other to make the
necessary correction if the results do not match previous batch of results. It is usually due to
bank subsidence, landslides or other deformations.

Levelling and surveying consist of several methods like Barometric levelling, indirect
levelling, spirit levelling and so forth. Some of them are used for evaluation of waterways
and lake configurations. Usually, less accurate methods are utilized for this task than for
water-level recording stations, even though the methods are not uncommon.

Aims and objectives

To acquire the necessary skills to manipulate specialized equipment to acquire knowledge to

Determination of different levels between two benchmarks with respect to reference points.

Materials and Methods

List of apparatus

 A levelling staff.

It is utilized to obtain reduced level at a desired point. Refer to appendix A (figure 1).

 A measuring tape.

Measure distance between the staff and the optical level. Refer to appendix A (figure 2).

 Dumpy level (including a tripod)

With the help of the staff it is utilized to obtain reduced level at a desired point. The tripod is
used to stabilize the optical level at a desired surface. Refer to appendix A (figure 3).

 A triangular levelling plate.

It is used to stabilize the staff on uneven ground. Refer to appendix A (figure 4).

Methodology
 1. The dumpy level that is the optical level fixed on a tripod by tightening the central
screw. The desired height is achieved by spreading the tripod.
2. The telescope should be aligned parallel to 2 the foot screws. They are then adjusted
either inward or outward up till the telescope is exactly perpendicular to the bubble in
the bull’s eye level. Then see to the bubble is centered in the bull’s eye level by
adjusting the third screw.
3. Verify that the bubble lies in the circle by looking in the reflector. This step is carried
out in different orientation to confirm stability.
4. Protect the dumpy level from the sun as strong heat affect the behavior of the bubble
in the tubes.
5. Place the levelling staff where you decide to your TBM (in this case Burrenchobay
Lecture Theatre where it has a known reduced level of 200 m a.m.s.l)
6. The staff is positioned vertically using a triangular levelling plate.
7. The crosshairs are focused accordingly aiming at the staff.
8. Reading are taken with respect to the following order: Middle hair, Upper Hair and
Lower Hair respectively.
9. The average is calculated using the value of the upper and lower hair and the value
obtained must be within +1mm and -1mm from the value of the middle hair. Refer to
appendix A (figure 5).
10. The value is then tabulated.
11. The above steps are repeated with different set ups.

Collection of data

Table 1 Reduced levels the two BM

Adjusted Distanc
BS IS FS Rise Fall Reduced level level e Remarks
Entomolog
y BM
200.000 m
1.217 200 0 a.m.s.l.
199.61
1.031 1.607 0.390 0 -0.001 199.609 20 A
198.85
1.001 1.788 0.757 3 -0.002 198.851 40 B
 198.08
0.761 1.767 0.766 7 -0.003 198.084 60 C
196.95
0.865 1.895 1.134 3 -0.004 196.949 80 D
195.85
0.835 1.965 1.100 3 -0.005 195.848 100 E
194.88
0.880 1.805 0.970 3 -0.006 194.877 120 F
193.91
0.775 1.850 0.970 3 -0.007 193.906 140 G
192.76
0.783 1.925 1.150 3 -0.008 192.755 160 H
191.65
0.750 1.895 1.112 1 -0.009 191.642 180 I
190.48
0.871 1.92 1.170 1 -0.010 190.471 200 J
189.51
1.107 1.839 0.968 3 -0.011 189.503 220 K
189.31 University
1.308 1.308 0.201 2 -0.011 189.301 240 Farm TBM
189.51
1.795 1.105 0.203 5 -0.012 189.503 210 L
190.59
1.961 0.715 1.080 5 -0.013 190.582 180 M
191.77
1.882 0.780 1.181 6 -0.014 191.762 160 N
192.90
1.925 0.755 1.127 3 -0.015 192.888 140 O
194.02
1.905 0.801 1.124 7 -0.016 194.011 120 P
195.00
1.855 0.928 0.977 4 -0.017 194.987 100 Q
195.96
1.895 0.895 0.960 4 -0.018 195.946 80 R
197.06
1.885 0.798 1.097 1 -0.019 197.042 60 S
198.19
2.119 0.755 1.130 1 -0.020 198.171 40 T
1.669 0.640 1.479 199.67 -0.021 199.649 20 V
 0
Entomolog
y BM
200.02 200.000 m
1.317 0.352 2 -0.022 200 0 a.m.s.l.

