IES problems

IES-98-12M
37. Deduce Poynting theorem in complex form and discuss its significance.
Sol: - From Poynting theorem, Poynting vector is
  
P  E  H Wa t t / m 2 .
But, the energy carried is always real.

E e jt  E * e  jt 
H e j  t  H * e  j t

E  Re E e jt   2

H  Re H e jt   2
  
E e jt  E * e  jt H e jt  H * e  j t
 
P  E  H  Re E e jt  Re H e jt    2

2

1
4  2
   
E e jt  H e jt  E *  H  E * e  jt  H * e  jt 

1
4
   
E *  H  H *  E   E  H  e 2 jt  E *  H y e 2 jt   
E  H*  M E *  H  M*

 

1  M  M
*


 
N  N*   1   *  1  
 1 E  H   Re  E  H  e jt
 2   2 
2 2 2  Re  M   Re  N   Re 

  2   .

1    *
P  Re  E  H  W / m 2
2  
Over one period the complex power is, .
IES-98-8M
38. What do you understand by irrotational fields? State the properties of a static electric field. Find
whether the folwloing fields are realizable as static fields.

1   

F1  y ax  x ay 
(i) y z  

  

F2  k  c o s  a   s in  a  
(ii)   -in cylindrical co-ordinates.
Sol: - A field is said to be irrotational only when its curl is equal to zero.


i.e.,   A  0
But from vector calculus,   V  0


i.e., A  V


In static fields, E  0

   V   0

E  V
 
   

   E  .ds 
 
 E . dl
By stokes theorem,
 

 E . dl  0
i.e., the amount of workdone to move a charge over a closed path is equal to zero.

1   

F  y. a x  x. a y 
(1) yz  
  

To check whether it is a static field are not the conditions are .F  0 or . F  0 and   F  0 .

x
. F   2  0  0
zy

-1-
   
ax ay az

  
  F1  0
x y z
1 x
0
z yz

F1 is not a static field.

  

F2  k  cos  a   sin  a  
(ii)  

k
. F 2  0  cos   0  0

  
a . a  az

1   
  F2 
   
k cos  k sin  0

1   

 a   k cos     a   k sin    a z  k sin   k sin    0
 
 .

F 2 is not a static field.
IES-99-12M
39. Derive Laplace’s equation pertaining to electrostatic potential distribution in a charge free space. Show
how this is useful in computing the potential distribution in a two dimensional electrostatic problem
using a digital computer.
Sol: - Gauss law for electric fields is,
 
     . E   v
. D   V  . E   V   , medium is homogeneous.
 V    
. E   .  V   V E  V 
   .
v
2 V  

  0
In charge free region, v .
2 V  0 .
This is called Laplace equation in charge free region.
Solution to Laplace’s equation for a parallel plate conductor: -

Boundary condition are, x = 0, v = 0, x = d, V=Vo. Apply Laplace equation in one dimension.

d2V dv
 0   C1
 V 0
2
dx 2 dx  V  C1 x  C 2 .
at x = 0, V = 0, 0 = C2.
Vo
 C1 
at x = d, V = Vo, Vo = C1d d .

-2-
 Vo
V  x
d
Q
C
Capacitance, V
 
Q   s .ds    o E . a .ds   o E A
z .
o E A
C  
  E . dl
.
IES-99-12M
40. The electron gun of a TV display tube emits electrons almost at zero velocity. These are accelerated
through an electric field of 1000 V/cm over a distance of 5 cm. They then pass through a vertical
deflection coil producing a flux density of 0.01 Wb/m2 over a distance of 1 cm. If the screen is at a
distance of 10 cm from the center of the deflecting system. Calculate the deflection produced (charge
per unit mass of electron is 1.759 10 C/kg).
11

Sol: -

E = 1000 V/cm, d = 5 cm.

V = Ed =
 
1000  5  5000V
.
B = 0.01 Wb/m2.
2
l = 1 cm = 10 m.
1
Distance from center of systm to screen t = 10 cm  10 m .
e
 1.759 c / kg
Charge per unit mass = m .
Q
QE  BLI.sin   B l. .sin 
l
E E
sin   t 
Bl B
1
ev  m 2
2
2qv o

m
2qVo
F  B.q. .sin 
m
BQ l
E  B.I.l.sin   sin 
t
2qVo
qE  Bq .sin   E  B .sin 
m .
l.L.B q 10 2  10  10 2  10 2
D   17.59  1010  4.19  10 2 m (or )4.19cm.
2Va m 2  5000
IES-2000-10M
 
   

For F  xy a x  y z a y  2 xz a z , calculate the line integral 

2 2 F . dl
41. , where C is a straight line between
points (0,0,0) to (1,2,3).
       

 F.dl   F.dl   F.dl   F.dl

Sol: - 1 2 3

-3-
 1 2 3
  xy 2   yz 2   yz 2
0 y ,z  0 0 x 1,z  0 0 x 1,y  2

3
z2
 0  0  2(1). 9
2 0 .
IES-2000-10M
42. Define in relation to travelling waves, the following:
(1) Reflection coefficient (ii) Transmision coefficient (iii) Standing wave ratio.
Sol: - (1) Reflection coefficient: -
It is defined as the rtio of reflected voltage to incident voltage.
V E
   r
V Ei .
(2) Transmission co-efficient: - It is defined as the ratio of transmitted electric field component to the
incident electric field component.
E E  Er E
 t  i 1  r
Ei Ei E i  E i  E r  E t 
. .
 1   .
(3) Standing wave ratio (VSWR) : - It is defined as the ratio of maximum electric field component to
minimum electric field component.
E
1 r
Ei

E E  Er E 1 
VSWR m a x  i 1 r 
E m in Ei  Er Ei 1 
.
IES-01-12M
 r 
  v        
 a 

43. A spherical volume charge density distriubution give     ; where, a is the radius of
spherical charge distribution. Find the distance from the center where the electric field intensity due to
this charge distribution is maximum. What is the maximum value of electric field intensity?
Sol: -
 r2 
   V 1  2  r  a
 a 
0 r a
 

 D.ds  Q en c .
 

  Eo r a r .r 2 .sin .d .d  a r  Q enc

.

-4-
 Q en c
 Er 
 o E r .r 2 .  4    Q en c  4   o r 2 .
2  r
 r 2
 2
Q en c    V dV     V 1  2
 a
.r .sin .dv.d 

0 0 0
.
r
 r 
4
r3 r5 
  4   .V .   r 2  2 .dr   4   . V .   2 
0 a   3 5a  .
1  r3 r5 
Er   4   . V   2 
4  o r 2  3 5a  .
  r r5  
E  V   2  ar
 o  3 5a 
.
dE r  V  1 3r  2
1 3 5 5
     0   2  r2  a2 r  .a  r  0.745a
dr  o  3 5a 2  3 5a 9 9 .
V  0.745a  0.745  a 
3 3

E     0.08209
o  3 5a 2 
  .
V
E max  0.609a V / m
o
.
IES-01-10M
 
44. Two infinite nd conducting cones both on z-axis at 1  45 cone (constant) and the other at 2  50
(constant) cone. The region between them is characterized by  , V = 0 , V = 0 at 1 and V = 10 V at 2
 
. Find the expression for V between 45    50 .
Sol: -

Apply Laplace equation, i.e.,  V  0 .

2

Boundary condition,
at   1 , V = 0 V; at   2 , V =10 V.
1   2 V  1   V  1   V    V 
r  sin  0  2 sin  0  sin  0
r 2 r  r  r 2 sin      r sin         
V V C 
 sin   C1   1  V  C1 ln t a n  C 2
  sin  2 .

C 2  C1 ln t a n 1
   2 .
V = 0 at 1 ,
2
tan
 10  C1 ln 2
2 1 1
10  C1 ln t a n  C1 ln t a n tan
V = 10, at   2 , 2 2 2 .

-5-
 
1 tan
10  10 10 2
V ln t a n  ln t a n V ln
2 2 2 2 2 
tan tan tan tan 1
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 2
1 1 1
tan tan tan
2 2 2 .
 

In a region where  r  μ r  1 and    ,   10 y c o s 3  10 tc o s z a z Wb/m,

3 8
45.
 
V  3  10 5 y s i n 3  10 8 ts in zV . Find E and H .
 

Sol: - B    A

1 

H    A 
 
 

     A  

H   
A
  E       E
t t t
 

 A 0  
 E  
A 
A
 t  E   V  E  V 
  t t .
V 
V 
V 
V  ax ay az  
x y z  3  10 5 sin 3  10 8 t.sin z. a y  3  10 5 sin 3  10 8 t. cos z. a z .

A  

t
 
 10 3 y sin 3  10 8 t 3  10 8 t cos z. a z  3  10 5 y sin 3  10 8 t. cos z. a z
.


A 
E  V   3  10 5 sin 3  10 8 t.sin z. a y V / m
t .
  
ax ay az
 A  A

1 
 1   
H    A    ax z
ay z

   x y z y x
0 0 Az  
 a x 10 3 cos 3  10 8 t cos z. a x .

47. A sheet of charge s = 2 nc/m2 is present at the plane x = 3 in free space and a line charge, L = 20 nc/m
is located at x = 1, z = 4, Find.

(i) The magnitude of E at the origin.

(ii) The direction of E at (4, 5, 2).
(iii) The force per metre length on the line charge.
     2  10 9   
E1  s . a x   s . a x   . a x  36  a x  113.04 a x
2 o 2 o 1
2  10 9
Sol: - 36  .

-6-
    

 
a    a x  4 a z 
 L 20  10  a x  4 a z
 9  
E2  .a   .  36  a x  113.04 a x  17 
2  o 2   17 17  .
 
 21.17 a x  84.7 a z .

  
E  134.21 a x  84.7 a z .
  

(ii) E 1  36  a x  113.64 a x .
 L   
E2  . a   83.07 a x  55.3 a y
2 o
.


E  
aE  
 0.926 a x  0.2717 a z
E
.

  1  16  17 .
 

ax  4 az
a 
. 17
(1,5,4)  (4,5,6) .
   
 3 a x  2 a x  3 a x  2 a x  9  4  13 .

(iii) A vector force on the line charge due to sheet charge,


   
F
E   F  E sheet Q  E sh eet L  len gt h
Q

F   

len gt h
 
 E sh eet L  113 a x  20  10 9  2.26  10 6 a x N / m
.
 N / m
Force per unit length = 2.26 .
IES-02-12M
1 2 
48. Conducting cylinders at =1.6 cm and 5 cm in free space are held at potentials of 80 V and -40 V
respectively. Find

(i) V and E at  = 2 cm.
(ii) The surface at which V = 0.
(iii) Capacitance per meter length between the conducting cylinders.
Sol: - at 1  1.6 cm , V1 = 80V.
at 2  5 cm , V = -40V. 2

Apply Laplace’s equation,

-7-
 1   V  V V C1
  0   C1  
 V 0
2        
 V  C1 ln   C 2  80  C1 ln 1.6  10 2 C 2  80  C1 4.135  C 2  40  C1 2.99  C 2 .

 80  4.135C C
1 2

 40  3C1  C 2    120  1.135C 1  0  C1  
120
1.135
 105.72
.
80  4.135  105.72   C 2  C 2  357.18
.

V  105.72  
E  V   a   a   5.28 a  KV / m
  .
V     105.72 ln   357.18  V  2   105.72 ln 2  10 2  357.18  56.39 V
.
V     105.72 ln   357.18
(2) .
at V =0 ,   ?
357.18
 ln   
 0  105.72 ln   357.18  357.18  105.72 ln  105.72 =-3.378
   e 3.378  3.4 cm .
Q
C
(3) V
2 l
 
ln  2 
Capacitance of cylindrical capacitor =  1  .
1
2   10 9
2 l 36  10 9
   48.75 P F / m
 2   5  1.8  1.139
ln   ln  
 1   1.6 
Capacitance per unit length = .
IES-02-12M
49. A co-axial cable carries uniformly distributed current I in the inner
conductor and –I in the outer conductor. Determine magnetic field intensity
distribution within and outside co-axial cable by using Ampere’s circuit laws.
Sol: - Ampere path (1),

  I I 
 H  H  .a 
 H.dl  I  H  .2   I 2  2  .

Ampere’s path (3),

 

 H.dl  I en c  I I  0
.

H  .2   0  H   0  H  0
.
Ampere’s law (2),
   2  b 2   c 2  2  I  c 2  2 
 H.dl  I  H  2    I  I  I  2 2 
 I  2 2 
 H   2 2 
en c  enc
 c  b   c  b   2   c b .
Ampere’s path (4),

-8-
 
2 2 I 
 I 
 H.d   I en c  H   2    a2
I  H  
a 2  2  
 H 
a 2  2
a
.
IES-02-12M
60s i n 
V 
and a point P located at r= 3m,   60 ,   25 .

50. If V is in free space given as, r2
V
 

Find at P (i) VP (ii) E P (iii) N (iv) a N (v) v .


60 sin 
V
, r = 3m,   60 ,   25 .
o o
Sol: - r2
60 sin 60 o 60 3
VP    5.77
 3 29
2

(i) .

V 
1 V   2   1 60 
E p  Vp   ar  a   60 sin  3 . a r  cos  a 
(ii) r r  r r r 2

120 3  60 1   
120 sin   60 
 .ar  . . a   3.84 a r  1.11 a 
 . a r  3 cos . a 
 3 2  3 2
3 2
r3 r .
V  V
 E  V  
(iii) W W .

E  3.84 2  1.11 2  4
.
 

V 3.84 a r  1.11 a   
a    0.96 a r  0.275 a 
V 4
(iv) .
 
V  . D   o . E .
(v)

1  2 1 
 . E  2
r r

r Er  
r sin  u
 sin .E  
1   2 120 sin   1    60  
 2  r .   .  sin .  3  cos  
r r  r 3
 r sin     r  
120 sin  1  60  cos 2  120 sin  60 cos 2 
    4
r 4
r sin  r3 r4 r sin  .
 120 sin  60 cos 2    120 3 60  1  1 
V  o   4   o  4  4  . .2 
 r 4
r sin    3 2 3  2  3 
.
3
V  7.54  10 c/m . 3

IES-03-12M
51. Calculate the value of capacitance of spherical capacitor consisting of two concentric sphere of radii 60
mm and 80 mm with air as dielectric medium between two. Derive the formula used.
Q
C
Sol: - V
a  a a

Q Q 1  Q 1 1 
V    E . dl    dr   
b 4  o r
2
4  o  r  b 4  o  a b 
 
b .
1 9 1
4   10
4  36  24
C   10 2  9  10 11   10 11  2.71  10 11  27  10 12 F
1 1  1 1 2 9
 6  8
a b   48
.

