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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

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(LIMIT STATE DESIGN)

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(FOR VI – SEMESTER)

Course material

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UNIT I - INTRODUCTION

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Compiled by,

B.JEYAPRABHA M.Tech.,(Ph.D).,MISTE
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ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
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UNIT-I

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LIMIT STATE DESIGN

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INTRODUCTION TO L.S.D OF STEEL STRUCTURES:-

Properties of steel structural steel section L.S design concepts – loads on

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structures- Metal joining methods using rivets, bolts, and welding – Design of
bolted, Riveted & welded joints – Eccentric connections – Efficiency of joints-
High tension bolts.

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COMMON STEEL STRUCTURES:

1. Roof Trusses
2. Crane or gantry girder no
3. Stanchion
4. Transmission towers (space truss)
5. Plate girder
6. Water tanks, Chimneys etc.,
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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL:-
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 It has high strength per unit mass

 The size of steel elements are lesser resulting in space savings an
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aesthetic view
 It has assured quality and high durability
 Speed of Construction
 It can be strengthened any later time.
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 Easy dismantling of steel structures is possible (Mainly by using bolted

connection)’
 The material is reusable
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 If the joints are taken care of, it has good resistance against water and
gas.

DISADVANTAGES OF STEELN NSTRUCTURES:-

 It is susceptible to corrosion

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 Maintenance cost is significant (frequent painting is read to prevent
corrosion)

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 Steel members are costly (Initial cost)
TYPES OF STEEL:-

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 Steel is an alloy, of iron & carbon
 The small percentage of manganese, sulpher, phosphorous, copper &
nickel for added to steel to improve the properties of structural steel.

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 Increasing the qty of carbon & magnese imparts of high tensile
strength but lower ductility.
 Welding is easier in case of ductile steel and ductile steel performs
better in case of lateral loads.

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 Chrome & nickel impart corrosion resistance property to steel.
 It also resist high temperature.

PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL:-

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 The structural steel is classified as mild steel and high tensile steel.
 Standard quality steel (IS 226-1975) is classified under grade E250
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& E350 where, 250 & 350 are the yield stress of steel.
 High tensile steel (Weldable quality Steel) is designated as E410 &
E450. where 410&450 are tensile stress of steel as given in IS2062.
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1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:-
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Irrespective of the grade the physical properties of steel is given below (cls
2.2.4 I.S 800-2007)
 Unit mass of steel = 7860kg/m³
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 Modulus of elasticity, E = 2 x 105 N/mm²

 Poissons ratio, µ = 0.3
 Co-eff of thermal expansion α = 12 x 10-6 /°c
 Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.76 x 105 N/mm2
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2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:-

The mechanical properties of structural steel is w.r.to the yield stress &
ultimate stress of the steel sections conforming to IS 2062.
Ex: E250 grade of steel - yield stress 250 N/mm2
Ultimate stress 410 N/mm2

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The mechanical properties of all the grades a given in table 1:1 of IS 800-2007

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WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN:-

 Previously working stress method was used for steel design as per
I.S.800 1984, here F.O.S is applied only for a material and no F.O.S

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for load.
 Since more economy in design was regd and to take care of
serviceability criteria (deflection and cracks) limit start design was
introduced IS 800-2007

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 The F.O.S for material supplied is applied in the permissible stress
(material)
For the various internal forces as given below.
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1. Permissible stress in axial tension.
2. Section II of I.S 800-2007 comprises of the W.S.M of design.
3. The code aspects the use of W.S.M of design in places, where L.S.M of
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design cannot be used as per clause 5.1.2 the design requirements of for
any structure is given.

LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN:- [CIS 5.2 I.S 800-2007]

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 Limit state are the states beyond which the structures on longer
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satisfies state of strength.

 Limit state of serviceability.

LIMIT STATE OF STRENGTH:-

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This limit state is prescribe to avoid the collapse of the structure which
may endanger the safety of life and property and includes.
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1. Loss of equilibrium of structure

2. Loss of stability of structure
3. Failure by excessive deformation
4. Fracture due to fatigue
5. Brittle fracture, these are maintain.
The limit state of strength found for members in tension and compression,
flexure and shear.

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LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY:-

The limit state of serviceability includes

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1. The deformation & deflection adversely affecting the
appearance (or) effective use of the structure (or) cause
improper functioning of equipments (or) services (or)
causing damage to finishes.

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2. Vibrations in structures (or) any part of its component
limiting its functioned effectiveness.
3. Repairable damage (or) crack due to fatigue.
4. Corrosion no
5. Fire
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LOADS ON STRUCTURES:-

1. DEAD LOAD: [I.S. 875 Part-I]

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Dead loads are the permanent loads acting on the structure including the
self wt of the section.
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2. LIVE LOAD: [I.S. 875 Part-II]

It is an imposed load in structure due to people, furniture, movable objects
etc.
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Based on utility of the structure the values are given in [I.S 875 Part-II]
Example:-
For Residential Buildings – 2 KN/m2
For Commercial Buildings – 3 KN/m2
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3. Wind Load [I.S 875 Part-III]

4. Snow Load [I.S 875 Part-IV]
5. Seismic Load (or) Earth quake Load [I.S 1893-2002]
6. Accidental Loads
7. Errection Loads
8. Crane Loads

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These all are the loads are acting on steel structures.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LOAD:-
It is designed as the action of the load which are not expected more than
five percentage probability during the life of the structure.

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1. Partial safety factor for loads for limit state ‘γf’ is given in table 4 [I.S
800-2007]
2. Partial safety factor for material is given in table 5 [I.S 800-2007]

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DESIGN STRENGTH:-

The uncertainties to be considered in the strength value for design for

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1. Possibilities of deviation of material strength from the characteristic
values.
2. Possibilities of unfavorable varities of member sizes.
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3. Possibilities of unfavorable reduction in member strength during
fabrication.
4. Uncertainity in calculation of strength.
I.S 800 recommands the reduction is strength of the material based on the
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partial safety factors for the material as given in table 5 of IS 800-2007

Deflection limity in order ro prevent damage to finishes, deflection check
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is done for the load combinations with partial.

Safety given in table 4 and the limiting deflection factor given in table 6 IS
800-2007
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OTHER SERVICEABILITY LIMITS:-

 Vibration Limit
 The flows which are subjected to vibration (supporting machineries)
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or to be checked for vibration under dynamic loads annex C IS

800-2007 gives the set of guide lines to take care of vibration limits.
 During concentration the following factors affects the durability of
steel structure
1. Environment
2. Degree of exposure
3. Shape of the member & structural detail

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4. Protective measure
5. Easy of maintenance

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Section 15 of IS 800-2007 details with durability.

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FIRE RESISTANCE:-

 Fire resistance level [FRL] specified in terms of limit depending

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upon the purpose for which the structure is used and the time taken
to evacuate in case of fire.
 Section 16 of IS 800-2007 deals with fire resistance.
 In addition to the above the stability of structure to be checks due to

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over turning sliding or uplifts under factored load.
 The structure should also be stiff against sway and fatigue also
 The designer has to ascertain all the limit states are not exceeded.
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SOME STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS:
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DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS:- [Section-10 IS 800-2007]

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The possible connections in steel designs are

1. Riveted connections
2. Bolted Connections
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3. Welded Connections

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1. Riveted Connections:-
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Riveted connections are used because rigid connection are establish since
there was lot of disadvantages in riveted connection.
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DISADVANTAGES:-

1. Requirements of skilled labour

2. Cost increased due to defective rivets, the connections are later
preferred.

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3. Noise Pollution.

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TYPES OF BOLT CONNECTIONS:-

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1. Bearing type bolts
a) Unfinished [d+mm] } M.S. Steel
b) Finished [d+1.2mm] } M.S. Steel

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2. Friction type bolts  above Fe415 steel

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a) Block Bolts:- [Unfinished Bolts]
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 These bolts are made from mild steel with square or hexagonal
heads.
 The nominal dia(d) available are 12,16,20,22,24,27,30 & 36 mm
designated as M16 M20 etc.,
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 As the shank is unfinished, there is no contact with the members at

the entire shown of contact surface.
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 Joints remain quite loose result into large deflections & loosening of
nuts in course of time.
Generally the dia of bolt hole is 1.5mm to 2m larger than the nominal
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dia of shank.

b) Finished Bolts:- [Turned Bolts]

 These bolts are made from M.S.steel formed from hexagonal rods
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which are finished by turning to a circular shape within the bolts

hole.
 The actual dimension of the bolt holes are kept 1.2 to 1.3mm larger
than the nominal dia. Where the blot hole is kept 1.5mm larger than
‘d’
 Here aligning the bolt holes needs special care.

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 This connection is used in machine parts subjected to dynamic
loading.

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 Since the connection is more tight and much better bearing contact
this establish

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2) Friction Type Bolts:- [HSFG – High Strength Friction Grib bolts]
 These are made from high strength steel rod, where the surface of a
shank is kept unfinished and are tightened to a proof load using

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calculated wrenches.
 Nuts are prevented by using clamping devices.
 The shearing load is first resisted by the frictional force b/w the
member and the head.

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 It can be used for dynamic moving loads and HSFG Bolts replaces
rivets.
 The nominal dia available are 16,20,24,30 & 36mm.
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Advantages & Disadvantages of bolted connection Advantages of
HSFG bolts over block bolts [R.B]
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TERMINOLOGY:-
1. Pitch [C/c distance b/w the bolt holes along the direction of load]
2. Gauge [C/c distance b/w the bolt holes to the direction of load]
3. Edge distance
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4. End distance
5. Staggered distance
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IS 800-2007 SPECIFICATIONS:- [Section-10] Table-73
1. For Spacing [cls 10:2]
a) Pitch P shall not be less than 2.5d where, d-nominal dia of bolt
b) In case of tension member P shal not be more than 16t (or)

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200mm
c) In case of comp. member P > 12t (or) 200mm where, t – tks of
thinnest member no
d) In case staggered pitch, the pitch may be increased by 50% value
specified provided the gauge distance less than 75mm
e) In case of butt joint max pitch is restricted to 4.5d for a distance
1.5 times a width of plat from the butting surface.
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f) Gauge length (g) should not be more than 100+4t (or) 200mm
whichever less.
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2. Edge Distance [cls 10:2:4]

Mini edge distance shall not be less than
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(i) 1.7 times the hole dia in case of hand flame edges.
(ii) 1.5 times hole dia in case of machine flame cut.
(iii) Maxi. Edge distance should not exceed 16t ∑ where
∑= √250/fy=∑
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Also max edge distance should not exceed 40+ 4t

Types of Bolted Connections:-

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1. Lap Joint

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2. Butt Joint
a) Single cover butt joint, b) Double cover butt joint
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Lap joint is
established by
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overlapping one plate to

the other.
Butt joint is made
by placing the two plates
to butt [edges facing each
other] and connection

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made by providing a single cover or double cover plate on either side connected
to the main plates.

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Internal forces on bolts:-
1. Single shear
2. Double shear
3. Pure tension

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4. Pure moment
5. Shear & moment in the plane of connection
6. Shear & tension

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Assumptions in design of bearing bolts:-
 Friction b/w plates negligible

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 Shear is uniform over the c/s of the bolt.
 Distribution of truss on the plates b/w the bolt hole is uniform.

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 Bolts in a groove subjected to direct loads, share the load equally.
 Bending stress developed in the holes is neglected.

Design Strength of Plates:-

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Plates may fail due to
 Fupture of Plate [tearing]
 Crushing of Plate

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 Bursting or shearing of Plates
Bursting & Crushing of Plates are avoided by providing mini edge
distance.
The design tensile strength of plate half the thinnest plate against rupture is
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given by Tdn = 0.9An fu
γml
Where,
‘γml’ is partial safety factor for failure for ultimate stress 1.25
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[Table-5] ‘fu’ is ultimate stress of the material [Refer table -1]
‘An’ is net effective area of the plate at he critical section given by
(i) A n =[ b−nd n ] t

[ P
]
t

2
(ii) A n = b −nd o + ∑ st
t
i=t 4g
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Where,
(i) for single line for bolts
(ii) for staggered pitch of bolts
Here, ‘b’ is width of plate
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‘t’ is tks of plate (thinner plate)

‘do’ is dia of bolt hole.
‘g’ is the gauge length b/w bolt holes
‘n’ is no.of bolt holes in critical section
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‘ps’ is staggered pitch length b/w lines of bolt holes.

‘I’ is the subscribe for summation of all inclined legs.

Design Strength of Bearing Bolts:- [cls 10:3]

The design strength of bearing bolts under shear in the least of
(i) Shear Capacity
(ii) Bearing Capacity

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(i) Shear capacity of bolts:- [cls 10:3:3] IS 800-2007
nsb V
Shear strength of bolts V dsp= γ

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mb
fu
V nsb= [ n A +n A ]

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√ 3 n nb s sb
Where,
f x => Ultimate tensile strength of bolt.
n n => No. of shear planes with threads = 1

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n s => No. of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plan
Ansb => Net shear area of a bolt at threads
Asb => Nominal plan shank area of the plane
π 2
Anb = [ d−0 . 9382 ]

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4
2
πd
For ISO threads = 0.78
4
Reduction factor for shear capacity of bolts :- no
The code such as the use of reduction factors for shear the following
situation

(i) If the joint is too long [ cls 10:33.1 IS 800-2007]

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(ii) If the distance b/w the first & the lost hole in the joint exceeds
1.5d, the shear capacity ‘Vdb’ shall be reduced by the factor β
ij is given by
lj
t

= 1.075 - 0.005 d
β ij

Limit of 0.75 ¿ β ij ¿ 1.0

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(iii) If the crip length is large [cls 10:33.2 IS 800-2007]

If the total tks of connected plates exceeds 5 times the dia of
bolt. The reduction factor for large gauge length is given by.
8d
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= 3d +lg
β ig

(iv) Reduction factor if packing plates are used

[cls 10:33.3 IS 800-2007] if packing plates of tks more than
6mm are used in the joint R.F β pk is given by
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β pk = 1-0.0125 tpk
(v) Thus the capacity of bolt in shear is
fu
V nsb= [ n A +n . A ] β xβ xβ
√ 3 n nb s sb ij ig pk
(ii) Bearing Capacity of Bolts:- [cls 10.3.1 IS 800-2007]
nbp V
The design bearing strength of the bolt is V dbp = γ
mb

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Where,
Vnbp = 2.5kb dt fu

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Vnbp => Nominal bearing strength of bolt
Kb => Smaller value of least of

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e p f
, −0 .25 , ub ,1 . 0
3d o 3d o fu
E => End distance of the bolt
P => Pitch distance

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do => Dia of bolt hole
d => Nominal dia of bolt
t => Sumation of tks of connecting plates experiencing
bearing streis in same direction

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fub => Ultimate tensile stress of the bolt
fu => Ultimate tensile stress of plate

EFFICIENCY THE JOINT:-

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It is defined as ratio of strength of the joint to strength of the solid plate.
η= strength of joint x 100
strength of solid plate
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DESIGN PROCEDURE:-
 Determine the design force [factored] acting on the joint.
 The dia of bolt is assumed.
t

 Strength of connections is found based on the strength of plate @

critical section and strength of bolt in shear & bearing.
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 The design strength is ensure to be not less than the design action.
 Efficiency of the connection is found based on the strength of solid
plate.
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NOTE:-
Strength of solid plate in yielding is less than that of tearing (rupture) of
the solid plate.
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For a example: Considering M.S. steel where

N N
fy=250 2
∧fu=410
mm mm 2
Design strength of solid plate
250 N
(i) In yielding = 1. 1 =227 .27 mm 2
0. 9x 410 N
(ii) In rupture = =295 .2
1 .25 mm 2

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∴ Strength of solid plate is govern by strength in yielding.

