DANIEL S.

LOBERIZ, LPT
2020
 Table of Contents
I. Functions
Module 1: FUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................................ 2
Module 2: Evaluating Functions .............................................................................................................. 7
Module 3: Operations on Functions ........................................................................................................ 9
II. Rational Functions
Module 4: Rational Equations................................................................................................................ 13
Module 5: Rational Inequalities ............................................................................................................. 15
Module 6: Rational Functions ................................................................................................................ 17
Module 7: Graphing Rational Functions ................................................................................................ 21
III. Inverse Functions
Module 8: One-to-one & Inverse Function............................................................................................ 25
Module 9: Graphs of Inverse Function .................................................................................................. 28
IV. Exponential Functions
Module 10: Exponential Function and Inequalities ............................................................................... 32
Module 11: Graphing Exponential Functions ........................................................................................ 35
Module 12: Solving Problems Involving Exponential Functions ........................................................... 43

V. Logarithmic Functions
Module 13: Logarithmic Functions ........................................................................................................ 46
Module 14: Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities ............................................................................. 52
Module 15: Graphing Logarithmic Functions ....................................................................................... 43
VI. Simple and Compound Interest
Module 16: Simple Interest ................................................................................................................... 63
Module 17: Compound Interest ............................................................................................................ 67
VII. Annuities
Module 18: Simple Annuity ................................................................................................................... 70
Module 19: General Annuity ................................................................................................................. 74
Module 20: Deferred Annuity ................................................................................................................ 78
VIII. Stocks and Bonds
Module 21: Stocks and Bonds ............................................................................................................. 80
IX. Loans
Module 22.: Loans ................................................................................................................................. 85
X. Logic
Module 23: Propositions........................................................................................................................ 88
Module 24: Operations on Propositions ............................................................................................... 91
Module 25: Form of Conditional Propositions ...................................................................................... 95
Module 26: Tautologies and Fallacies.................................................................................................... 99

1
Module 1: FUNCTIONS
Learning Competencies:
 The students are able to represent real- life situations using functions, including piecewise
functions.

Practicing Skills 1

Definition:
Relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain is the set of first coordinates. The range is the
set of second coordinates.

Function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one
element of the range.

Example 1: Determine whether the following are function or not. Give the domain and range of relation.
*( ) ( ) ( )+
*( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+
*( )( ) ( ) ( )+
Solution:

. Domain * +
Range * +
The set is a function because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different
y-values.
b. Domain * +
Range {5,6}
The set is not a function because there are two ordered pairs have the same x-value.

c. Domain * +
Range * +
The set is a function because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value.

Example 2: Which of the following mapping represents a function?

a. b.

Solution:
A is a function because each domain has one corresponding range. *( )( )( )( )( )+
B is not a function because the domain has more than one corresponding range.
*( )( )( )( )( )+

2
 Vertical Line Test
A graph represents a function if and only of no vertical line intersects the graph in more than
one point.

Example 3: Which of the following graph represents a function?

The graph is a function

The graph is not a function, two values of y corresponds to

an x-value.

Practicing Skills 2

FUNCTIONS AS REPRESENTATION OF REAL LIFE SITUATION

Example 4: Give the function C that can represent the cost of buying meals, if one meal cost P30
pesos. Draw the graph.
Solution: Each meal costs P30, then the cost function is ( )

120

90

60

30

( ) 1 2 3 4 5

3
Piecewise Function
Is a function defined by multiple subfunctions, where each subfunction applies to a certain
interval of the main function’s domain.

Example 5: A convenience store pays an hourly wage of P50.00 and 1.5 times the hourly wage for the
extra hours if you work for more than 40 hours a week. Write the piecewise function that gives the
weekly pay in terms of number of hours you work and draw the graph.

Solution: The weekly pay can be express in piecewise function

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( ) {

3500
Pay
(Pesos) 3000
2750
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

Hours

4
 Developing Mastery

Determine whether or not each relation is a function. Give the domain and range
of each relation.
1. *( )( )( )( )+

2. *( )( )( )( )+

3. *( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )+

4. {( )( )( )( )( )+

5. *( )( )( )+

I. State whether the following are function or not.

6. 7. 8.
2
3 3
2
6
-1
-1 -2
6 5
-1
5 4
4

9. 10.

5
11. ______________ 12. __________ 13.__________

II. Write the function of the following and draw the graph
14. Peter is earning P450 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary as a
function of the number of days that Peter works.

15. A computer shop charges 20 pesos per hour for the first two hours and an additional
10 pesos per hour for each succeeding hour. Represent your computer rental fee using
the function ( ) where is the number of hours you spent on the computer.

6
Module 2: Evaluating Functions

Learning Competencies:
 Evaluates a function.

Practicing Skills

Rules in Evaluating a Function

Replace every in the function rule ( ) with the given replacement value, then simplify the
resulting numerical expression.

Example 1. Evaluate the function ( ) for each value of

a. ( ) b. ( )

Solution:
a. ( ) , b. ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Example 2. Evaluate the function ( ) where x is

Solution:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

Example 3. Find the value of in a function ( ) , if ( )

Solution:
( )

( )( )

Thus ( ) and ( ) satisfies the function.

7
 Developing Mastery

Evaluate the function.

1. ( )
a. ( ) b. . / c. ( )

2. ( )
a. ( ) b. ( ) c. ( )

3. ( )
a. ( ) b. ( ) c. ( )

4. ( )
a. ( ) b. ( ) c. ( )

5. ( )
a. ( ) b. ( ) c. . /

8
Module 3: Operations on Functions

Learning Competencies:
 Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of function.

Practicing Skills

Sum and Difference of Functions

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )

Example 1. Find the sum and difference of these functions.

( ) ( )

Solution:

( )( ) ( ) ( )
+

( )( ) ( ) ( )

Product and Quotient of Functions

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( )( )
( )

Example 2. Find the product of ( ) and ( )

Solution:
( )( ) ( )( )

9
Example 3. Find the product of ( ) and ( )

Solution:
( )( )

Example 4. Find the product of ( ) and ( )

Solution:
( )( )
( )( )

Composition of Functions

( )( ) , ( )-

( )( ) , ( )-

Example 5. Given ( ) and ( ) find

a. ( )( ) b. ( )( )

Solution:

a. ( )( ) , ( )-
( ) ( )

b. ( )( ) , ( )-
( )

10
 Developing Mastery
I. Perform the following operations on each given function.

a. ( )( ) b. ( )( )

1. ( ) ( )

2. ( ) ( )

3. ( ) ( )

II. Perform multiplication of function.

( )( )

1. ( ) ( ) 2. ( ) ( )

11
III. Perform division of function.

. /( )

1. ( ) ( ) 2. ( ) ( )

IV. Perform Composition of function.

1. Given ( ) ( ) , find

a. ( )( ) b. ( )( )

2. Given ( ) ( ) , find

a. ( )( ) b. ( )( )

12
Module 4: Rational Equations
Learning Competencies:
 Distinguished and solve rational equations.

Practicing Skills

Rational Equation
An equation involving rational expression that can be written in the ratio of two polynomials.
Examples:

Example 1: Solve for

a. b.
Solution:
a. b.

( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )( )0 1
( )( ) ( )
` ( ) ( )( )
( )

3
Example 2: The denominator of a certain fraction is three times the numerator. If 2 is added to the
numerator and subtracted from the denominator the result is Find the original fraction.
Solution: Write the equation
The denominator of a certain fraction is three times the numerator
If 2 is added to the numerator and subtracted from the denominator the result is
Solve for x.

( ) ( )

Substitute to the original equation

( )
The original equation is

13
 Developing Mastery
Solve each equation.

1. 5.

2. 6.

7.

3.

4. 8.

9. The numerator is two less than the denominator. If 1 is subtracted from the numerator and
added to the numerator, the value of the fraction is . Find the original fraction.

10. Sonny can do a job in 4 days. When Sonny and Elli work together, it would take them days.
Find the numbers of days if Elli will work alone.

14
Module 5: Rational Inequalities
Learning Competencies:
 Distinguished and solve rational inequalities.

Practicing Skills

Rational Inequalities
An inequality that contains rational expression is referred to rational inequality.
Examples:
,

Example 1: Solve the inequality, then graph its solution set.

Solution:
a. Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression on one side of the inequality symbol and 0
on the other side.

( )

b. Find the zeroes from numerator and the denominator then test if these are solutions.
Numerator: Denominator:

Test 1: Test 2:

False, 4 is not a solution undefined, 2 is not a solution

c. Test for the intervals

15
 Intervals
Test point
False
, True True
is not solution
d. The interval relation is * +
e. The graph, point 2 and 4 are not solid because they are not a solution.

Example 2: Solve the inequality, then graph its solution set.

Solution:
a. Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression on one side of the inequality symbol and 0 on
the other side.

( )

b. Find the zeroes from numerator and the denominator then test if these are solutions.

Test A Test B
( ) ( )

undefined, 5 is not a solution

True, 10 is a solution

c. Test for the intervals

Intervals
Test point
False False
, True
is not solution , is not a solution

d. The interval relation is * +

e. The graph on point 5 to the left is open because and 5 is not a solution, while point is a
solution and it is solid.

16
 Developing Mastery
Solve each Inequality and draw the graph.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

17
Module 6: Rational Functions
Learning Competencies:
 Represent a rational function through its: a) table of values, b) graph and c) equation.