-9-
 IES-03-12M
52. Three parallel transmission wires are charge with linear densities +2D, -D and –D in coulomb per metre
length respectively. Obtain the condition for points on equipote- ntial surfaces inside the parallel wires.
Hence (or) otherwise show that, if three wire sections occupy the corners of an equilateral triangle then
along the centroid axis over the whole length potential V = 0.Explain briefly the formula used.
Sol: -

Total potential at centrois is, V = V1 + V2 + V3 .

L
V ln 
2 o
Potential due to an infinite line is, .
2D D D
V1  ln 1 V2  ln 2 V3  ln 3
2  o 2  o 2  o
, , .
D D  2
D 
V1  V2  VB 
2  o
 
ln 12  2  3  ln 1 
2  o 2 3 2  o
ln 2 2 3
1 .
For equipotential surface the condition V = constant.
D  
 ln 2 2 3  ln 2 2 3  cons t a n t
2 o  1
Constant, K 1 .
For equilateral triangular, 1  2  3 .

ln 2 2 3  ln  1   0
1 .
IES-03-12M
53. A long fluid conductor of circular cross section of radius 50 mm and relative permittivity 1.005 carries
an electric current of 100 A. Calculate the pressure at the centre of the conductor. Derive the formula
used.
Sol: -   50 m m ,   1.005 , I = 100 A.
F or ce

Pressure a r ea .
 

Magnetic field inside conductor medium is, 

H . dl  I en c

I 2 I 
I 
H   2     H  H  a
a 2
2 a 2
2 a 2 .
1 1 10 2 2
 H 2   4   10 7  1.005  2 8
 25.5 2 N / m 2
Force = 2 2 4   5 4
 10 .
IES-03-12M
54. Two long thin parallel conductors perpendicular to the plane of the paper and parallel to the surface of
an infinite iron plate of high permeability, each carrying a steady current of 100 A in opposite
directions are shown in figure.

-10-
 Calculate the magnetic field strength at a point c, 200 m away from the bottom point on iron plate
below the inductors. Also calculate the mechanical force per unit length on the conductor A.
Sol: -

The magnetic field intensity at C due current clement A is given by,


I 
A  a
2 1
.
Similarly, at C due to B is given by,

I 
B  a
2 1
.
Magnetic field at C due to A, A1 is given by,

I 
 A1  a
2 1
.
 
 AA1  2H A sin 1 . a x .

  
 BB1  2H B sin 2 .   a x 
Similarly,  .
Therefore the total electric field intensity at C given by,
     2I 2I 
H  H AA1  H BB1  2H A sin 1 a x  2H B sin 2 a x   sin 1  sin 2  a x
 2 1 2 2  .
1  0.2 2  0.2 2  0.282 .

2  0.2 2  0.1 2  0.2236 .

1 1
sin 1  sin 45 o sin 2 
2 , 5 .
 I 1 I 1  100 
 .  a x   2.5  2  a x
 (0.282) 2   0.2236  5  
.
 
H  15.92 a x .

Mechanical force per unti length on conductor A is given by,
    
100  4   10 7  100 
F  I.dl  B  Idz a z  H x a x  ay
2   10 3 .
 
F  2  10 2 a y N / m .

-11-
 IES-03-12M
55. Explain dipole movement. A dielectric slab of flate surface with  r = 5 is disposed with its normal to a
uniform field with flux density 2 c/m2. The volume of the slab is 0.1 m3. It is uniformly polarized.
Calculate the dipole movement.
 

Sol: - Dipole movement, P  Q d .

r  5 .

D  2 c / m2 .
Volume = 0.1 m3.
  
D  o E  P .

 
D  1   1
   P  D   1   D  1    2
o
P  D  o E  o . r  r   5
.

4 8
P  2   1.6 c / m 2
5 5 .


  Q.d i

P i

Polarization, V
.
Total dipole movement =
1.6  0.1  0.16 c  m .
IES-04-12M
56. Two parallel wires each of 3 metres length having a separation of 4 mm. Calculate the force exerted on
each of these wires when they carry a current of 5A in the same direction and opposite direction.
7
Assume,    4   10    .
 I1 I 2 4   10 7  5  5
FR    12.5  10 4 N
Sol: - Ampere’s law of force, 2 R 4   4  10 3 .
4
When two wires carry current in same direction then attraction of force i.e., 12.5  10 N .
4
If currents are in opposite direction, repulsive force is 12.5  10 N .
IES-04-12M
 o
C
57. Prove the capacitance between two lines is given by
 x  , where d is the distance separation
ln d

between the lines and r is the radius of each line.

Sol: -

Potential due to infinite line having charge density, L c m is,

  R 
V  L ln  
2 R  R o 
, where Ro is reference.

-12-
 L R  L R 
V  ln  T1  V   ln  2 
2 R 1  R 1  2 R 2  R 2 
Here, , .
  R    R   R R R 
V  V   V   L ln  1   L  2   L 2 ln  1  2 
2 R 1  R 1  2 R 2  R 2  2 R 1  R1 R 2 
.
L R 2  R 1 
 ln  
R R
1

2
2 R 1  R 2 .
2 2
 d  d
x    y2 x  2   y
2

L  2
 ln  
2  d
2
 d 
2

x  2   y x  2   y  L
2 2

    x .
 
 Ex  L
E due to  Z at x is, 2 x .
 L
Ex 

E due to  Z at +x is,
2  d -x .
 1 1 
Ex  L  
2   x d  x  .
r
L  1 1  
dx  L    ln x  ln  d  x   
r
V 
x d  r
  
2   x d  x  2  d r

L
    ln r  ln  d  r     ln  d  r   ln  d   d  r      L  2  ln r  ln  d  r   
2      2   
.
 L  d  r  L  d 
V ln  ln
  r    r 
Q  o
C 
V ln d  r .
IES-04-12M
   
58. (a) Make statements about tangential components of  and H and normal components of B and D at
any surface of discontinuity derive MAXWELL’s equation in different and integral form.
(b) For a coaxial capacitor (having outer radius b, inner ‘a’ and length ‘l’). Find displacement current
flowing across a surface at a radius ‘r’ between a and b, assume V  Vm s in t .
Sol: - (a) E t a n 1  E t a n 2


H t a n 1  H t a n 2 , if J  0 .
B n1  Bn 2 Dn1  Dn 2
, , if s  0 .
 

D E
JD  
t t .

-13-
  

 D.ds  Q en c
.
 
  E  a  ..d .dz a   Q en c
.
E    2    l   Q en c
.
Q
E 
  2   o
.
Q 2  o L
C  Q  CV  V
V ln b  
a .

1 2  o L V
E . V
2  o  ln b  
a
. ln b
a .  
1  Vm cos t
JD  . Vm sin t 
 ln  
b
a
t l ln b
a .
 
Vm cos t
i d  J D .2 ..l = .2 L
 ln b  
a .
59. Explain relaxation time constant for a metal. Derive an expression for the continuity of current
ρ V σ
 V  0
equation for dynamic current. Show that the volume charge density is a solution of t  .
dQ
I
Sol: - Equation of continuity, dt .
 
d
 J .ds   dt  V .dv .
 V
 . J dV    t
dV
.
 V
. J   dV
t .
 V
. E  
t .

D 
.   V
 t .
 
  V
 . D   
  t .
d V 
 V  0
dt  .

t 
 V  0 e 
, .
 is called relaxation time.

-14-
 .
IES-05-12M
60. Write the MAXWELL’s equation in a good conductor for time harmonic fields. Shwo that the
conduction current density J in a good conductor must satisfy.
   
  . J    2 J   j J
  .
 

Sol: - MAXWELL’s equation in good conductor, J C  J D .


  
        J      Es 
. D   V , . B  0 ,   E s   j H s ,  
  
 
  
 
  . J   2 J       E s       j H s   j J
      .
IES-06-10M
61. Write the Lorentz force equation and explain its significance. Calculate the maximum torque of a rotor
shown in the below figure. When I=60A, r=8cm, B=0.1 Wb/m2 and length L =1cm.
Sol: -


   
F  Q E  V  B 
Lorentz force equation,  .
 
F  QE

  
F  QV  B
 .
Torque = Force  displacement.

 
F  BIL sin   I  l  B 
  60   0.1  12  10  60   0.1   12  10  60  12  10 3
12 12

 72  10 2 =0.72. (    90  , for maximum force).
o

2
Torque = 72  10  8  10 .
IES-07-12M
62. A parallel plate capacitor of width W, length L, and separation d has a solid dielectric slab of
permittivity  in the space between the plates. The capacitor is charged to a voltage Vo by a battery, as
shown in figure below. Assuming that the dielectric slab is withdrawn to the position shown, determine
the force acting on the slab.
-15-
Sol: - It is just like two capacitors connected in parallel.
C  C1  C 2 ;
 o r A o  r x   A  l -x
C1   C2  o  o 
d d , d d ;
  x  o  r   l - x   o 
C1  C1  C 2  o r +   r x +  l - x  
d d d  ;
o 
C1  l    r  1  x 
d  ;
Let '  ' be the energy stored at original position.
1
W cV02
2 .
And ‘W’ be the energy stored due to change in the position and is given by,
1
W1  c1 V02
2 .
1 2 1 1 2
W  W  Fx  l - x   cV0  c V0  Fx  l - x 
1

2 2 .
1 o  r l  2 1 o 

2 d
V0 
2 d
 l +  r  1   V02  F  l  x 
.
1 o  2
 V0   l - x    r  1    Fx  l  x 
2 d
1 o  2
 V0  r l - l   r  1  x   F  l  x 
2 d .
1 o  r  1   2
Fx  V0 N
2 d .
63. A line charge of length of 2m has a linear charge density of L (c/m). Show that the electric field at a
distance '' perpendicular to the line charge from its middle point as shown in figure is,
L m
E  .
2  o  L2  m 2
.
m
dQ  L
dE   a r
  dl
 m 4  o   L
2 2
Sol: - 4  o r 2
.

-16-
 .
L m  L 1 
E  a  a
2  o  2  m 2 2  o    2
 m  1
  .

64. A dielectric sphere of radius a and permittivity  is situated in a vaccum and is charged throughout its
volume by a volume charge density of free charge density of free charges,   o a , r is being the
distance from the center of the sphere. Show that electro static energy of the system is,
 1 1 
We  o2 a 5   J
 6 o 2  o  .
Sol: - (1) r > a, (outside sphere).

 

 D . ds  Q en c .


  E
o r a .r 2 sin .d .d   Q en c
r .
o E r r 2
 4    Q enc .
Q enc   4  a 3
o a 3
Er   o 
4  o r 2 4 o r 2 2 2 o r 2 .
 a.r 2 .sin .d .d  a2
Q en c    V .dv  o o a  4  
r 2 .
(2) r < a;
 

 D.ds  Q en c
.
 

 o E r a r .r sin .d .d  a r  Q en c

2
.
o E r  4   r 2  Q en c
.
Q en c 1 lo a  4   r 2
Er  
o  4   r 2 o  4   r 2 2
;
Q en c
Er 
o  4   r 2
;
(3) 0  r  a

-17-
 a 2 o a  4  
3
o a 2
Q en c   V dv   r sin .d .d  o a  4   
r 2 2 ;
1 o  4   a 3
o a 3
Er  . 
4 o r 2 2 2o r 2 ;
WE1 , energy stored in 0  r  a .
a 2 
1 1 2 a 6
WE1    o E 2 dV      o . 2o 4 2 .r 2 .sin .d .d 
2 2 4 o r r
0 0 0 .
a a 2 
2 a 6 1 1 2o a 2 2 2o a 2 a 3 2o a 5
 o  4  .  0 0 0 2 o 4 2o
 .r .sin .d .d    4   . 
8 o r 0 8 o 3 6 o
.
WE 2 energy stored in r  a .
  2
1 2 a 6 2 a 6 2 a 5
     o o2 4 r 2 sin .d .d   o  4    o
2 4 o r 8 oa 2 o
a 0 0 .
 

65. A cylindrical bar magnet of radius b and length L has a uniform magnetization M  M o a z along its
axis . Using the equivalent magnetization charge density concept, determine scalar magnetic potential
and magnetic flux density at an arbitrary distance point P (R,   ) .
 

Sol: - M  M o a z .

The magnetic potential at any point P, is given by,

  
  I dl  o I J .ds  o I 2  b  J  I  2   b  o  2   b.l.J
  o      d   o  ..d .dz  o 
4 R 4 r 4 0 r 4 r 4 r 4 r
.
 
 o I b sin  
2
 M a r
 .a   o
4 r 2 4 r 2 .
   
M  I b 2 a z (or) M  M o a z .
  
a   a   sin . a  .
  
ar r a r sin  a 
 
1   
B    2
r sin  r  
M   

r sin A   o 3o 2 cos  a r  sin  a   Wb / m
2
Ar r A
4 r   .
M o  I b 2 .
IES-09-10M
66. Show that in a source free region (J =0,
  0 ) MAXWELL’s equations can be reduced to two. Identify
the two all embracing equations.

-18-
  
B   
D

E    H  J 
Sol: - .D   V , t , . B  0 , t .


As ,  V  0 , . D  0 , charge free.

D 
 H 
As, J  0 , t , current free.
MAXWELL’s equations are,
 
H  
E
   E    H  
. D  0 , t , . B  0 , t .
 

67. B  ? , M  2.8A / m ,  e  0.0025 .

     
 
  or H  o  1  e  H  o H  oe H  o H  o M   o  H  M 


(i) B   H  
 4   10  1122.8   14102  10  1.41 m Wb / m
7 7 2
.


(ii) H  1300 A / m ,  r  1.006 .