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1. Find the efficiency of the lap joint shown in fig. given M20 bolt of grade
4.6 and plate of grade Fe410 [E250] are used.

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Given Data:- no
t = 20mm

Bolt:- M20
Grade 4.6 => fu = 400N/mm2
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fy = 250N/mm2

Plate:-
Fe 410 [E250]
t

Fu = 410 N/mm2
Fy = 250 N/mm2 [Table 1 – I.S 800 – 2007]
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Efficiency of the joint = strength of joint x 100

strength of solid plate
Strength of connection is least of strength of plate at critical section and strength
of bolt in shear & bearing.
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Strength of plate @ the joint:-

0 . 9 Anfu
Tensile force T αn= γ
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ml
A n =( b−nd o ) t
ps = 0 [ ∵ Bolts are on a straight line]
= (180 – 3x22) 20 [ ∵ do = 20+2=22]
2
An = 2280mm
γml = 1.25 [from table 5- I.S 800-2007]
[do = Dia of bolt hole = 20+2=22mm]

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Tdn = 0.9 x 2280 x 410
1.25

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Tdn = 673.056 KN

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Strength of bolts:- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]
v
(i) Strength of bolt in shear vdsb = γ
nsb

mb

fu
v nsb = [ N n A nb + Ns Asb ]

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3
Nn = No.of shear planes @ the thread = 1
Ns = No.of shear planes @ shank [Ns = 0 for lap jt Ns = 1 for D.C.B.J]
πd 2

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A nb=0. 78× [This formula for ISO thread]
4
π ×22
= 0 .78×
4
Anb = 245mm2 no
400
V nsb= [ 1×245×6 ]
√3
V nsb=339 . 481 KN
339 . 48
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∵V dsb=
1. 25
V dsb = 271.58 KN

(ii) Strength of bolt in bearing: [cls 10.3.4 IS ]

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Take
β ij=β ig =β pk =1
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V
V dbp = nbp
γ mb
V dbp = 2.5 kb dt fu
Kb = least of e/3do, p/3do-0.25, fub, 1.0
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Fu
E = end distance [centre of the extreme end bolt to the edge ¿ lr
to direction of load.
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30 60
kb ⇒ 3×22 , 3×22 −0 . 25
k b ⇒ 0 . 45 , 0 .659 , 0 . 976 ,1
Take Kb value of whichever less [ ∴ Kb = 0.45]
V nbp =2. 5×0. 45×20×20×410
V nbp = 186.3 KN
186 .3
V dbp =
1 . 25

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V dbp = 149.04 KN
∴ Design strength of bolt = 6 x 149.04

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V dbp bolt = 894.24 KN
Design strength of the joint = 271.58 KN

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Design strength of jt is the least of strength of joint 673.06 KN, 271.58 KN
& 894.24 KN

Strength of Solid Plate:-

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fy×Ag
Strength of Solid Plate = γ ml
[yielding sides the strength of solid plate]
250
= 1. 1 ×180×20

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Strength of solid plate = 818.18 KN
271. 58
∴ Efficiency of joint η= ×100
818. 18 no
η=33. 19
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2. Find the efficiency of the joint for the above problem if instead of lap
t

joint, a double cover butt joint is provided. Two cover plates each of size
12mm and 6 nos. of bolts are provided on each side.
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Given Data:-
[Table 1, I.S 800-2007] [Pg.No.13]
Plate:-
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Fe410 [250]
Fu = 410 N/mm2
Fy = 250 N/mm2
Bolt:-
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M20, Grade 4.6

φ of bolt = 20 mm
fub = 400 N/mm2
fyb = 240 N/mm2

Sln:-

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The strength of plate at the joints and the strength of bolts in bearing are
same as that of the previous problem.

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(1) Strength of plate @ the joint:-

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0. 9 Anfu
T dn=
γ ml
A n =[ b−nd o ] t
= [180 – 3 x 22] 20

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An = 2280mm2
γ ml=1 . 25 [from tables-5 IS 800-2007 Pg.No:30]
do = 20+2 = 22
2280×0. 9×410
=

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1 . 25
T dn=673 .056 KN

(2) Strength of bolts:- no

(i) Strength of bolt in bearing : (cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]

V nbp
V dbp =
γ mb
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V nbp =2. 5 kb . dt . fu
o p fub
K b= , −0 . 25 , ,1 . 0
3do 3do fu
30 60 400
t

= 3×22 , 3×22 −0 . 25 , 410 , 1. 0

K b =0 . 45 , 0 .659 , 0 . 976 , 1
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Take kb value of whichever is less

∵ K b =0 . 45
V nbp =2. 5×0. 45×20×20×410
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V nbp =186 .3 KN
186 .3
V dbp =
1. 25
V dbp =149. 04 KN
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∴ Strength of bolt in bearing = 6 x 149.04

V dbp =894 . 24 KN
(ii) Strength of bolt in shear:- [cls:10.3.3 IS 800-2007]
V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb
fu
V nsb= [N A +N
√ 3 n nb sAsb ]

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∵ Double cover butt jt provided each bolts resists shear along two planes, the
section at the root & another section at the shank.

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∵ nn =ns =1 for each bolts

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πd 2
A nb = 0.78 ×
4

0.78 × π× 202

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=
4
A nb = 245mm 2
πd 2
A sb =

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4
π× 202
=
4
A sb = 314.16mm 2 no
400
∴ Vnsb = [ 6 × 245 + 6 × 314.16]
3
. Vnsb = 774.8KN
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Vdsp = 619.84KN

Reduction factors βij = βig = βpk = 1

∴ Design Strength of the joint = 619.84 KN [least of 673 KN, 894.4 KN,
t

619.84 KN]
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Strength of the solid plate:-

f y Ag
Strength of the solid plate =
γ ml
w.

250
= ×180 × 20 [Tks of thinner plate is the least of
1.1
sum of cover plate 20(or) 24mm]
Strength of the solid plate = 818.18KN
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619.84
η= ×100
818.18
η = 75.76%
(3) A boiler shell is made up of 14mm tk Fe415 plates. The jt is double bolted lap
jt with bolts of grade 4.6 at distances of 500mm. Determine the strength of the jt.
Per pitch width for a safe design if the internal dia of the shell is 1m and steam
pressure is 12Mpa.

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s.
Given:-
Grade 4.6
Bolt:-

te
fub = 400 N/mm2
fyb = 240 N/mm2
Plate:- fu = 410 N/mm2 , fy = 250 N/mm2

Sln:-
no
The strength of the plate is check for unit pitch [50mm width]

Strength of Plate @ joint:- [50mm width]

ar

0. 9 Anfu
T dn=
γ ml
t

An=[ b−nd o ] t
Provide 18mm dia of bolt hole.
5s

= [50 – 1x 18] x 14
An = 448 mm2
0. 9×448×410
T dn= [ γ ml →table 5 IS 800−2007 ]
1. 25
w.

Tdn = 132.25 KN

Strength of bolt:- [50mm width]

The strength of the bolt is found for 1 pitch width in both shear & bearing.
ww

For 1 pitch width there are 2 bolts along the line.

Strength of bolts in shear:- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]

V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb
fu
V nsb= [n A + n A sb ]
√ 3 n nb s

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For lap joint nn = 1
ns = 0

m
2
πd
A nb=0. 78
4
0. 78×π ×162

co
= Assume dia of bolt 16mm for IS
4
A nb=156 . 8 mm 2
400
V nsb= [ 2×1×156. 8 ]

s.
√3
V nsb=72 . 422 KN
72 . 422
V dsp=
1 .25

te
V dsp=57 . 94 KN

no
(b) Strength of bolt in bearing: [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]

V nbp
V dbp =
γ mb
ar
V nbp =2. 5 kb . dt . fu
e e fu
K b= , −0 . 25 , b , 1. 0
3do 3do fu
54 50 400
t

= 3×18 , 3×18 −0 .25 , 410 , 1 .0

K b =1,0 .676 ,0 . 975 , 1. 0
5s

[ ∴ e is not given, so it is assume that sufficient edge distance is provided]

Take Kb value whichever is less [Kb = 0.676]
V nbp =2. 5×0. 676×16×14×410
V nbp =155. 210 KN
w.

155. 210
V dbp =
1 . 25
V dbp =124 .16 KN
For 2 bolts V dbp =2×124 . 16
ww

V dbp =248. 32 KN

∴ Design strength of bearing for 50mm width = 248.32 KN

∴ Design strength of the joint per 50mm width is the least of 57.94 KN
132.25 KN
248.32 KN
∴ Design strength of jt/50mm width = 57.94 KN

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Check for hoop tension:-
The action of force

m
PD
Hoop tension on shell = 2t
Where,

co
P ⇒ Internal Pressure, D ⇒ Dia of Shell
T ⇒ Tks of the shell
12×1000
=

s.
2×14
= 428.57 N/mm2
∴ For 50mm width hoop tension = 428.57 x 50 = 21.43 KN
The actual hoop tension acting on shell = 21.43 KN Applying partial safety factor

te
for load as 1.5 factored design load = 21.43 x 1.5
= 32.14 KN < 57.94 km
Hence the connection is safe.
no
(4) Check the safety of the connection in the above problem, it zig-zag bolts are
provided as shown in the fig.
t ar
5s

Given Data:-
w.

Bolt : Grade 4.6

fub = 400 N/mm2
fyb = 240 N/mm2
Plate:- fu = 410 N/mm2
ww

fy = 250 N/mm2

Sln:-
The critical section were tearing of the plate takes place is along section
1-1 and section 2-2.
Providing dia of bolt = 16mm
Dia of bolt hole = 18mm

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(i) Net area resisting the tearing force along section -1
An1 =( b−nd o ) t

m
= [50 – 1 x 18] 14

co
An1 = 448 mm2
(ii) along section 2-2
2
( Ps)
An 2 =[ b−nd o + ∑ ]t
Ag

s.
Where
Ps ⇒ 40mm
g ⇒ 25mm

[ 2×40 2
]

te
A n2 = 50−2×18+ 14
4×25
A n2 = 644mm2
The least area decides the failure of plate. no
∴ Section 1-1 is weaker

Design strength of plate @ the joint:-

0. 9 Anfu
T=
ar
γm
0. 9×448×410
= 1. 25
T = 132.25 KN
t

Design strength of bolt:-

(i) Strength of bolt in shear:- [50mm width]
5s

V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb
fu
V nsb= [ n n A nb +n s A sb ]
√3
w.

nn= 1, ns= 0
0 . 78×πd 2
A nb=
4
0. 78×π ×162
=
ww

4
A nb = 156.8 mm2
400
V nsb= [ 2×1×156 . 8 ]
√3
V nsb=72 . 42 KN
72 . 42
V dsp=
1 .25
V dsp=57 . 94 KN

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(ii) Strength of bolt in bearing:- [50mm width]

m
V nbp
V dbp =

co
γ mb
V nsb = 2.5 kb. dt. fu
e p fu
K b= , −0 . 25 , b , 1. 0
3do 3do fu

s.
Assuming sufficient edge distance is available
54 50 400
Kb = 3×18 , 3×18 −0 .25 , 410 , 1 .0
K b =1,0 .676 ,0 . 975 , 1. 0

te
Take K b value is the least of 0.676
V nbp =2. 5×0. 676×16×14×410
V nbp =155. 21 KN
155. 21
V dbp =
1 .25
V dbp =124 .17 KN
no
For 2 bolts V dbp =2×124 . 17
V dbp =248. 3 KN
ar
∴ Design strength of bearing for 50mm width = 248.23 KN

Check Hoop Tension:-

PD
t

Hoop tension on shell = 2t

1000×12
=
5s

2×14
= 428.57 N/mm2
For 50mm width of hoop tension = 428.57 x 50
= 21.43 KN
w.

The actual hoop tension acting on shell = 21.43 KN

Applying Partial safety factor for load as 1.5 factored design load
= 21.43 x 1.5
= 32.14 KN < 57.94
ww

Hence the connection is safe.

5. Find the bolt value of the connection b/w two plates of tks 16mm which are to
be joint using M20 bolts of grade 4.6 by (i) Lap joint (ii) Butt joint [using 10mm
cover plates]

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m
co
s.
te
Given Data:-
TKS of plate = 16mm
Bolt:-
M20 φ=20 mm , fub=400 N / mm2 no
Grade 4.6
Sln:-
(i) LAP JOINT:-
ar
1. Strength of bolt in shear: [cls 10.3.3 IS800-2007]

V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb
t

fu
V snb = [ nn Anb +n s A sb ]
√3
5s

nn= 1, ns=0
0 . 78×20 2×π
A nb=
4
A nb = 245 mm2
w.

400
V nsb= [ 1×245 ]
√3
V nsb = 56.58 KN
56 . 58
V dsp=
ww

1 .25
V dsp = 45.26KN

2. Strength of bolt in bearing: [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]

V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb

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V nbp =2. 5k b dt . fu
e p fub
K b= , −0 . 25 , ,1
3do 3do fu

m
Take

co
Kb=1

V nbp = 2.5 x 1 x 20 x 16 x 410

V nbp = 328 KN

s.
328
V dbp =
1 .25
V dbp = 262.4 KN
Design strength of bolt in bearing = 262.4 KN

te
Design strength of bolt = 45.26 KN [Least Value]

(ii) BUTT JOINT:-

1. Strength of the bolt in shear: [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]
no
V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb
fu
ar
V snb = [ nn Anb +n s An ]
√3 sb
2
0 . 78×πd
A nb=
4
0. 78×π ×202
t

=
4
A nb=245 mm2
5s

2
πd
A nsb =
4
2
π ×20
=
4
w.