Practicing Skills

Rational Function
( )
A function of the form ( ) , where ( ) and ( ) are polynomial functions and
( )
( ) is not the zero polynomial.
The domain of ( ) is all values of where ( ) .

Example 1: Construct a table of values and sketch the graph

( )
Solution: Solve for the values of in terms of from the function.

Plot the points on the Cartesian plane from the table of values ( )

The graph of function ( )

18
Example 2: Construct a table of values and sketch the graph
( )

Solution:

By plotting the points, the graph of function is

Developing Mastery
Construct a table of values and draw the graph.

1. ( )

19
2. ( )

3. ( )

20
Module 7: Graphing Rational Functions
Learning Competencies:
 Find the domain and range of a rational function.
 Determines the (a) intercepts, (b) zeroes, and (c) asymptotes of rational functions.

Practicing Skills

Domain and Range

The domain of a function is the set of all values that the variable x can take.
The range of the function is the set of all values that ( ) will take.
Intercepts
Are or coodinates of the points at which a graph crosses the x-axis or y-axis respectively.

Example 1: Find the domain, range and intercepts of the function and sketch the graph.
( )
Solution:

Domain: to get the restricted x-value for the function, equate the denominator to 0 and solve
for x. ( ) Thus, the restricted x-value is 1. The domain of the function is the set
of all real number except 1.
* +
Range: Is the set of all real number less than one and greater than one.
* +
y-intercepts: ( ) , substitute zero to

x-intercepts: Substitute 0 for and solve for .

21
Asymptote
An imaginary line to which a graph gets closer and closer as it increases or decreases its value
without limit.
Vertical asymptote: Equate the denominator to zero and solve for x.
Horizontal Asymptote:
 If the degree of numerator is less than the degree of denominator, then asymptote is
 If the degree of numerator is equal to the degree of denominator, then the asymptote is
where and are the leading coefficients of the numerator and denominator.
 If the degree of numerator is greater than the denominator, then there is no asymptote.
Slant Asymptote: if no horizontal asymptote then the asymptote is slant.
 Can be done by dividing the numerator by denominator.

Example 2: Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the function and sketch the graph.
( )

Solution:
Vertical asymptote:

Horizontal asymptote:

Example 3: Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the function and sketch the graph.

Solution:
Vertical asymptotes:

Horizontal asymptote:

Example 3: Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the function and sketch the graph.
( )

22
Solution:
Vertical asymptotes:

Horizontal asymptote:
no horizontal, it is slant
Slant: Divide the numerator

x  2 x 2  3x  6

( ) no need to finish the division to find the remainder, just the equation to make a line.
is the slant asymptote

Finding the zeros of Rational Function

Example 4: Find the zeroes of the rational function ( )

Solution:
( )( )
 Factor the numerator and denominator: ( ) ( )( )
 Identify the restrictions: the values and make the denominator equal to zero and are
restrictions.
 Identify the values of that make the numerator equal to zero: and make the
numerator equal to zero.
 Identify the zero of : will not be a zero because it is also a restriction. is the zero.

Example 5: Find the zeroes of the rational function

( )

Solution: Since the given has no factors, make the numerator equal to zero

, is not a restriction to denominator

Therefore the zeroes of the function is

23
 Developing Mastery
Graph the function. Identify the (a) domain, (b) range, (c) x-intercepts, (d) zeroes, (e) vertical
asymptotes, and (f) horizontal/slant asymptotes.

1. ( )

2. ( )

3. ( )

24
Module 8: One-to-One and Inverse
Functions
Learning Competencies:
 Represents real-life situations using one-to-one function.
 Find the inverse of a function.

Practicing Skills

One-to-One Function
A function in which for each value of in the range of a function, there is just one value in the
domain of the function.
Function is one-to-one if ( ) ( ), implies

Example 1. The relation of pairing a product to its bar code.

Solution. Each bar code is assigned to a unique product. Thus, the relation is a function. Further,
two different product cannot be assigned the same bar code. Thus, the function is one-to-one.

Example 2. State whether the set of function is one-to-one or not.

*( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+
*( )( )( )( )( )( )+
Solution.
Set is one-to-one because each domain has one corresponding range.
Set is not a one-to-one function because each value of in the range has two values
of in the domain.

Inverse of a Function
If is a one-to-one function, then the inverse of denoted by is a function formed by
reversing all the ordered pairs in

Example 3. Find the inverse of the function from the set of ordered pairs. *( ) ( )( )( )+
Solution:
Switch the coordinates of each ordered pair.
*( ) ( )( )( )+ Original Function
*( ) ( )( )( )+ Inverse Function

25
Example 4. Find the inverse of the function ( )
Solution:
Interchange the and variable.
, then
, and solve for new

, replace with ( ) for the inverse.

( )

Properties of Function and its Inverse

( ) and ( ) are inverse if and only if:
 ( )( ) for all in the domain of .
 ( )( ) for all in the domain of .

Example 5. Verify that ( ) is an inverse of ( )

Solution:
Evaluate , ( )- and , ( )-
, ( )- ( )

, ( )- ( )

Since ( ) . / , then they are inverses of each other.

Example 6. Verify that ( ) is an inverse of ( )

Solution:
Evaluate , ( )- and , ( )-
, ( )- ( )

, ( )- ( )

Since both ( ) and ( ) are not equal to , they are not inverses of each other.

26
 Developing Mastery
Write the inverse of each relation and determine if its inverse is a function.

1. *( )( )( )+

2. *( )( )( )+

3. *( )( )( )( )+

4. *( )( )( )+

5. *( )( )( )( )+

Find the inverse of each function.

6.

7.

8. ( )

Use the composition to verify if the given pairs are inverse of each other.

9. ( ) ; ( )

10. ( ) ( )

27
Module 9: Graphs of Inverse Functions
Learning Competencies:
 Graph the inverse function.
 Finds the domain and range of an inverse function.

Practicing Skills

Graph of the Inverse Function

- is the reflection of the graph of original function. The axis of symmetry is the line

Example 1. Graph the function ( ) and its inverse.

Solution:
The inverse of the function is ( )
( )
The figure shows the
( )
graph of ( )
and ( )
The graph appears to
be mirror images of
each other with
( ) respect to the line
.

Example 2. Graph the function ( ) and its inverse.

Solution:
Find the inverse of the function.
( )

( )

√ , the inverse is ( ) √

( ) √
The domain of * +
The range of * +

28
The domain of √ * +
The range of √ * +

The inverse of function ( ) which is ( ) √ is not a function because the vertical

line test will pass through the function at two distinct points.

By Restricting the Domain of an inverse relation it will become a function.

If he domain of will be restricted to * +, the inverse relation will be a function with

domain * + and range * +.

If he domain of will be restricted to * +, the inverse relation will be a function with

domain * + and range * +.

29
 Developing Mastery
Graph the function and its inverse. Then, determine whether the inverse of the function is also a
function or not.

1. ( )

2. ( )

3. ( )

30
 4.

5. ( )

6. Find the domain and range of the inverse of ( ) with domain restriction to * +,
sketch the graph of inverse.

31
Module 10: Exponential Functions and
Inequalities
Learning Competencies:
 Represents real-life situations using exponential functions,
 Distinguishes between exponential function, equation and inequalities.
 Solves exponential equations and inequalities.

Practicing Skills

Definition of Exponential Function

An exponential function is a function defined by

( )
where and

Example 1: The World Health Organization finds out that the novel corona virus causing COVID-19, upon
reaching maturity, divides itself into two after every hour. How many cells of virus will be present in one
patient after 12 hours if it is started with just one cell?

Solution:
number of hours elapsed
( ) no. of virus present after hours
0 1 2 3
( )

The function is ( )
After 12 hours, the number of virus present where
( )

After 12 hours there is 4096 virus in a carrier which started in a single cell and each cell have the same
ability to reproduce exponentially.

Solving Exponential Equations

One-to-One Property of Exponential Equations

If then . Conversely if , then

32
Example 2: Solve each exponential equation.
a. b.

Solution:
a. b.
( )

( )

Solving Exponential Inequality

Property of Exponential Inequalities

If , then the exponential function for all . This means that if and only if
If , then the exponential function is decreasing for all . This means that if and
only if

Example 2: Solve each inequality.

a. b. c. . / . /

Solution:

a. b.
( )
, the base is 2 , then the inequality retained
( )

C. . / . /

. / . /
( )
. / . / , the base is , then the direction of inequality is reversed
( )

33
 Developing Mastery
Solve the following exponential equations.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Solve the following exponential inequalities.

1.

2.

( )
3.

4.

5. . /

34
 Module 11: Graphing Exponential
Function s
Learning Competencies:
 Represent an exponential function through its (a) table of values, (b) graph, and (c)
6.
equations, find the domain and range of an exponential function.
7.
 Determine the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential function, and
8.
graph exponential functions

Practicing Skills

Properties of Exponential Function

Let ( ) and
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers.
2. The range is the set of positive real numbers.
3. If is an increasing exponential function. If is a decreasing exponential
function.
4. The y-intercept is 1. There is no x-intercept.
5. The graph approaches but does not reach x-axis. The x-axis is the horizontal asymptote.
6. It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies the Horizontal Line Test.

Example 1. Graph the functions ( ) and ( ) in the same coordinate plane. Indicate the
domain, range, y-intercept, and horizontal asymptote. Compare the two graphs.

Solution:
Construct a table of values for both equations.

