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Hyperbola Lecture

The document defines a hyperbola as the set of all points where the difference between the distances from two fixed points (foci) is a constant. It provides the key properties of a hyperbola including its vertices, transverse and conjugate axes, center, asymptotes, and standard equation. Several examples are worked through of sketching hyperbolas from their equations in standard form and writing equations in standard form given properties of the hyperbola.

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84 views3 pages

Hyperbola Lecture

The document defines a hyperbola as the set of all points where the difference between the distances from two fixed points (foci) is a constant. It provides the key properties of a hyperbola including its vertices, transverse and conjugate axes, center, asymptotes, and standard equation. Several examples are worked through of sketching hyperbolas from their equations in standard form and writing equations in standard form given properties of the hyperbola.

Uploaded by

Adrian Antonio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE: CONIC SECTION: HYPERBOLA

Definition.

A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane such that the
difference of the distances from two fixed points 𝑭𝟏 and 𝑭𝟐 is
constant.
These two fixed points are the foci (plural of focus) of the
hyperbola.

• (−𝑎, 0) and (𝑎, 0) are the vertices.


• The segment joining the vertices is called the
transverse axis whose length is 2a.
• The segment joining (0, 𝑏) and (0, −𝑏) is called the
conjugate axis whose length is 2b.
• (−𝑐, 0) and (𝑐, 0) are the foci.
• The intersection of the transverse axis and conjugate
axis is the center of the hyperbola.
• As x and y get larger, the branches of the hyperbola
approach a pair of intersecting lines called the
asymptotes of the hyperbola. These asymptotes pass
through the center of the hyperbola.
• The equation of the asymptotes are
𝒃 𝒃
𝒚 = − 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒙
𝒂 𝒂

Standard equation of a Hyperbola centered at (0,0):


transverse axis (horizontal) transverse axis (vertical)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
− =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃 𝟐
• Equations of the asymptotes • Equations of the asymptotes
𝒃 𝒃 𝒂 𝒂
are 𝒚 = − 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒙 are 𝒚 = − 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒙
𝒂 𝒂 𝒃 𝒃

𝑼𝒔𝒆: 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝑼𝒔𝒆: 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Example 1. Sketch the graph of the given hyperbola equation: − =𝟏
𝟒 𝟗

• Center:
• Transverse axis:
𝑎2 = ; 𝑎=
2
𝑏 = ; 𝑏=
Using 𝒄 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝟐

• Vertices:
• Endpoints of conjugate axis:
• Foci:
• Asymptotes:
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Example 2. Sketch the graph of the given hyperbola equation: 𝟏𝟔
− 𝟒
=𝟏

• Center:
• Transverse axis:
𝑎2 = ; 𝑎=
2
𝑏 = ; 𝑏=
Using 𝒄 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝟐

• Vertices:
• Endpoints of conjugate axis:
• Foci:
• Asymptotes:

Example 3. Write the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola with center at the origin and satisfying the given conditions.

(a.) Vertex at (0, -6), end of conjugate axis at (8, 0) (b.) Focus at (10, 0), length of transverse axis 14

Try This!
1. Graph the hyperbola given by 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓.
• Standard equation:

• Center:
• Transverse axis:
𝑎2 = ; 𝑎=
2
𝑏 = ; 𝑏=
Using 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐

• Vertices:
• Endpoints of conjugate axis:
• Foci:
• Asymptotes:

2. Write the standard form of an equation of the hyperbola with the given characteristics.
a. Vertices: (-4, 0) and (4, 0); Foci: (-6, 0) and (6, 0)
3
b. Center: (0, 0); Asymptotes 𝑦 = ± 4 𝑥, length of conjugate axis is 15; transverse axis: x-axis.
Standard equation of a Hyperbola centered at (𝒉, 𝒌)
If the axes of a hyperbola are parallel to the coordinate axes and the center is at (h, k), we can obtain its equation by
simply subtracting h from x and k from y in the standard equation of a hyperbola.
If transverse axis is horizontal then If transverse axis is vertical then
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐
− =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

Example 1. Give the standard form of the given hyperbola equation: 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙 + 𝟑𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎

Example 2. Give the standard form of the given hyperbola equation: 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒚 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎

Example 3. Identify the orientation of the transverse axis, center and asymptotes.
(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐
− =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝟒 𝟗 𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟓
transverse axis: transverse axis:
center: center:
𝑎2 = ;𝑎 = 𝑎2 = ;𝑎 =
2 2
𝑏 = ;𝑏 = 𝑏 = ;𝑏 =
Asymptotes: Asymptotes:

(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟏)𝟐
Additional example: Sketch the graph 𝟏𝟔
− 𝟗
=𝟏
transverse axis: horizontal
• center: (1, 1)
𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔; 𝒂 = 𝟒
𝒃𝟐 = 𝟗; 𝒃 = 𝟑
𝒄𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓; 𝒄 = 𝟓
• vertices: (−3, 1) & (5, 1)
• foci: (−4, 1) & (6, 1)
• end of conjugate axis: (1, 4) & (1, −2)
3
• Asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± 𝑥 4
Practice: 1. Sketch the hyperbola given by:
(𝑦+1)2 (𝑥+2)2
a. 36 − 9 = 1
b. 25𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 − 50𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 79 = 0

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