A nsb =314 .1 mm 2
nn =1, ns =1
400
V nsb= [ 1×245+1×314 .1 ]
√3
ww

V nsb=129 . 1 KN
129 . 1
V dsp=
1 .25
V dsp=103 . 28 KN

2. Strength of bolt in bearing : [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]

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V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb

m
V nbp =2. 5k b dt . fu
e p fub
K b= , −0 . 25 , ,1

co
3do 3do fu
Take
Kb=1 [‘t’ is least of 16mm (2x10mm)]
↓

s.
V nbp= 2.5 x 1 x 20 x 16 x 410
V nbp = 328 KN
328
V dbp =
1 .25

te
V dbp = 262.4 KN

Design strength of bolt in bearing = 262.4 KN

no
∴ Design strength of bolt = 103.28 KN

5. The above problem find the bolt value for butt joint connection with tks of
cover plate as 6mm.
t ar
5s
w.

(ii) BUTT JOINT:-

ww

1. Strength of the bolt in shear: [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]

V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb
fu
V snb = [ nn Anb +n s An ]
√3 sb

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2
0 . 78×πd
A nb=
4
0. 78×π ×202

m
=
4
A nb=245 mm2

co
πd 2
A nsb =
4
π ×202
=

s.
4
A nsb =314 .1 mm 2
nn =1, ns =1
400
V nsb= [ 1×245+1×314 .1 ]

te
√3
V nsb=129 . 1 KN
129 . 1
V dsp=
1 .25 no
V dsp=103 . 28 KN

Design strength of bolt in shear = 103.28 KN

2. Strength of bolt in bearing : [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]

ar

V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb
t

V nbp =2. 5k b dt . fu
e p fub
K b= , −0 . 25 , ,1
5s

3do 3do fu
Take
Kb=1 [‘t’ is least of 16mm (2x6mm)]
↓
w.

V nbp =2. 5×1×20×12×410

V nbp =246 KN
246
V dpb =
1 .25
ww

V dpb = 196.8 KN
Design strength of bolt in bearing = 1x196.8 KN

V dpb = 196.8 KN

Design strength of bolt = 103.28 KN [Least Value]

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6. Design a lap joint b/w two plates each of width 120mm. If the tks of 1 plate is
16mm and tks of other plate is 12mm. The jt has to transfer design load of

m
160KN. The plates are of grade Fe 410 use bearing type bolts.

co
Given Data:-
Plate width = 120mm
1 plate tk = 16mm
Other plate tk = 12mm

s.
Plate Grade = Fe 410
Design load = 160KN

Sln:-

te
Assume dia of bolt as 16mm of grade 4.6
∴ Dia of bolt hole do = 18mm
[Refer table-1 IS 800-2007] fu = 400 N/mm2
P no
No.of bolts required A = BoltValue
Where,
Bolt value is the least of strength of bolt in single shear & bearing.
ar
Bolt Value:-

(i) Strength of bolt in single shear:- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]

fu
t

V nsb= [ n A +n A ]
√ 3 n nb s sb
nn=1, ns=0
5s

0 . 78×π×16 2
A nb=
4
A nb=156 . 83 mm 2
w.

400
= [ 1×156 . 83 ]
√3
V nsb=36 . 218 KN
V
V dsp= nsb
ww

γ mb
36 .218
= 1. 25 ← [ fromtable−5 ]

V dsp = 28.97 KN

Design strength of bolt in single shear = 28.97 KN

(ii) Strength of bolt in bearing:- [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]

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V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb

m
V nbp =2. 5k b dt . fu
Assume the edge distance e = 1.5d, 27 mm, 30mm

co
p = 2.5d = 40mm
e p fub
K b= , −0 . 25 , ,1
3do 3do fu
30 40
= 3×18 , 3×18 −0 .25 , 1,1

s.
= 0.556, 0.491, 1,1
Take Kb = 0.491
V nbp =2. 5×0. 49×16×12×400

te
V nbp = 94.08 KN
94 . 08
V dbp =
1. 25
V dbp =75. 26 KN no
Design strength of bolt in bearing = 75.26 KN
∴ Design strength of bolt value = 28.97 KN
160
∴ No.of bolts required n =
28 .97
ar
n = 5.5 ~ 6 Nos.

Providing an edge distance of 30mm for the bolts and providing them in two
layers, with edge distance 30mm & pitch 40mm, the length of overlap read for
t

the plates is read 140mm as shown in fig.

5s

Strength of plate @ the joint:-

0. 9A n fu
w.

T=
γ ml
A n =[ b−nd o ] t
= [120 – 2 x 18]12
ww

A n =1008 mm 2
0. 9×1008×410
= 1 . 25
T =297 .56 KN >160 KN

Hence the plate is safe against tearing.

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6. Design a connection using butt joint for the above problem. [Assume cover
plate 6mm of each]

m
Given Data:-
Plate width = 120mm

co
1 plate tk = 16mm
Other plate tk = 12mm
Plate Grade = Fe 410
Design load = 160KN

s.
Sln:-
P
No.of bolts required A = BoltValue

te
BOLT VALUE:-
(i) Design strength of the bolt in shear: [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]

V nsb no
V dsp=
γ mb
fu
V snb = [ nn Anb +n s An ]
√3 sb

nn=1, ns=0
ar
2
0 . 78×π×16
A nb=
4
A nb=156 . 83 mm 2
π×16 2
t

A sb =
4
A sb =201mm 2
5s

400
V nsb= [ 1×156 . 83+1×201 ]
√3
= 82.637 KN
82. 637
w.

V dsp=
1 . 25
V dsp=66 .109 KN

Design Strength of bolt in bearing :- [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]

ww

V nbp
V dbp =
γ mb
V nbp =2. 5 kb . dt . fu
30 40
Kb = , −0 .25 , 1, 1
3×18 3×18
= 0.556, 0.491, 1,1
Take Kb = 0.491

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V nbp =2. 5×0. 491×16×12×401
V nbp = 96.63 KN

m
96 . 63
V dbp =
1. 25
V dbp =77 .304 KN

co
Design strength of bolt value = 66.109 KN
160
No. of bolts, n = 66 .109
= 2.4 ~ 4Nos.

s.
Strength of Plate @ the joint:-

0. 9A n fu
T dn=

te
γ ml
A n =[ b−nd o ] t
= [ 120−3×18 ] 12
A n =924 mm2 no
0. 9×924×410
= 1. 25
T dn = 272.76 KN ¿ 160 KN
∴ The plate is safe against tearing.
ar

ECCENTRIC CONNECTION:-

(i) LINE OF ACTION OF

t

ECCENTRIC LOAD IS IN
PLANE OF THE GROUP
5s

OF BOLTS.
(ii) LINE OF ACTION OF
ECCENTRIC LOAD IS IN
w.

PLANE
PERPENDICULAR TO
THE PLANE OF BOLTS.
(i) LINE OF ACTION OF ECCENTRIC
ww

LOAD IS IN PLANE OF THE GROUP OF

BOLTS.
The equivalent load acting on the
connections are
(i) Axial Load [P]
(ii) Moment due to eccentricity [M=Pe]
A direct shear force of F1 =P/N is transferred on each bolt.

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The force due to the moment depends upon the radial distance from the C.G of
the bolts which will act a right angles to the radial lines.

m
F αr
The force is directly proportional to the radial distance (or) F2 =K
2 r

co
Where,
k=> Constant of Proportionality
r => Radial distance
The summation of force into ¿ lr distance is equat to the total moment acting on

s.
section. [ ∑ F 2 r=P xe ]
∴ Equating the relation F2 =K
∑ kr2= pxe

te
pe
K=
∑ r2
F2 =k . r
per
F2 =
∑ r2
no
The resultant force for F1 & F2 given as
F=∣F 2 + F 2 +2F1 F 2 cos θ
1 2
ar
Where,
θ ⇒ The angle b/w F1 & F2

1. A bracket bolted to a vertical column is loaded as shown in the fig. If M20

t

bolts of grade 4.6 are used. Determine the maxi. Value of factored load ‘P’ which
can be carried safely.
5s
w.
ww

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m
co
s.
te
no
Given:-
The bracket is connect to the web of the channel section.
ar
M20 bolt => Grade 4.6
d = 20mm
do= 22mm
fub = 400N/mm2
t

Sln:-
5s

The resultant force in each bolts F=∣F1 2 + F2 2 +2F1 F 2 cos θ

p
F1= n [ DirectShear ]
per
F2 = [ forceduetomoment ]
w.

∑r 2

For rolled steel section ultimate stress, fu = 410 N/mm2

fy = 250 N/mm2
The jt b/w the bracket plate & the web of ISMC 300 is a lap jt. Which is in single
ww

shear.

BOLT VALUE:-
1. Strength of bolt in single shear :- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]

V nsb
V dsp=
γ mb

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fu
V snb = [ n A +n A ]
√ 3 n nb s n sb

m
nn=1, ns=0
0 . 78×π×202

co
A nb=
4
= 245.04 mm2
400
= [ 1×245 . 04 ]
√3

s.
V ncb =56 .589 KN
56 . 589
V dsp=
1 .25
V dsp=45 .27 KN

te
2. Strength of bolt in bearing:- [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]
V nbp
V dbp = no
γ mb

V nbp =2. 5k b dt . fu
e p fub
K b= , −0 . 25 , ,1
ar
3do 3do fu
90 80 400
, −0 . 25 , ,1
= 3×22 3×22 410
t

= 1.36, 0.96, 0.975, 1

V nbpb =2 .5×0 . 96×7 . 6×400×20
5s

V nbpb = 145.920 KN
145. 92
V dbp =
1 . 25
V dbp =116 .74 KN
w.

∴ Design strength of bolt value = 45.7 KN

Resultant force on each bolts [extreme bolt] =
F=∣F 2 +F 2 +2F1 F 2 cos θ
1 2
P
ww

F1 =
Direct Shear 5
F1 =0 . 2P

per
Force due to moment F2 = r 2
∑
r = 100mm

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P×250×100
=
4×1002
F2 = 0.625 P

m
= ∣( 0 .2P )+ ( 0. 625 P )2 +2×0 .2P×0 .625 P0 . 6

co
F = 0.762 P
Equating the bolt value to the strength of the bolt.
45.27 = 0.762P
P = 59.4 KN
∴ The maxi design load allowable on the bracket = 59.41 KN

s.
Design of bearing bolts subjected to eccentric loading.
n=
√ 6M
Vp

te
Where,
N => No.of bolts
M => Moment
V => Bolt value no
P => Pitch
The above expression is for single dine of bolts. If two vert.lines are adopted,
‘2V’ value is adopted
√ 6M
2 Vp
ar
1. A bracket is bolted to the flange of the column as shown in fig. using 8mm
tk bracket plate. Using M20 bolts of grade 4.6 design the connection.
t
5s
w.
ww

Given Data :-
φ of bolt = 20mm
Grade 4.6,
Fub = 400 N/mm2

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Rolled steel section Bracket is having fu is 410 N/mm2
Fu = 410 N/mm2

m
Sln:-

co
Assuming two vert.lines of bolts, n =
BOLT VALUE:-
√ 6M
2 Vp

(i) Strength of bolt in single shear:- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]

s.
V nsb
V dsb=
γ mb
fu
V nsb= [ n n A nb +n s A sb ]
√3

te
nn=1, ns=0
0 . 78×π×202
A nb=
4
= 245 mm2 no
400
= [ 245 . 0x1 ]
√3
V ncb =56 .58 KN
56 . 58
V dsb=
ar
1 .25
V =45 . 26 KN
dsb

(ii) Strength of bolt in bearing:- [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]

V nbp
t

V dbp =
γ mb
5s

V nbp =2. 5k b dt . fu
e p fub
K b= , −0 . 25 , ,1
3do 3do fu
w.

Assume the pitch ‘p’ is 2.5d=2.5 x 20 = 50mm

∴ Providing pitch of 50mm and edge
distance of 50mm
=
ww

50 50 400
, −0 . 25 , ,1
3×22 3×22 410
= 0.757, 0.5076,
0.976, 1
Kb = 0.5076
V nbp =2. 5×0. 5076×20×8×410
V nbp = 83.25 KN

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83 .25
=
1. 25
V dbp =66 .59 KN

m
∴ Design strength of bolt value = 45.26 KN

co
∴ No. of bolts, n = 6M
2 Vp
6×300×0 .35
√
= ∣ 2×45 . 27×0. 05

s.
n = 11.79 ¿ 12Nos.
n = 12 Nos.
∴ Provide 12 bolts on each side.
Resultant force on the extreme bolt should be less than the bolt value

te
F=∣F 2 + F 2 +2F1 F 2 cos θ
1 2
p
F1 =
n no
300
= 24
F1 =12 .5 KN
per
F2 =
∑ r2
ar

300×0. 35×0. 285

=
∑ r2
∵r =∣2752 + 75
t

r = 285mm
∑ r 2=∑ x 12+ y 12
5s

∑ r 2=∑ ( x1 2 + y 1 2 )
= 4 [ ( 752 +25 2 ) + ( 75+75 2 ) + ( 75 2 +1252 ) + ( 752 +1752 ) + ( 752 + 2252 ) + ( 752 +2752 ) ]
∑ r 2=85×104 mm 2
w.

300×350×285
=
85×104
F2 =35 . 12 KN
= ∣12. 52 + 35. 212 +2×12. 5×35 . 21×0 . 26
ww

F = 40.31KN < 45.26 KN

Hence the connection is safe. Provide 24Nos of M20 bolts along 2lines of bolts.

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m
co
(ii) ECCENTRIC CONNECTION WHEN PLANE OF LOAD IS
PERPENDICULAR TO PLANE OF CONNECTION:-

s.
te
no
ar

DESIGN PROCEDURE:-
 Assume the dia of bolt.
t

 Adopt a pitch of 2.5d for the bolts.

 Provide atleast two vertical rows of bolts, where the no. of bolts in
5s

each line
N=
√ 6M
2 Vp
w.