  
B   H   o  r H  4   10 7  1.006  1300  1.64 m T .
4
(iii) m = 3  10 A  m , m  2  10 .
30 2


m a gn et ic dipole m om en t 3  10 30  N
M   24.6  10 2  0.246
volu m e 8.2  10 28  3  10 30 .

0.246
H  0.123  10 4  1230
2  10 4 .
   
 
   o r H   o  1  m  H   o H   o M   o  H  M 

B  H  
  o  1230  0.246   4   10  1230.246   1.545m T
7
.
 r  1.8 , V = -4000 V.
68.
  
E , D , P , V .

dv
E
dy .

V  4000 
E  V   ay  ay
y y .
  
1 4000 2  10 7
D   E  o  r E   10 9  1.8   c/m
36  y y .
   
P  D  o E  P .
  
4000     
P   o E  D   o a y   o  r E   o  1   r  E   o   r  1  E    r  1   o E
y .
V
R
69. I .
a  
V    E . dl
b .
 
I   J .ds
.

-19-
 L   
 
a 
V   . a  .d . a    L ln  b  L ln b
a

2  2  2  a
b .
Q 2 L
C 
V ln b
a .  

RC  T 
Relaxation time, .

R



 a  
ln b
C 2 L 2 L

ln b
a  .
o r r
70.
1 4 6
30  10 6
s E  36   30  10 3
On a dielectric – dielectric interface,
E
 o s  30  10 c / m
.
6 2
.
136 
10 9

.
D n1  Dn 2  D n 3
.
1 E n1  2 E n 2
.
E n1
 4  E n 1  4E n 2
E n2
.
 2 E n 2  3 E n 3
.
E n2 6 3 3
   En2  En3
E n3 4 2 2
.
D n1 30  10 6
E n1    36   30  10 3  108   10 3  108 kV / m
1 1
36   10 9

.
1 2
En2   108   k  2.7 k E n 3  3  27 k  18 k
4 . .
   
Pn1    r  1  E n 1  0 Pn 2   r2  1 E n 2  3   27   k  81 k Pn 3  r3  1 E n 3  5  18 k  90 k
, , .
I1 I 2 L
F
72. Ampere’s law, 2 R .
 
E  10 5 a x V / m , N  2  1019 pola r s / m 3 , m  1.8  10 27 c / m 3 .
73.
       
D  o r E  o  1  e  E   o E  E  e P  o E  E e
, .

 e  N m  2  1019  1.8  10 27  3.6  10 8 .

1 
P   10 9  3.6  10 8  10 5 a z
36  .
r  1  e  1 .
74.
 r2 
  o 1  2  r  a;
 a 
0 r  a;

-20-
  2 a
 r2  2
Q  V .dV  0 0 0 o  a 2
 1  r .sin .d .d 

a
r4 a
r3 r5  a3 a5  2a 3
 o  4    r  2 dr  4 o .  2
2
 4 o .     4 o .
a 3 5a  3 5  15
0 0 .
8 a o 3
Q C
15 .
(1) r>a
  8 a 3 o
 o r 4 r 2  Q en c 
 E .ds  Q en c 15
8 a o 3
2a 3 o
Er   Er 
15  o  4   r 2
15  o r 2
.
  1 L 
     
2
1 1 2
WE  CV 2    L
ln 2 b  ln b  L ln b
75.
2 2 ln b
a
 2  
2 a
 
2 2  a 4  a
.
   
B  y 2 a x  z 2 a y  x 2 a z wb / m 2 .
77.

. B  0  0  0  0 .
1 4 1
   
y3 1
  B .ds   B .dy.dz a x    y dydz  (4  1). 3 1
2

3 3
0 1 0 .
  
ax ay az
 
1  1 

  1  
2   
J  H    B    a x ( 2z)  a y (2x)  a z ( 2y)  (z a z  x a y  y a x )
   x y z  
y2 z2 x 2

1.1 Dot product and cross product are distributive

a) A. (B + c) = A.B + A.C b) A  (B + C) = A  B + A  C
 
     
A. B  C A B  C Cos 3
a) =
   
    A B A C Cos
A.B + A .C = Cos1
+ 2
      
A B  C Cos 3 A B Cos A C Cos
= 1 + 2

-21-
  
 
 BC
A = result direction is radials O/W
   
A  B + A  C = direction is radials O/W
 ‘.’ ‘  ’ products are distributive
1.2 Triple product is not associative
A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C
 A  B
 

 C = AB
=0

 

A  (B  C) = BC a A  A a A But in special case is A = B

 
 
  AB 
A  B = 0, C =0
 
 
 B C
A das direction

  

 If, A , B , C are mutually orthogonal to each other , then it satisfies cross productr. But if one vec- tor is parallel
  
A  B
to another i.e.,   , then no applicable.
1.3 The angle between the body diagonal of cube

-22-
     

ˆ
x  ˆ
y  ˆ
z B  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ A.B  A B Cos 
A =

1 + 1 - 1 = 3 . 3 Cos 
1
3
 Cos 
 =
Cos 1 1
3  70.5288  

1.4


From figure A  x  2y
ˆ ˆ

B  xˆ  3zˆ
 
AB =
=
ˆ
x(6)  y(
ˆ 3)  z(2)
ˆ =
6xˆ  3yˆ  2zˆ
   
  A B Sin  â A  B aˆ n
AB = n =

Direction is correct, but wrong magnitude

 
A  B 6xˆ  3yˆ  2zˆ
   6xˆ  3yˆ  2zˆ
â n AB 36  9  4
= = 7
1.5 Prove BAC – CAB rule
     
      
 B C  A.C  C A.B
A = B
 
 
 B C
A =
=

=
 B xˆ  B yˆ  B zˆ   A C  A C  A C  -  C xˆ  C yˆ  C zˆ   A B
x y z x x y y z z x y z x x  A y B y  A zC z 

x̂  B A C  B A C  C A B  C A B 
x y y x z z x y y x z z
=
     
        
 A  B  C    B  C  A   C  A  B   0
1.6      

-23-
            
                 
B A.C  C A.B  C B.A  A B.C  A C.B  B C.A  0
=
           
An A.C  C.A , A.B  B.A , B.C  C.B
   
    
A BC AB    
=  C , only where A , B , C are naturally orthagral to each other, (or)
 
A is parallel to
C

1.7 (2, 8, 7)  (4, 6, 8)

   
r  2a x  ( 2)a y  a z
  
2a x  2a y  a z
=

r  4  4 1
= 9 =3

r   
  2a x  ( 2)a y  a z
ax r
= = 3
1.8 Two dimensional matrix rotation preserves dot product
 
A.B  A1 .B1
A y By Az Bz
+

A y Cos B y
=

=
 A Cos   A Sin   .  B Cos   B Sin   +  A Sin   Cos A  .  B Sin   Cos B 
y z y z y z y z

Cos A y B y
2
Sin Cos (A y B z  A z B z ) Sin A z B z
2
Sin A y B y
2
= + + + -
Sin Cos (A y A z  A z B z ) Cos (A z B z )
2
+
(Cos 2   Sin 2 )A y B y (Sin 2   Cos 2 )A z B z AyBy AzBz
= + = +
3

(A x ) 2
A 
y
2
(A z ) 2 A A j i
b) + + = i 1

3
 3
 3 
R ij A j    R ik A k 
= i 1  j 1   k 1 

-24-
  
   R ij R ik A ij A ik

= j.k i
This equals Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2 Provided
3

R ij .R ik
i 1 =

If R is to preserve lengths for all vectors A , ten this is not only sufficient but also necessary for example

A = (1,0,0)
 
   R ij R ik A i A k
Then j.k  i  =
Ax  Ay  Az  1
It must be equal to since
3 3

 R i 2 R j2 R i3 R j3
Like wise i 1 = i 1 =1
 
    R ij R ik A j A k

To check this case j ≠ k, choose A = (1, 1, 0) Then we want 2 = j,k i
=
On other combination j , k = 0
In matrix mutation R R = 1 Where R is transpose of R
1.9

0 0 1 
 
R = 1 0 0 
0 1 0 
 
' '
120 o causes: y  z , x  y , z  x ' .
Ax  Az , Ay  Ax , Az  Ay .
1.10

translation of coordinates.
a) x = x, y = y – a, z = z
Ax  Ax A y  A y Az  Az
, , , no change
Inversion of c0-ordinates
b) x = -x , y = -y, z = -z

-25-
 A x  A x A y  A y A z  Az
  , ,
A → A

   
 
   A  B  
c) A  B = =AB
 
C  C no change inversion
   
A and B are pseudo vectors , then A  B is again Pseudo vectors
    
    
 B C  A ( B)  ( C)
d) A . = .

   
   
 B C  BC
= A . a=A .
 a  -a
A pseudo scalar changes its sign under inversion of co-ordinates
1.11) a) f(x, y, z) = x2 + y3 + z4
f = 2xxˆ  3y yˆ  4z zˆ
2 3

b) f(x, y, z) = x2y3z4
f = y z (2x)xˆ  x z 3y yˆ  x y 4z zˆ
3 4 2 4 2 2 3 3

x
c) f(x, y, z) = e Sin y ln (z)
1
e x Sin y ln zxˆ  e x ln zCosyyˆ  e x Sin y zˆ
f = 2
1.12) h(x, y) = 10(2xy – 3x2 – 4y2 – 18x + 28y + 12)
h = 10 (2y – 6x - 18) x̂ + 10(2x – 8y + 28) ŷ
h = 0 for the top of the hill
2y – 6x – 18 = 0  y – 3x – 9 = 0
2x – 8y + 28 =0  x = 4y + 14 =0
After solving x = -2, y = 3
Top is 3 miles north, and 2 miles west, of sooth hadly
b) height of the hill,
h = 10 (2(-2)(3) – 3(-2)2 – 4(3)2 – 18(-2) + 28(3) + 12)
= 10(-12 - 12 – 36 + 36 + 84 + 12) = 720 ft
c) Put x =1, y =1,
h = 10 [(2-6-18) x̂ + (2 – 8 + 28) ŷ ]

= 10[-22 x̂ + 22
ŷ ] =220(- x̂ + ŷ )
h
= 220 2  311 ft/mile
Direction :- northwest
1.13) 1) (r ) =
2

  
1 d  1   ( 1) r r a r
 r  a
2) r = dr   2 = r . r = r = r
2 3 2

r
 
d n

r a
3) (r ) = dr
n
= n rn-1 r
2

= n. r r
n-2

1.14) F is a function of y and z only

df df
yˆ  zˆ
f dy dz
=

-26-
 y = y Cos  + z Sin  multiply by Sin  y Sin  = y Sin  Cos  + z Sin2 
z = -y Sin  + z Cos  multiply by Cos  z Cos  = -y Sin  Cos  + z Cos2 
dy
dy = Cos  ; y Sin  + z Cos  = z. y Sin  - z Cos  = y
dz df df dy df dz
d z = -Sin  ;  f  y= dy = dy . dy + dz . dy

= Cos 
 f  y + Sin   f  z
dz df df dy df dz
dz = Cos  ;  f  z = dz = dy . dz + dz . dz
= -Sin 
 f  y +Cos   f  z
So f transforms as a vector

V
1.15) a) a = x xˆ  3xz yˆ  2xzzˆ
2 2


.Va
 = 2x + 0 – 2x = 0
V
b) b =
xyxˆ  2yzyˆ  3zxzˆ

.Vb
 = y + 2z + 3x
V
c) c = y xˆ  (2xy  z )yˆ  2yzzˆ
2 2


.Vc
= 0 + 2x + 2y = 2(x + y)

 r̂ a r

1.16) V 2
= r = r
2

 1 d . 1 1 ( 2)
 V = r dr r = r 2 r 3
2 2

  
 a r r r a r
V = r2 = r3 = r3

1  r a  1  1  3 
 r 3 r   3 r4 
= r 
2
 = r2  r 
  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ
a r
 
3
 r
x 2
 y 2
 z 2 2
V = r = r =
2 3

 
 V y  V z Vy Vz
  
1.17 To show, y z y y .
 
V y  Vy cos   Vz sin  V z   sin .Vy  cos .Vz
, .

 
 V y Vy V V y V z  
  cos   z sin    y .   y .  cos    Vz . y  Vz . z  sin 

 y z y   y 
z y 
y y y  y   z  .

-27-
 
Vy Vz  V V 
 Vz  y . y  y . z  cos 
 sin   cos  
  
 y 
z y 
z z z  y 

   

118. V a  x 2 . x  3 xz 2 . y  2 xz . z .
  
x y z

        
  Va 
x y z
 
 x  6 xz   y  2 z   z 3 z 2  6 xz x  2 z y  3 z 2 z

x2 3 xz 2 2 xz
(a) .
  
x y z

     
  Vb   2y x  3 z y  x z
x y z
xy 2yz 3xz
(b) .
  
x y z

     
  Vc    2z  2z  x   0  y   2 y  2 y  z
x y z
y2 2yx + z 2 2yz
(c) .
      

119. A vector which has zero divergence and zero curl, V  y x  x y (or) V  yz x  xz y  xy z ,
    
. V  0 (or) V  sin x .cosh y x  cos x .sin h y y ,   V  0 .
  fg   f g  g f
120.
   f g   f g   f g 
 fg  x +  fg  y   fg  z   .g  f  x   .g  f  y   .g  f  z
  
  fg  
x y z  x x   y y   z z 
.
g  g  g  f  f  f 
f  g   g  f   f . x  f . y  f . z  g . x  g . y  g . z
x y z x y z

 g f    g f    g f 
 x f g   y f  g   z f g 
 x x   y y   z z 
  
 
 
 
 

.  A B   B .    A   A .    B 
     
 
  
 
   f A   f    A   A   f 
    .
 
1.21 A and B are two vectors, then
 
 A .  B
(a)  
       

 Ax  Ay  Az  B x . x  B y . y  B z . z 
 x y z   

 B x B x B x    B y B y B y    B z B z B z  
 Ax  Ay  Az  x   Ax  Ay  Az  y  Ax  Ay  Az z
 x y z   x y z   x y z 

-28-
  
 a r .  a r
(b)  
       1 
 a r . r a r  r  a   r a  . r sin   a r
 
 
r .  r
 r r r
 
 
 a r .  a r
 

 
ar 1 a r  0
r .
 
