 12 - Overspeed Device

Over-speed safety relays monitor rotating parts and shut down safely in the event of
an emergency. Overspeed control is used when a shaft or conveyor is going faster than
the set speed. When the speed exceeds the set speed, the output contacts change
state, and they can be used to sound an alarm or shut the machine down.

 24 – Volts per hertz relay

The transformer core flux is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely
proportional to the frequency. The measured V/Hz ratio is therefore an excitation
indication. When the allowable V/Hz ratio is exceeded, the magnetic core saturates.
This protection is used to protect transformers during potentially damaging
overvoltage and underfrequency disturbances as during saturation, excessive core flux
increases the inter-lamination voltages, causing iron damage (burning, pitting).

 27 – Undervoltage relay
Where a transformer is supplying 3-phase motors a significant voltage drop e.g. to
below 80% may cause the motors to stall. If it is not tripped by protective relay causes
they will draw higher currents at reduced voltage levels. Protection of motors against
voltage sags or detection of abnormally low network voltage to trigger automatic load
shedding or source transfer. Works with phase-to-phase voltage

 27TN - Third Harmonic Neutral Undervoltage

A third-harmonic neutral undervoltage relay (27TN) that could provide stator ground
fault protection over the entire stator winding. The third harmonic is measured across
the generator neutral grounding resistor, hence upgrading generator protection to
provide 100% stator ground fault protection.

 32 - Directional Power Relay

The relay is used in installations where a generator runs in parallel with the utility or
another generator so as to prevent power from the bus bar or another generator from
flowing back to the active generator when its output fails. The relay monitors the power
from the generator and in case the generator output falls below a present value, it
quickly disconnects the generator coil to avoid power from flowing into the stator coil.

 37 - Undercurrent or Underpower Relay

Protection of pumps against the consequences of a loss of priming by the detection of
motor no-load operation. It is sensitive to a minimum of current in phase 1, remains
stable during breaker tripping and may be inhibited by a logic input. It functions when
the current or power flow decreases below a predetermined value.

 38 - Bearing Protective Device / Bearing Rtd

Protection that detects abnormal temperature build-up by measuring the temperature
inside equipment fitted with sensors:

 transformer: protection of primary and secondary windings.

  motor and generator: protection of stator windings and bearings.
 39 - Mechanical Condition Monitor
Mechanical condition Monitor that functions when an abnormal mechanical condition
(except conditions, associated with bearings covered under device 38) such as excessive
vibration, eccentricity, expansion, shock, tilting or seal failure.

 40 - Field Relay / Loss of Excitation

The loss of synchronism (stability) of synchronous generator and the subsequent
transition to asynchronous operation is a very serious and unfavourable operating
condition. It occurs if the machine is not able to transmit the electrical power (Pe)
corresponding to supplied mechanical power (Pm ). It can be caused by short circuit of
the field winding, unexpected field breaker open or loss-of-excitation relay mal-
operation.

 46 - Reverse-Phase or Phase Balance Current Relay or Stator Current Unbalance

A relay that functions when the polyphase currents are of reverse-phase sequence, or
when the polyphase currents are unbalanced or contain negative phase-sequence
components above a given amount, detected by the measurement of negative sequence
current:

 Sensitive protection to detect 2-phase faults at the ends of long lines.

 Protection of equipment against temperature build-up, caused by an
unbalanced power supply, phase inversion or loss of phase, and against phase
current unbalance.

 47 - Phase-Sequence or Phase Balance Voltage Relay

Voltage Phase Sequence Relay provides protection for rotating equipment from the
damaging effects protection against phase unbalance resulting from phase inversion,
unbalanced supply or distant fault, detected by the measurement of negative sequence
voltage.

 48 - Incomplete Sequence Relay / Blocked Rotor

It is a relay that generally returns the equipment to the normal, or off, position and locks
it out if the normal starting, operating, or stopping sequence is not properly completed
within a predetermined time. 

 49 - Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay / Thermal Overload

Protection against thermal damage caused by overloads on machines (transformers,
motors or generators). The thermal capacity used is calculated according to a
mathematical model which takes into account:

 Current RMS values

 Ambient temperature
 Negative sequence current, a cause of motor rotor temperature rise
 49RTD - RTD Biased Thermal Overload
RTD biasing is a backup protection element which accounts for such things as loss of
cooling or unusually high ambient temperature.
o The motor relay shall incorporate the RTD inputs to support the following:
 Thermal overload model biasing
 Temperature alarms and trips (49RTD/38)
 RTD open- or short-circuit alarm
o The motor relay shall include trip voting for extra reliability in the event of RTD
malfunction. If enabled, a second RTD must also exceed the trip temperature of
the RTD being checked before a trip is issued

 49S(26) – Locked Rotor

If the driven equipment is in jammed condition or the motor shaft is jammed, then this
is known as locked rotor. If we start the motor then it will fail. The locked rotor current
effect for the stator winding (primary) will increase to a very high value (8–10 times
normal full load rated current). Without this protection, the stator windings will
overheat, the insulation between the windings will burn up and the stator coils will
short-out and destruct.