Plot the points and connect them with smooth curve.

35
 For both functions:
Domain: Set of all real numbers
Range: Set of all positive real numbers
y-intercept: 1. There is no x-intercept
Horizontal Asymptote:

The two graphs have the same domain, range, y-

intercept, and horizontal asymptote. However, the
( ) graph of ( ) rises faster than does
( ) as x increases, and is closer to the x-axis
if x < 0.

( )

Example 2. Graph ( )
Solution. The function ( ) can be written as ( ) . /
This is an exponential function with base . Thus, the function is decreasing. Construct table of
values.

( )

Domain: Set of all real numbers

Range: Set of all positive real numbers
y-intercept: 1. There is no x-intercept
Horizontal Asymptote:

36
 Reflection
The graph of – ( ) is the reflection about the x-axis of the graph of ( )
The graph of (– ) is the reflection about the y-axis of the graph of ( )

Example 3. Graph each group of function

a. and b. and

Solution:
a. Construct the table of values.

 The graph of is the reflection of

across the x-axis.

b. Construct the table of values.

 The graph of is the reflection of

across the y-axis.

37
 Vertical Stretching or Shrinking
Let c be a positive constant. The graph of ( ) can be obtained from the graph of
( ) by multiplying each y-coordinate by . The effect is a vertical stretching (if
) or shrinking (if ) of the graph of ( ).

Example 3. Graph each group of function

a. , ( ) and ( ) b. and ( )

Solution:
a. Construct the table of values.

( )
( )

( ) 6 12 24

 The graph of ( ) is a vertically stretched of

b. Construct the table of values.

( )

( )

 The graph of ( ) is a vertically shrinked of

.

38
 Vertical Shifts
Let be a real number. The graph of ( ) is a vertical shift of k units up (if
) or units down (if ) of the graph of ( )

Example 4. Graph the functions: , and in one plane.

Solutions:
Construct the table of values.

0 2 6
1 unit upward

 The graph of shifts the graph of

one unit upward. 2 units downward

 The graph of shifts the graph of

two units downward.

Vertical Shifts
Let be a real number. The graph of ( ) is a vertical shift of k units up (if
) or units down (if ) of the graph of ( )

Example 5. Graph the functions: , and in one plane.

Solutions:
Construct the table of values.

½ 0 2

 The graph of shifts the graph of

one unit to the left.
 The graph of shifts the graph of
two units to the right.

39
 Natural Exponential Function
The function ( ) where is called the natural number by Euler.
is the constant 2.71828183…

Example 6. Graph the functions: and in one plane.

Solution:

Construct the table of values.

Example 7. Find the base of the exponential function with given points.
a. ( ) b. . /
Solution:
a. ( )
Substitute the values of ( ) to an exponential function
√ √ solve for

b. ( )

Substitute the values of ( ) to an exponential function

. / solve for

40
 Developing Mastery
A. Make a table of coordinates then graph each function.

1. ( )

2. ( )

3. ( ) . /

41
 4. ( ) . /

5. ( )

B. Find the base of the exponential function whose graph contains the given points.

1. ( )

2. ( )

3. ( )

4. ( )

5. . /

42
 Module 12: Solving Problems Involving
Exponential Function
Learning Competencies:
 Represent real-life situation using exponential function.
1.

Practicing Skills

Exponential Growth

The rule can be modeled by ( )

Where is the starting number, is the growth factor, and is the number of intervals.

Example 1. The bacterium grows at the rate of 15% each day. There are 200 bacteria today. How many
will be there
a. tomorrow? b. 2 weeks from now? c. one month from now?

Solution:
a. From the formula ( ) and
( )

There will be 230 bacteria tomorrow.

b. From the formula ( ) and (2 weeks has 14 days)

( )

There will be1415 bacteria after 2 weeks.

c. From the formula ( ) and (1 month has 30 days)

( )

There will be 13242 bacteria after one month.

Compound Interest Formula

. /
Where compound amount
Principal
interest rate
time in years and
period per year (semi-annually, quarterly, …)

43
Example 2: Determine the amount of money will be accumulated if a principal of P 60,000.00 is
invested at an annual rate of 5 % compounded:
a. yearly for 10 years b. Semi-annually for 10 years
Solution:
a. Use the formula.
( )
( ) ( )
After 10 years there will be P

B . Use the formula.

( )
( ) ( )
After 10 years there will be P .

Compound Continuously Formula

Where compound amount time in years and

Principal constant (2.7182…)
interest rate

Example 3. Determine the amount of money that will be accumulated if P 200,000.00 is invested at an
annual rate of 7% compounded continuously after 10 years if no withdrawals are made.
Solution:
Apply the formula.
( )

There will be P 402 750.54 in the account after 10 years.

Exponential Functions and Half-life

The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the substance to decay.
If the half-life of a substance is units, and is the amount of the substance corresponding to , then

the amount of substance remaining after units of time is given by . /

Example 4. Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 20 days and there are 40g
initially, determine the amount of substance remaining after 30 days.

Solution: Apply the formula for half-life function.

( )

. / ( )

44
 Developing Mastery
Solve the following problems.

1. A culture of 10 bacteria in a petri dish doubles every hour. How many bacteria will be there after
3 hours?

2. The half-life of a radio active substance is 10 days and there are 10 grams initially. Determine
the amount of substance left after 20 days.

3. The population of Sta. Elena Poblacion has a population of 10,000 that is increasing at the rate
of 5% each year. Find the population of Poblacion after 3 years.

4. Anna deposited 10,000 in a bank that pays 6% compounded interest annually. How much money
will she save after 4 years?

5. If P 15,000 is invested at 10% compounded quarterly, when will the amount of invested be
doubled? Tripled?

6. If the population of the Philippines was 79 346 000 in year 1999 and 84 526 000 in the year
2002, and continues to grow exponentially at the same rate, what is the population at present?

45
 Module 13: Logarithmic Function
Learning Competencies:
 Represent real-life situation using logarithmic functions.
1.  Illustrates the laws of logarithm.

Practicing Skills

Logarithmic Function
A function defined by
if and only if
for all positive real numbers and and

Example 1. Express each exponential equation in its equivalent logarithmic function.

–
( )
Solution:
a. b. c. d.

The Logarithm of a Number

The logarithm of of a number to the base is the exponent of the power to
which is raised to obtain In symbols,

Example 2. Evaluate the following logarithms.

a. b. c. √ d.
Solution:
Represent each logarithm by a variable. Write the resulting logarithmic equation to its
equivalent equation. Then solve the equation.
a. b.

c. √ d.
√

46
 Basic Properties of Logarithm
For any base ,


 ( )

Example 1. Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of the following logarithmic
expressions.
a. b. . / c. d.
Solution.

b. . / = –3
c.
d.

Laws of Logarithms
Law 1: Logarithm of Products

Law 2: Logarithm of Quotients Law 3: Logarithm of Power

( )

Example 2. Use the laws of logarithms to expand each term.

a. ( ) b. c. d. √
Solutions:
a. ( )
b.
c.
d. √

Example 3. Express each as a single logarithm.

a. b. ( ) c. ( )

d. ( )

Solution:
a. ( ) c. ( ) ( )
( )

47
b. ( ) d. ( ) ( )
√ ( )
√
( )
Example 4. Evaluate each.
a. b.
Solution:
a. . . / b. ( )

Common Logarithms
Also called Briggsian logarithms with the base of 10.

In
Where characteristics is the integer and mantissa is the decimal.

Example 5. Use calculator to find each logarithm.

a. b.
Solution:
Input the data on scientific calculator
a. b.

Antilogarithm
The inverse of logarithmic function.
If then is called the antilogarithm of .

Example 6. Find if
Solution:
Using equivalent exponential function

Then using calculator

Therefore,

Example 7. Find the product of 11.45 and 0.487 using logarithm.

Solution:
Let = ( )( )
( )( )

( )

Example 8. Find √ using logarithm.

Solution:

48
 Let =√
√
( )

( )

Natural Logarithms
A logarithmic function with base denoted by special symbol .
( )

Properties of Natural Logarithms

Example 9: Evaluate each

a. b.
Solution:
a. because b. because

Example 10: Evaluate each using calculator.

a. b.
Solution:
Input the data on scientific calculator.
a. b.

Change-of-Base Theorem
If and are positive real numbers, and then

Example 11. Use change-of-base theorem

a. (change to base 10) b. Evaluate
Solutions:
a. b.
.58496

49
 Developing Mastery
Express each exponential equation in its equivalent logarithmic equations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Evaluate the following logarithm without using calculator.
6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Expand each logarithmic expression.

11. ( )( )

12.

13. √

√ √
14.

15.

50
Express each as a single expression.
16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Evaluate each.
21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

51
Module 14: Logarithmic Equations and
Inequalities
Learning Competencies:
 Distinguishes logarithmic function, logarithmic equations and logarithmic inequality.
1.  Solves logarithmic equations and inequalities.
 Solve problems involving logarithmic equations and inequalities.

Practicing Skills

Logarithmic Equation- is an equation containing a variable in a logarithmic expression

Examples: ( )

Property of Logarithmic Equations

If , then the logarithmic function is increasing for all . If , then the
logarithmic function is decreasing for all . This means that if and
only if .