 V a .  V b
(c)  
   
V a  x 2 x  3 xz 2 y  2 xz z .
   
V b  xy x  2yz y  3 xz z .
   2  2      

 V a .  V b   x x  3 xz y  2 xz z  xy x  2y z y  3 xz z 
     .
  
    
 x 2 y  3 xz 2 x x  3 xz 2  2 z   4 xyz y  3 x 2 z - 6 x 2 z z  .
 
 A .  B
1.22   .

(a) Ta  x  2 xy + 3 z + 4
2
1.25
 2 Ta  2 Ta  2 Ta
2 Ta   
x 2 y 2 z 2  2 x + 2 y + 2 x  3  4 x + 2 y  3 .

(b) Tb  sin x.sin y.sin z

 2 Tb  2 Tb  2 Tb
2 Tb   
x 2 y 2 z 2   sin x.sin y.sin z - sin x.sin y.sin z  sin x.sin y.sin z
 3 sin x.sin y.sin z .

(c) Tc  e 5 x sin 4 y.cos3 z

2 Tc  25e 5 x sin 4 y.cos3 z -16e 5 x sin 4 y.cos3 z  90e 5 x sin 4 y.cos3 z .
   

(d) V  x 2 x  3 xz 2 y  2 xz z

   
   
2 V   2  Vx x  Vy y  Vz z    2 Vx x   2 Vy y   2 Vz z
 
 2
V  2
V  2
V
2 Vx  x
 x
 x

x 2 y 2 z 2 =2.
 2 Vy  2 Vy  2 Vy
2 Vy     0  0  6x  6x
x 2 y 2 z 2 .
 Vz  Vz  Vz
2 2 2
2 Vz    0
x 2 y 2 z 2 .
  
2 V  2 x  6 x y .

-29-
  

.    A   0
1.26   .
   V   0
1.27
   

1.28 V  x 2 x  2 yz y  y 2 z
(0, 0, 0)  (1, 1, 1)
(a) (0,0,0)  (1,0,0)  (1,1,0)  (1,1,1)
1
 
1
 V.d l   x
2
dx =
3
0 .
1

 2 yz dy  0
x = 1, 0

y dz  1
2

x = 1, y = 1, 0

(b) (0,0,0)  (0,0,1)  (0,1,1)  (1,1,1)

1 1

 y dz  0  2 y dy  1
2

0 , z = 1, 0 .
1 1
3
x 1
x dx  
2

3 3
z = 1, y = 1, 0 0 .
(c) (0,0,0)  (1,1,1)
1 1 1
1 1 1 4
 x d x +  2 yz d y   y d z   2.  
2 2

0 0 0
3 3 3 3
Independent of path.
(d) ‘0’.
   

1.29
V  2 xz x   x + 2  y  y z 2  3 z   .
 
ds  d x d y z
 
V .ds  y z 2  3 d x.d y   .
Bottom plane, z = 0.
 
V . ds  3 y.d x .d y
  2 2

 V.ds     3 y  d x.d y = (-3)(2)(2) = -12

0 0 .
  

 V.ds   . V dv   2 z + y  2 z  .d x.d y.d z =  2 z  y + 1  d x.d y.d z

2
y2
 2.(2).(2).  y  8 4   32
2 0 .
1.30 TZ 2

at the corners of tetrahedron,

(0,0,0) (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)

 T.dv   z

2
.d x .d y.d z =  z 2     dx  d y  d z .
1  y z

z  
2
d x .d y.d z
0
  z 2  1  y  z d y.d z

-30-
   

x x  y y z z
an 
x 2  y2  z 2
x  y  z 1
  1  z   z 1  z  d z
2

  z 2  1  z    
 2 

1  z 
2 1
11 1 z3 z5 z4 1  1 1 1  1 20  12  30 1
 z 2

2 20

d z =  z 2 1  z 2  2z dz =
2 3

5
2
4
     
2 3 5 2  2 60

60
0 .
1.31 T  x  4 xy + 2 yz
2 3

 
a  (0,0,0) , b  (1,1,1) .
b 

  T  .dl  T(b)  T(a )

a .
(a) (0,0,0)  (1,0,0)  (0,1,0)  (1,1,1)
  

T   2 x + 4 y  x  4 x + 2 z 3 y  6 yz 2 z 
1
2x 2
  T  .d x =   2 x + 4 y  .d x = 2
1
0 .
1
1
 6 yz d z  6. 2
2

3
0 .
1

  4 x + 2z  d y  4 y
1
0
4
3

x = 1, 0 .
(b) (0,0,0)  (0,0,1)  (0,1,1)  (1,1,1)
  T  .d z =  6 yz d z  0
  T  .d y =   4 x + 2 z  d y  2 y
1
3
2
0 .
1 1
2
x
  T  .d y =   2 x + 4 y  d x  4  2. 2 5
0 0 .
(c) z = x 2 , y = x.


  T  .d l    2 x + 4 y  .d x +  4 x + 2 z  d y  6 yz d z
3 2

   2 x + 4 y  .d x +  4 x + 2 x 6  d x  6 xx 4 (2 x )d x   6 x + 4 x  2 x 6  12 x 6 .d x
1
x2 x7
 10  14. 52 7
  10 x + 14 x  2 x 6  12 x 6 .d x 2 7 0 .

-31-
 Independent of path.
   
V   xy  x   2 yz  y   3 xz  z
1.32
 
 

 V.ds    . V  dV
.
2 2 2

. V  y + 2 z + 3 x
     y + 2 z + 3 x  d x .d y.d z
0 0 0
2 2 2
    2 y + 4 z + 6  d y.d z   4 8 z + 12 d z = 8 + 16 + 24 = 48
0 0 0 .
 3.zx.d x .d y = 0

top,  3.zx.d x .d y = 6.(2).(2) = 24 .

 2 yz d x d z = 0 .
 2 yz d x d z = 8 + 8 = 16 .
 xy d y d z = 0 .
 xy d y d z = (2)(2)(2) = 8 .
   
V   xy  x   2 yz  y   3 zx  z
1.33 .

 
 
 
 V.dl   
   V  .ds
 .
  
x y z

     
V   x  2 y   y  3 z   z   x 
x y z
xy 2 yz 3 zx
.
-32-
  
  V .ds  2 y.d y .d z .
2
 
 
2y z 2
2y 2 y 3  8 4 8
    V . ds     2 y  .d y.d z  2. y(2  y ) d y  2. 2

3
 2. 4    2. 
 3  3 3
0 0 0 0 .
2

 2 yz d y = 0
(1) 0 .

(2)  2 yz d y + 3 zx d z
2
2
 y2 y3   8 8
0 2  2  y  y d y = 2  2 2  3   2 4  3    3
0 .
  

1.35   V  (4 z 2  2 x ) x  2 z. z

ds  d x.d y .
 
  V  ds  2 z d x .d y .
  1 1

   V  ds    2 z .d x.d y = 0
0 0 .
 

   V  ds  2(1)(1)  2 .
 0  0 ,  0  0 .
1 1 1
z3 4 2
 (4 z  2 x ) d y.d z =   4 z  2 d y.d z = 4
2 2
  3
 2z 
3
2 
3
0 0 0 .
1 1 1
3
4z 4
  4z  2 x d y.d z  
2

3 3
For back plane, 0 0 0 .
Independent of the particular surface.
1.35
   
 
    

 f    A .ds     f A .ds   A  f    f A.dl   A  f  ds

(a) s s s P s .
  
  
   f A   f    A   A   f 
    .

 
 
 
    
V B .    A  d   V A     B  d   s  A B .ds
(b)

 
      

B .    A   .  A  B   A .    B 
     
  
 
 
 
    
 

  .  A  B  d    A .    B  ds    A B .ds   A .    B  d 
V   V   s   V   .

1.36 r  x 2  y 2  z 2 ,   cos
1 z
r ,
  t a n 1 y
x .    
x = r sin .cos  , y = r sin .sin  , z = rcos .
   
a r  sin . cos . a x  sin .sin . a y  cos . a z
137.
   
a   cos . cos . a x  cos .sin . a y  sin . a z .
  
a    sin  a x  cos . a y .

-33-
    
a x  sin  .cos  a r  cos  . cos  a   sin  a  .
   
a y  sin  .sin  a r  cos  .sin  a   cos  a  .
  
a z  cos  a r  sin  a  .
 

1.38 (a) V  r . r
2

  

 V .ds   . VdV V .

 
ds  r 2 sin .d .d . a r .
2   
  r a r .R 2 .sin .d .d  a r  (2 )(2).R 4  4 R 4
2

0 0 .
1 

V2  2 . a r
(b) r

1   1 
. V  2 .  r 2 . 2   0
r r  r  .

   2
1
 V.ds   r 2
.r 2 .sin .d .d   4 
0 0 .
This does not agree. The divergence is zero except at the origin. At the origin the divergence is 4  .
   
V   r cos   r   r sin     r sin  cos   
1.39


1  2 1  1 
. V  r .r cos    sin   r sin    .r.sin . cos 
r r
2
r.sin   r sin  
cos  1
 2 .2r 2  .2 sin . cos   (  sin )  3 cos   2 cos   r sin 
r sin   3 cos   sin  .

 2 2 R

 . Vdv      5 cos   sin  .r sin .d .d .dr

2

0 0 0

  
R3 2
R3 1 2
R3 cos 2  2 R 3 5 R 3
 0 5 cos   2   .d .sin   (10 ) 0 sin 2  d    5   .   (5  ).(  cos   cos 0) 
3 3 2 3 2 0 6 3

-34-
   
2 2  2 2

1 cos 2  2
  V.r .sin .d .d . a r   0         R 3
2 2 3
r cos .r sin d .d R .(2 ). .
2 2 0
0 0 0 .
Bottom plate,
R 2
 
R 3 2 R 3
 V.dr .r sin .d . a     r sin .r sin .dr .d    2   . 3

3
0 0 .
2 R 5 R
3 3
  R 3 
3 3 .
T  r  cos   sin . cos  
1.40
   
 
T  Tar . .T a  . .T a 
r r  r sin  .

1 
1 
  cos   sin . cos   a r .
r
  sin   cos   .r a  
r sin 
 sin    sin   r  a 
.
  
  cos   sin . cos   a r   sin   cos   a    sin   a 
2 T  .  t 
1   2 1  1  
  r  cos   sin . cos    .  sin .   sin   cos     . .(  sin ) 
r 2 r  r sin   r sin   
1 1 1
 2  cos   sin . cos   2r   2 sin . cos   cos . cos    .(  cos )
r r sin  r sin 
cos  sin . cos  2 cos  cos . cos  cos 
    
r 2 r r sin  r sin  .
b 

 T.dl  T  b   T  a 
a
2

  cos   sin . cos   .dr  2

0



2 ,  0 .

2

   sin   sin   cos . cos   .r.sin .d 

0



r=2, 2.
 
2
 2
 2   1  .d     ( 2)  sin .d   2
2
0 0 .
0

   sin   cos . cos   r d 


2



r = 2, 2.
0

   sin  (2)d   ( 2).  cos 

0
  2
2

2 .
T(b) – T(a) = 2(1+0) -0 =2.
  
a   cos . a x  sin . a y
1.41
  
a    sin . a x  cos . a y
-35-
  
az  az
  
a x  cos . a   sin . a 
  
a y  sin . a   cos . a 
 
az  az .
   

1.42 (a)
 
V   2  sin 2  a    sin . cos .a   3 z a z

1  1  1 
. V 
 
2  sin 2  
 
   sin  cos    
 z
3 z


 2  2  sin 2      cos 2   2  3  4  2 sin 2   cos 2   sin 2   3  4  1  3  8
2 .
(b)
  2 ,z=5


5 2 2

 .V dV
    .V  d . d .d z  (8). .(5).(2)  40 
2
0 0 0 .
 
2 2 2
  2

 V.ds   0 3 z ..d .d   0  (3)(5) 0 0 .d .d   15. 2 .(2)  15 
0 .
5 2
   .sin . cos .d .d z  0
0 0 .
 
2 5 2
 
  1        5
  
 . 2  sin  .d .d z  4  5 
2
   2  sin  d   20 2. 2  2  2    20   4   20  4   25 
2

0 0 0 .
  
 a  a az

1      
V   a  (0)  a  (0)  a z  2  sin . cos   2  sin . cos    0
   z

(c)

 2  sin 2   2  sin  cos   3z
.
6

  3x 
 2 x  1 8  x  3  d x = 3(3)2  2(3)  1  27  6  1  20
2

1.43 (a) 2

 cos x .8.  x -   d x = cos  = -1

(b) 0

x
3
.8.  x + 1  d x = 0
(c) 0 , x = -1.


 ln  x + 3  .8.  x + 2   ln  2  3   ln 1  0
(d)  .

-36-
 2
t
  2 x + 3  .8.  3 x  .d x x=
3
1.44 (a) 2 3x =t
dt 1
 dx =  (3)  1
3 3 .

 x 
2
 3 x + 12 .8.  1  x  d x
3

(b) 0 1-x = t  d x = dt .

  1  t  
1
 3(1  t ) + 2 .8.  t  dt
3


1 = [1+3+2] = 6
1
dt
 9x .8.(3 x  1).d x
2
 3d x = dt  d x 
(c) 1 3x+1= t 3 .
4 2 2
 t 1  dt  1 1
  9  3 
.8(t ).
3
 3  
 3  3
2 .
a

 8  x  b  dx x - b = t  d x = dt
(d) 

a b

 8  t  dt
 , a > b then 1; a < b then 0;
d
x 8  x   8  x 
1.45 (a) d x

d

d   df  
f  x  .x. 8( x )  x f  x  8( x )   



dx 
dx
x f ( x ).8( x )  0    x
  d x
f ( x )  .8( x )  0  f (0)    8 x (f ( x )d x
 

d
x f( x )  8( x )
dx .
  x   1, x  0; d
 8( x )
(b)  0, ot her wise , x
d .
 
d  df
 f ( x ) d x 8( x )  f ( x ).8( x )    d x ( x )d x  f ( )  f ( )  8( x )
.
d
 8( x )
dx .