 Check for the intraction relation b/w direct shear & tensile
force developed on the extreme bolts as per cls 10.3.6 [IS
800-2007]
2 2
 Vsb   Tb 
 +   ≤ 1.0
ww


 Vdb   Tdb 
Where, Tdb => Design tension capacity [cls 10.3.5]
Vsb => Factored shear force acting on the bolt
Vdb => Design shear capacity [bolt value]
Tb => Factored tensile force acting on the bolt

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M1 yi
Tb =
∑ yi 2

m
M
M1 =
1+  ∑ 2 ÷
2h  yi 

co
2l  ∑ yi ÷

Tnb
Tdb =
γ mb

s.
Tnb = 0.9fubAn
0.9Anfub fubAsb
Tdb = <
γ mb γ mo

te
1. Design the connection of a bracket section ISHT 75 attached to the flange of
ISHB300 @ 577 N/m should carry a verti factored load of 600KN at an
eccentricity of 300mm. Use M24 bolt of grade 4.6
Given Data :- no
ISHB @ 577N/m stanchion
ISHT 75 bracket
Load P = 600KN
ar
E = 300mm
Bolt => M24 φ =24
Grade 4.6 fu=400 N/mm2
Sln:-
t
5s
w.
ww

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Here the plane of load is ¿ lr to the plane of bolt. Therefore as per clause
10.3.6 the following intraction formula need to be satisfied.

m
2 2
 Vsb   Tb 
 +   ≤ 1.0

co

 Vdb   Tdb 
Direct Shear:-
p
Vsb =
n

s.
BOLT VALUE:-
n=
√ 6M
2 Vp

1.Strength of bolt in single shear:-

te
V nsb
V dsb=
γ mb
fu
V nsb= [ n n A nb +n s A sb ]
no
√3
nn=1, ns=0
Assume ultimate strength of rolled steel section is 410 N/mm2
0.78 × π× 242
A nb =
ar
4
= 356.82mm 2
400
= [ 1× 352.86]
3
t

81.484
Vdsb =
1.25
5s

Vdsb = 65.19KN
2. Strength of bolt in bearing:-
V nbp
V dbp =
w.

γ mb

V nbp =2. 5k b dt . fu
e p fub
K b= , −0 . 25 , ,1
ww

3do 3do fu
Assume the edge distance e = 1.5 do = 40.5mm
~ 50mm
P = 2.5 d = 60mm
~ 70mm

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50 70 400
, − 0.25, ,1
= 3 × 27 3 × 27 410

m
K b = 0.617, 0.6140, 0.9756,1
Take K b = 0.614

co
Vnbp = 2.5 × 0.614 × 24 × 410 × 9
= 135.94 KN
135.94
Vdbp =
1.25

s.
Vdbp = 108.752KN
∴ Design strength of bolt value = 65.19KN

No. of bolts, n =
√ 6M

te
2 Vp
6 × 600 × 0.3
2 × 65.19 × 0.07
=
n = 10.8 ; 11Nos.
no
n = 11Nos.
Provide 11 bolts on each side.
p
∴ Vsb =
ar
n

600
= 11× 2
t

Vsb = 27.27KN
5s

Since N.A is @ 107.14mm it lies b/w the Ist bolt & the IInd bolt.
The 1st bolt from the bottom is in tension and the other bolts are in
compress
w.

Tensile force in extreme bolt due to B.M

M1 yi
Tb =
∑yi 2
M
ww

M1 =
1+  ∑ 2 ÷
2h  yi 
2l  ∑ yi ÷

Where, yi= The distance of there bolts in compression from the N.A
Bolt.No 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
∑ yi (mm) 12.85 82.85 152.85 222.85 292.85 362.85 432.85 502.85 572.85 642.85

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∑ yi = 3278.5mm
∑ yi = 1.479 ×10 mm
2 6 2

m
Yi = 642.85mm
M

co
M1 =
1+  ∑ 2 ÷
2h  yi 
2l  ∑ yi ÷
300 × 600 × 103

s.
= 1 + 2 × 750  3278.5 
 ÷
21  1.479 ×106 
M1 = 155.4KN.m
M1 yi

te
Tb =
∑ yi 2
155.4 × 642.85 ×106
= 1.479 ×106 no Design
Tb = 67.54KN
Design Tension capacity of bolt:- [cls 10.3.5]
Tnb
Tdb =
γ mb
ar
0.9A n fub fybAsb
= γ ≤
mb γ mb
0.78 × π× 242
An = = 352.86mm 2
t

4
π× 242
A sb = = 452.39mm 2
5s

4
0.9 × 352.86 × 400 240 × 452.3
Tdb = ≤
1.25 1.1
= 101 < 98.70KN
w.

Design tension capacity of bolt Tdn = 98.70 KN

2 2
 V  T 
∴  sb ÷ +  b  ≤ 1.0
 Vdsb   Tdb 
ww

2 2
 27.27   67.54 
 ÷ + ÷ ≤ 1.0
 65.19   98.7 
0.64 < 1
HSFG Bolts:- [cls 10.4 IS 800-2007]

 HSFG bolts are made of high tensile steel material [ultimate stress
about 800N/mm2] which are free tension then provided with nuts.

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 The nuts are also clause using calibrated wrenches.
 Here the resistance to S.F id mainly by friction.

m
 Two types of HSFG bolts are
(i) Parallel Shank

co
(ii) Waisted Shank
 Parallel shanks are design for no slip at serviceability load.
 Hence the slip at higher loads and slip into bearing at ultimate load.
 These bolts are checked for bearing strength at ultimate load.

s.
For no slip even at need not be check for bearing strength.

Shear Capacity of HSFG bolts:- [cls 10.4.3 IS800-2007]

ne = 1 for lap jt

te
ne = 2 for bult jt
Vnsf = µf .n e k n .Fo
µf = Co-eff. Of friction (slip factor) as specified in table
no
20[ µf =0.55]
n e = No. of eff. Interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip.
k n = 10 for fasteners in clearance holes 0.85 for fasteners in
oversized & short shotted holes 0.7 for fasteners in long
ar

slotted holes.
γ mf = 1.10 (if slip resistance is designed at service load)
Fo = Mini bolt tension @ threads at installation & may be taken as
t

Anb.fo
Anb = net area of the bolt@threads 0.78 πd 2 /4
5s

fo = Proof stress 0.7 fub

V nsf
V dsf =
γ mf
w.

1. Determine the shear capacity of the bolts used in connecting two plates as
shown in fig.
(i) If slip resistance is designated @ service load.
ww

(ii) If slip resistance is designated @ ultimate load.

Given:-
(i) HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 is used.
(ii) Co-eff of friction µ =0.3
(iii) The clearance holes fasteners are used.

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m
co
s.
Given:-
Bolt => grade 8.8

te
fub= 800 N/mm2
fy = 640 N/mm2
Sln:-
Slip resistance for the bolts (Vnsf) no
= µ f .n e . k n . f o
= 0.3 x 2 x 1 x 137.2
= 82.32 KN
Where,
ar
µ =0.3
ne = 2 [for D.C.B.J]
kn = 1
0 . 78×πd 2
t

A nb=
4
d =65
5s

d = 26 mm
1.5 d = 40
d = 26.67mm
w.

Provide dia of bolt as 20mm. Dia of bolt hole is 22mm

2
0 . 78×π×20
A nb=
4
A nb=245 mm2
ww

f o =f o× A nb
= 560 x 245
f o = 137.2 KN
∴V nsf =0 . 3×2×1×137 . 2=82 .32 KN
(i) When If slip resistance is designated @ service load:-
82.33
Design strength of 1 bolt =
1.1

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= 74.85 KN
Design Strength of 6 bolts = 6 x 74.85

m
= 449.1
(ii) If Slip resistance is designated @ Ultimate load:-

co
82.33
Design Strength of 1 bolt =
1.25
= 65.87 KN
Design strength of 6 bolts = 6 x 65.87

s.
= 395.22 KN

PRYING FORCE:- [cls 10.4.7 IS 800-2007]

te
no
t ar

lv  βηf o b et 4 
2 [
Q= T
 e − Q f o = 0.7f ub ]
5s

2le  27l e l v 
When,
βfo
le = 1.1t < e [Q f o = 0.7f u ]
fy
w.

1. The jt shown in fig. as to carry a factored load of 180KN. End plate used
size 160x140x16mm. The bolts used are M20 HSFG bolts of grade 8.8
check whether the design is safe.
ww

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m
co
s.
te
Given:-
M20 HSFG Grade 8.8
fub= 800 N/mm2 no
Plate:-
fu= 400 N/mm2
27 = 180 KN
ar
Assuming 8mm size weld a edge distance are of 40mm
160
lv = − 8 − 8 − 40
2
l v = 24mm
t

βf o
le least of 1.1t (or)40mm
fy
5s

For β = 1 for pretensioned bolt

f o = 0.7fu [Q fu for plate assumed as 410 N/mm2 fy=250 N/mm2]
= 0.7 x 410
w.

fo= 287 N/mm2

1× 287
Q le = 1.1× 16
250
= 18.86mm (or) 40mm
ww

le = 18.86mm

lv  βηf o bet 4 
Prying force Q =  Te − 
2le  27le l v 2 
When,
β = 1, η = 1.5, Te = 90KN, f o = 0.7 × 800 = 560N / mm 2

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b e = 140mm, t = 16mm, le = 18.86, l v = 24mm
24  1×1.5 × 560 ×140 × ( 16 ) 
4

∴Q = 90 − 

m
2 ×18.86  27 ×18.86 × ( 24 )
2


co
Q = 40.55 KN
Total force on bolt = T + a
= 90+40.55

s.
= 130.5 KN
0.9f ub A n
Tension capacity of bolt = γm
0.9 × 800 × A n

te
= γm
0.78 × π× 202
An =
4
= 245 mm2 no
0.9 × 800 × 245
= 1.25
Te = 141.12KN
ar
Hence the design is safe.

NOTE:-
Prying force ‘Q’ need to be added when the bolts are subjected to pure
t

tension as well as combined shear & tension. For combined shear & tension the
intraction relation is given in cls 10.4.6 need to be satisfied,
5s

2 2
 Vsf   Tf 
  +   ≤ 1.0
 Vdf   Tdf 
w.

WELDED CONNECTIONS:- [IS 10.5, IS 800-2007]

Welded connections are advantageous in most of the cases, since
(i) Self wt. reduces due to absence of guest plates, connecting angles
ww

etc.
(ii) The connection is rigid.
(iii) The process is quicker
(iv) Asthetic appearance is good.
(v) Relatively lesser
(vi) Welded connections are air tight & water tight
(vii) Welded connections are preferable for trusses with circular c/s.

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m
co
s.
te
no
t ar

DISADVANTAGES OF WELDED CONNECTIONS:-

5s

a) Due to uneven heating & cooling members are likely to distart.

b) There is possibility of brittle fracture at the welded joint.
c) A welded connection fails earlier than a bolted connection, due to
fatigue.
w.

d) Inspection of welded its is difficult and expensive.

e) Highly skilled labour is regd. For weld.
f) Proper welding in the field condition is required.
ww

Types of Welds:-
i) Lap weld
ii) Butt weld
iii) Slot weld
iv) Plug weld

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(i) Lap weld:-

m
(ii) Butt weld:-

co
1. Single square butt weld
2. Double square butt weld
3. Single ‘V’ butt weld
4. Double ‘V’ butt weld

s.
5. Single ‘U’ butt weld
6. Double ‘U’ butt weld
7. ‘J’ Butt weld

te
no
t ar
5s
w.

(iii) Slot & Plug weld:-

ww

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m
co
s.
te
no
ar

I.S. 800-2007 PROVISIONS FOR WELDED CONNECTION:-

t
5s
w.
ww

1. Butt weld:-
 The size of weld is specified by effective throat tks.
 In case of complete penetration butt weld, it is taken as tks of the
thinner part jt.

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 Double U & Double V Double J type butt welds are regarded as
complete penetration butt welds.

m
 For incomplete penetration butt welds, is taken as 5/8t
 The eff. Length of butt weld is taken as length of full size weld.

co
 The mini. Length of butt weld shall be 4 times the size of weld.
2. Filled weld:-
(a) Size of fillet weld:-
 The size of normal fillet weld is taken as mini weld leg size

s.
 For deep penetration weld with penetration not less than
2.4mm, the size of weld is mini. leg size + 2.4mm
(b) Mini size of weld is 3mm. for plates of tks 10 to 20mm, min size is 5mm,
for 20 to 32mm plates min size is 6mm & greater than 32mm plates min

te
size is 8mm
(c) Eff. Threat tks:-
 It shall not be less than 3mm and shall not exceed 0.7t [upto
no
90o] where, t=tks of thinner plate.
(d) Eff. Length:-
 The eff. Length of the weld is the length of weld for which the
specified size and throat tks exist.
ar
 The welding length provided is equal to the eff. Length t twice
the size of weld
L = leff +2s
 Eff. Length should not be less than 4 times the size of weld.
t

(e) The min. lap should be 4 times the tks of thinner part jt (or) 40mm
whichever is more.
5s

3. Slot & Plug weld:-

 For slot weld the length of weld is along the perimeter of the
w.

cut portion. [Circumference if the cut is circular]

 For plug weld, the eff. Area is taken as the nominal area of the
hole cut in the parent member.
Design stresses in weld:-
ww

1. Butt weld:-
Butt weld shall be treated as parent metal with tks equal to the throat
tks and stresses not exceeding those permitted in parent.
2. For fillet, slot and plug weld:-
The design strength is based throat area [strength of weld =fwd x
lwx t]
The design strength is given by f wd = f wn / γ mw

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Where,
f wn = fu / 3

m
fu => smaller of the ultimate stress the weld (or) of the parent metal.

co
NOTE:-
The eff. Throat tks in case the angle varies (or) angle of fusion face varies
a modification factor ‘k’ as given in table IS 800-2007 and cls 10.5.3.2
Each fillet weld normal to the direction force shall be of unequal size with

s.
the tks is not less than 0.5t.
The reduction in design stress for long is as per cls 10.5.7.3 IS 800-2007
0.2lj
β1w = 1.2 − ≤ 1.0
150tt

te
lj => length of the jt in the direction of force transfer
tt => throat size of the weld

1. A 18mm tk plate is joint to a 16mm plate by 200mm long [effective] butt weld.
Determine the strength of the joint, if
no
(i) A double ‘V’ butt joint is provided
(ii) A single “V’ butt joint is provided
ar
Assume the grade Fe410 for the plates and for the welds which are shop welded
Given Data:-
Le= 200mm
Grade of plate Fe=410
t

