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CH 10

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76 views13 pages

CH 10

Uploaded by

نزار الدهامي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

Dr. A.A. Shaikh


CHE402-122

Introduction to
SOLID CATALYSTS

Objectives

a) Define solid catalyst and properties.

b) How a catalytic reaction happens.

c) Define common catalytic reactors.

d) Define causes for catalyst de-activation.

e) Basics of kinetics of catalytic reactions…. (if we have time!)


2

CATALYST: Substance that affects the rate of


reaction,without being consumed.
Catalyst does not change reaction
equilibrium

HOW? Catalyst provides a new mechanism for


reaction at the molecular level.

Ehom

Ehet
Potential energy

Reactants

H

Products

Reaction coordinate
3

WHY DO WE USE CATALYSTS?

ACTIVITY: increase (-rA)

SELECTIVITY: help in formation of desired product

Example: A+B→D
A+B→U
Remember Chapter 6, F4:

-Change concentration level


-Change temperature level
NOW we can add:
-Use catalyst

EASE OF SEPARATION: in case of solid catalysts!


4

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID CATALYSTS

LARGE SURFACE AREA:


-Solid catalyst is typically porous.

-Many pores → high surface area


per gram of catalyst → high (-rA)

-Typical area = 300 m2/g !!

Common SHAPES & SIZES


5

20–100 μm diameter spheres for fluidized-bed


reactors.

0.3–0.7 cm diameter spheres for packed-bed reactors.

0.3–1.3 cm diameter cylinders with L/D ratio of 3–4.

Up to 2.5 cm diameter hollow cylinders or rings.

CATALYST CLASSIFICATION
6

ActiveMaterial Examples Functions

Metals Fe, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Cu Hydrogenation,


De-hydrogenation,
(Oxidation)

Semi- NiO, ZnO, MnO2, Cr2O3, Oxidation,


conducting Bi2O3-MoO3, WS2 De-hydrogenation,
Oxides and De-sulphurization
Sulfides

Acidic solids Zeolites, SiO2-Al2O3, Isomerization,


Cracking,
Alkylation,
Polymerization
De-hydration

COMPOSITION OF CATALYST
7

Supported Un-supported

Active material(s) Active material


+ +
Support Promoters
+
Promoters

Examples: Examples:

Pt/Al2O3 Fe

V2O5/SiO2 Pt gauze

ADSORPTION
8

In a solid-catalyzed reaction, reactants must be attached to


surface of the catalyst before reaction can proceed.

This attachment is called Adsorption.

When reaction happens, products are desorbed from


surface…we call thisDESORPTION
9

A, B

Feed: A

What are the steps during a catalytic reaction:


A→ B?
10
11

DE-ACTIVATION

Decrease in catalytic activity with time.

Time?
seconds ------------------------------------------------> years

Examples:
FCC process Naphtha HDS

(Main) Reasons for De-Activation:

(1) AGEING:gradual change in surface.

(2) POISONING: adsorption of undesirable material,


“poison”, on active surface.

(3) FOULING = COKING: deposit of “C” materials


on surface.
12
13

DESIGN OF CATALYTIC REACTORS

2-Phase 3-Phase
(G-S or L-S) (G-L-S)

-Packed-Bed Rxr (PBR) Slurry Rxr

-Fluidized-Bed Rxrs(FLBR) Trickle-Bed Rxr

Most common reactors in refining and petrochemical industries are


the PBR and FLBRs!

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