Pr 
1.46 (a)  

dQ
V 
dV
 V dV  Q

-37-
    1 
P  r   q8 3  r  r 
   
   1 
      r  r  d   q
3
P r dV q 8
  .
 
    1
 

P  r   q.8 3 .  r  r   q8 3  r 
     
(b)

  
P r   8r  R
(c)    

Q
Q     r  dv   A.8(r  R ) ds  A4 R 2  A  4 R 2
.
Q
 r   .8(r  R)
4 R 2 .
 2   2  3   
  r  r . a  a .8 .  r  a  d 
   
 

1.47 (a) a ll spher e  a 2  a . a  a 2  3a 2 .

2
  

 r  b .8 3 .(5 r ).d    

(b) V , b  4 y 3 z .

  
t
5r  t  r 
5
2
 
t  t 1 b2 1 1

V 5
 b .8 3 .(5 ).. 3 d  
5 5

125 125
25 
3
.
 4  
   

  r  r (r . c )  c .8 .  r  c  d  c  5 x  3 y  2 z
2 4 3

(c) V , , r = 6.
c 4  c 2 .c2  c 4  3c 4  3  25  9  6   38
2

.

c 2  c  38  6.3
.
Outside the sphere.
  
  3  
V r .  d  r  .8 .  e  r  .d 
(d)
 
d  (1,2,3) , e  (3,2,1) , r = 1.5, O (2, 2, 2).

-38-
 
  
  
   r .  d  r  .8 3.  r  e    
V      e .(d  e )  (3,2,1).( 2,0,2)  6  0  2  4 .
 

r
J   e  . 2
  dV
 r 
1.48
V
 
QV 1  1
.  2 . .r 2 . 2  0
r 2
r r r
 
J   e   .4 .8 3.( r ).dV  4 .e 0  4 
V .
     

1.49 a) F 1  x z , F 2  x x  y z  z z .
2

 
. F 1  0 . F 2  3 .
     
x y z x y z

    
     
  F1    y (2 x )  F2   x (0)  y (0)  z (0)  0
x y z x y z
0 0 x2 x y z
.
Gradient of a scalar,

. F 1  0 , divergence less.

. F 2  3 , solenoidal.
 
  F 1   y(2 x ) , rotational.
 
  F 2  0 , irrotational, gradient of a scalar, F 2  V .
  
x y z
 
  
F1    A 
x y z
Ax Ay Az
Curl of a vector, .
A z A x 
 0 
y z 
 Az  Ax  0
A y A x A z A x
 x   0
2

x y , x z  .
  
 V 
V 
V 
x x  y y z z   x y z
  x  y y 
.
3
x V
Ay  x
3 , x .

1 3
A1  x y
3 .
x2 y2 z2
V V V
2 , 2 , 2 .
1 2

V  x  y2  z 2
2

.
   

(b) F 3  yz x+ zx y+ xy z

-39-
  
. F 3  0 ,   F 3  0 .
 
F 3  V    A

F 3  V .
  
V  V  V 
 yz x+ zx y+ xy z   x y z
x y z .
V
 yz  V  xyz
x
  
x y z
     
 yz x+ zx y+ xy z
x y z
Ax Ay Az
.
A z A y A x A z A y A x
  yz   zx   xy
y z , z x , x y .
1   

2
2 2
 2 2

A z  x z  y x  y x  z y  z y  x z  2 2
 .
  
1.50 Th (1): d  a , a  c , c  b , b  c and c  a .
b  

 F . dl
 

F  V ,   F  0 ,  F.dl  0 ,
 
a is inductor.
   

Th (2): F    A , . F  0 , 
F.ds  0  F.ds
  

1.51 , is independent of surface.


. F  0 .
 
. V c  2  x + y 


1.52 (a) . V a  0 , . V b  y + 2 z + 3 x , .
  
  Va  0 ,   Vb  0 ,   Vc  0 .

V c gradient of a scalar.

V a curl of a vector.
t
 y2
To find t,  x  t  y 2 x + f ( y , z )  (1)
t
 2 xy + z 2
y  (2)
t
 2 yz
z  (3)
t
 2 yz  f = yz 2  g1 ( y )
From (1) and (3) , z
t  y 2 x + yz 2  g( y )
t g g
 2 xy + z 2   2 xy + z 2  0
So, y y y .
t  y 2 x  yz 2 .
Wz Wy Wy Wx Wx Wz
W   x2   2 xz   3 xz 2
(b) To find, y y , x y , z x .

-40-
 Wz 3
 3 xz 2 Wz   x 2 z 2  f( y,z )
Pick, Wx = 0, then x ; 2 ;
Wy
 2 xz  W   x 2 z + g( y , z )
x y
.
w z w y f g f g
   x2   x2   0
y z y z y z , f = g = 0.

3 2 2
w  x 2 z y  x z z
2 .
   
V  r 2 cos  r  r 2 cos   r 2 cos .sin . 
1.53
  

 V.d s   . V dV


1  2 2 1  1 
. V 
r 2 r
r .r .cos   r sin  

sin .r 2 cos    r sin  
 r 2 cos .sin  
1 1 1
 2 .4r 3 . cos   .r 2 cos . cos   .  r 2 cos   . cos 
r r sin  r sin 
 4r cos   r cot .cos   r cot .cos 
 
 2 2R

 . V dV      4r cos   r cot . cos   r cot . cos   r sin  d .d .dr

2

0 0 0

R4  1 2
d
 4. . .
4 2 2  2 cos .sin . 2
0

R cos 2  2
4
 .
4 2 0
R 4 1 R 4
 . 2  
4 2 4 .
  
2 2
 cos 2  2 1
0 r cos .r sin .d .d   R . 2 .  2 0 . 2  R4
4

2 2 4

0 .
 
2R 2R
4 4
0 0 r cos .sin .r dr d    0 0 r cos .dr .d    R4 .sin  0 2   R4
2 3 

.
4 4
R  R
  r cos . r sin .d .dr  4  sin  0  4 .
2 2

  
V  a y x  bx y
1.54
   

 V.d l      V.d s xy plane

-41-
   
x y z

   
V   zb a
x y z
ay bx 0
.
R 2
 
  2

     V .d x d y a z     b  a  .d x d y  0 0  b  a  ..d .d    b  a  . R2 .  2    R 2  b  a 

.
 
  
  

 V.d l    a y x  b x y .  d x a x  d y a y    a..sin    a y d x  b x d y
a R2
  a..sin . cos .d    b.. cos .d .sin  
2 .
  
V  a y x  bx y
  
V  V a   V a 
 
V  V . a   a y . cos   b x ..sin   a 2 .sin . cos   b 2 cos .sin    a  b  2 sin  cos 
 
V  V . a   a y ..sin   b x  cos   a.2 .sin 2   b.2 cos 2    b  a  2 sin 2 
.
 
V   V.d l    a  b  . .sin  cos .d    b  a   cos 2 .d 
2 2

   a dx + b dy 
y x

x 2  y2  R2  y  R2  x 2
x
 dy = - dx
2xd x + 2 ydy = 0 y
 
 x 
V .d l  a R 2  x 2 d x + b.x  dx
 y 

 a R2  x 2 dx - b
x2
dx 
 
a R 2  x 2  bx 2
.d x 
a R2  x 2  b + a 
.d x
R2  x 2 R2  x 2 R2  x 2 .
 b  a  .d x
R
  R
aR  x 2 2
x   x R 1  x  
2

 V.d l   R    a  b  .   2 R  x  2 sin  R  
1
  a R sin
2 2 2

R R2  x 2      R
R
1 2 x
 R  a  b  .sin 1  
2  R  R
1 2   
R  a  b  .       b  a  R
2

2  2 2 2
1 2
 R b a 
on lower path of the circle, 2
R 2  b  a 
total is, .

-42-
    
V  6 x  yz 2 y   3 y + z  z
1.55
  
x y z

  
V 
x y z
6 yz 2 3y  z    
 x  3  2 yz   y  0   z  0   x  3  2 yz 
.
2 1 2
2
  2 1 
y 2
z2
   V.d s    x  3  2 yz  .d y d z   3 y - 2 .z d z   3  z d z  3 z -
2 0 2
 6 2  4
0 0 0 0 0 .
 

 V.d l   yz
2
dy = 0
1.
2 2
 
z2
 V.d l    3 y + z  dz  2
 2
2. 0 0

2
 y  1   z = -2 y  2
 

 yz .d y +  3 y  z  d z.  y  3 x  y  6 z z -0 =
2
3. 1
  y  2 y  2  .d y +  3 y   2 y   2  .  2  d y
2
 2 y  z = 2  d z = -2d y .
  y  4 y  4  8 y  +  y  2  .  2  d y
2

  4 y  4 y  8 y  2 y  4 dy
3

1
1
y4 y2
  4 y  10 y - 4 .d y  4.
3
 10. 4y 1 5 4  2
4 2
0 0 .
   
V  6 x  yz 2 y   3 y  z  z
1.55
  
x y z

  
V 
x y z
6 yz 2 3y  z
   
 x  3  2 yz   y  0   z  0   x  3  2 yz 
.
 
  V   3  2 yz  x
(1, 0)  (0,2)
2
z -0 =  y - 1   z = 2 y  2  z = 2  2 y
1 .
d z = -2d y .
 
d s  dydz x
 
 

     V .d s     3  2 yz  .d y.d z
1 2 2 y 2 2 y 1
z2
 
0 0
3 z - 2 y.
2
.d y    3  2 yz  .d y.d z
0 0

1 2 2 y 1
y2
  3  2  2 y   y  2  2 y  .d y
2

0

0
3y  2
2 0
z .d z

-43-
 1 2 2 y 1
y2
   2  2 y   3  y  2  2 y   .d y 
0 0
3 y  2 z .d z
2 0
1
2 2 y
y2 y3 y4
= 6  10
2
8
3
4
4 0

0
3  z .d z

2 2 y
8

3
 3  z .d z
0 .
 yz dy   3y  z  dz   y  2  2y  dy   3y  2  2y   2  dy   y  4  4y 2  8y   2y  4dy
2 2

1
y2 y4 y3 y2 20
4  4. 8 2  4y  
2 4 3 2 3
0 .
   

1.56
 
V  r cos 2  r   r cos .sin   .  3r 
  
ar r a r sin  a 

1   
V 
r sin 
2
r  
r cos 2   r cos .sin   r  3r  r sin 
  
 
 a r 3r 2 cos   r a   6r sin    a   2r sin . cos   2r sin . cos  
 
1
 ar  3r 2
cos    a  6r 
2
sin  .  r sin 
2

 
 

    V  .d s


(1)

   6r 2 sin   dr.r .sin .d .a  

1 2

  6r dr .d 
3

0 0
 
  V .d s
 

   V   3r 2 cos  .r sin . cos 
 
 x  3r 3 sin . cos . cos   6r 2 sin . cos . cos 
 3r 2
 r  2  sin . cos .cos  .
r cos 2 .dr  0
2
1.

  3r  r sin .d   3. 2

1
. cos 2 .
 1  cos .d   1 cos .sin .d 
     
2
r. cos .dr r cos .sin .r d sin  sin 2  sin 
 
 cos 3  cos  4
 cos  1 4
1 1
  d   .d   1  
sin 3  sin   sin 
3
2 sin  
2
2 2
2 2 .
 
 
4, 2.
 
1
V .d l  r . cos 2 .dr  r .dr
2
r : 2 0

-44-
 0 0
1 1 r2

2  rdr  2 2 
1 1
.  2  
1 3 
2 2 2 2 2 = 2 .
 

1.57 V  yz
  
x y z

   
V   x 1
x y z
0 0 y

x y z
  1
a 2a a
y
x  z a
2
2x  y  2z  a
  

2 x y 2 z
ax 
3
  

1. d l  d x x  d y y  0
2. (2a, 0)  (0, a)
1
z - 0    y  2a 
2  2 z   y  2a  y  2  a  z  .
a

 y dz =  2  a  z  d z = 2a a2  a2
2

0 .
 
  1
   .d s   a   2a   a
2
 V
3.  2 .

   
V  r 2 sin . r  4r 2 . cos .  r 2 t a n . 
1.58

-45-
 
1  2 2 1  1 
. V 
r r
2 
r .r sin   .
r sin  

sin .4r 2 cos   
. .r 2 t a n 
r sin  

cos 2   4r  sin   cos  sin  
2 2 2
1 cos 2 .2 cos 2 
 4r . sin   4r . .  0  4r sin   4r .    4r
2 sin  sin   sin   sin 
 4r . cot . cos 
  
2 6 R

R4 6
1 6

   . V dV   0 4r . cot . cos .r .sin .d .d2

  4. .  2  cos .d    2   .R .
2 4
 1  cos 2  
0 0 4 0 2 0

 3  R
 
4
1 sin 2   6
  2   .R 4 .      R 4  
  2  3 3
2 2 0 6 4  12
.
 

 V.d s
  
2 6
1  cos 2  R4  sin 2   6 R 2 4  3
 0 r .sin .r .sin .d .d   R 0 2 .d   2    2  0  2 . 2 .  
2 2 4
6 4 
0 
 2  3 3  
4  3 3  3
  R 2   3 3
 
4
 R 4    R      R  
4
 12
  6 4 2  6 2 
12 .
2 R
R 4
3 3 .R 4

0 0 4r cos .dr .r .sin .d   4. 4 . 4 .2   2

2

   
V  6 x  yz 2 y   3 y  z  z
1.59.
 

1. z = 0, d l  d y . y .
 

 V.d l   yz d y = 0
2

  

2. d l  d y. y  d z.d z
 1,0    0,2 
2
z 0   y  1   z  2y  2  dz  2dy
1
 

 V.d l   yz dy   3y  z  dz   y  2  2y 
2 2
 
dy   3y  2  2y   2  dy   y 4  4y 2  8y  2y  4dy
1
y4 y2 y3 y2
 4. 4 8 2  4y  1  2  8  1  4  2  8   14
   4y  4y  8y  2y  4 
3 2
4 2 3 2 3 3 3
0 .
3. y  0

-46-
 2 2 2
 z z 4
  3y  z  dz   3 1  

2
 z.dz   3  .dz  6   5
2 4
0 0 0 .