Fu = 410 N/mm2
Weld:- Shop welded
5s

Sln:-
(i) Double ‘V’ butt joint:-
w.
ww

Strength of weld = Design stress of weld X Eff. Area

= fwd x lw x t

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f wn
f wd =
γ mw

m
fu
f wn =
3

co
For double ‘V’ butt joint complete penetration of the takes place.
f wn = 236.71N / mm 2
236.71
f wd =
1.25

s.
f wd = 189.368N / mm 2
Strength of weld = 189.368 x 200 x 16
= 605.977 KN

te
(ii) Single ‘V’ butt joint:-

t = 5/8 s [Incomplete Penetration] no

= 5/8 x 16
t = 10mm
fu / 3
Strength of weld = × lw × t
γ mw
ar

= 189.368 x 200 x 10
Strength of weld = 378.74 KN
t

2. Design a suitable longitudinal fillet weld to connect the plates as shown in fig.
The pull to be transmitted is equal to the full strength of the small plate. Given
5s

the plates are 12mm tk, grade of plates is Fe410 and welding is made in the
factories.
w.
ww

Given:-
TKS of Plate = 12mm
Grade of Plate Fe410
fu = 410 N/mm2
fy = 250 N/mm2
Sln:-

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The strength of the weld is equated to the design strength of the smaller
plate.

m
fu / √3
Design strength of weld = γ ×lw ×t
mw

co
Mini size of weld = 5mm [from Table-21 pg.No:78]
Maxi size of weld = tp- 1.5 = 12-1.5 = 10.5mm
Assume the size of weld = 10mm
t = 0.7s

s.
= 0.7 x 10
t = 7mm
fuAg
Strength of smaller plate [yielding criteria] = γo

te
Where, γ o = 1.1
Strength of smaller plate
250×1200
(yielding criteria) = no 1. 1
= 272.72 KN
fu/ √ 3
Strength of weld = γ mw
×lw ×t

410 / √ 3
ar
272.72 x 103 = ×lw×7
1 . 25

lw=205 .7 mm≃205 mm

Provide an over lap of 105mm.

t
5s

3. A tie member of a roof truss consist of 2Nos of ISA 100x75x8mm. The angles
are connected to either side of a 10mm tk guset plate and the member is subjected
to a working pull of 300KN. Design the welded connection. Assume the
connections are made in the shop.
w.

Given Data:-
Working load = 300KN
2 ISA 100x75x8mm
Tks of guset plate = 10mm
ww

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m
co
s.
Sln:-

te
Factored load = 1.5x300
= 450 KN
Each ISA 100x75x8mm takes 450/2 = 225 KN
Min. size of weld = 3mm [From table-21 IS 800-2007]
no
Max. size of weld = 8-1.5
= 6.5mm
Also, max. size of weld (rounded edger) = 3/4 x 8 = 6mm
Throat tks, t = 0.7 x S [ ∵ Angle of fusion = 900]
ar
= 0.7 x 6
t = 4.2mm
Strength of weld = Design stress of weld x Eff. Area
fu / √ 3
t

= γ ×lw ×t
mw
410/ √ 3
5s

225×10 3= ×lw×4 . 2
1 . 25
∵lw=282. 89 mm≃283 mm
Since the C.G of angle section does not lie at the centre of the connected
leg, the weld length at top & bottom need to be such that the C.G of weld.
w.

C.G of angle ISA 100x75x8 = 31mm from the outstanding leg.

To find C.G of weld:-

Let L1 = length of weld @ top
ww

L2 = length of weld @ bottom

∴ For the C.G of the weld to lie at 31mm from the outstanding leg
∴ L1 ×31=L2 ( 100−31 )
L1=2. 23l 2
L1×L2 =283
2. 23 l 2 +l 2 =283
3.23L2=283

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L2 = 87.62mm ¿ 90 mm
L 1=195. 39 mm≃200mm

m
Provide 200mm length of weld @ the top and 90mm length of weld @ the
bottom

co
∴ The min. over lap length is required 200mm
NOTE:-
In case the length of weld is limited, (length of overlap) end fillet weld can
be provided which should also satisfy the condition C.G of weld = C.G of

s.
member.
4. Design the welded connection to connect 2 plates of width 200mm & tks
10mm for 100% efficiency.
Given:-

te
Width of plate = 200mm
Tks of plate = 10mm
Efficiency = 100%
no
t ar
5s

Sln:-

1. Strength of the solid plate:-

fyAg
w.

= γ
o
250×200×10
= 1.1
= 454.5 KN
ww

Mini. Size of weld = 3mm

Maxi. Size of weld = 10 -1.5=8.5mm
Assume size of weld as 8mm 78.5mm
Strength of the weld = Design stress of weld x Eff. Area
fu / √ 3
= γ ×lw ×t
mw

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410/ √ 3
454 . 5×103 = ×lw×0 .7×8
1 .25
lw = 428.6mm

m
Total length available for weld l = 200+200
l = 400mm

co
Eff. Length available for weld, lew = l-2.5 x 2
= 400-2x8x2
lew = 368mm

s.
To find strength of weld for 368mm:-
∴ End filled weld is provided for left = 368mm
∴ Design strength of weld for end fillet

te
= √ ×lw×t
fu/ 3
γ mw
410 / √ 3
= ×368×5 . 6
1 . 25 no
Design strength of weld for end filled = 390.2KN
Strength of weld reqd. = 454.5-390.2 = 64.3KN
Additional weld is reqd. for this additional weld strength. Here slot weld or plug
weld may be provided.
ar
Provided plug weld, Area of plug weld read is,
AdditionalStrengthreqd .
Area of plug weld reqd = DesignStressofweld
64 . 3×103
t

410 / √3
=
1. 25
5s

Aw =339 .5 mm 2
∴ Provide one side of 10mm with 2 rectangular plug welds.
2 le of oneside = 10mm
∴ other side = 2(10)x = 339.54
w.

∴ x = 16.97mm

The channels are connected on either side a 12mm tk gusset plate. Design the
welded joint to develop full strength of the tie member. The overlap is limited to
ww

400mm.
Given Data:-
Tks of the plate = 12mm
Tie member = IS MC 250(2Nos)

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m
co
s.
Sln:-

te
ISMC 250 – Properties:-
A = 3867mm2
tf = 14.1mm
tw = 7.1mm no
Strength of solid Plate:-
fyAg
Strength of solid plate [channel] = γo
250×3867
=
ar
1. 1
= 878.86KN
∴ Strength of weld read = 878.86KN
Mini size of weld = 3mm [from table-21]
t

Maxi size of weld = 7.1-1.5=5.6mm

∴ Provide size of weld S = 4mm
5s

∴ Throat tks, t = 0.7 x S

= 0.7 x 4
t = 2.8mm
fu/ √ 3
w.

Strength of weld = γ ×lw ×t

mw
410 / √3
878.86 x 103 = ×lw×2 .8
1 . 25
lw = 1657.48mm
ww

The available length along sides & end = 400+250+400 = 1050mm

[Since overlap is limited to 400mm]
[Either plug weld or slot weld can be provided]
Assuming 2 nos of 30mm wide to be provided along the end of the channel at
equal spacing.
1657−1050+ 2×4
∴ Reqd length of slot =
4

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= 153.75mm
∴ Length reqd. for the slot = 153.75mm

m
∴ Provide 2 slots of length 154mm

co
s.
ECCENTRIC CONNECTION:-
Plane of Moment is the
same:-

te
The eccentric load ‘P’
is equivalent to
(i) A direct axial load
acting along the C.G no
of the group of weld.
(ii) A twisting Moment,
M=P x e
ar
Assuming uniform size of
weld with throat tks, ‘t’ and
length of weld provided as
shown in the fig with sides
t

b&d, the direct shear stress,

P
q1 =
5s

( 2b+d ) t
The stress due to twisting
moment acting ¿ lr to the C.G of the weld group and the radius vector,
p×e×γ max
q 2= , Resultant stress q = √ q1 2×q2 2 +2q1 q2 cos θ
w.

I zz

1. Determine the max load that can be resisted by a bracket shown in fig.
Fillet weld of size 6mm is provided as shop welding.
ww

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m
co
s.
te
Given:-
Size of weld = 6mm
no
Depth = 300mm
ar
Sln:-
Here the weld group is provided such that the plane of welding is parallel
to the plane of moment.
P
∴ Direct shear stress, q1 =
t

A
P×e×γ max
Shear due to moment q 2=
5s

I zz
√
Resultant stress q = q 2×q 2 +2q1 q2 cos θ
1 2
Weld Group:-
t = threat tks
w.

t = 0.7S
= 0.7(6) = 4.2m
320
y= =160 mm
2
ww

a x + a x +a x
x= 1 1 2 2 3 3
a 1 +a2 +a3
140×4 . 2×70+ 3116×4 . 2×2 .1+ 4 .2×140×70
=
588+1308 . 72+ 588
x = 34.24mm
I xx + I yy =I zz

65

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3
140×4 .2
I xx = +140×4 . 2×(317. 9−160)2
12
311. 6×4 . 2

m
+ + 4 . 2×311. 6 (160−160 )2
12
140×4 . 23

co
+ +140×4 .2( 160−2. 1)2
12
= 14661121.44+10589132.71+14661121.44
I xx = 39911375.59mm4

[
4 .2×( 140 )3
]

s.
I yy = +4 . 2×140 (70−34 . 2)2 ×2
12
311. 6×( 4 .2 )3
+ +311 . 6×4 . 2(34 .2−2. 1)2
12
I yy =4 .78×106 mm4

te
6 4
∴ I zz =44 . 69×10 mm
P
Direct shear stress q1 = A

P
no
A = Total area of the weld group
= [ 140+320+140 ] ×4 . 2
q1 =3 . 968×10−4 PKN
ar
q1 = 0.3968 PN
p×e×γ max
q 2=
I zz
Where,
t

e = (140-34.24) + 240
= 345.76mm
5s

γ max =√ (160 )2 +(140−34 . 24 )2

γ max = 191.79mm
P×345 .76×191. 79
=
44 . 69×106
w.

= 1. 483×10−3 PKN / mm2

q 2=1 . 483 PN /mm2
Resultant stress q=√ ( 0 .3968 P )2 +(1. 483 P )2 +2×0 . 3968×1 . 483 P×cos θ
ww

Where,
θ = The angle made by radial distance with the C.G
160
tan θ=
140−34 . 24
tan θ = 1.51285
θ = 56˚32’
= P √ 2 .3567+ 0 .649
q = 1.7336P - (1)

66

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The max load that can be applied to resist the stress the weld can take is
410 / √ 3

m
= 1. 29
=189 . 37 N /mm2 →(2 )

co
Equating (1) & (2)
1.7336P = 189.37
∴ P = 109.24 NS

s.
Eccentric Connection - Plane of weld group ¿ lr to the plane of moment:-

te
For eccentric connection with plane of weld group ¿ lr to the plane of
moment 2 types of stresses are developed,
P
(i) Direct shear stress, q= A no
Where, A =2bt
(ii) The bending stress @ the extreme end of weld
M p×e
F= =
Z 2t ×b2
ar

6
6 Pe
F=
2 tb 2
The equivalent stress, f e=√ f 2 +3q 2
t

For the weld to be safe the above equivalent stress is equated to the
5s

design stress of weld.

fu / √ 3
Design stress of weld = γ
m
1. Design a suitable fillet weld for an eccentrically loaded bracket plate.
w.

The working load P=100KN and eccentricity, e = 150mm.Tks of bracket

plate is 12mm & tha column used is ISHB300@618 N/m [Plane of weld
group is ¿ lr to the plane of moment]
ww

NOTE:-
To find the eff. depth of weld (b) considering only the moment case,
the eff. depth is assumed as b = 1.1
√ 6M
2 tf wd

67

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

m
(LIMIT STATE DESIGN)

co
(FOR VI – SEMESTER)

Course material

s.
UNIT – II DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER

te
no
Compiled by,

B.JEYAPRABHA M.Tech.,(Ph.D).,MISTE
ar

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
t
5s
w.
ww

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UNIT-II
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER [SECTION-6]
Tension Members:-

m
Tension members are design to satisfy the design strength of the member against
(i) Yielding of gross section

co
(ii) Rupture of critical section
(iii) Block shear @ end of connection
Generally tension members are known as tie member.

s.
te
no
t ar

The various shapes of tension members are solid circular sections, plates, angles,
channels, I-sections, T-section & built-up section.
5s

1. Design strength of Tension Members are due to yielding:- [cls 6.2 IS 800-2007]
A f
T dg= g y
γ mo
2. Design strength due to rupture of critical section:- [cls 6.3 IS 800-2007] (Ultimate)
w.

0. 9 Anfu
T dn=
γ ml
Where,
p
An=[ b−nd n + ∑ si ] t
ww

l u gi

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m
co
s.
a) For Angular section design strength of rupture:-

te
0. 9A ne f u βA go f y
T dn= +
γ ml γ mo
Where,
w f b f γ
( )
fu
no
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( y )( s )≤ u mo ≥0 . 7
t lc f y γ ml
3. Design strength of member due to block shear failure @ the end connection:- [cls 6.4
IS 800-2007]
a) Bolted Connections:- [cls 6.4.1]
ar

[ ]
A f
T db= vg y +
√ 3 γ mo
0 . 9A tn f u
γ ml
(or)
t

T db=
[ ]
0 . 9A vn f u A tg f y
+
5s

√ 3 γ ml γ mo
w.
ww

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b) Welded Connection:-
Appropriate length of member is considered around the end weld.
Preliminary section:- [cls 6.3.3 IS 800-2007]

m
Preliminary section is assumed from the relation is based on
αA f

co
T dn= n u
γ ml
1. Determine the design tensile strength of the plate of size 200x12mm with holes having
bolts of dia 16mm (M16). The grade of steel used is Fe410.

s.
te
no
ar
Given:-
Size of plate = 200mm x 12mm
Dia of bolt = 16mm
Grade Fe410 => fu = 410 N/mm2
fy = 250 N/mm2
t

Sln:-
1. Design strength due to yielding:- [cls 6.2 IS 800-2007]
5s

A f
T dg= g y
γ mo
Ag = 130x12 = 1560mm2
1560×250
w.