Example 1: Find the value of x in the following equations

a. ( ) c.
b. ( ) d. ( )
Solutions:
a. ( )
one-to-one property

b. ( )
transform into exponential form
simplify
Addition property of equality

c.
transform into exponential form
addition Property of Equality
( )( ) Factor the equation

d. ( )
( ) Product Law of logarithm
( ) Transform into exponential form

52
 Simplify
Addition Property of Equality
( )( ) Factor the equation

Example 2: Use logarithm to solve the value of for exponential equation.

a. b.
Solution:
a.
Take log3 of each side

Change-of-base theorem

b.
Addition Property of Equality
Take common log of each side

Addition Property of Equality

Logarithmic Inequality
An inequality that involves logarithm.
Property of Logarithmic Inequalities
If then if and only if .
If , then if and only if . .

Example 3: Solve each logarithmic inequality.

a. c. ( ) ( )
b. d. ( ) ( )
Solution:
a.
Convert the log into exponential form
Evaluate the exponent

b.
Convert into exponential form
Make both sides have the same base
one-to-one property

Exclude zero and all the negative numbers

53
c. ( ) ( )
Remove the logs because they have the same base
Solve the inequality
and Find the values that are not included by getting each side
and Solve the inequality
Combine the inequalities

d. ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) Logarithm of Products
( )( ) Remove the logs both side since they have the same base.
Simplify the products
Addition Property of Equality
Simplify
( )( ) Factor
Find the values that are not included where

Problems Involving Logarithm

Example 4: The Richter scale , used in measuring the magnitude of an earthquake, is defined by the
formula

where (in joules) is the energy released by the earthquake (the quantity joules
is the energy released by a very small reference earthquake).

a. Suppose that the earthquake releases joules of energy, what is its magnitude on the Richer
scale?
b. How much more energy does this earthquake release than the reference earthquake?
Solution:
a.

( )

b. times more energy than the reference energy.

54
Example 5: In acoustics, the decibel ( ) level of a sound is

–
where is the sound intensity in (the quantity is least audible sound a
human can hear).

–
What is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels of a sound in a classroom is watts/ .
Solution:

( )

Example 6: In a bacteria culture with initial population of 6, 000 grows in a mathematical model
( ) where is the initial population which grows in minutes. How many hours is needed
so that the population will reach at 20,000?
Solution:

minutes
Convert into hours

min hours or 2 hours and 3 minutes.

Therefore 2 hours and 3 minutes is needed in order to reach the population into 20 000 bacteria.

55
 Developing Mastery
Solve each logarithm equation.
1.

2. ( )

3. ( ) ( )

4. ( )

5.

Solve each exponential equation using logarithm.

6.

7.

8.

Write the solution to each of the following inequalities.

9. ( )

10. ( )

56
 Solve the following problem.
11. The level of a water-based solution is defined as – , - where , - is the
concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. Solutions with a pH of 7 are defined neutral;
those with pH < 7 are acidic, and those with pH > 7 are basic.
a. Find the pH level of 1 liter solution contains 0.00002 moles of hydrogen ions.
b. The value of , - of ammonia is moles per liter. Find the value of
hydrogen ion concentration of ammonia and determine its acidity or alkalinity.

12. To determine the score in an industrial safety test after months, the formula
( ) can be used. Find the average monthly score after one year.

57
Module 15: Graphing Logarithmic
Function
Learning Competencies:
 Solves logarithmic function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
 Finds the domain and range of a logarithmic functions
1.
 Graphs the logarithmic function.

Practicing Skills

Characteristics of Logarithmic Function

 The x-intercept is 1. There is no y-intercept.
 The y-axis is the vertical asymptote.
 If , the function is increasing. If the function is decreasing.
 The graph is smooth and continuous. It has no shard corners or gaps.

Example 1: Graph ( ) and ( ) in the same Cartesian plane.

Solution:
Remember that logarithmic function is the inverse of exponential function. Then set up a table
of values and reverse the coordinates to find the coordinates of ( ) .

( ) ( )

( )

Domain: Set of all positive numbers

Range: Set of all real numbers
x-intercept: 1. There is no y-intercept
Vertical Asymptote:
( )

( )

58
 Vertical Translation
( )
Shifts the graph of ( ) units upward if and units downward if

Example 3: Graph ( ) and ( ) in the same Cartesian plane.

Solution:

( )
( )

( )

( )
The graph of ( ) shift two units upward
of ( ) .

( )
Domain: Set of all positive number * +
Range: Set of all real number * +
x-intercept: . /
Vertical asymptote:

Reflection
The equation ( ) , reflects the graph of ( ) about the x-axis.

Example 3: Graph ( ) , ( ) .
Solution:

( )

( ) ( )

The graph of ( ) is a reflection of

( ) along the x-axis.

( )
( )
Domain: Set of all positive number * +
Range: Set of all real number * +
x-intercept: ( )
Vertical asymptote:

59
 Horizontal Translation
The equation ( ) ( ), shifts the graph of ( ) units to the left, if ,
or units to the right if

Example 4: Graph ( ) , ( ) ( ).
Solution:

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( )
The graph of ( ) ( ) shifts two units to the left of
( ) .

( ) ( )
Domain: Set of real number * +
Range: Set of all real number * +
x-intercept: ( )
Vertical asymptote:

Vertical Stretching or Shrinking

The equation ( ) , stretch the graph of ( ) units if , or shrink the
graph of ( ) units if

Example 5: Graph ( ) , ( ) .
Solution:

( )
( )
( )

The graph of ( ) stretches two units from ( )

( ) .
( )
Domain: Set of all positive number * +
Range: Set of all real number * +
x-intercept: ( )
Vertical asymptote:

60
 Developing Mastery
Sketch the graph of logarithmic function and determine its domain, range, x-intercepts and vertical
asymptote.

1. 2.

3. ( ) 4. ( )

5. 6.

61
7. ( )

62
Module 16: Simple Interest
Learning Competencies:
 Illustrate simple interest.
1.  Compute interest, maturity value, future value, and present value in simple interest
involvement.
 Solve problems involving simple interest.

Practicing Skills

Definition
Simple Interest refers to the amount earned for one year calculated by multiplying the
principal by the interest rate.

Where Simple interest

Principal amount
interest rate
term or time in years

Example 1: An amount of P 100,000 is invested for 1 year at interest rate of 5%. Find the interest.
Solution:
Given:

( )( )

Example 2: An amount of P 350,000 is invested for 8 months at interest rate of 4%. Find the interest.
Solution:
Given:

( ). /

Maturity (Future) Value

( )
Where Maturity Value interest rate
Principal amount term or time in years

Example 3: Find the maturity value if 800,000 pesos is deposited in a bank at an annual simple interest
rate of 10% after two years.
Solution:
Given: years
( )
, ( )( )-
( )

63
 The future or maturity value after 2 years is

Example 4: How much should you invest at the simple interest is 9.5% in order to have P500,000 in 1 ½
years?
Solution:
( )
, Solve for P
Given:

( )( )

It is needed to invest .

Ordinary Interest/Banker’s Interest – interest based on a 360-day calendar.

Exact Interest – interest based on a 365- day calendar.

Example 5: A 150-day loan from a bank at a 6% interest. Find the interest for
a. Exact interest b. Ordinary interest
Solution:
a. b.
( ). / ( ). /

The exact interest is The ordinary interest is

Partial Payments
Payment received must be deducted first from the amount with interest due. The
balance, the amount due after deducting the payment, is then subjected to the agreed interest
and is computed from the date of the last payment and the balance of the principal.

Example 6: A loan of P 300,000.00 was made from a bank that charges 8% interest rate and should be
paid after 120 days. If payment of P 100,000.00 was made after 30 days determine the remaining
amount should be paid after 120 days.
Solution:
Principal amount P 300,000.00
Interest due after 30 days
( ). / 2,000.00
Balance before the date of payment P 302,000.00
Payment made on 30th day P 100,000.00
New Balance P 202,000.00
Interest on balance for remaining days
( ). / P 4,040.00
New Balance + interest P 206,040.00

64
 Developing Mastery

I. Find the simple interest and the maturity value.

1. ₱150 000 at 5% for 6 years.

2. ₱ 780 000 at 4% for 3 ½ years

3. ₱420 000 at 15% for 10 years

4. ₱80 000 at 9.5% for 6 months

5. ₱25 000 at 3% for 8 years.

II. Solve the following problem.

1. Mr. Sevilla has a balance of ₱151, 000.00 as of today where he deposited a principal amount of
₱150,000.00 at the bank with simple interest rate of 4%. How long did he wait to earn the
present balance?

2. How much you should invest at 8% annual interest rate to obtain a simple interest of ₱50,000
in 4 years?

3. How much money should you deposit in a bank so that it will accumulate to ₱150,000 at 2%
simple annual interest for 8 years?

65
4. Find the amount due if ₱ 150 000.00 was invested at 12% for 90 days using:
a. Ordinary interest b. Exact interest

5. Danny borrows ₱ 30 000.00 from a bank and agrees to pay P 35 000.00 in 18 months.
What interest rate was he paying?

6. How long does it takes for ₱ 300 000.00 to double at 5% using simple interest.

7. Mrs. Santiago borrowed ₱ 300 000 from bank on March 1, 2020 with interest at 5%. On
April 9, 2020, she paid ₱ 90,000. Determine the amount Mrs Santiago should pay at the
bank on June 28, 2020, the due date agreed by both parties.

66
Module 17: Compound Interest
Learning Competencies:
 Illustrate compound interest.
1.  Compute interest, maturity value, future value, and present value in compound interest
involvement.
 Solve problems involving compound interest.