31.07 200.02
5 31.053 10.71 10.688 2
31.05 10.68
3 8 200
0.022 0.022 0.022

Analysis of data

There is always some degree of error within an acceptable value and can be corrected from
the collected results.

 Calculating misclosure:

Misclosure is the total error in value made in the experiment that is, the difference between
the starting point to the ending point.

Misclosure = 200.022 – 200.000 = 0.022 m

Checking if this value of misclosure is acceptable.

Using the formula ±5√n, where n is the number of setups.

Since, n = 23

Acceptable misclosure = 23.98 mm = 0.024 m

Misclosure from practical 0.022m < acceptable misclosure of 0.024m

Hence, 0.022 m misclosure is acceptable.

 Corrections are done to the original reduced level obtained using the procedures as
follows:

The error obtained in the experiment need to be distributed evenly with all the different det
ups. This error is tabulated in a cumulative manner in table 1 above.

Correction per setup = -0.022/n= -0.022/23 = -0.001 m.

 Correction of vertical distance between the two desired bench marks:

The set of values used reveals that the set of values recorded form a close circuit. Its purpose
is to check the accuracy of our work.

The difference in level between two benchmarks is obtained by subtraction.

Initial reduced level = 200.000m

Corrected reduced level of second TBM = 189.301 m

Hence, difference in level = 100.000 – 189.301 = 10.699 m

Discussions

The misclosure for the experiment can be considered as very small being only 22 mm. Also,
the corrections that we needed per set up was even smaller as it ranges from -0.001 m to
-0.022 m with an interval of almost 0.001m. The corrections have negative correlation because
the misclosure was found to be positive. The initial level that was already given in the
practical (200 m) which is exactly the same as the final level (200m) and is at the same point
(because of the close circuit). Based on the values recorded we can see the high level of
accuracy considering we were taking values to a degree of 3 decimal places. Besides, in the
analysis of our data, the allowable misclosure and correction was computed using the
formulae requested from the experiment itself. The method of setups we decided to use in this
practical was based on the information that this method is preferred when there are a large
number of setups (n=23). Our success in obtaining accurate values might be due to the right
choice of method to perform this levelling survey.

Based on corrected reduced levels, the difference in level between the desired benchmarks
was found to be 10.699 m.

Limitations:

The dumpy level is quite simple to setup and operate. However, his method requires a clear
line of sight and not operational in certain weather conditions making it unfit for many
situations. Besides the fact that it provides a clear focused image of the staff markings, the
bubble need to be constantly checked as a faulty reading could easily be made if the bubble is
not centered.

Conclusions

The alternative to practical on ordinary/precise levelling of given closed circuit was for us to
demonstrate knowledge in leveling techniques and associated computations. Based on what
we have achieved so far we can affirm that this method of levelling is quite precise
considering the number of set ups used. Besides, the misclosure obtained upon calculation
was noted to be in the acceptable range which validates the procedures. The final result for
difference in level between the desired benchmarks is 10.699m which is unusual but correct.

Recommendations

 The levelling staff has to be tilted back and forth to obtain minimum reading.
 An error correction can be performed per set up.
 Apparatus must be manipulated in favorable weather conditions.
 More setups can be used to obtain more accurate estimated values.
 Closer setups can be used for the same reason as above.

References

 The Constructor. 2020. Dumpy Level Surveying - Components, Procedure,