=
1 . 1⇒( table 5)
Tdg= 354.5 KN
2. Design strength of plate @ rupture: [Along critical section] [cls 6.3 IS 800-2007]
The critical section is along the line having 2 bolts
ww

0. 9A n f u
T dn=
γ ml
A n =[ b−nd n ] t
n=2
b = 130mm
= [130-2x18]12
A n =1128mm2

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0. 9×1128×410
=
1 . 25⇒[ Table−5 ]
T dn = 332.9 KN

m
3. Design strength due to block shear:- [cls 6.4 IS 800-2007]
A f
[ ][ ]0. 9A tn f u

co
T db= vg y +
√ 3γmo γ ml
(or)

T dn=
[ ][ ]
0 .9A vn f u A f
+ tg y

s.
√ 3 γ mn γ mo
Where,
Section considered for Avg is (e+n’p) x t
Section considered for Avg is (n’g) x t

te
Section considered for Avn & Atn is the net area after detecting the bolt hole.
Avg = (35+60)12= 1140mm2
Atg = 60x12 = 720mm2
Avn = [35+60-18] x 12 = 924mm2

T db =
[
1140×250
+
][
no
Atn = [60-18] 12 = 504mm2
0 . 9×504×410
]
1
√3×1. 1 1 . 25
T db = 298.36 KN
1
ar
(or)
T db=
[
0 . 9×924×410 720×250
√3×1. 25
+
1. 1][ ]
T db =321. 12 KN
t

2
∴ The least of the above 4 strength value is the design strength of the plate.
∴ Design strength of the plate = 298.36 KN
5s

1. A single unequal angle ISA 90x60x6mm is connected to a 10mm tk gusset plate at the
ends with 5 Nos of 16mm dia bolts to transfer tension. Determine the design tensile
strength of the angle if the gusset is connected to the 90mm leg.
w.

Given:-
ww

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m
co
s.
te
Unequal angle = ISA 90x60x6
Tks of gusset plate = 10mm
φ of bolt = 16mm
Nos of bolt = 5 Nos. no
Sln:-
1. Design strength of angle in yielding:- [cls 6.2 IS 800-2007]
A f
T dg= g y
γ mo
ar

[(
A g= 90−
6
)+(60− 6 2)]×6
2
A g =864mm2
864×250
t

=
1 .1
T dg=196 .36 KN
5s

2. Design strength of angle against rupture [cls 6.3.3 IS 800-2007]

0. 9A nc f u βA go f y
T dn= +
γ ml γ mo
w fy bs f γ
w.

β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( )( )

t fu
≤ u mo ≥0 .7
Lc f y γ ml
Where,
An=> Net area of the connected leg = (90-6/2-18) 6
ww

An=414mm2
Ag=> Gross area of the outstanding leg = (60-6/2) x 6
Ag = 342mm2
w => outstanding leg width = 60mm
t => tks of angle = 6mm
bs=> shear lag width = w+w1-t
Assume, w1=90/2=45mm ~ 50mm
Provide w1 = 50mm
bs=60+50-6

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bs = 104mm
Lc=> length of the end connection = 90mm

[ 60 250 104
]

m
= 1 . 4−0 . 076× × ×
6 410 90
410×1. 1

co
¿ ≥0 . 7
250×1 . 25
β=0 . 864≤1. 44≥0 . 7
Which is true [0.7 ¿ 0.864 ¿ 1.44]
∴ β=0 .864

s.
0. 9×414×410 0 . 864×342×250
T dn= +
1. 25 1 .1

T dn = 189.369

te
KN
3. Design strength of plate against block shear of end connection: [cls 6.4 IS 800-2007]
A f 0 .9A tn f u
T db= vg y +
√3γ mo
no γ ml
(or)
0. 9A vn f u Atg f y
T db= +
√ 3 γ ml γ mo
Where,
ar
Avg= (30+4x50)6=1380mm2
Avn= [230-(4.5x18)]6=894mm2
Block shear failure takes place along line 1 to 3
‘Atg’ is found along line 1-2
Avg = (30+4x50)6=1380mm2
t

Atg is taken along line 2-3

[ 1
]
5s

A tn = 40− ×18 6
2
A tn = 186mm2
1380×250 0. 9×186×410
T db= +
√ 3×1. 1 1. 25
w.

T db=235 . 98 KN
(or)
0. 9×894×410 240×250
T db= +
√ 3×1. 25 1 .1
ww

T db = 206.9 KN
∴ The least of strength of section in yielding, rupture and block shear is the design
strength of the section.
∴ Design strength of the section = 189.369 KN
3. Find the design strength if the 60mm side is connected to the gusset plate as in the
above problem.

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m
co
s.
te
Sln:-
Here the 60mm side is connected to gusset plate.
∴ Assume the line of bolts to be placed at a distance 60/2 = 30mm
no
1. Design strength of angle in yielding:- [cls 6.2 IS 800-2007]
A f
T dg= g y
γ mo
ar

[(
A g= 90−
6
)2 +(60− 6 2)]×6
A g = 864mm2
864×250
t

=
1 .1
5s

T dg =196.36 KN
2. Design strength of angle against rupture [cls 6.3.3 IS 800-2007]
0. 9A nc f u βA go f y
T dn= +
w.

γ ml γ mo
w f y bs f u γ mo
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( )( ) ≤
t f u Lc f y γ ml
≥0. 7
ww

⇓
Where, [cls 6.3.3 IS 800-2007]
6
(
A nc = 60− −18 6
2 )
= 234mm2
6
(
A g= 90− ×6
2)
= 522mm2

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w => 90mm
t => 6mm
bs = w+w1-t

m
= 90+30-6=114mm
bs = 114mm

co
Lc = 60mm
90 250 114 410×1 . 1
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( )( ) (
6 410 60
≤
250×1 .25 )
≥0 .7
β=0 . 079≤1 . 44≥0 .7

s.
f u γ mo
Max. limit for β is
f y γ ml
∴ Provide β = 0.7
0. 9×234×410 0 .7×522×250
∴ T dn= +

te
1. 25 1.1

T dn = 152.12 KN

A f 0 .9A tn f u
T db= vg y +
no
3. Design strength of plate against block shear:- [cls 6.4 IS 800-2007]

√3γ mo γ ml
(or)
ar
0. 9A vn f u Atg f y
T db= +
√ 3 γ ml γ mo
t

Where,
A vg =[ 30+ ( 4×50 ) ] 6
5s

A g=1380mm 2
A tg =30×6=180 mm 2

[
A tn = 30−
18
2 ] ×6
w.

A tn = 126mm2
A vn =[ 230− ( 4 . 5×18 ) ] 6
A vn =894 mm2
ww

1380×250 0. 9×126×410
T db= +
√ 3×1. 1 1. 25

T db = 218.27 KN

0. 9×894×410 180×250
T db= +
√ 3×1. 25 1 .1

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T db =193.27 KN
∴ Design strength of the section = 152.12 KN

m
DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER:-
Design Procedure:-

co
1. Find the reqd gross area to carry the factored load considering the strength at yielding.

1 .1T u
A g=
fy

s.
2. Select suitable section depending upon the type of structure & location of member
such that the gross area is 25 to 40% [generally 30%] more than ‘Ag’ calculated.
3. Determine the no. of bolts are length of weld reqd and arrange them appropriately.

te
[design of connection]
4. Find the strength of the assumed section considering
(i) Strength of section in yielding of gross area
(ii) Strength of section in rupture of critical section.
(iii) Strength of section against block shear at the end of connection.
no
5. The strength of section obtained [Design strength of section] should be more than a
factored tensile force ting on the section. If not, the section has to be revised and redesign
the section.
6. The slenderness ratio has to be check for the tension member, as per table-3, IS
ar
800-2007 [Pg.No:20]
l eff
Slenderness ratio, λ=
γ min
Where,
t

γ min => The least of γ xx & γ yy of the section. [from steel table]
5s

1. Design a single angle section for tension member of a roof truss to carry a factored
load of 225KN. The member is subjected to possible reversal of stress due to the action
of wind. The length of the member is 3m. Use 20mm shop bolts of grade 4.6 for the
connection.
Given:-
w.

Tu= 225 KN
d = 20mm
N
f y =400
mm 2
ww

Grade 4.6 => f =250 N

y
mm2
d o =22 mm
Sln:-
Tu
n=
v

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1 .1T u
Required area, A g=
fy

m
1 . 1×225×10 3
=
250

co
A g=990 mm2
To select ISA 100x75x8mm
2
A g=1336 mm [from steel table]
γ xx=31.4mm γ yy = 21.8mm

s.
γ min = 21.8mm
λ=21. 8 is connected to the gusset plate (assumed tks 10mm) by lap jt along the 100mm
side.

te
no
BOLT VALUE:-[M20]
(i) Strength of bolt in single shear:- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]
V
ar
V dsp= nsp
γ mb
fu
V nsp= (nn Anb + ns A sb )
√3
t

f ( n n A nb +n s A sb )
V dsp= u  ns=0 f  ss
√3 γ mb
5s

=
400
√3 [
1×
π ×202 ×0 .78
4 ]
1.25Table5 – IS 800-2007
V dsp=45 .27 KN
w.

(ii) Strength of the bolt in bearing:- [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]

V 2 . 5k b d t f u
V dsp= nbp =
γ mb γ mb
f
ww

e p
kb = , −0 .25 , ub ,1
3d o 3d o fu
Assume, e=1.5 do=1.5 x 22 = 33mm ¿ 40mm
p = 2.5d = 2.5 x 20 = 50mm ¿ 60mm
40 60 400
kb ⇒ , −0 . 25 , ,1
3×22 3×22 410

= 0.606, 0.659, 0.975, 1

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∴ kb = 0.606 (least value)
2 .5×0 . 606×20×8×410
V dbp =
1. 25

m
V dbp = 79.5 KN

co
∴ Design strength of bolt value = 45.27 KN
T
∴ No. of bolts, n= u
v

s.
225
=
45 . 27
= 4.97 ¿ 5 Nos.
∴ Provide 5 Nos of 20mm dia bolts pitch 60mm and the edge distance 40mm.

te
Check for strength of section:-
1. Strength of section against yielding:- [cls 6.2 IS 800-2007]
A f
T dg= g y no
γ mo

[(
A g= 100−
8
)2 +(75−8 2)]×8
A g=1336 mm2
ar
1336×250
=
1. 1

T dg=303 .636 KN
t

2. Design strength of the section against rupture:- [cls 6.3.3 IS 800-2007]

0. 9A nc f u βA go f y
T dn= +
5s

γ ml γ mo
Where,
w f y b s f u γ mo
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( )( ) ≤
t f u Lc f y γ ml
≥0. 7
w.

[
A nc = 100−22−
2
8
2 ]
8

A nc =592 mm
ww

8
(
A go= 75− 8
2 )
A go=568 mm 2
w = 75mm
t = 50mm
bs = w+w1-t
= 75+50-8
bs = 117mm

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Lc = 100mm
75 250 117 410×1. 1
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( )( ) (
8 410 100
≤
250×1 . 25 )
≥0 . 7

m
=0 . 89≤1 . 44≥0 . 7
β=0 . 07≤0. 89≤1. 44

co
∴ β=0 .89
0. 9×592×410 0 . 89×568×250
T dn= +
1 . 25 1. 1
T dn = 289.6 KN

s.
> 225 KN
3. Design strength of plate against block shear:- [cls 6.4 IS 800-2007]
A f 0 .9A tn f u
T db= vg y +

te
√3γ mo γ ml
(or)
0. 9A vn f u Atg f y
T db= +
√ 3 γ ml γ mo no
Where,
A vg =[ 40+ ( 4×60 ) ]×8
A vg =2240 mm 2
A tg =50×8
ar
A tg =400mm 2
A vn =[ 280− ( 4 . 5×22 ) ] 8
A vn =1448 mm 2
t

[
A tn = 50−
22
2 ]
×8
5s

A tn =312 mm 2

T db =
1 [ 2240×250
√3×1. 1
+
][
0 . 9×312×410
1 . 25 ]
w.

T db = 386.026 KN
1

T db=
[ ][
0 . 9×1448×410 400×250
+ ]
ww

√ 3×1. 25 1.1

T db =337. 697 KN
2

The above 2 values of strength against block shear 337.697 KN > 225KN
The strength of the section against yielding, rupture & block shear are greater than the
external load of 225KN.
∴ The assume section ISA 100x75x8mm is safe.

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2. Solve the above problem using angle section on opposite sides of gusset plate
Given:-
l

m
Tu= 225KN λ act= ef
γ min
d = 20mm λ max=350 table 3

co
do= 22mm λ act < λ max
2
Grade 4.6 => fu= 400 N/mm
fy= 250 N/mm2
Sln:-

s.
te
no
To find Ag:-
1 .1T u
A g=
ar
fy
3
1 . 1×225×10
=
250
2
A g=990 mm
t

Area each angle reqd = 990/2 = 495mm2

∴ Select the section from steel table having area 30% more than 495mm2
5s

Try ISA 70x70x5mm

Ag=667mm2 [from steel table]
γ xx =21. 5 mm
γ yy =21. 5 mm
w.

Bolt Value:- [M20]

(i) Strength of bolt in double shear:-
Assuming gusset plate of tks = 10mm
V
ww

V dsb= nsp
γ mb

fu
V nsp=
√3
[ n n A nb +n s A sb ]
nn =n s =1
0 . 78×π×202 π ×202
A nb= , A sb= =314 .16 mm 2
4 4

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400
[ 1×245+1×314 . 16 ]
V dsb= √ 3
1. 25

m
V dsb=103 . 3 KN

co
(ii) Strength of bolt in bearing:-
V
V dbp = nbp
γ mb
2 . 5k b d t f u

s.
=
γ mb
Assume e=1.5 do= 33mm ¿ 40mm
p =2.5d = 50mm ¿ 60mm
40 60 400

te
k b= , −0 .25 , ,1
3×22 3×22 410
= 0.606, 0.659, 0.975, 1
∴ Take kb = 0.606 [least value]
2 .5×0 . 606×20×10×410
no
V dbp =
1. 25

V dbp =
99.38KN
ar
∴ Design strength of bolt value = 99.38KN
∴ No. of bolts = 225/99.38
= 2.26 ¿ 3 Nos.
∴ Provide 3 nos. of 20mm bolts for pitch 60mm & tks edge distance 40mm.
t

Check for strength of section:-

1. Strength of section against yielding:- [cls 6.2 IS 800-2007]
5s

A f
T dg= g y
γ mo

A g=
[[ ( ) ( ) ] ]
70−
5 5
+ 70− ×5 ×2
w.