Practicing Skills

The following table shows the amount at the end of each year if principal P is invested at an
annual interest rate r compounded annually. Computations for the particular example
and are also included.

Principal at the Amount at the end of the

Year ( ) Interest
Start of the Year year
1

Definition
Compound Interest refers to the amount earned for one year calculated by multiplying
the principal by the interest rate.
( )
Where Maturity(future value) at the end of the term
Principal amount
interest rate
term or time in years

Example 1. Find the maturity value if is compounded annually at an interest rate of 4% in 4

years.
Solution: Given:
( )
( )
( )
( )
A
The maturity value is therefore the interest is ₱

67
Example 2. How much money should a depositor place in a time deposit in a bank that pays 3%
compounded annually so that he will have 100,000 after 5 years?
Solution: Solve for the present value ( )
Given
( )

( )

He need to deposit to earned 100,000.00 in 5 years.

Compounding more than once a year

. /
Where Maturity(future value) at the end of the term
Principal amount
interest rate
term or time in years
number of period in one year

Example 2. Find the compound amount on deposit in 2 years if is deposited at 5%

compounded a) semi-annually b) quarterly
Solution:
a) semi-annually means 2 period per year b) quarterly means 4 period per year
. /
. / ( )
( ) . /
. / ( )
( )

Example 3. What is the present value of due in 5 years if money is worth compounded
semi-annually?
Solution: Solve for
. /

( )
. /

( )

or

Note: To solve for the number of years ( ) needed to accumulate a certain amount in a compound
interest, substitute the given to the formula and use logarithm.

68
 Developing Mastery

I. Find the future value of the indicated principal.

1. at 9% compounded annually for 8 years.

2. ₱ 12,000.00 at 7% compounded semi-annually for 15 years.

3. ₱ 67,000.00 at compounded quarterly for 10 years.

4. ₱ 26,500.00 at compounded monthly for 6 years.

5. ₱ 10,000.00 at 3% compounded daily for 2 years.

II. Find the present value of the following.

6. ₱50,000.00 due in 3 years at 4% compounded monthly.

7. ₱ 30,000.00 due in 18 months at 5 % compounded quarterly.

8. ₱ 36,500.00 due in years at compounded annually.

III. Solve the following problem.

9. Mrs. Joaquin invested ₱ 200,000.00 at 2% compounded annually for 8 years and another ₱
200,000.00 at 4% compounded semi-annually for 5 years. Which investment will yield higher
interest and how much?

10. For how many years must ₱ 60,000.00 be invested at 10% compounded annually in order to
grow to ₱ 90,000.00?

69
 Module 18: Simple Annuity
Learning Competencies:
 Illustrate simple annuity.
1.  Distinguishes simple and general annuities.
 Finds the future value and present value of simple annuity.
 Calculate the periodic payment of simple annuity.

Definition
Annuity – a fixed sum of money paid to someone at regular intervals, subject to a fixed
compound interest rate.
Different forms of Annuity:
 Annuity Certain – an annuity with fixed dates for both the first and the last payment.
 Contingent Annuity – an annuity in which the payments extend over an indefinite (or
indeterminate) length of time.
 Simple Annuity – interest conversion or compounding period is equal or the same as the
payment interval.
 General Annuity - an annuity where the payment interval is not the same as the interest
period.
 Ordinary Annuity – an annuity for which payments are made at the end of the interest
conversion periods.
 Annuity Due - an annuity for which payments are made at the beginning of each interest
conversion periods.

Practicing Skills

Future Value of Simple Ordinary Annuity

Future Value of Annuity – is the total accumulation of the payment and interest earned.

. /

Where is the future value

Periodic payment
annual rate
number of conversions per year
number of years

Example 1: If you save in a bank at the end of each month for 10 years with an interest at 10%
compounded monthly, how much do you have after 10 years?

70
Solution:
From given
. /
Substitute to the equation
( )( )
. /
( )
( )
( )

( )
( )( )

Present Value of Simple Ordinary Annuity

Present Value of an annuity – is the principal that must be invested today to provide the regular
payments of an annuity.

[ . / ]

Where is the present value

Periodic payment
annual rate
number of conversions per year
number of years

Example 2: Suppose Anna borrowed money from a lending company. And you will pay the loan by
making payments of per month for the next 3 years at an interest rate of 7% per year
compounded monthly. How much Anna borrow?

Solution:
From given
[ . / ]
Substitute to the equation
( )
[ . / ]

( )
[ . / ]

Anna borrowed

71
The cash value or cash price of a purchase is equal to the down payment (if there is any) plus the
present value of the instalment payments.

Example 3. Andy paid 100,000.00 as down payment for a house and lot. The remaining amount is to be
settled by paying at the end of each month for 10 years. If interest is 10% compounded
monthly, what is the cash price of his house and lot?
Solution:
Given: Down payment – 100,000.00
Solve for the present value
[ . / ]

( )
[ . / ]

Cash Price Present Vlaue Down payment

Cash Price 100,000.00
Cash Price

Periodic Payment of an Simple Ordinary Annuity

Periodic Payment can be solve using the derived formula of Present Value and Future Value
( ) ( )

. / . /
Where
Periodic payment
is the present value
annual rate
number of conversions per year
number of years

Example 4. Hannah borrowed 150 000. He agrees to pay the principal plus interest by paying an equal
amount of money for every 6 months for 3 years. What should be her regular payment if interest is 8%
compounded semi-annually?
Solution:
Given:
( )

. /
( )
( )
. /

72
 Developing Mastery

Solve the following problems.

1. If you started to deposit quarterly in a fund that pays 6.5% compounded quarterly. How
much will be in the fund after 5 years?

2. The buyer of a car pays cash and every month for 10 years. If money is 10%
compounded monthly, how much is the cash value of the car?

3. Anthony would like to save for his retirement plan. How much should he deposit in a
savings account every month for 20 years if interest is at 5% compounded monthly?

4. Johnny borrowed payable in 3 years. To repay the loan, he must pay an amount every
month with an interest rate of 7% compounded monthly. How much should he pay every month?

5. Mike is paying every 3 months for the amount he borrowed at an interest rate of 9%
compounded quarterly. How much did he borrow if he agreed that the loan will be paid in 5 years ?

73
Module 19: General Annuity
Learning Competencies:
 Illustrate General annuity.
 Finds the future value and present value of general annuity.
1.
 Calculate the periodic payment of general annuity.
 Calculate the fair market value of a cash flow stream that includes annuity.

Practicing Skills
General Annuity - an annuity where the payment interval is not the same as the interest period.

Present Value of General Ordinary Annuity Future Value of General Ordinary Annuity

( ) ( )
[ ] [ ]
( ) ( )

Where regular payment

rate per conversion period(
number of conversion periods for the whole term ( , where is the term of
an annuity)
where is the number of months in a payment interval and is the number of
months in a compounding period.

Example 1: Find the future value of deposited monthly in a fund that pays 5% compounded
quarterly. How much will be in the fund after 10 years?
Solution:
Given
( )( )

( )
[ ]
( )
( )
[ ]
( )

74
Example 2. Ynna borrowed an amount of money. She agrees to pay the principal plus interest by paying
each year for 3 years. How much money did he borrow if interest is 8% compounded
quarterly?
Solution:
Given:
( )( )

( )
[ ]
( )
( )
[ ]
( )

Periodic Payment of General Annuity

For General Annuity,

( ) ( )
[ ] [ ]
( ) ( )

Where regular payment

rate per conversion period(
number of conversion periods for the whole term ( , where is the term of
an annuity)
where is the number of months in a payment interval and is the number of
months in a compounding period.

Example 3: Mary wants to start a business in 4 years with capital of . She deposits at the
end of each month in a bank that earn 7% per year compounded quarterly. How much she deposits
every month?
Solution:
Given
( )( )

( )
[ ]
( )

75
 ( )
[ ]
( )

Fair Market Value

A cash flow is a term that refers to payments received (cash inflows) or payments or deposits
made (cash outflows). Cash inflows can be represented by positive numbers and cash outflows can be
represented by negative numbers.

The fair market value or economic value of a cash flow (payment stream) on a particular date
refers to a single amount that is equivalent to the value of the payment stream at that date. This
particular date is called the focal date.

Example 4. There are two offers for Sonny. Company A offered 30,000 and a lump sum
payment 4 years from now. Company B offered 30,000 plus 20,000 every quarter for 4 years.
Compare the fair market values of the two offers if money can earn 5% compounded annually. Which
offer has a higher market value?
Solution:
Choose a focal date and determine the values of the two offers at that focal date. For example,
the focal date can be the date at the start of the term.
Since the focal date is at , compute for the present value of each offer.

Solve for Company A:

Down Payment
The Present Value of offered 4 years from now is:
( )
( )

Fair market value Downpayment Present Value

Fair market value
Fair market value
Fair market value

Solve for Company B:

Down Payment
We compute for the present value of 20 000.00 in a general annuity with quarterly payments
but with annual compounding at 5%.
( )
0( )
1 , ,
( )( ) ,

( )
[ ]
( )

76
Fair market value Downpayment Present Value
Fair market value
Fair market value

Therefore Company A has a higher Market Value than Company B.

The difference is

Developing Mastery
1. A Bank pays interest at the rate of 5% compounded annually. How much will Jenny have in the bank
at the end of 4 years if he deposits 5,000 every month?