1.59 a) Corollary 2 says,  T.d l 0

  

Stoke’s theorem says, 

 T  .d l      T  .d s      T  .d s  0
   T   0
 

b) Corollary (2) says,    V.d s  0

 
   

    V .d s   .    V .dV  0
 

.    V   0
 
  T  .dV  S T.ds
1.60 a) V
  T  .dV
V
  

 V .d s     . V dV

 
. V  .CT  T  .C   C.  T 
 
But C is constant, .C  0

. V  C.  T 
C  T dV    C.T.ds
V

C  T dV   T.ds
V

 
  

    V .dV   V d s
b) V S
  
V  V C
      
V .  V C dV    V C  .d s
     
   
   

.  V C   C .    V   V .    C   C .    V 
       

 
   
 

V C .    V dV    V C  .d s

        
  
d s .  V C   C .  d s  V    C .  V  d s 
     

 
  

 C .    V .dv    V d s
.

 a
V r
1.62 r

1   2 1 1
. V  r .  
r 2 r  r  r 2

1 2
 . VdV   r 2 .r .sin .d .d .dr   4  
-47-
  
1
 V.d s   r .r .sin .d .d 
2

 
 1  2 n 1
.  r n .a r

 2.
 r r r
 
r .r  2  n  2  .r n 1   n  2  .r n 1
  
ar r a r sin  a 

1    1
rn ar    0  0
r 2 sin  r   r 2 sin 
rn 0 0
.
Electrostatics
2.1 a) Zero

1 qQ
F
4  o r 2
b)
qQ
c) Zero, 4  o r 2

   
q q
E1  E 2  .a r1  .a r2

   
  
2 2
4  o  d  z2  4  o  d  z2 
2.2 a)  2   2 

 2 x za  2 x za
 

q  d z q  d z
 .  .

  
d2 z 
  
d2  z
2 2 2 2
4  o  d  z2  2
4  o  d  z2  2
 2   2 

q 2z a z q 
q 
 .  .z a z  az

  
 d 2 2  o z
2 2 3 2
4  o  d  z2   z2 
  
2 2
 2  2 o  d  z2 
 2  .
  
E  E1  E 2
b)

-48-
 
q d  

E1  . x  3 z 
3
2
  

 
2 2
4  o  d  z2 
 2 

q d  

E2  . x 3z 
3 
2
2  

 
2
4  o  d  z2 
 2 

q 
E2  3
.d x

  2
2
4  o  d  z2 
 2 
2.3

L
sin 1 
L  Z2 .
2

 L 
E  sin 1  sin  2  .a 
4  o 

L L 
 . .a 
4 o  L2  z 2
L L 
 . .a z
4  o z L2  z 2
 L   
E  sin 1  sin 2  .a H  L  cos 1  cos  2  .a V
4  o  4 o 
  L     Z  
  2  .a Z   1   .a n
4 o z  L  Z2  4 o z  L Z 
2

 
.a z .
  a a
2

a 2    
2 2 2
4  o  z2 a  a  z2
2.4 2 2

-49-


.
a 2 .a z


a 2
2
2 o  z2 a2  z2
2

a 2
2

 
 . .a z
a 2
2
4 o  z2 a2  z2
2
L L 
. .a 
2  o  L2  2

a
 2

 . . cos . a z
a 2  a 2  a 2
2 2 2
2 o  z2  z2

a
 2 z 
 . .a z
a 2 a 2 a 2
2 2 2
2 o  z2  z2  z2

 az 
 . .a z

  
2
4  o  a  z2  a2
 z2
 2  2
 az 
 . .a z

  
2 2
2  o  a  z2  a
 z2
 2  2
(1) + (3)
 az 
 . .a z

  
2
2  o  a  z2  a2
 z2
 2  2
(2) + (4)
a z 
 . .a z

  
2
 o  a  z2  a2
 z2
 2  2
(1) + (2) + (3) + (4) .

-50-
 
dQ 
dE  aR
2.5 4  o R 2


.d l zd z
 .

4  o r 2  z 2  r 2  z2

  
R   r.d  z dz

r.d   zdz
aR 
r 2  z2
2

.d l z zr 
E
4 o  3
.r.d   3
.a z
0
r 2
z 2 2
 .

o r 2  z 2  2
.


dQ 
.ds zaz .ds 
dE  .a R  .  .z a z
4  o R 2 3 3

   z
 
2 2
4  o 2  z 2 2
4  o 2  z 2 2
2.6

ds  dR.R.d 

 
dE  3
.z .d .d  a z

4  o 2  z 2  2

R 2

 
E  3
.z .d .d  a z
0 0

4  o 2  z 2  2

R
z  

2 o  3
.d .a z
0
 2
 z2  2

R
z 1 
d 1
 . az
2 o   z 2
2 d    z2
2
0

-51-
 z 1 1  1 2 3

 . 
2 o  z
az     z
2
2
  2
.2   3
R z 
 
2 2
2
 z2 2

R 

z   
E .a z  .a z
2o z 2 o
Z  R

z 1 1 1 R 2 
E .   ................ 
2 o  z z 2 z 2 
z R 2 R 2
 . 2 
2  o 2z 4 oz
.
2.7 ZR
ZR

E is clearly in the z-direction.

dq  ds  R 2 sin .d .d 
r 2  R 2  z 2  2Rz cos 
Z  R cos 
cos  
r
1 R 2 sin .d .d   z  R cos  
4  o  
Ez  3


R 2  z 2  2Rz cos  2 
1

 z  R cos  sin .d 
  2   R 2 
4 o 3
0

R 2  z 2  2Rz cos  2 
Let, u  cos 
du   sin .d 


1
.  2   R 2 
1
 z  Ru  dx
4 o 3
1
 R 2  z 2  2Rzu  2

1
1 1 zu  R 
 .  2   R 2  2. 
4  o  z R  z  2Rzu  1
2 2

1 2 R 2  z  R  z  R  
 .   
4  o z2  z  R z  R 
 
Q
for z  R,E  .a z  ou t side 
4  o z 2


for z  R,E  0 (in side) .
2.8 All spherical shells total contributing over sphere of charge Q. So,
-52-
  
Q
E .a z
Outside the sphere, 4  o z 2

 Q in t 
E .a r
4  o z 2

4 3
r
r3
Q in  3  3
4 R
R 3
3
 
Q.r Q 
E .a r  .r
4  o R 2
4  o R 3 .
 

2.9 E  kr 3 .a r

1  2 2 k  k
. E  . .r .kr  2 . .r 5  2 .5r 4  5kr 2
r 2 r r r r
 
. E  V   V  5k o r 2
o
R

q 
r5
 E.ds  o    . E .dV    5kr .r sin .d .d   5. k. 5
2 2
 4 
0

q  4 R 5 .k. o
R5
Q    V .dV   5k o r 2 .r 2 .sin .d .d   5k  o . .  4    4 k  o R 5
5 .
 
Q
 E . ds  
2.10 o

For this,
 
Q
 E . ds 
24 o
 

 D . ds  
2.11

-53-
 
0
Q

4 R 2
 
Q
 E . ds   o


 E .a r .r .sin .d 

2
r

Q
dQ 
o
Q
E r .r 2  4  
o
Q
Er 
4 r 2  o
 

 D . ds  Q enc
2.12

 
4 3
 o   E . a r .r 2 . sin .d .d    V r
3
Q
V 
4 3
r
3
4
Q enc   V r 3
3
4
 o E r .r 2 .  4     V . r 3
3
4 3
 V . r
3 
o E r   V .r
4 r 2 3
  
E  V .r .a r
3 o
 

  D.ds  Q
2.13

-54-
  

 
t op bot t om
 
sidea
D .ds  Q en c

 

 D  .a  ..d .dz.a   l
l
D   2   .l 


E 
2  o 
.
 

 D.d s  Q
2.14

Q
V 
4
 V  kr , R 3
3 .
4 3 4 3
Q en c  V . r  kr . r  4 kr 3
3 3 .
 
 o  E . d s  Q en c
  Q en c
 E r .a r .r 2 .sin .d .d .a r 
o
Q en c
E r  4   .r 2 
o
1 1 k r4
  s .ds   kr .r 2 .sin .d .d .dr   4   .
o o o 4
k .r 4 
E r  4  r 2  .a r
o
.

k .r 2 
Er  .a r
4  o
.
k
V  2
2.15 r
r a
Inside,

a r b

-55-
 
E 0
a r b a r b
 kr a 
E .a r
o r 2
Q en c    V dV
k
 r 2
.r 2 .sin .d .d .dV
 k  b  a  .4 
.
Outside, r > a

kb a  kb a 

 Er  E

o E r 4 r 2
  k  b  a  4 o r 2
 o r 2
ar
.
 

2.16 s<a  D.d s  Q en c

b>s E 0

r3 r 3 4 3  E  ra  V
 o E r .4 r 2  Q  a  V r
a3 a3 3 3 o
 

a<s<b  D . d s  Q     V dV

4 3  E  V r  E   V r .a
 
 o E r 4 r 2   V r r r
3 3 o 3 o
.
a
 
a2
 D .d s  Q    V dV     V  d  d  dz  V  2  
0
2
.l

a 2 V 
o E   2 l    V a 2 l  E   .a 
2 o 
.
1   
 o E   2 l   2 .V .a 2 l  E   V .a 
a 2 o
.
 

 D . d s  Q enc
2.17

-56-
 dQ
s 
dS
dQ
v 
dV
Q
v 
volu m e
 s 
E .a y
2 o
v
  2 o
.d l

s  v .d l
v .d 
= .a y
o
.
2.18

4 3
Q enc    V .dV 
3
r1 
  4 r13 
 E . d s  3 o
4 r13 
E r .4 .r12 
3 o
r1 
Er    
3 o r1  r2  d

-57-
  r1  
E1  .a r   
3o 1 d  r 2  r1
 r2  
E2  .a r   
3 o 2 d  r1  r 2

   
E  r1  r 2  .a r
3 o  

 
d
 d ax 
3o 3 o
.

4 4 4
Q en c    .dV  .r   r13    r13
3
1
3 3 3 .
 


1   1  ar  ..dV  0
E   
4  o  
.a r .dV   2
4  o r 2 r 
2.19  

   

E  k  xy x  2 yz y  3 xz z 
2.20 a)  
  
x y z

     
E   x  2 y   y  3 z   z  x   0
x y z
xy 2 yz 3 xz

Impossible of E .

   


E  k  y 2 x  2 xy  z 2 y  2 yz z 
 

b)
  
x y z

     
E   x  2z  2z   y  0  0   z  2 y  2 y   0
x y z
y2 2 xy  z 2 2 yz

-58-
 Possible electric field.

E  V
 
V   E . d l
xo
x2 x o2
  k.x y dx = - k y .  k y .
2 2
I. 0 , at y = 0 = 0.
 
d l .d y. a y
II. at x0.


 k.2 yz .d y.a y z 0

 
k 2 yx + z 2 d y  2k x o y.d y  k x o y o2
zo
z o2
 k  2 xz .d z = k 2 x o  k x o z o2
2
III. 0

x o yo z o
 
V  
E . d l  k x o y o2  y o z 2   or  V  x , y, z   k  xy 2
 yz 2 
0

 
 
 
    
 
V  k  xy 2  yz 2 x  
xy 2  yz 2 z     
xy 2  yz 2 k    k  y 2 x  2 xy  z 2 y  2 zy z   E   
 x y z    .
2.21 Outside,
q
V
4  o r
,r>R
q r3 q r2
 
4 o r R 3 4  o R 3

dQ 4 r3
V    . R 3
 Q
dV  Q    V .dV
V
3 R3 .
 
Q
E .a r
2.21 4  o r 2
,r>R
Q r3 
 . 3 .a r
4 o r R
2
,r<R

Qr
 .a r
4  o R 3
, r < R.
Case (i): r > R,
r  r

Q Q
V   E . d l   .dr 
  4  o r
2
4 o r
r<R
r  R   R r
  
Q Q
V   E . d l   E . d l   E . d l   .dr   .r .dr
 4  o r R 4  o R
2 3
  R

-59-
 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 1 r2  Q 1  r2 
 . 
4 o R 4  o R 2
3
. r 2  R2 
4 o
     3 
 
 R 2R 2R  4 o 2R 
3  
R2 
.
 L 
E .a 
2  o 
2.22

L  
V   .a  d .a 

2 o 

L
 . ln 
2  o 

In this case, we can not set reference point as infinity. Since, the charge itself is extended to infinity. Set a
 s 
 ln  
2  o  a 
1        
 V    . . ln      . ..1
   2  o  a  2  o 
Gradient
  s   1 
V  . .ln     2  .  .a 
 2  o a  o

 
E  V  .a s
2  o s
.
k
 2
2.23 r , a r b
0   b   a   0  
V   E . d l   E . d l   E . d l   E . d l
  b a


r  a ,E  0
r
k  kr a 
 o E r .r 2  4    r .r 2 .sin .d .d .dr Er  .a r
a r b, a
2
 k  r  a   4  o r 2

b
 
 o E r  r 2 sin .d .d   Q
r  b ,  o  E . d s  Q a
  o E r .r 2  4    Q en c    . dV
a
k kb a
 r .r 2 .sin .d .d .dr   4   k  b  a   E r  .r 2
b
2
o r 2 .
r  R   R r
Q 1 Q 1
Q Q
 
  
  E . d l   E . d l   E . d l   .dr   .r .dr  .  . r 2  R2
  R  4  o r 2
R 4  o R 3
4  o R 4  o R 3
2
Q 1 1 r2  k b a
b   b

3     E . d l  
    . .dr
4 o  R 2R 2R  

 o r2
b
k 1 k b a 
 b  a  .     
k 1
 b a. 
o r 
o  b  o  b 

-60-
 k r a  
a a a
a   k 1 a  k 1
 E . d l    .dr   .    2 .dr  
a
ln r  
b o r 2
 o b r r   o 
b
r b
b

k  a  a a  k  b a  k  a b a  k b

 ln       ln     1   1   ln     1   ln  
o   b  a b  o   a  b  o  b a  b  o  a 
Vbo  V  b   V  0 

b  
V  b    E . d l  0

0  
V  0    E . d l
a
0
L  
  .d    L ln  
x
2  o  2  o  x 
b   b   a   0  
V  b   V  0    E . d l   E . d l   E . d l   E . d l
 0 b a

a   0  
 E . d l  E . d l
b a
a
  a 
0
 .a 2
  L .d   L ln     V .d 
b
2 o  2 o  b  a 2  o 
 
 o  E .d s  Q enc

  o E   .d .dz  Q en c
2
.o E   2   .l = Q enc   s .ds    V ..d .dz.d   V .  2   .l = V .2 .l
2 .
b
2.24

E 0

a b
 L 
E .a 
2  o
a
 L .2 
E .a 
2o
b   a   0   a
L   0
 2  
V  b   V  0    E . d l   E . d l   E . d l  0   .a  .d .a    L .a  .d .a 
 b a b
2 o a
2 o 

-61-
  
Q enc   o  E . d s   L d
L  
d
o  .a  ..d .dz.a    L .d .
2  o  dz
L 2
o  2   .l.  L .  2   .l
2  o 2
L .2 
E  .a 
2 o 
.
 