 50 - Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay

Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay provides high speed detection of phase and/or ground
faults. Optional output contacts allow the relay to be used as a phase selective fault
detector.

 50BF - Breaker Failure

This function is designed to detect the failure of breakers that do not open when a
tripping order is sent. The “breaker failure” protection function is activated by an O1
output tripping order received from the overcurrent protection functions (50/51,
50N/51N, 46, 67N, 67). It checks for the disappearance of current during the time
interval specified by the time delay T.
If a breaker fails to be triggered by a tripping order, as detected by the non-extinction of
the fault current, this backup protection sends a tripping order to the upstream or
adjacent breakers.

 50N - Neutral Instantaneous Overcurrent

These relays provide earth fault protection based on measured or calculated residual
current values. These residual current values are calculated or measured by 3 phase
current sensors.

 50SG - Sensitive Ground Instantaneous Overcurrent

The settings of this function are applied to the measured Sensitive Ground current for
producing Pickup and Trip flags. The Sensitive Ground IOC Pickup flag is asserted when
the Sensitive Ground current is above the PKP value. The Sensitive Ground IOC
Operate flag is asserted if the element stays picked-up for the time defined by the
Sensitive Ground IOC PKP Delay setting.
 51 - AC Time Overcurrent Relay
It is a relay with either a definite or inverse time characteristic that functions when the
ac input current exceeds a predetermined value, and in which the input current and
operating time are independently related or inversely related through a substantial
portion of the performance range.

 51 – Overload
A relay that functions when the AC input current exceeds a predetermined value, and
in which the input current and operating time are inversely related through a
substantial portion of the performance range.

 51GN – Neutral Ground Overcurrent Relay

51 are types of overcurrent relays (relays driven by a current transformer) that has an
inbuilt time delay.
The N, G, etc depicts not what the relay is, but how it is wired up.
N = Neutral CT connection
G = "Zero Sequence" CT connection
That is, the N is wired to a current transformer around the neutral (earth connected)
point of a star (Y) 3-phase system. The G is connected to three series connected
current transformers, one on each phase of a 3-phase system

 51N - Neutral Time Overcurrent

These relays provide earth fault protection based on measured or calculated residual
current values. These residual current values are calculated or measured by 3 phase
current sensors.

 51R - Locked / Stalled Rotor

The Jam function protects motors that are running against a sudden mechanical jam or
stall condition. It detects an increase of motor current to a level above full load. Pickup,
start, and run timers and a second element for alarm purposes are provided.

 51V - Voltage Restrained Time Overcurrent

It was specifically designed to provide backup protection for generators. Sometimes a
generator's synchronous reactance is so large that it can cause a sustained fault-current
to be less than full-load current. That means a current-only relay is ineffective for
protection. A restraining torque produced by the relay's voltage-input is inversely
proportional to bus voltage, hence it negates current-input produced torque. The
current tripping set point is voltage-adjusted in order to be sensitive to faults close to
the generator which cause voltage drops and lowers the short-circuit current. This
causes the relay to operate (pickup) faster for a close-in fault, but more slowly for a
remote fault!

 59 - Overvoltage Relay
Detection of abnormally high network voltage or checking for sufficient voltage to
enable source transfer. Works with phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral voltage, each
voltage being monitored separately.
 60 - Voltage or Current Balance Relay
A relay that operates on a given difference in voltage, or current input or output, of
two circuits. It is used to block relays or other devices that will operate incorrectly
when a potential transformer fuse blows. It is supplied with three phase voltage from
two sets of potential transformers.

 63 - Fault Pressure Auxiliary

A switch that operates on given values, or on a given rate of change of pressure.

 64 - Ground Protective Relay

A relay that operates upon failure of machine or other apparatus insulation to ground.
This function is not applied to a device connected in the secondary circuit of current
transformers in a normally grounded power system, where other device numbers with
the suffix G or N must be used; that is, 51N for an AC time overcurrent relay connected
in the secondary neutral of the current transformers.

 66 - Notching or Jogging Device/Maximum Starting Rate/Starts Per Hour/Time Between

Starts
A device that functions to allow only a specified number of successive operations of a
given device or equipment, within a given time of each other. It is also a device that
functions to energize a circuit periodically or for fractions of specified time intervals,
or that is used to permit intermittent acceleration or jogging of a machine at low
speeds for mechanical positioning.
It Protects the motor from overheating caused by:

 too frequent starts: motor energizing is inhibited when the maximum allowable
number of starts is reached, after counting of:
 starts per hour (or adjustable period)
 consecutive motor hot or cold starts (reacceleration of a motor that is not
shut down, indicated by a logic input, may be counted as a start)
 starts too close together in time: motor re-energizing after a shutdown is only
allowed after an adjustable waiting time.