2. To accumulate a fund of in 5 years, how much you should deposit on your account every
3 months if it pays an interest of 7% compounded semi-annually?

3. A bank charges 10% interest compounded quarterly for loans. Find the periodic payment if
is to be repaid every end of six months for 5 years.

4. A television set was purchased at down payment and at the end of each
month for 24 months. If money is worth 8% compounded quarterly, find the cash value of the set?

5. Andy received two offers for investment. The first one is 100,000 every year for 5 years at 9%
compounded annually. The other investment scheme is 10,000 per month for 5 years with the
same interest rate. Which fair market value between these offers is preferable?

77
Module 20: Deferred Annuity
Learning Competencies:
 Calculates the present value and period of deferral of a deferred annuity.

Definition:
Deferred annuity is an annuity that does not begin until a given time interval has passed. The
time between the purchase of an annuity and the start of the payments for the deferred annuity is
called period of deferral.

Practicing Skills

Present Value of a deferred annuity

( )
( ) ( )
[ ]
Where Present value
regular payment
rate per conversion period(
number of conversion periods for the whole term ( , where is the term of
an annuity)
number of deferred periods.

**The future value of a deferred annuity is the same as the future value of simple ordinary
annuity

Example 1: Find the present value of 16 quarterly payments of each that is deferred 2 years
and the money is 6% compounded quarterly.
Solution:
Given:
( )( )
1st Payment
Illustration: ( )

Deferral Period (2 years of quarterly payment)

( )

( )
( ) ( )
[ ]
( )
( ) ( )
[ ]

78
 Example 2. Manny received an offer from a credit company for a smart television set with monthly
payments of for years. The payments will start at the end of 4 months. How much is the
cash price of the TV set if the interest rate is 8% compounded monthly?
Solution:
Given:
( ). /
st
1 Payment
( )
Deferral Period (3 months)

Then annuity is deferred for 3 months and it will go on for years. The first payment is due at
the end of 4 months. Therefore

( )
( ) ( )
[ ]
( )
( ) ( )
[ ]

Developing Mastery
1. You availed of a loan from a bank that gave you an option to pay monthly for 3
years. The first payment is due after 5 months. How much is the present value of the loan if the
interest rate is 9% converted monthly?

2. A deferred annuity is purchased that will pay per quarter for 9 years after being
deferred for 4 years and with interest rate of compounded quarterly. What is the present
value of the annuity?

3. A loan is to be repaid quarterly for 6 years that will start at the end of 2 years. If interest rate is
10% converted quarterly, how much is the loan if the quarterly payment is 8,000.00?

4. A housing unit is available at 10,000.00 monthly payable in 30 years. The first payment is due
in 3 years exactly the time when the condominium will be turned in to the buyers. How much is
the cash value if the interest rate is 10% convertible monthly?

5. Joshua bought a laptop that is payable by monthly instalment of 2,200.00 for 12 months
starting at the end of 3 months. How much is the cash value of the laptop if interest is at 8%
convertible monthly?

79
Module 21: Stock and Bonds
6.
Learning Competencies:
7.  Illustrate stock and bonds.
 Distinguishes between stock and bonds.
 Describes the different markets for stocks and bonds.
 Analyses the different market indices for stocks and bonds.
 Interprets the theory of efficient markets.

Practicing Skills

Definition:
Stock – an official evidence of part-ownership of a stock company which may be used in claiming
company’s assets and earnings. A stock can be sold or bought at its market value. The stock
buyers are called stockholders/shareholder.
2 kinds of stocks:
1. Preferred stock – is a stock where the dividend set by the corporation is indicated at the
time the stock was issued. Preferred stockholders are given some extent of ownership of
the company but usually do not enjoy the same voting right as the common stockholders.
2. Common stock – does not have a set dividend. There is no guarantee that the dividends
will be paid to either class of stocks. However, dividends that are paid out go first to
shareholders of preferred stocks. Common stockholders control the operations of the
company for they represent ownership.

Other terms involving stocks:

Dividend – share in the company’s profit.
Dividend Per Share –ratio of the dividends to the number of shares
Market price/value –the current price of a stock at which it can be sold.
Market Place – a place where stocks can be bought or sold. The stock market in the Philippines is
governed by the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE)
Stock Yield Ratio – ratio of the annual dividend per share and the market value per share. Also
called current stock yield
Par Value – the face value of a bond and stock.

Total Cost of Stock = Market Price + Commission

Example 1: Maria bought 150 shares of stocks at per share. The broker charged her
commission. Find the total cost of stock.
Solution: Market Price: (no. of shares par value)
Broker’s commission: (market price + commission)
Total Cost:

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 % of total share . /( )

Example 2: A stock company has a total of 1 500 stocks. Of these shares 600 are owned by Mr
Rodriguez. What percent of the total shares of stocks is controlled by Mr Rodriguez?
Solution:
Mr Rodriguez shares . /( )

Dividends per share

Example 3. A certain financial institution declared a dividend for the common stocks. If
there are a total of 500,000 shares of common stock, how much is the dividend per share?
Solution:
Dividends per share per share

Stock yield ratio

Example 4. XYZ Corporation, with a current market value of , gave a dividend of per share for its
common stock. Use the stock yield ratio to measure how much dividends shareholders are getting in
relation to the amount invested.
Solution:
Stock yield ratio or
The stock yield ratio can be used to compare two or more investments.

Rate of Income

Example 5: If John owns a share of stock that cost and pays quarterly dividend of . what is
the rate of income?

Solution: Rate of Income

If the stockholder wants to sell his stock, he can make a profit, break-even, or loss. Selling stocks has
some expenses such as commission of broker, small fees and other tax. After deducting expenses
the stockholder will received money called Net proceeds.
Net Proceeds market price – Expenses
Where Market price No. of shares Selling Price

Example 6: find the net proceeds of the Food Corporation if their shares held are 100, selling price per
share and expenses of
Solution: Net Proceeds ( ) –

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Definition:
Bonds – a form of a long-term promissory note issued by a corporation or government in exchange for
a sum of money.
Bond holder – one who holds a corporation or government bond.
2 kinds of values:
1. Par Value – same as the face value. It is the amount printed on the face of the bond which
the borrower promises to pay the bond holder on the due date.
2. Market Value – the price at which the bond is being sold.
a. Premium – the bond is sold greater than the Par Value.
b. Discount – the bond is sold less than the par value.
Coupon –periodic interest payment that the bondholder receives during the time between purchase date
and maturity date; usually received semi-annually.
Coupon Rate –the rate per coupon payment period; denoted by r

Example 6: Find the market price of one bond at each quoted price.
a. 96 b. 102
Solution:
a. at 96: (Discounts)
b. at 102: (Premiums)

When bonds are bought and sold through a broker, the broker charges a broker’s commission
or brokerage fee. And the amount of investment becomes the market price of the bonds plus
the broker’s commission.

Example 7: Juan bought ten bonds at 95 plus commission per bond through a
broker. What is Juan’s amount of investment?
Solution:
Market price of 1 bond:
Market price of 10 bonds:
Commission on 10 bonds:
Total investment: ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

Example 8: Determine the amount of the semi-annual coupon for a bond with a par value of
that pays 8%, payable semi-annually for its coupons.
Solution:
Given: Par Value = 400,000
Coupon rate r = 9%
Annual coupon amount: ( )
Semi-annual coupon amount: . / .

Thus, the amount of the semi-annual coupon is ₱18,000.00

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Market Index
Stock market index - the measure of the value of a section of the stock market and is computed from the
price of selected stocks.
This value is used by investors as benchmark in comparing their own company’s performance. It also
provides them a ready-overview of market trends.
A stock index is used to reflect the hypothetical portfolio of stock market. A bond index, on the
other hand, is used to compare treasury bills or corporate bonds.

Theory of Efficient Market

Definition of Terms

Fundamental Analysis–analysis of various public information (e.g., sales, profits) about a stock.
Technical Analysis –analysis of patterns in historical prices of a stock.
Weak Form of Efficient Market Theory –asserts that stock prices already incorporate all past market
trading data and information (historical price information) only.
Semi-strong Form of Efficient Market Theory –asserts that stock prices already incorporate all publicly
available information only.
Strong Form of Efficient Market Theory –asserts that stock prices already incorporate all information
(public and private)

The Efficient Market Hypothesis

The theory of efficient markets was developed by Eugene Fama in the 1970’s. It says that stock
prices already reflect all the available information about the stock. This means that stock prices are
“accurate”—they already give a correct measure of the value of a stock precisely because the prices are
already based on all information and expectation about the stock.

There are different kinds of risks investors may encounter. The investor may possibly experience losses
due to:
 Price risk – caused by changes in market prices of equities or bonds.
 Credit risk – risk due to a borrower’s failure to pay the principal and/or interest on due date.
 Liquidity risk – risk due to inability to sell or convert assets into cash on time, or in event where
conversion to cash is possible to cash is possible but at a losing end.
 Country risk – risk due to political, economic, or social events, or structures in the country.

83
 Developing Mastery
I. Find the total cost of stock by completing the table.

No. of shares Stock Market Broker’s Total Cost

Price Commission
1 98 Beiter Corporation
2 450 Hoyt Industries Corp
3 2000 Stark Properties, Inc. 103.00
4 85 TMDC Corp.
5 5000 Cool, Inc.