 E . d s  0
2.16

b
a b
 
 o  E . d s  Q en c
 
 o  E  .a  ..d .dz.a 
Q en c 1 1 a2
E   2   ..l =    V .d .d .dz   2   .l. .V
o o o 2
la 2
E   2   ..l 
o
 V .a 2
E 
2 o 
a b
 V .a 2 
E .a 
2 o 
a 
 V  
E .a 
2 o
 
 o  E . d s  Q en c

1 1
o 
E  .2 ..l = V .dV   V .d .d .dz.
o 0
1 2
E  .2 l   2   .  l  .V .
o 2
V .
E 
2o
Potential on the axis,
b   a    V .a 2
0   aa
V  V a 2  a  V   a 2 
   E . d l  E . d l  E . d l  0   .d    . d  ln     
V  x   V  0  b a b
2o  0
2o 2o  b  2o  2 
 a2   a  1  a 2   b 
 V ln       2  ln   
2o   b  2  4 o   a  .

-62-
 q 1

q 4 o d 
2

V1  z2   
4 o r 2
2.25
q 1
V2   .
4  o d 
2

z2   
2

V  V1  V2  0

 L L 
E . .a 
2  o  L  
2 2

  
 L L
V    E . d l   . .d 
 2  o  L  2
2


L .L z 1 
2 o  2
 . .d 
2
L 
1 

1 
 ln . L2  2
 L  2
2

1  L2  2  
  .2   L2  2 ln 
  L   
2 2

1 1 1
 . . sec .d 
 L t a n  L2  L2 t a n 2 


1

1 cos 
L t a n  L sin 
 ln sin  
t a n 1  z 

2
2

 ln sin t a n 1 z   .
2
 L L 
E . .az
2 o z L2  z 2

-63-
 z  
z
L L
V   E . d l   . .dz
 2  o z L  z2
2


L .L z 1 1
2  o  z L2  z 2
 . .dz

z  L t a n   dz  L sec . d 
2

t a n 1 z  2
 .L 1 1
 L
2  o 

.
L t a n  L sec 
.L sec 2 . d 
2
t a n 1 z  2
L .L sec 

2  o 
 tan 
. d
2
t a n 1 z  2
L .L 1

2  o 
 sin 
. d
2

 2
 .L
   
t a n 1 z
 L ln cos x  ln sin x
2  o 2 2 
2

 .L
 t a n 1 z 
 L ln cos  2   ln 1  ln sin   
 t a n 1 z 
2   ln 1  
2  o  2  2 
 2  2
   

 cos 
 t a n 1 z  
2   
  2  
L .L   
 ln  
2  o 
 sin
 t a n 1 z  
 2  
 
  2  
  



1  t a n t a n 1 z  2 
2 tan 1
 z 2  =1+z.
Q
V
4  o r

L
1 

4  o 
L z  x2
2


 
L
 ln x  z 2  x 2
4 o L


 ln L  z  L  2 2


4  o ln L  z 2  L2

  L  z 2  L2 
 . ln  
2 o  z 
 

-64-
 Q
V
4  o r
c)

1 

4  o    z2
2
.ds

R 2
1 

4 o 
0 0   z2
2
..d .d 

R
1 
  2   . 2 2 .d 
4 o 0  z
  z t a n   d   z sec2 . d 
R
1 z tan 
  2   .  .z sec 2 .d 
4 o 0
z sec 
 R
 2  z 2
2 o 0



2 o
 R 2  z2  z 

  1    1 
E  V    .2z  1    1  
2 o 2 R z
2 2
 2 o  R  z2
2

2q
V
 2
2
4  o z 2  d
a)

qz 1
1
 1  . .a z
2 o 3
V    2q .  1   z 2  d
 
2 

 
2
 2 2
 2
 
.a z   z  .2z  z  d 
E  V z 4  o  2     z 
  L  z L 2 2 
V ln  
2  o  L  z 2  L2 
b)
 
  1 1 1 1 1 1 
  . .2z  . .2z
V  
 


E .a z 2  o L  z L
2 2 2
z L
2 2
L  L  z
2 2 2 z L
2 2

z  
 
 z  1 1 
 . 
4  o z 2  L2  L  z 2  L2
 L  L  z 
2

2 
 
 
 z  L  L  z  L  z  L
2 2 2 2

 .
4  o

z 2  L2  L  z 2  L2 L  L2  z 2
   

 zL 1
 .
2  o z L
2 2 z 2  L2  L2

-65-
  zL 1 
 . .a z
2  o z 2  L2 z


If –q is place on right, then V = 0, E  0 .



But, contraduction to E  0 .

Knowing V on the z – axis is insufficient to determine E .
Va b  Va  Vb
2.26

Q 1
4  o r 
Va   s .ds
4  o r

r 2  R 2  z 2  2Rz cos '

2h
Q 1 1 1
4  o r 4  o r  
Va   s .ds  .dr .d  
4  o r 0
4  o

2
 dz 
 2 x d x 1   
2 x d x 2  d z 2  d x  , But , dz = dx.
 2 x d x 2 .

 is surface charge density then Q  2 x d x 2  .

Q
V
4  o r
In general,

-66-
 2 x d x 2.
dV 
 
2
4  o x 2  z1  z

R
2 x.d x
2 o 0
V
 
2
x  z1  z
2

, But z  x , if z = 0.
1

2 R x.d x
2  o 0 x 2   x  0  2


R
2 d x 
V  
2 o 0 2 2 o
R
.
At the centre of the base, z  R .
1

2 R x.d x
V R 
2  o 0 x 2  R  x 2
 
2  2R  2  1  R  2  1 
 ln  
 2  1  4 
ln 
 2  1 
.
2 o 4   o  
R  2  1  R R 1  2  1  
 ln     ln    1 
4  o  2  1  2 o 2  o  2  2  1  
V(R) – V(0) =
R  1
  
2
 ln 2  1 1
2  o  2 


R 
2 o 
ln  
2  1 1

Q
V
4  o R
2.27

-67-
 R 2 dz
dV 
 
2
4  o R 2  z1  z

R 2  dz
4 o 
V
 
2
R 2  z  z1

L
R 2  2
dz

4  o L
 R 2  z2
2
ZL

 
2
V
2o  R 2  x 2  x .d x
ZL
2

 
ZL
L 1 
. x R 2  x 2  R 2 ln x + R 2  x 2  x 2 
2


2 o 2  
 Z L 2
 2 
 L  L 
z   R 2
  z 
2 
2 2
  L  L  L  L 2  
 L  z   R 2   z     z   R 2   z    R 2 ln
4  o  2 2  2 2   2zL 
  L  L
2

z   R 2
  z 

 2  2  


V 
E  V   .a z
z

  zL zL 
  1 2 1 2 
 
 z  L2  z  L2

   
2 2 2

  2  R  zL
2
R2  z  L  
    2 2
2 2
  R  z L2   R  zL   R2      2L
2
2
R z L  R z L     
4 o  2 2
z  L  R2  z  L 2 L 2

2 2
z  R2  z  L
 2 2  2 2 2 2 
  
   

a  
   2
 2 2
E   3 2 R 2  z  L  2 R2  z  L  2L 
4 o  2

 

   2
2 2
 L  R  z  L 2  R2  z  L
2
a z
2 o   .
  
V   E . d l
2.28 

-68-
 R   r  
  E . d l   E . d l
 R
R r
q R3
  dr   2 Q dr
 4  o r
2
R 3r
R
q 1
 .
4  o r 

q QR 3  1 1 
  
4  o R 3  R r 
R
rq
  dr
r 4  o R 3
q 1 2
  r  R 2 
4  o R 2 
3

q 1 r2 
   
8  o  R R 3 
q q 1 r2 
V    3
4  o R 8  o R R 
q  1 r2 
 1   
4  o R  2 2R 2 
q 3 r2 
   2 
4  o R  2 2R 
q  r2 
 3  2 
8 o R  R 
1 
2 V  2  dV
4  o r
2.29
1 1
4 o 
 2 dV
r


1
  4 8 3 r  r '
4 o  
  dV


o
 
E a bove  E below  .a n
o
2.30
 
E a bove  an
2o
;
   
E below  an 
2 o  ;
     
  a n  a n
 2o 2o  o
net side,
 
 0
2o 2o

-69-
      
    an
 2  o 2 o   o
middle point,
R 2 
E ou t  ar
a) E in  0 , o r 2

  
a r   a r
 o
on surface = o   .
Q en c  0
b) inside,


E 0
  Q en c
 E . d s  o
  Q en c
 E  .a  . .d .dz.a  
o
Q en c 1
E  .   2 l = 
o o
Q en c 2 l
E  
2 l  o 2  o
2
E ' 
On surface, 
 
E  a
o

E  E ou t  E in 
o
.
R  2
R
Vou t 
oz o
c) (at surface) = ;
R
Vin 
o
 Vou t  Vin
Vou t R2 
 
r o r 2
o
(at surface)
Vin
0
r
Vou t Vin 
  
r r o
.

-70-
      
w  q  E 1 . d l  q  E 2 . d l  q  E 1 . d l
a)
2.31

q
 q 
4  o
 V1  V2  V3
q q q
  
4  o a 4  o a 4  o 2a
q 1  1.293
  2     4 
4  o a
 2 o

q 
2
1 
w 2 
4  o a  
2
q 2 q 2 q2 q 2 q2 q2
w2  w3   w 4   
4  o a 4  o a 2 4  o 2a 4  o a 2 4  o a 4 o 2a
b) w1  0 , , ,
w  w1  w 2  w 3  w 4
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2 q2
     
4  o a 4 o a 4  o 2a 4  o a 4  o a 4  o 2a
q2 q2
 
o a 2 o 2a
q2 1 
 1  
 o a
 2 2
dE 1
wV   o E 2
2.32 a) dV 2

  2 r2  q  r2 
V  R     3  
2 o  3  8  o R  R2 .
Potential inside the sphere,
1
w   dV.V
2
1 q  r2  2
   3  2  .r sin .d .d .dr
2 8  o R  R 
1 q
R
 3 r2 
  4      2 .r 2 dr
2 8 o 0R R 
R
pq r3 1 r5
 .3  2 .
4 o R 3 R 5 0

pq  3 R 3  pq  4R 3  pqR 2
 R     
4 o R  5  4 o R  5  5 o
.

-71-
 o
b)
w
2  E 2 dV
 
q
E a r
r R , 4  o r 2
 
q
E r ar
r R, 4  o R 3

 R 

w  o   E 2 dV   E 2 dV 
2 0 R 
 R  1 
2 2
q   1 q 
R
 o   . 3  .r 2 sin .d .d .dr    . 3  .r 2 sin .d .d .dr 
2  0  4  o R  0  4  o R  

2
  q  R 1 2 
1 
 o .    6 r  4   r dr   2  4   dr 
2

2  4  o   0 R R r 
2
  q   1 R5 1
 o .   4   . 6   4  
2  4  o   R 5 R
2
o  q  2  1 1
 .  .  4  q   
2  4  o   5R R 
1 1 6
 . q2
2 4 o R .5
1 3 1 
 q2  . 
4 o  5 2 
.
o  2  
w   E dV   V. E .d s 
2 V 
c) S

where, a > R
o  R 2 
2
q q

 q 
   E dV   . .r 2
sin .d .d      .  4   .r 2
dr 
ra 4  o r 4  o r R  4  o r 
2 2
2 0 
 
o  q 2 q2  4  4 q 2  1  
a

   4  a   2   
2   4 o  2  4 o  5r  4 o   r  R 
2

q 2 1 1 1 1
   
4 o 2  a 5R a R 
1 3 q2
 . .
4  o 5 R
.
dw  dq V
2.33

 1 q
 dq  
 4 o  r
4 r3
q  r 3    3
3 R

-72-
 4 r 2
 .dr q
4 3q
R 3
 3 r 2 dr
dq  4 r dr  3
2
R
1 qr 3 1 3q 2
dw  . . . .r .dr
4  o R 3 r R 3
1 3q 2 4
 . r dr
4  o R 6
R
1 3q 2 4 1 3q 2 R 5 1 3q 2 1
 . 6  r dr  .  .
4  o R 0 4  o R 6 5 4 o R 5
.
o  a
 b 
w  ce E dV  2o  E 2 dV  2o  E 2 dV   E 2 dV
2

2 a ll spa
2.34 0 a b

o  a  q  2 
2

   2 
r sin .d .d .dr 
2  0  4  o r  
 

2
o b  q 
  4   .r
2 a  4 o r 2 
 
2

2
o  q  b
1
    4    .dr
 4  o 
2
2 a r
2
  q  1 1 
2  
 o  4    
2  4  o r  a b
2
q 1 1 
 
8  o  a b 
 
w tot al  w1  w 2  o  E 1 . E 2 dV
b)
q2 q2
w1  w2 
r a, 8  o a 8 o b
; ;

q 
E1  ar
4 r 2 r  a
 
q
E2   ar
4  o r 2
 r  b
 
q2
E1 . E 2  
 4 o 
2
r4
  
1 1 2
4 
 E .E dV   q2  . 4   .r 2 dr   q
 4 o 
1 2 2
r  b ,and hence b r 4  2 b
0
 
w  w1  w 2  o  E 1 . E 2 dV
q2 q2 q2 q2 1 1 2  q2 1 1 
     a  b  b   8  a  b
8 0 a 8  0 b 4  0 b 8 0   0  .

