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Heat Exchangers: The Effectiveness - NTU Method

The document discusses heat exchanger effectiveness and the NTU method for analyzing heat exchangers. It defines heat exchanger effectiveness as the ratio of actual heat transfer rate to the maximum possible heat transfer rate. The NTU method uses effectiveness and the ratio of minimum to maximum heat capacity rates (Cmin/Cmax) to determine heat exchanger performance and size without iteration. For a given heat exchanger configuration, effectiveness increases with increasing NTU, and for a given NTU, effectiveness increases as Cmin/Cmax decreases.

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297 views7 pages

Heat Exchangers: The Effectiveness - NTU Method

The document discusses heat exchanger effectiveness and the NTU method for analyzing heat exchangers. It defines heat exchanger effectiveness as the ratio of actual heat transfer rate to the maximum possible heat transfer rate. The NTU method uses effectiveness and the ratio of minimum to maximum heat capacity rates (Cmin/Cmax) to determine heat exchanger performance and size without iteration. For a given heat exchanger configuration, effectiveness increases with increasing NTU, and for a given NTU, effectiveness increases as Cmin/Cmax decreases.

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Heat Exchangers:

The Effectiveness – NTU


Method
Chapter 10
Sections 10.6
General Considerations
• Computational Features/Limitations of the LMTD Method:

¾ The LMTD method may be applied to design problems for


which the fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures, as well as
a desired outlet temperature, are prescribed. For a specified
HX type, the required size (surface area), as well as the other
outlet temperature, are readily determined.
¾ If the LMTD method is used in performance calculations for which
both outlet temperatures must be determined from knowledge of the
inlet temperatures, the solution procedure is iterative.

¾ For both design and performance calculations, the effectiveness-NTU


method may be used without iteration.
Definitions
• Heat exchanger effectiveness, ε :

q
ε=
qmax

0 ≤ ε ≤1

• Maximum possible heat rate:

qmax = Cmin (Th ,i − Tc ,i )

⎧⎪Ch if Ch < Cc
Cmin = ⎨or
⎪⎩ Cc if Cc < Ch

¾ Will the fluid characterized by Cmin or Cmax experience the largest possible
temperature change in transit through the HX?

¾ Why is Cmin and not Cmax used in the definition of qmax?


For the parallel flow exchanger: ƒ

mh ch (Th1 −T h 2) Th1 −T h 2
εh = =
mh ch (Th1 −T c1) Th1 −T c1

mc cc (Tc 2 −T c1) Tc 2 −T c1
εc = =
mc cc (Th1 −T c1) Th1 −T c1
similarly for counter flow exchanger :

Th1 −T h 2
εh =
Th1 −T c 2

Tc1 −T c 2
εc =
Th1 −T c 2
Heat Exchanger Relations
⎧
⎪⎪ q =
⋅
m (
h ih , i − ih , o )
• ⎨or
⎪ q = Ch (Th ,i − Th , o )
⎪⎩
⎧
q = mc ( ic , o − ic ,i )
⋅
⎪
• ⎨or
⎪ q = Cc (Tc , o − Tc ,i )
⎩

• q = ε Cmin (Th ,i − Tc ,i )

• Performance Calculations:
¾ ε = f ( NTU , Cmin / Cmax )

Cr
• Number of Transfer Units, NTU
NTU ≡ UA
Cmin
¾ A dimensionless parameter whose magnitude influences HX performance:
q ↑ with ↑ NTU
HX Relations (cont.)

• Design Calculations:
¾NTU = f ( ε , Cmin / Cmax )

• For all heat exchangers,


ε ↑ with ↓ Cr

• For Cr = 0, a single ε − NTU relation applies to all HX types.

ε = 1 − exp ( − NTU )
or

NTU = −1n (1 − ε )

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