II. Find the investment by completing the table. The brokerage fee is for each bond.
Number of Market Value Per Brokerage Fee Investment
Bonds Held Bond
6 17
7 9
8 85
9 67
10 43

Solve the following Problems.

1. A financial institution declared a dividend of ,000,000 for its common stock. Suppose there
are 700,000 shares of common stock, how much is the dividend per share?

2. A corporation gave out dividend per share for its common stock. The market value of the
stock is . Determine the stock yield ratio.

3. Find the amount of the semi-annual coupon for a bond which pays 7%
convertible semi-annually for its coupons .

84
Module 22: Loans
1.
Learning Competencies:
2.
 Illustrates business and consumer loans.
 Distinguishes between business and consumer loans.
 Solves problems involving business and consumer loans(amortization, mortgage).

Practicing Skills

Definition:
Business Loan – money lent to business companies to start a business or funs their operating cost.
Consumer Loan – for personal used or family purposes.
Collateral – an asset presented by a borrower to secure the loan in case the borrower failed to pay back
the loan.
Guarantor – an individual who agree to pay the loan if the borrower fails to pay the loan on time.
Mortgage – a loan, secured by a collateral, that the borrower is obliged to pay at specified terms.
Amortization – the process of paying a loan and its interest through series of regular equal payments.

Example 1: An amortized loan of for purchasing a brand new laptop is granted to Amy. If
the loan is to be paid in 1 year at an annual interest rate of 6%. Find :
a. the amount be paid in 1 year.
b. the monthly amortization.
C. construct an amortization schedule for this loan
Solution:
a. the amount be paid in 1 year.
( ) where is the principal amount, is the annual rate and is number of payment.

( )

b. the monthly amortization

( )
[ ]

( )
[ ]

The monthly amortization is

c. construct an amortization schedule for this loan

at the end of the first month, the balance of will be charged
The monthly amortization, as computed is

85
The amount of simple interest paid (which has been included in the monthly amortization) is
Amount of interest
Amount of interest ( )( )
Amount of interest

The amount applied to the principal is the monthly amortization less than the paid interest. Thus, the
amount applied to the principal is

The balance for the second month is technically the amount being loaned at monthly interest.
This simply the difference of the previous balance minus the amount applied to the principal. That is

Payment Applied to
Amount Payment Interest Payment Balance
Number Principal

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

The amount indicates overpayment. In actual financing situation, the discrepancy is adjusted to
have an exact payment, or zero.

Developing Mastery

1. An amortized loan of with an interest rate of 7% per annum will be paid quarterly
for 2 years. Determine the periodic payment. Then construct the amortization schedule.

86
2. A house and lot will be mortgaged. The monthly amortization is at 5% payable in 30
years. Determine the cash value of the real property.

3. Mr. Santiago bought a living room set amortized in 3 years at 7% compounded

monthly. Prepare the amortization schedule.

4. Construct an amortization schedule for an amortized loan of to be paid monthly

with an interest rate of 12.5% in 2 years.

87
Module 23: Propositions
1.
Learning Competencies:
2.
 Illustrate a proposition.
 Symbolizes propositions
 Distinguishes between simple and compound propositions.

Practicing Skills

Definition:
Proposition – a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false but not both.

Example 1: state whether each of the following is a proposition or not proposition.

a. The number 4 is even and less than 12.
b. Rhombuses are square.
c. All parallelograms are quadrilaterals.
d. Triangle ABC is a right triangle.
e. Open your eyes.
f. How old are you

Solution:
a. “The number 4 is even and less than 12.” Is a proposition. Its truth value is true.
b. “Rhombuses are square.” A proposition but false.
c. “All parallelograms are quadrilaterals.” A proposition and true.
d. “Triangle ABC is a right triangle.” Not a proposition because it cannot determine if it is
true or false.
g. “Open your eyes.” Not a proposition, a command.
h. “How old are you?” Not a proposition it is a question.

Simple Proposition – a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.
Compound Proposition – contains two or more simple propositions that are put together using
connecting words

The following symbols are used to form compound propositions.

Consider relating proposition to another proposition to form a new proposition.
Resulting proposition
Connective Symbol Read as In symbols
called
and conjunction
( and )

88
 or disjunction
( or )
Implies
implication
If…then ( implies )
Is equivalent to…
equivalence
If and only if ( is equivalent to )
not negation
(not )

Example 2: Given : He has green thumb

he is a senior citizen
Write each symbolism in ordinary English sentence.
a. b.
c. d.
e. f. ( )
Solution:
a. : He has green thumb and he is a senior citizen.
b. : He has green thumb or he is a senior citizen.
c. : He is a senior citizen implies that he has green thumb.
d. : If he is a senior citizen, then he has green thumb.
e. : He does not have a green thumb or he is not a senior citizen.
f. ( ): It is not the case that he has a green thumb and he is a senior citizen.

Example 3: Let Mr. De Chaves is a Math teacher

Mr. De Chaves is a Let Passer
Write each compound sentence in symbolic form.
a. Mr. De Chaves is a Math teacher and he is a LET passer.
b. Mr. De Chaves is a LET Passer or he is a Math teacher.
c. If Mr. De Chaves is a Math teacher, then he is a LET passer.
d. It is not the case that Mr. De Chaves is a Math teacher or he is a LET passer.
e. Mr. De Chaves is a not aMath teacher and he is not a LET passer.
f. Mr. De Chaves is a Let Passer if and only if he is a Math teacher.
Solution:
a.
b.
c.
d. ( )
e.
f.

89
 Developing Mastery

I. Determine if each statement is a proposition.

1. Every triangle is a polygon.
2. X is greater than or equal to -2.
3. If , is
4. Today is Monday.
5. Do you love mathematics?
6. Corazon Aquino was president of the Philippines in 1985.
7. Please close the door.
8. 144 is a perfect square.
9. If a triangle has a right angle, then it is called right angle.
10. Some rectangles are not parallelograms.

II. Classify each proposition as simple, compound, or neither.

1. Robert went hunting or mountain climbing.
2. Today is Friday.
3. You may avail of the 30% discount if you have a membership card.
4. All heroes are not immortals.
5. A clear sky implies that it will not rain.

III. Let be “She is beautiful.” and let be “She is intelligent”. Write each symbolism in ordinary English
sentence.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5. ( )

6. ( )

IV. Let be Mathematics is difficult and be PE is easy. Write each of the following statementys in
symbolic form.
1. If mathematics is difficult, then PE is easy
2. It is false that PE is not easy.
3. PE is not easy, and mathematics is difficult.
4. Mathematics is difficult or PE is easy.
5. PE is easy if and only if Mathematics is difficult.

90
Module 24: Operations on Propositions
1. Competencies:
Learning
2.
 Perform different types of operations on propositions.
 Determine the truth values of propositions.

Practicing Skills

Truth Table and Operations on Propositions

Operations involving two or more propositions make use of connectives. Combining

propositions using a connective will result in the formation of a new proposition. To determine
whether this resulting proposition is true or false, a scheme for listing all possible truth values will
be used. This scheme can be done with the help of the so-called truth table.

a. Conjunction – a proposition that use a connective word and. The conjunction of two statements is
true only if both conjuncts are true.

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Example 1: 5 is a factor and a multiple of 25.
Solution:
“5 is a factor of 25” is true.
“5 is a multiple of 25” is false.
“5 is a factor and a multiple of 25” is a false statement since one of the conjuncts is a false
statements.

b. Disjunction – a proposition that use a connective word or. The disjunction of two statements is false
only if both disjuncts are false.

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Example 2: “A group of dogs is a herd or a group of horses is a flock”
Solution:
“A group of dogs is a herd” is false.
“A group of horses is a flock” is false.
“A group of dogs is a herd or a group of horses is a flock” is false since both statements are false.

91
c. Implication – a proposition also called conditional proposition using if and then statement. The
implication is true in all cases, except when the antecedent (hypothesis) is true and the
consequent (conclusion) is false.

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Example 3: “If then
Solution:
:“ . ” TRUE
q: “ ” FALSE
it is a false statement.

c. Equivalence – a proposition also called biconditional proposition, a result of combining propositions in

the form… if and only if... The equivalence is true if both propositions are true or both
are false.

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Example 4: “A square is a polygon if and only if the square is a rectangle
Solution:
: “A square is a polygon. ” TRUE
q: “square is a rectangle” TRUE
the statement is TRUE.

e. Negation – a proposition which is the result of reversing the truth value of a given proposition. If a
proposition is true, its negation is false, and if a proposition is false, its negation is true.

T F
F T

Example 5: “Manila is the capital of the Philippines. ”

Solution:
Proposition: “Manila is the capital of the Philippines. ” TRUE
Negation: “Manila is not a capital of the Philippines” FALSE

Example 6: Determine the truth table of each proposition.

a. ( ) b. ( )
Solution:

92
a. ( ) b. ( )
( )
T T T F
T F F T ( )
F T F T T T F F T
F F F T T F T T F
F T F F T
F F T F T

Example 6: Determine the truth table of each proposition.

a. b. ( ) ( )
Solution:
a.

T T F F
T F T T
F T F T
F F T T

b. ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
T T F T T T
T F F F T F
F T T T T T
F F T T F F

Example 7: Express each proposition in symbolic form and find the truth value of each statement.
a. if , then
b. it is not the case that if it is not sunny, it will rain.
Solution:
a. FALSE
FALSE
is TRUE

b. it is sunny
it will rain
( )
( )
T T F T F
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T F T

93
 Developing Mastery

I. Determine the truth value of each proposition.

1. ( ) 4. ( )

2. ( ) 5. ( ) ( )

3. ( ) 6. ( ) ( )

II. Express each proposition in symbolic form, and find its truth value.
1. If then
2. It is not true that September 2 is a Monday if and only if December 25 is a Friday.
3. Jolo is in Batanes or Bosco is in Sulu.
4. It is not true that a ray has a fixed length or segment has endpoints.