 67 - AC Directional Overcurrent Relay

Phase-to-phase short-circuit protection, with selective tripping according to fault
current direction. It comprises a phase overcurrent function associated with direction
detection and picks up if the phase overcurrent function in the chosen direction (line
or busbar) is activated for at least one of the 3 phases. It functions on a desired value
of AC overcurrent flowing in a predetermined direction.

 67N - Neutral Directional Overcurrent

Earth fault protection, with selective tripping according to fault current direction. 3
types of operation:

 type 1: the protection function uses the projection of the I0 vector

  type 2: the protection function uses the I0 vector magnitude with half-plane
tripping zone
 type 3: the protection function uses the I0 vector magnitude with angular sector
tripping zone

 74LM – High Impedance Ground

The high impedance restricted earth fault (REF) relay is defined as a relay circuit whose
voltage setting is not less than its calculated maximum terminal voltage which
corresponds to the maximum through fault current under transient condition. This REF
protection scheme provides a high speed and absolutely stable means of protection
when ground fault occurs near the windings neutral point in a solidly grounded
transformer.

 79 - AC Reclosing Relay / Auto Reclose

Automatic reclosing relay is designed to initiate multiple reclosures of a circuit breaker
which has been tripped by protective relaying. It is essentially a timing device, with a
heavy-duty stepping switch operating contacts in response to impulses from a solid-
state electronic timing circuit.

 81H - Over Frequency

Detection of abnormally high frequency compared to the rated frequency, to monitor
power supply quality.

 81L - Under Frequency

Detection of abnormally low frequency compared to the rated frequency, to monitor
power supply quality. The protection may be used for overall tripping or load
shedding. Protection stability is ensured in the event of the loss of the main source
and presence of remanent voltage by a restraint in the event of a continuous decrease
of the frequency, which is activated by parameter setting.

 86 - Lock-Out Relay, Master Trip Relay

Lock out relay is an electromechanical relay which latches its output contact. As the
name suggests, this relay once operated locks out the circuit. Locking out means that
circuit cannot be normalized until and unless this relay is reset. These relay have two
types of coils: operating and resetting coil. Operating coil when energizes, operates
the relay. Resetting coil is energized to reset. This relay is not self-resettable, it
requires manual resetting for normalizing the protection and trip circuit.

 87 - Differential Protective Relay

A protective relay that functions on a percentage, phase angle, or other quantitative
difference between two currents or some other electrical quantities.

 87B - Bus Differential

Bus differential, which is the most sensitive and reliable method for protecting a
substation bus, is installed at transmission and distribution substations and
switchyards. It involves, Kirchoff’s current law, which states that, total current entering
an electrical node is exactly equal to total current leaving the node. The principle
involves connecting the secondaries of CTs in parallel that is, S1 terminals of all CTs
 connected together and forms a bus wire. Similarly, S2 terminals of all CTs connected
together to form another bus wire and a tripping relay is connected across these two
bus wires.

 87G - Generator Differential

It is used to protect for:
 3 phase line to line
 1 phase line to line
 multi-phase line to ground
May not be able to detect a 1 phase to ground fault on high impedance grounded
generators. Used to improve sensitivity for detecting small levels of fault current. Also
maintains security against inadvertent tripping due to thru faults.

 87M - Motor Differential

Differential motor protection relay is a multifunctional microprocessor-based protective
relay for the protection of any size motor at all voltage levels. It is most commonly
applied on medium voltage or larger motors. This relay is a current and voltage device
with built in differential protection that provides complete and reliable motor
protection, monitoring, diagnostics, metering, and starting control functions.

 87N – Restricted Ground Differential

This protection is used for the transformers with neutral solidly grounded and
therefore it is necessary to eliminate the faults which are of considerable value
without waiting for the time needed to carry out selectivity. The restricted differential
ground protection can be made in two ways: –
 by placing the four CTs (three line one and one on the star point) in parallel
with the relay; the relay trips when the vectorial sum of the three line currents
plus the neutral current is other than zero.
 using ring type current transformers. Two CTs (one which embraces the three
line conductors and one on the star point) are connected in parallel and the
resulting signal is sent to the relay.
 87T - Transformer Differential
Transformer differential protection protects against short-circuits between turns of a
winding and between windings that correspond to phase-to-phase or three-phase type
short-circuits. Transformer differential protection operates very quickly, roughly 30
ms, which allows any transformer deterioration in the event of a short-circuit between
windings to be avoided.