-73-
 Q

2.35 a) 4 R 2

Q

4 a 2
Q

4 b 2
 

 D .d s  Q en c
  Q en c
 E .d s  0
0   b   a   R   0  
V    E .d l    E . d l   E . d l   E . d l   E . d l
b)   b a R

b b b
Q Q
  dr  0   dr   (0)dr
 4  0 r 2
a 4  0r
2
a
b R
Q  1 Q  1
    
4 0  r   4  0  r  a


Q 1 Q 1 1
  
4  o b 4  0  R a 
Q 1 1 1 
  
4 0  b R a 
c) outer sphere touches the ground,
a   R   0  
V  0    E . d l  E . d l   E . d l
b  0 ,  a R

R
Q
0 .dr  0
a 4  0 r 2
R
Q  1
  r 
4 0  a
Q 1 1
 
4  0  R a 
q a
a 
2.36 a) 4 a 2

-74-
 q b
b 
4 b 2
q q
R  a 2 b
4 R

qa  qb 
E ou t  .a R
b) 4 R 2
 qa 
E .a ra | wit hin (a )
c) 4 0 r a 2

 qb 
E .a r | wit h in (b)
4 0 rb 2

d) Zero
e) R changes, Eoutside can change. But, forces on qa and qb still zero.
2.37 Two metal plates of area A, separation d.
Q charge on each plate.

1 Q2
 0 .
2 0 A 2
1 Q2 Q2
 0 . 2 2  2 2
2 0 A 2 0 A .


2.38 E  0 inside the sphere.

 
Q
E .a R
Outside, 4 0 R 2


1 Q
E a vg  .a R
2 4 0 R 2

Q
fz    E a vg    4 R 2
, .

-75-
 Q 1 Q
Fz   fz da   . . . cos R 2 sin .d .d 
4 R 2 4  o R
2 2

2 
1  Q  2

2 o  4 R  .2   sin . cos  d 
  0
2 
1 Q  1 2
1 Q2 Q2
   . sin 2   . 
o  4   2 0 2 o  4R  2 32 R 2  o
.
Q  L d l L  l  2  l 
c   
V a   a
L   L a
  E .d l  a .d .a   ln  b
2  o   2  o
2.39 b b

2  o l
c
 
ln b
a
1
o E 2  A   
2.40 a) w = force  distance = pressure  area  distance 2
1
 o E 2   .A 
b) w = energy per unit volume  decrease in volume 2 = energy lost = work done .
2.41 The field intensity at height of z, above center, of a square loop(side a) is,

a2
u=
Let, 4 , ada= 2 du.

1 4 a z 
E .a z
4  o  2 a 2  2 a 2
z   z 
 4  2
da

Here, 2 , and we integrate over a from 0 to a .
a
1 a da
E 2 z 
4 0 0  2 a  2 a2
2

z   z 
 4  2
2
a
4
1 dx
  4 z  
4 0 0 u z  2
2u  z 2
a2
u 
Let, 4  a da  2du

-76-
 2
a
z  2 1
 2u  z 2  
  t a n  
0  z  z 
   0



2  
t a n
1
 a 2  z
2
2 

 t a n 1  1  
 o  z 
 
2  4  1 a2  
   t a n 1  2  1  .a z
 o    2z 

2  4  4  2     
E   . 2       2  4   2 
a ,  o   o   o


f  x   t a n 1 1  x 
Z >> a, 4
1
f  x   f  0   xf '  0   ... f'  0 
, so 4.
1 1 1
f'  x  . 
2 2  x 1  x
1
1  1  x  2 1x

a2 2  1 a 2  1 a 2 1 q
 x  1 E  2 
 . 2 
2z 2  o  4 2z  4  o z 4  o z 2
, .
 

   A r  B sin . cos  a 
Er  
2.42   r

.D   V

V
. E 
o
 
V   o  . E 
 

1   2 A 1   B sin  cos  
. E  2  r .  2 r.
r r  r  r sin    r 
.
A B sin  A  B cos 
  
r2 r2 r2

V  o
 A  B cos  
r2
2.43 uniformly charge.
 
Qr
E .a r
Inside a uniformly charged sphere the electric field is, 4  o R 3

-77-
  

Force per unit volume, f   E

Q Qr 
 . ar 3  Q  
2
4 3 4  o R
3
 r ar
R  o  4 R 3 
3
The force in z direction over volume dV is,
2
3  Q 
Fz  r cos .r 2 sin .d .d .dr
 o  4 R 3 
The force on northern hemisphere is
2 R 
2
3  Q  2
Fz   f dV   r
3
 d   cos  sin  d 
 o  4 R 3  0 0 0
2
3  Q  R 4
12 3 Q2
  2   .  .
 o  4 R 3  4 2 2  o 64 R 2
.
Q
V
4 0 r
2.44

1 s 1 1 1 R
Vcent er   ds   ds   .R 2 sin d d   .R 2  2   
4  o r 4  o 4 o 4  o 2 o
r 2  R 2  R 2  2R 2 cos 
r 2  2R 2  2R 2 cos 
r  2R 1  cos 
Q
Vpole 
4  o r
1 s
 
4 o r
ds

1 R 2 sin d d 
4  o 

r
 1  cos  .sin .d .d 
  2   R 2  2.R.
4 o 2R 1  cos 

2 R 2  2
sin 

4 o 2R

0 1  cos 
d

R 
2
 .2 1  cos 
2 o 2 0

R R R
 .2  
2 o 2 o 2 2 o
R R
Vpole  Vcu 
2 o

2 o

R
2 o
 2 1 
 
Q
E ar
2.45 4  o r 2
,r>R
-78-
   kr r sin d d dr
2
V dV 
 ar 
4  o r 2
4  o r 2
R
k  r 3 sin d d dr R4
  k.
4
 2    2  kR 4 
E 0
ar   ar
4  o r 2
4  o r 2 4 o r 2 (r>R)

k Rr 3  kRr  kr 2 
E ar  ar  ar
4  o r 2
4 o 4 o
1  2 
R 
1
w   o  E dV   o  E dV   E 2 dV 
2

2 R 2 0 R 
1   kr 2  2 
2 2
R 
 kR 4  2
 o     r drd d  sin     2 
r sin d d dr 
2  0  4 o  R  4 o r  
 
1  k  
2 2 
R 7
 kR  1
4
  o    2     2 
2  4  o  7  4 o  r R 

1  k2 R7 k 2R7  1 k2 1  1 k2 8 k 2 R 7
2 
 o  2 .  2     o 2 R 7   1    o 2 
2  R 7 . 
2 16  o 2
7 16  o  2 16  o
2
7  2 16 o 7 7 o
.
1
w   VdV
2) 2
r   R   r  
V    E . d l   E . d l   E . d l
  R

k  1
R
r3 
r

   k  R 3  r  R    k   4R  r 
r r 3 3 3 3
kR 4 kr 2  R 4  
  . dr   4 o dr 4 o  r 3 k    
 4 o r
2
R

 4  o  3 3  4 o  3 3 
k  3 r3 
 R  
3 o  4 .
1 1 k  3 r3  2
2 2
w  VdV  kr .  R  r sin d d dr
3 o  3 
1 k2  3 r3  3
R

2 3  o 0 
  R  r sin d d dr
4 
1 k2  R4 R 7  k 2  1 7  1  k 2  1 7 6 k 2 R 7
  4   R 3    . R 1    . .R . 
2 3 o  4 4  7  3 o 2  7  3 o 2 7 7 o
.
 e r
Vr   A
2.46   r , A and  are constant.

 e r .A   A e r .  1   1 e r      A  e  e  

  r r
V 
  ar   r 2
r  2 
E  V r r r    r r 
  1  r  
 Ae r   a r
 r2
  .

-79-
  
V   o  . E 
 
  1  r  
E  Ae r ar
r2

1   2 r  1  r  
. E  2 r Ae 
r r  r 2 
A r
 e      1  r  e r    
r 
Ae r 
 1   1  r  
r
Ae r 
  r   2 Ae r
r .
  

ar ar

r

r r

 o A e  1  r  . 2  2 . e r  1  r  



 
 

3  
 ar
   r

 o A e  1  r  4 f  r   2 . e      1  r  e    
 r r r


 
 
    r e
  o A e r  1  r  4 f 3  r  
2

r


   r 
 
  
2

  o A 4 f 3  r   e r 
   r 
 


Q    dV  o A 4  f 3  r  dV   2  4    re r dr 
   
2.47 0


Q  4  o A   2 4   r e r dr
0

   2
 4  o A 1  2   0
 r 

L 
  2   . a
0 o
 .d 

L 0    0 
 ln    L ln  
2  o  1  2  o  2 

-80-
 L  
 ln  2 
2  o  1 
.
y a
2
2   z2

y a
2
1   z2

 y  a   z2
2

V  L ln
2  o  y  a   z2
2

 y  a   z2
2
L
V ln
4  o  y  a  2  z 2

 y  a   z2 4 o 
2
2
e  k  con s t a n t
 y  a   z2
2

b) Equipotential are given by, .

 y 2  2a y  a 2  z 2  k y 2  a 2  2a y  z 2  
y  k  1   2a y  k  1   a  k  1   z  k  1   0
2 2 2
(or)

y 2  a 2  z 2  2a y
 k 1  0
k 1
  y  yo   z  R2
2 2
(or)
 
y 2  z 2  y 20  R 2  2yy o  0

 k 1 
yo  a  
Equipotential circles are with  k 1 

 k 1  4k 2

a2  a
2
 R 2  y 20  a 2  a 2  2a k
  k  1  (or) R  k  1 .
2
a  y0  R  k 1 
2 2 2

4 o Vo
L
a.e 1
yo   2  o Vo 
4 o Vo
 a cot h  
e L
1   
Vo
2 o

e  2 o Vo 
R  2a  a csc h 
4 o
Vo 
e 
1   

2.48 a) Poisson’s equation between two plates.

-81-
 
2 V  
o
d 2 V V

dx 2 o
1 2qV
m v 2  qv  v 
b) 2 m
dq   dV  Adx
c)
dq dx
I  A  Av
dt dt
d2V  1 I 1 I 1 I m  12 
1
    . .V   V 2
dx 2
o  o Av o 2qV  o A 2q

d) m
1
d2V 
2
 V 2  0
dx
dV
V' 
e) dx
d2V 
1
1 m
  V 2 
dx 2  A 2q
when o

1 1
dV 
   V 2 dV  2V 2  C
dx
dV
0
dx x  0
V(0) = 0,
1
0  2  V  0   2  c 
c=0.
1
dV
 2 V 2  c
dx
2 3 4 3
4 3
V  2 V 2  con s t a n t  V 2  c  V 4  2 x  con s t a n t
3 3 3
4
4
3 3
V x  
3
3   x3
V 
4
x
2 , so 2 

2 1

 9 3
4
 81I 2 m  3 43
V  x     x 3   2 
x
 32 o A q 
2
(or) 4 
4
 x 3
V  x   Vo  
Interms of Vo, d 

-82-
 d2V 1 4 1 32 4  o Vo
   o 2
  V
o o 4
. . x  2
dx 3 3
d3 9 d 2x 3  

1
 81I 2 m  3 43
V  d   Vo   2 
d
 32 o A q 
2
f)
81m d 4 2
Vo3  .I
32 2o A 2 q
3
4 2.A q
I .Vo2
9 m .d 2
3 4  A 2q
k  o2
I  kVo2 , where 9d m
r 

1 q1 q 2  r 
F 2 
1  e .a r
4  o r  q
2.49

1   r   r 
E 
4  o r 2 

1 
 
e .a r dV
a)


b) Yes,   E  0 , so it is true.
r  R

1 q  r  r
V   E . d l   2 
1   .e  .dr
c)   4  o r  
r
q 1  r   r
 
4  o  r 2 

1 
 
e .dr

q   1  r 
1 1 r 
   2 e .dr   e  .dr 
4  o  r r rr 

q  e  r   r
V r      q e


4  o  r r 4 o r
.
 
1 q
 E . d s  2 V dV  o
d)
 
1 q  r   r 2
 E . d s   4 o r 2    e .r sin .d .d 
1 

r q

 2    2  q  e  .dr 1  
1  r

4  o 0  
r R
q 
q 
R
q 
R
R  
 e   e  
o o o 1    e
0   .
r


q e
 VdV   4 
V V o r
.r 2 sin d d dr

R
q
 2   2  e  .r dr
r

4  o 0

-83-
 q R
R
R 
 
o

r  e 
 
0
e  

q
  2 e  1  R  1   
 R

 o   
 
1 q
 E . d s    V dV  2
o
 
1 Q en c
 E . d s  2  V dV  o
e)

 
q 1  s  s 2 1  R  R  2 
  E . d s   1    e s sin d d   R 2 1    e R sin d d  
4 o  s 2     


q
4  o   1  s   e   1  R   e  sin d d 
s

R


r S
1 1 q e  2 1 q r
 2  VdV  2  r sin d d   2 sin d d  r e  dr
  4 o r  4  o R

  
S
q r
 sin d d  e  1  r
4  o  R


q 

4  o    
R

1  s e   1  R e   sin d d 
s

  
Gauss’s law holds.
f)

Ex  ax
2.50


. E  ax  a
x
 V  o a
2.51 Newton’s law of Gravitational field,
m m 
F  G 1 2 2 a r
r

-84-
 q1q 2 
F ar
4  o r 2
1
G
4  o
, and q  m .
3 m2
w G.
Gravitational energy, 5 R

 
2
3 11
1.99  10 30
w   6.67  10   2.28  10 41 J
5 6.96  10 8
w 2.28  10 41
   5.90  1014  1.87  10 7
 3.86  10 26

-85-
-86-
-87-
-88-
-89-