2 2
A g=1334 mm 2
1334×250
=
1. 1
ww

T dg=303 .18 KN > 225KN

2. Strength of section against rupture:- [cls 6.3.3 IS 800-2007]

0. 9A nc f u βA go f y
T dn= +
γ ml γ mo
Where,

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fy bs f u γ mo
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( wt )( f )( L )≤ f
u c y γ ml
≥0. 7

m
[
A nc = 70−22−
5
2]×5×2

co
2
A nc =456 mm
5
(
A go= 70− ×5×2
2 )
A go=675 mm 2

s.
w = 70mm
w1= 35mm ¿ 40mm
bs= w+w1-t
= 70+40-10

te
=100
70 250 100 410×1. 1
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( )( ) (
100 410 160
≤
250×1 . 25
≥0 .7 )
=1 . 89≤1 . 44≥0 .7 no
β=0 . 7≤1 .19≤1 . 44
∴ β=1. 19
0. 9×456×410 1. 19×675×250
T dn= +
1. 25 1.1
ar
T dn = 316.87 KN
> 225 KN

3. Design strength of plate against block shear: [cls 6.4 IS 800-2007]

t

A f 0 .9A tn f u
T db= vg y +
√3γ mo γ ml
5s

(or)
0. 9A vn f u Atg f y
T db= +
√ 3 γ ml γ mo
A vg & A vn are found along section 1-2 and
w.

A tg & A tn are found along section 2-3

A vg =[ [ 40+2 (60 ) ] 5 ] 2
= 1600mm2
A vn =[ [ 40+ 2 ( 60 )−2 .5 ( 22 ) ] 5 ] 2
ww

= 1050mm2
A tg =30×5×2=300 mm2
A tn =[ [ 30−0. 5 ( 22 ) ] 5 ] 2
= 190mm2
1600×250 0 . 9×190×410
T db = +
1 √ 3×1. 1 1. 25

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T db =266.03 KN
1
For 2 angles

m
0 . 9×1050×410 300×250
T db = +
2
√3×1. 25 1 .1

co
T db =247.137 KN
2

For 2 angles
Tdb= 247.137KN [least value of these two]

s.
Hence 2 nos. of ISA 70x70x5mm is safe against yielding, rupture & block shear
conditions.

TENSION SPLICE:-
• When a single piece of reqd length is not available, for a tension member,

te
splice plates are used to transverse the reqd tension force from 1 piece to
another.
• The strength of the splice plates & the bolts connecting them should have
strength atleast equal to a design load.
no
1. Design a splice to connect a plate of size 300x20mm width a plate of size 300x10mm.
The design load is 500KN. Use 20mm block bolts fabricated in the shop. Provide a
double cover butt joint with tks of cover as 10mm.
Given:-
ar
1. Plate of size = 300x20mm
2. Plate of size = 300x10mm
Tks of cover plate = 6mm
d = 20mm
do =22mm
t

Design load = 500KN

Sln:-
5s

Since plates have varying tks need to be provided packing plate is reqd to provide
the two cover plates.
The bolts are under double shear.
1. Strength of bolt in double shear:- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]
w.

V
V dsb= nsp
γ mb

fu
V nsp= [ n n A nb +n s A sb ]
ww

√3
nn =n s =1
0. 78×π ×202
A nb= =245 mm 2
4
π ×202
A sb= =314 . 16 mm 2
4
β pk =[ 1−0 . 0125 tpk ]

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= [ 1−( 0 . 0125×10 ) ]
β pk = 0.875

m
400
V nsb= [ 1×245+1×314 .16 ] ×0 . 875
√3
= 112.99 KN

co
112 . 99
V dsb=
1 .25

V dsb = 90.392

s.
KN
2. Strength of bolt in bearing:- [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]
V
V dbp = nbp
γ mb

te
= 2. 5k b d t f u
Assume e=1.5 do= 33mm ¿ 40mm
p =2.5d = 50mm ¿ 60mm
40 60no 400
k b= , −0 .25 , ,1
3×22 3×22 410
= 0.606, 0.659, 0.975, 1
∴ Take kb = 0.606 [least value]
V dbp =2. 5×0. 606×20×10×410
ar
= 124.23 KN

V dbp =
99.38KN
t

∴ Design strength of bolt value = 90.39 KN

T
∴ No. of bolts = u
5s

v
500
=
90 .39
n=5. 5≃6 Nos .
∴ Provide 6 nos. of 20mm bolts on each side
w.

Providing the 6 bolts on each side of the connecting plate, it can be arrange along
2 vertical rows with 3 bolts on each vertical row as shown in fig.
Check for strength of section:-
1. Strength of the plate against yielding:- [cls 6.2 IS 800-2007]
ww

A f
T dg= g y
γ mo
A g=300×10=3000 mm2 [Tks of thinner plate]
3000×250
=
1. 1

T dg = 681.81 KN > 500KN

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2. Strength of the plate against rupture:- [cls 6.3.1 IS 800-2007]
0. 9A n f u
T dn=

m
γ ml
An= The critical section where carrying of plate is occurs along the vertical line
passing through the 3 bolts.

co
= [300-3x(22)]x10
An = 2340mm2
0. 9×2340×410
=
1 . 25

s.
T dn=690 .77 KN >500 KN
3. Strength of the plate against block shear:- [cls 6.4 IS 800-2007]
A f 0 .9A tn f u
T db= vg y +
√3γ mo γ ml

te
(or)
0. 9A vn f u Atg f y
T db= +
√ 3 γ ml γ mo
The block shear failure takes place along the lines 1,2,3,4 as shown in fig. [The
no
path of block shear failure is given in fig:7 IS 800-2007]
A vg & A vn are found along section 1-2 and
A tg & A tn are found along section 2-3
A vg =[ 40+ 60 ] ×10=1000mm 2
ar

A vn =[ ( 40+ 60 )−1 .5 ( 22 ) ] 10
= 670mm2
2
A tg =[ 2×110 ] 10=2200 mm
t

A tn =[ 2 (110 )−2 ( 22 ) ] 10
= 1760mm2
5s

1000×250 0 . 9×1760×410
T db = +
1 √ 3×1. 1 1. 25

T db =650.76 KN
1
w.

0 . 9×670×410 2200×250
T db = +
2
√3×1 .25 1 .1

T db =614 .190 KN >500 KN

ww

Hence the connection is safe.

LUG ANGLES:-
 The length of end connections of heavily loaded tension members may be
reduced by using lug angles as shown in fig.
 There is savings in gusset plate but additional cost is incurred from the
material of lug angles & the connections for the lug angles.

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 The design of tension member with the use of lug angles needs to be check
for the load which is share equally by the connected leg and the
outstanding leg.

m
The following guidelines need to be satisfied.
1. The eff. Connection of the lug angle shall as for as possible.

co
2. It is preferable to start the lug angle in advance of a member
connected.
3. A mini of 2 bolts or rivets, are provided.
4. In case of angles, the whole area can be taken rather than the net eff.

s.
Area.
5. In case of channels, the lug angles should be placed simitrical and the
strength of fasterness connecting lug angle to the gusset be 10% more
than the outstanding leg.
[When main member is a channel]

te
6. In case of angle [Main member] the above values are 20% & 40%
respectively.

no
t ar
5s
w.
ww

1. Design a tension member of a roof truss which carries a factored axial tension of
430KN.
Design the connection when
(i) No lug angle is provided
(ii) Lug angle is provided
Hints:-

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1. Without lug angle, the connections are designed for ‘Tu’ and member is
check for design strength for ‘Tu’.
2. When lug angle is provided, connection in main member is design for

m
‘Tu/2’ and the connection in lug angle is design for ‘Tu/2’, where the
connection plate & lug angle is increased by 20% and connection b/w lug

co
angle & main plate is increased by 40%
Given:-
Tu = 430KN
Sln:-

s.
(i) No lug angle is provided:-
Assume, d = 20mm
do=22mm
Tks of gusset plate = 12mm

te
BOLT VALUE:- [M20]
1 .1T u
A g= no
fy
1 . 1×440×103
=
250
A g=1892mm 2
ar
Select a section from steel table having area 30% more than the reqd area.
Select ISA 110x110x12mm
A g=2502mm 2
γ xx =γ yy =33. 4 mm
t

(i) Strength of bolt in single shear:- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]

V
5s

V dsb= nsp
γ mb

fu
V nsp=
√3
[ n n A nb +n s A sb ]
w.

nn =1, ns =0
A nb=245 mm2
400
= [ 1×245 ]
ww

√3
V nsb=56 . 58 KN
56 . 58
V dsb=
1 .25
V dsb = 45.264 KN
(ii) Strength of bolt in bearing:- [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]
V
V dbp = nbp
γ mb

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V nbp =2. 5k b d t f u
Assume e = 40mm
P = 60mm

m
40 60 400
K b= , −0. 25 , ,1
3×22 3×22 410

co
K b =0.606, 0.66, 0.959,1
∴ Take K b = 0.606
2 .5×0 . 606×20×12×410
V dbp =
1 . 25

s.
V dbp = 119.26 KN

∴ Design strength of bolt value = 45.264 KN

te
T
∴ No. of bolts = u
v
430
=
45 . 264no
= 9.49 ¿ 10 Nos.
∴ Provide 10 nos of 20mm dia to bolts edge distance 40mm & pitch of 60mm.

Check for strength of section:-

1. Strength of section against yielding:- [cls 6.2 IS 800-2007]
ar
A f
T dg= g y
γ mo

[(
A g= 110−
12
)2 +(110−122)]×12
t

A g = 2496mm2
5s

2496×250
=
1. 1

Tdg= 567.27 KN > 430 KN

2. Strength of section against rupture:- [cls 6.3.3 IS 800-2007]
w.

0. 9A nc f u βA go f y
T dn= +
γ ml γ mo
Where,
w f y b s f u γ mo
( )( )( )
ww

β=1 . 4−0 .076 ≤ ≥0. 7

t f u Lc f y γ ml

[
A go= 110−
12
2
×12 ]
=1248 mm 2

[
A= 110−22−
12
2
×12 ]
= 984mm2

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w = 110 mm
w1= 60mm
bs = w+w1-t

m
= 110+60-12
= 158mm

co
Lc = 580 mm
110 250 158 410×1. 1
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( )( ) (
12 410 580
≤
250×1 . 25
≥0 .7)
=1 .28≤1 . 44≥0 .7

s.
∴ β=1. 28
0. 9×984×410 1. 28×1248×250
T dn= +
1. 25 1.1

T dn = 653.53 KN

te
> 430 KN

3. Strength of the section against block shear:- [cls 6.4.1 IS 800-2007]

A f 0 .9A tn f u no
T db= vg y +
√3γ mo γ ml
(or)
0. 9A vn f u Atg f y
T db= +
ar
√ 3 γ ml γ mo
Where,
A vg =[ 40+ ( 9×60 ) ] 12
= 6960mm2
t

A tg =[ 50×12 ]
= 600mm2
5s

A vn =[ 580− ( 9. 5×22 ) ] 12
= 4452mm2

[
A tn = 50− ]22
2
12
w.

= 468mm2
6960×250 0 . 9×468×410
T db = +
1 √3×1. 1 1 .25
T db =997.5 KN > 430KN
1
ww

0 . 9×4452×410 600×250
T db = +
2
√3×1 .25 1 .1
T db = 895.13 KN > 430KN
2

(ii) Lug Angle is Provided:-

 When lug angle is provided the member of bolts reqd for establishing
the connection reduces thereby reducing the overall length of overlap.

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Tu
 The connection b/w main member gusset plate is designed for
2
Tu

m
 The lug angle is designed for a force of [Increased by 30%]
2

co
 The connection b/w the main member lug angle is designed for 40% of
Tu T
and connection b/w angle & gusset plate designed for 20% of u
2 2

Connection for Main Member:-

s.
Tu
215
2 = [ ∵ v=45. 26 KN ]
n= 45 . 26
v
n = 4.75 ¿ 5 Nos

te
∴ Provide 5 nos of 20mm bolts.

Lug Angles:-
1×T u
1. ×1 .3 1 . 1×215×1 . 3×103
A g=
fy
2
no =
250
= 1230mm2

Try ISA 80x80x12mm

A g =1781mm2
ar
γ xx =γ yy =23. 9 mm
Connection b/w gusset plate & lug angle:-
2×T u
1.
No. of bolts = 2
t

v
1 . 2×215
=
5s

45 . 26
n = 5.7 ¿ 6 Nos
∴ Provide 6 nos of bolts b/w gusset plate and lug angle.

Connection b/w lug angle & main membe:-

w.

4×T u
1.
2
n=
v
1 . 4×215
ww

=
45 . 26
n = 6.65 ¿ 7 Nos
∴ Provide 7 nos of bolts b/w lug angle and main member.

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m
co
s.
te
no
t ar
5s
w.
ww

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

m
(LIMIT STATE DESIGN)

co
(FOR VI – SEMESTER)

Course material

s.
UNIT III - DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

te
no
Compiled by,

B.JEYAPRABHA M.Tech.,(Ph.D).,MISTE
ar

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
t
5s
w.
ww

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UNIT-III

m
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

co
Classes of sections:- 1. Column -> Stanchion
2. Truss -> Strut
3. Beam -> Girder

s.
a) Class 1 [Plastic]:-
Cross sections, which can develop plastic hinges and have the rotation
capacity reqd for failure of the structures by formation of plastic mechanism. The width
to tks ratio of plate elements shall be less than that specified under class 1 (plastic) in
table 21.

te
b) Class 2 [Compact]:-
Cross-sections which can develop plastic moment of resistance, but have
inadequate plastic hinge rotation capacity for formation of plastic mechanism due to local
no
buckling. The width to tks ratio of plate elements shall be less than that specified under
class-2 (compact), but greater than that specified under class-1 (Plastic) in table 21.

c) Class 3 [Semi-Compact]:-
C/S in which the extreme fiber in compression can reach yield stress, but
ar
cannot develop the plastic moment of resistance, due to local buckling. The width to tks
of plate element shall be less than that specified under class-3 (Semi-Compact) but
greater than that specified under class-2 in table-21.
t

d) Class 4 [Slender]:-
C/S in which the elements buckle locally even before reaching yield stress.
5s

The width to tks ratio of plate elements shall be greater than that specified under class-3
in table 21. In such cases, the eff. Sections for design shall be calculated either by
following the provisions of IS 801 to account for the Post-local-buckling strength or by
deducting width of the compression plate element in excess of the semi-compact section
limit.
w.