94
Module 25: Forms of Conditional
Propositions
1. Competencies:
Learning
2.
 Illustrate the different forms of conditional propositions
 Identify logically equivalent propositions.

Definition.
Suppose and are propositions. From the conditional proposition , we derive three
other conditional statements, namely its
a. Converse: If ,then
b. Contrapositive: If not then not
c. Inverse: If not then not

Practicing Skills

Example 1: Write the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of the statement. And determine whether
the statement is True or False.
“If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.”
Solution:
Let Two angles form a linear pair.
Let They are supplementary.
Inverse: If two angles do not form a linear pair, then they are not supplementary. (False)
Converse: If two angles are supplementary, then they form a linear pair.(False)
Contrapositive: If two angles are not supplementary, then they do not form a linear pair.(True)

Example 2: Write the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of the statement. And determine whether
the statement is True or False.
“If Anna is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.”
Solution:
Let Anna is in Grade 11.
Let she is a senior high school student.
Inverse: If Anna is not in Grade 11, then is not a senior high school student. (Not necessarily True)
Converse: “If Anna is a senior high school student, then she is in Grade 11.” (Not necessarily true)
Contrapositive: “If Anna is not a senior high school student, then she is not in Grade 11.” (True)

Rule of Contraposition
If and are propositions, then, its implication and its contrapositive are
logically equivalent. The following are its consequences:
 An implication and its contrapositive
( ) are either both true, or both false
 The converse and the inverse of an implication
( ) are either both true, or both false

95
Negating Conjunction/Disjunction

De Morgan’s Law
 ( )
 ( )

Example 3: Write the negation of each statement.
a.
b. I’m going to Baguio and Bohol.
Solution:
a. Using De Morgan’s Law
Conjunction:
Negation: ( )
( )

b. negate the conjunction and change and to or

I’m not going to Baguio or I’m not going to Bohol

The Negation of a Conditional Statement

The negation of is This can be expressed as
( )
Solution:

T T T F F
T F F T T
F T T F F
F F T T F

To form the negation of a conditional statement,

1. Leave the antecedent unchanged
2. Change the if-then connective to and
3. Negate the consequent.

Example 3: Write the negation of the following:

a. If the music is playing, then I cannot concentrate.
b.
Solution:
a. The music is playing and I cannot concentrate.
b.

Definition.
Two propositions and are logically equivalent, denoted by , if they have the same
truth values for all possible truth values of their simple components.
Logical equivalence can also be expressed in terms of a biconditional statement. Two
propositions and are logically equivalent if the proposition is always true (or is a
tautology).

96
Example 3. Show that ( ) ( ) .
Solution: We need to show that ( ) and ( ) have the same truth values using a truth
table.

T T T F T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T
The third and fifth column contains the same truth values in the same sequence.
Thus ( ) ( )

Developing Mastery
I. Write the converse, inverse, contrapositive, and negation for each statement.
1. If I cut classes, then I miss the quiz.
Inverse:
Converse:
Contrapositive:
Negation:

2. If I am in Malolos, then I am in Bulacan.

Inverse:
Converse:
Contrapositive:
Negation:

3. If you are reading books, then you are not sleeping.

Inverse:
Converse:
Contrapositive:
Negation:

4. If it is red, then it is not a cabbage.

Inverse:
Converse:
Contrapositive:
Negation:

5. If the teacher teaches well, then no students will fail the test.
Inverse:
Converse:
Contrapositive:
Negation:

97
II. Determine whether the two given statements are equivalent.
1. and ( )

2. and

3. ( ) ( ) and

4. ( ) and ( ) ( )

5. and ( )

III. Write each statement in symbols. Then, determine whether the first statement is logically equivalent
to the second statement.
1. Arnold is honest and Arnold is kind; Arnold is kind and Arnold is honest.

2. It is not true that Betty is beautiful and hardworking; Betty is not beautiful or Betty is not
hardworking.

3. Cesar is happy, or Cesar is tired and restless ; Cesar is happy or tired, and Cesar is happy or
restless.

98
Module 26: Tautologies and Fallacies
1. ) Competencies:
Learning
 Illustrate tautologies and fallacies
2.

Definition.
Tautology – a statement that is always true.
Contradiction – a statement that is always false.

Practicing Skills

Example 1: Determine whether the statement is a tautology.

a. b. ( )
Solution:
a.

T F T The proposition is a tautology because the 3rd column

F T T are all true.

b. ( )
( )
T T T T T
T T F T F
T F T F T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F T F F T The truth values in the final column are not all T’s. Thus
F F T F T ( ) is not true in all cases, hence the statement is
F F F F T not a tautology.

List of Tautology
Name Tautology
1. Associative: for ( ) ,( ) - ( )-
For ( ) ,( ) - ( )-
2. Commutative: for ( ) ( ) ( )
for ( ) ( ) ( )
3. Distributive: for ( ) ,( ) - ( ) ( )
for ( ) ,( ) - ( ) ( )
4. Law of biconditional propositions ,( ) ( )- ( )
5. Modus Ponens , ( )-
6. Modus Tollens ,( ( )-

99
7. Exportation ,( ) - , ( )-
8. Transposition or Contraposition ( ) ( )
9. Addition ( )
10. Simplification ( )
11. Conjunction ,( ) ( )- ( )-
12. Double Negation ( )
13. Absorption ( ) , ( )-
14. Disjunctive Syllogism ,( ) -
,( ) -
15. Material Implication ( ) ( )
16. Disjunctive Simplification ( )
17. Resolution ( ) ( ) ( )
18. Hypothetical Syllogism ,( ) ( )- ( )
19. Constructive Dilemma ,( ) ( )- ( ) ( )
20. Destructive Dilemma ,( ) ( )- ( ) ( )

Valid Argument and Fallacy

Definition.
Argument – made up of two parts; the given statements called the premises and conclusion.
Valid Argument – the conclusion is true whenever the premises are assumed to be true.
Fallacy (Invalid Argument) – an argument that is not valid.

Example 2:
Premise 1: If there is a limited freshwater supply, then we should conserve water.
Premise 2: There is a limited freshwater supply.
Conclusion: Therefore, we should conserve water.

In symbolic form;
: There is a limited freshwater supply
: We should conserve water
Premise 1: If there is a limited freshwater supply, then we should conserve water.
Premise 2: There is a limited freshwater supply.
Conclusion: ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ Therefore, we should conserve water.

To check if the argument is valid or a fallacy, rewrite it as a conditional statement form.

,( ) -
The argument is true by Modus Ponens
Or we can check by constructing truth table.

100
 Standard Forms of Arguments
Valid Arguments Invalid Argument/Fallacy
1. Direct Reasoning or Modus Ponens 1. Fallacy of the Converse

2. Contrapositive Reasoning or Modus Tolens 2. Fallacy of the Inverse

3. Disjunctive Reasoning or Disjunctive Syllogism 3. Misuse of Disjunctive Reasoning

4. Transitive Reasoning or Hypothetical Syllogism 4. Misuse of Transitive Reasoning

Example 3: Translate the argument into symbolic form. Use table of standard forms of arguments to
determine if the argument is valid or fallacy.
a. If I’m relaxed, I’m productive. b. Either Alvin sings or dances with Nina.
If I’m productive, I’m happy Alvin sang with Nina.
I’m not happy, I’m not relaxed Therefore, Alvin did not dance with Nina.
Solution:
a. Let be I’m relaxed, be I’m productive and be happy.
The argument in symbol

The argument is valid because of transitive reasoning.

b. Let : “Alvin sings with Nina.” and : “Alvin dances with Nina.”
The given argument is of the form

This is the fallacy of Misuse of Disjunctive Reasoning

Note: If the argument in symbol does not translated in any of the standard forms given, then prepare a
truth table for symbolic statement.

101
 Developing Mastery
Translate each argument into symbolic form (using the suggested notations) and determine whether the
argument is valid or invalid.
1. If Tomas was absent, then he missed the review.
Tomas was absent.
Therefore, Tomas missed the review.

2. If I pass the final exam, I will graduate.

I graduated
Therefore, I passed the final exam.

3. If two divides ten, then four divides nine.

Four does not divide nine.
Therefore, two does not divide ten.

4. Agnes and Bernard will bring pizza.

Agnes did not bring pizza.
Therefore, Bernard did not bring the pizza.

5. You can work out here if you are a member.

You work out here.
Therefore you are a member.

6. If I pass the interview, then I will not be able to go on vacation.

It is false that I will take a leave and will not pass the interview.
Therefore, if I go on vacation, then I will not pass the interview.

7. If we close the window, then there is less light.

There is less light.
Therefore, we closed the window.

8. He is dumb or lazy.
He is dumb
Therefore, he is not lazy.

9. Carmen and Yolly will be at the concert.

Carmen was at the concert.
Therefore, Yolly was at the concert.

10. If is an odd integer, then is also an odd integer.

If is an odd integer, then ( ) is an odd integer.
Therefore if is an odd integer, then ( ) is an odd integer.

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