describe living cells

 1 Nutrition. Living things take in materials from their surroundings that they use for
growth or to provide energy. ...
 2 Respiration. ...
 3 Movement. ...
 4 Excretion. ...
 5 Growth.
 6 Reproduction. ...
 7 Sensitivity.

Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Features Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Size of cell is 1-2µm by 1-
Size Greater than 5 µm in diameter.
4µm or less.
Mostly unicellular(some
Cell type cyanobacteria may be Mostly multicellular.
multicellular).
True nucleus is absent.
Nucleus lack nuclear
Nuclear membrane and
Nucleus membrane and nucleolus.
nucleolus are present.
Such nucleus is called
nucleoid.
Usually single circular without
Chromosome Multiple linear with histones.
histones.
Genes Expressed in groups called Expressed individually.
 operons.
Merozygotic (partially
Zygote Diploid.
diploid).
Cell division Binary fission of budding Involves mitosis.
No meiosis. Transfer of DNA
Sexual reproduction Involves meiosis.
only.
Permeability of nuclear
Absent. Selective.
membrane
Cytoplasmic streaming Absent Present
Cytoskeleton Absent Present
Pinocytosis Absent Present
Gas vacuoles Can be present Absent
Present. Performs the function
of Golgi bodies and
Mesosome mitochondria and also help in Absent
the separation of chromosome
during cell division.
Larger size 80s, found on
membranes as in endoplasmic
Smaller size 70S, distributed
Ribosome reticulum; 70s present in
in the cytoplasm.
organelles such as chloroplast
and mitochondria.
Mitochondria Absent Present
Chloroplast Absent Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Absent Present
Golgi structure Absent Present
Membrane bound vacuoles Absent Present
Lysosomes and peroxisomes Absent Present
Microtubules Absent or rare Present
Simple structure composed of Complex with 9+2 structure of
Flagella
protein, flagellin. tubulin and other protein.
Generally lack sterol and no
carbohydrate. Sterol and carbohydrate is
present that serve as receptors.
Plasma membrane
Contain part of respiration and Do not carry out respiration
in some photosynthetic and photosynthesis.
machinery.
Present as a capsule or slime Present in some cells that lack
Glycocalyx
layer. cell wall.
Usually present. Chemically When present, chemically
Cell wall complex (typical bacterial cell simple (includes cellulose and
wall includes peptidoglycan). chitin).
Present. Nonessential
prokaryotic genes are encoded
Extrachromosomal plasmid Absent
on extra chromosomal
plasmid.
Transcription and translation Occur simultaneously. Transcription occurs in
 nucleus and then translation
occurs in cytoplasm.
All aerobic, but some
Respiration Many strict anaerobes. facultative anaerobes by
secondary modification.
Bound to plasma membrane as Enzymes packed in plastids
Photosynthetic enzymes
composite chromatophores. bound by membrane.
Nitrogen fixation Some possess this ability. None possess this ability.
Glycolysis, electron transport
Metabolic mechanism Wide variation
chain, Krebs cycle.
Short, takes 20-60 minutes to Long, takes 12-24 hours to
Duration of cell cycle
complete. complete.
DNA base ratio as mol% of
28-73 About 40
Guanine+ Cytosine (G+C %)