 Generally steel sections carrying axial compression fail by flexural

buckling.
 The buckling strength of the compression members are affected by
residual stresses, accidental eccentricities & slenderness ratio.
ww

 To account for these factors the strength of members is subjected to axial

compression defined by the above buckling classes 1,2,3&4 [Plastic,
Compact, Semi-Compact & slender] given in table 10 IS 800-2007.

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m
co
s.
te
no
t ar
5s
w.
ww

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DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:- [cls 7.1 IS 800-2007]

m
co
s.
te
no
Pd > P u
Where,
ar
Pd = Design compressive strength of column.
Pu = External compression (or) design load.
Pd = Aexfcd
Ae = Eff. Area
fed = design compressive stress
t

fy
γ mo xf y f y
5s

f ed = = ≤
2 2 0 .5 γ γ mo
φ+ [ φ −λ ] mo
Where,
φ=0 .5 [ 1+α [ λ−0 . 2 ] + λ2 ]
w.

λ = non-dimensional eff. Slenderness ratio.

√
2
KL

√
f
= y
f cc
=
fy ( )
r
π2 E
ww

f cc = Ruler buckling stress

π2 E
= KL 2
( ) r
Where,
KL/r = eff. Slender ratio (or) eff. length, KL to appropriate radius of gyration.
α = Imperfection factor given in table 7

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X = Stress reduction factor [see table-8]
1
=
[ φ+( φ −λ2 )0. 5 ]

m
2

λmo = Partial safety factor for material strength.

co
KL = Depends on support condition given in table – 11
The only variable in finding the permissible comp. stress (fcd) is slenderness ratio
(L/r) for the given section coming under any of the buckling class a,b,c&d.
∴ Based on the slenderness ratio, design compressive stress can be taken from
table 9, 9a, 9b, 9c (or) 9d IS 800-2007.

s.
 The buckling class for various section are given in Table-10 IS 800-2007 and
slenderness ratio is based on eff. length given in table-11; IS 800-2007.

te
no
t ar
5s
w.
ww

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1. Determine the design axial load capacity of the column ISHB 300@ 577 N/m if the
length of the column is 3m and both ends are pined.
Given:-

m
Section => ISHB 300@577 N/m.
L => 3m.

co
End condition => Both ends are pinned.
Sln:-
To find slenderness ration:-
KL
λ=

s.
r
Where,
K = 1.0 [from table-11 IS 800-2007]
γ xx =129. 5 mm
[from steel table]
γ yy =54 .1 mm

te
∴r min =54 . 1 mm
1×3000
=
54 . 1
λ=55. 45 no
To find design comp. stress:- [cls 7.1.2.1 IS 800-2007]
Pd = A e f ed
Where,
ar
fy
γ mo xf y f y
f ed = = ≤
2 2 0 .5 γ γ mo
φ+ [ φ −λ ] mo
t

φ=0 .5 [ 1+α [ λ−0 . 2 ] + λ2 ]

√
KL 2

√ fy
( )
5s

fy
= = r
f cc 2
π E
Buckling Class:- [Table-10 IS 800-2007]
Rolled steel I-section
w.

h 300
= =1 . 2
bf 250
tf = 10.6 < 100
About z-z axis –b
ww

About y-y axis –c

∴ The section need to be check for buckling
Class-C
α =0 . 49 [from table-7 IS 800-2007]
π2E π 2 ×2×105
f cc = =
KL 2 (55 . 44 )2
( ) r
f cc = 641.98 N/mm2

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λ=
f cc √ =
fy
√
250
641. 98

m
λ = 0.624
∴ φ=0 . 5 [ 1+ 0 . 49 ( 0. 624−0 . 2 )+ ( 0 .624 )2 ]

co
φ = 0.79
250
∴ Design compressive stress f = 1. 1
cd 2 0.5
0 . 79+ [ ( 0 . 79 ) − ( 0 .624 ) ]
2

s.
f cd = 178.33 N/mm2
∴ P d =7485×178 . 33
Pd = 1334.7 KN
50 183

te
60 168
Also referring table 9c IS 800-2007 [for buckling class-c] and λ = 55.45
f cd = 174.8 N/mm2
Pd = 7485x174.8
no
Pd =1308.5 KN

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS:-

Step:1 => Assume the design comp. stress of the member [Generally for rolled steel
ar
sections assume fcd = 135 N/mm2, for angle section assume
fcd = 90 N/mm2 for builtup sections carrying
large loads assume fcd = 200N/mm2
Pd
Step:2 => Reqd eff. Sectional area, A=
f cd
t

Step:3 => Select the section for the eff. Area and calculate. rmin [least of γ xx ∧γ yy ]
Step:4 => From the end co-ordinations, [decide the type of connection] determine the eff.
5s

Length.
Step:5 => Find the slenderness ratio and hence the design comp. stress fcd
Step:6 => Find the actual load carrying capacity of the compression member.
Step:7 => If the calculated value of differs considering from the design load [P], revise
w.

the section.

1. Design a single angle strut connected to a gusset plate to carry a factored load of
180KN. Length of the strut is b/w c/c of intersection is 3m and the support condition is
ww

one end fixed & other end hinge with K=0.85

Given:-
Factored load, P = 180KN
L = 3m
K = 0.85
Sln:-
To find fcd:-
Assume a design comp. stress fcd = 90 N/mm2
To find A reqd:-

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Pd
Reqd Area A=
f cd

m
180×103
=
90

co
A = 2000mm2
Try ISA 90x90x12mm
Properties of ISA 90x90x12mm:-
A=2019mm 2
γ xx =γ yy =27 .1 mm

s.
γ uu=34 . 1 mm , γ vv =17 . 4 mm
Buckling Class:-
Angle come under buckling class-c
KL 0 . 85×3000

te
=
r 17 . 4
KL
=146 .55
r
Refer Table 9c, IS 800-2007
no
140 66.2 fcd= 61.615 N/mm2
150 59.2
ar
∴ Strength of strut = 2019 x 61.615
Pd = 232.7N/mm2
Pd = 124.4 KN < 180KN
Revise the section:- Try ISA 130x130x8mm
A=2022mm 2
t

I xx =I yy =40 . 3
I uu =51. 0 mm , I vv =25 .5 mm
5s

KL 0 . 85×3000
=
r 25 .5
KL
=100
r
w.

fcd = 107 N/mm2 [from table 9c IS 800-2007]

∴ Strength of strut = 2022x107
= 216.35 KN > 180KN
ww

2. Design the above member when both ends are hinged.

Given:-
P = 180KN
L = 3m
Sln:-
To find Acd:-
Assume a design comp. stress fcd = 90N/mm2
To find Areqd:-

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Pd
A=
f cd

m
180×10 3
=
90

co
A = 2000mm2
Try ISA 130x130x8mm
A = 2022mm2
rmin= 25.5mm
KL 1×3000

s.
=
r 25 .5
KL
= 117.65
r
110 94.6 [from table 9© IS 800-2007]

te
120 83.7
fcd = 86.26 N/mm2

∴ Strength of section = 2022 x 86.26

no
= 174.4KN < 180KN
Hence unsafe
∴ Revise the section with rmin more than 25.5mm
Try ISA 150x150x10mm
A = 2903mm2
ar
rmin= 29.3 mm
KL 1×3000
=
r 29 .3
KL
= 102.39
t

r
100 107 From table 9© fcd = 104 N/mm2
5s

110 94.6

∴ Strength of section = 2903 x 104

= 301.9 KN > 180KN
w.

Hence safe

Effective length based on connection:-

 Generally eff. Length is computed based on table-11 IS 800-2007.
ww

 Based on connectivity, welded joints are considered to be rigid.

 For welded joints case equal to K=0.65 to 0.7
For Bolted Connection:-
a) When single bolts are provided on both sides.
b) When double bolts are provided.
K = 0.85

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1. In a truss a strut which is IM long consists of 2 angles ISA 100x100x6mm.

Find the design strength of the member if the angles are connected on both sides of a

m
12mm gusset plate using.
(i) One bolt (ii) Two bolts (iii) A rigid jt by welding

co
s.
te
Given:- no
L = 3m
2 ISA 100x100x6mm
Tks of gusset plate = 12mm
Sln:-
Section Properties of ISA 100x100x6mm:-
ar
A=1167mm2 Iyy= 111.3 x 104mm4
ryy = rzz = 30.9mm Izz= 111.3 x 104mm4
Cxx = Cyy = 26.7 mm
The local axis along the C/S is y-y & z-z as shown in fig.
t

rmin is the least of ryy & rzz of the composite section including 2 angles and a
portion of gusset plate of size 100x12mm.
5s

rzz of the composite section is the same as rzz of a single angle section.
Since the z-z axis is same for both the composite section & single angle section.
∴ rzz of composite section =
√ I zz
A
w.

√
4
= 111. 3×10
1167
rzz = 30.9mm
ryy of composite section =
√ I yy
ww

A
Where,
I yy = M.O.I of composite section
I yy = 2 [ I yy of one angle section +A(t/2 +cy)
2
12
(
= 2[111 . 3×10 4 +1167
2 )
+26 .7
I yy = 4.72 x 10 mm
6 4

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∴r yy =
√
4 . 72×10 6
2 ( 1167 )

m
r yy = 44.97mm
∴r min = 30.9 mm

co
(i) One Bolt :- [Bolt ends hinged]
∴ K=1
KL 1×3000
=
r 30 . 9
KL

s.
= 97.09
r
90 121 [from table 9c IS800-2007]
100 107

te
The member belongs to buckling class-c since it is a angle section.
∴ Refer table-9 (C )
fcd = 111.07 N/mm2
no
Design strength of section = fcd x A
= 111.07 x 2 x 1167
= 259.24 KN
(ii) Two Bolts:-
∴ K = 0.85
ar
KL 0. 85×3000
=
r 30 . 9
KL
= 82.52
r
t

80 136 [from table 9c IS 800-2007]

90 121
5s

fcd = 132.22 N/mm2

∴ Design strength of section = fcd x A

= 132.22 x 2 x 1167
= 308.6 KN
w.

(iii) A rigid joint by welding:-

∴ K = 0.7
KL 0. 7×3000
=
r 30 . 9
ww

KL
= 67.96
r
60 168 [from table 9c IS 800-2007]
70 152
fcd = 155.26 N/mm2

∴ Design strength of section = fcd x A

= 155.26 x 2 x 1167

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= 362.38 KN

2. Determine the load carrying capacity of a column section as shown in fig. The actual

m
length of the column is 4.5m. One end of the column is assumed as fixed and the other
end hinged. The grade of steel [E250]

co
Given:-
L = 4.5m
Support condition = One end fixed & other end hing
∴ K = 0.8

s.
Sln:-
KL
The design stress ‘fcd’ of the composite section depends on r ratio and the
min
buckling class.

te
Properties of ISMB 400:-
h = 400mm, bf = 140mm, tf =
16mm
tw = 8.9mm, ryy = 28.2mm, rxx =
no
161.5mm
Izz = 20458.4 x 104mm4, Iyy =
622.1 x 10 mm4
4

rmin is least of rzz (or) ryy

ar
where, r=
Izz of Composite section:-
√ I
A
t

3 3
300×20 300×20
4
I zz =20458 . 4×10 + + [ 300×20×( 430−220 )2 ]+ + [ 300×20× (220−10 )2 ]
12 12
5s

6 4
I zz =734 . 18×10 mm

Iyy of Composite section:-

w.

20×3003 20×3003
I yy =622 .1×104 + + [ 20×300×( 150−150 )2 ] + + [ 20×300×( 150−150 )2 ]
12 12
6 4
I yy =96. 221×10 mm
I zz
√
ww

∴r zz =
A
A = 7846 + (2x300x20)
A = 19846mm2
734 . 18×106
94 . 152×106
19846
∴r zz = ¿ ¿ ¿
¿ √

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r zz = 192.34mm
I yy
ryy =

m
A

√
96 .221×106

co
=
19846
ryy= 69.63mm
∴ rmin = 69.63mm
To find slenderness ratio:-

s.
KL 0. 8×4500
=
r min 69 .63
KL
r min = 51.7

te
The buckling class of the built up section based on table-10 IS 800-2007. Tks of flange is
16+20 = 36mm < 40mm
∴ Along buckling about z-z axis is buckling class ‘B’ and buckling about y-y
axis, therefore Iyy is less than Izz
50 183 From table 9 ( C ) IS 800-2007
60 168
fcd = 180.45 N/mm2
no
∴ Load carrying capacity of the section = 180.45 x 19846
ar
= 3581.2 KN
3581. 2
Safe working load =
1 .5
= 2387.5 KN
t

3. Design a column 4m long to carrying a factor load of 6000KN column is effectively

5s

held at both ends and restrain in direction at one end. Design the column using beam
section ISHB 450 @ 907 N/m
Given:-
L = 4m
Factor Load = 6000KN
w.

One end fixed and other end hinged

∴ K = 0.8
Sln:-
The given section ISHB is checked for the axial load carrying capacity
ww

∴ Pd = A x fcd
Properties of ISHB450 @ 907 N/m:-
A = 11789mm2
Ixx = 40349.9x104mm4, Iyy = 3045x104mm4
Assuming fcd = 200N/mm2
6000×103
∴ Areqd=
200
= 30000mm2

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∴ Area deficit = 30000-11789
= 18211mm2
Selecting 20mm tk plate @ top 2 bottom flange portion.

m
2(20xb) = 18211
b = 455.275mm ¿ 500mm

co
∴ Assume the size of plate @ as 500x20mm @ top and bottom.

Izz of composite section:-

500×20 3 500×203
I zz =40349. 9×104 + + [ 500×20× ( 480−245 )2 ] + + [ 500×20 ( 245−10 )2 ]

s.
12 12
6 4
I zz =1508 . 66×10 mm
Iyy of composite section:-

te
3 3
20×500 20×500
I yy =3045×104 + + [ 20×500×( 250−250 )2 ] + + [ 20×500×( 250−250 )2 ]
12 12
6 4
I yy =447 .12×10 mm
Check for over hang:- no
The over hang length is limited to ‘lbt’ over hang length = 500-250
= 250mm < 16(20) = 320mm

√
∴r zz = zz
I
A
ar
A = 11789+(2x500x20)
A = 31789mm2

r zz =
√ 1508. 66×106
31789
t

r zz = 217.85 mm

√
r yy = yy
I
5s

√
6
= 447 . 12×10
31789
r yy = 118.60mm
w.

∴r min=118 . 60 mm
To find slenderness ratio:-
KL 0. 8×4000
=
r min 118 .60
ww

KL
r min = 26.98

20 224 From table 9 © IS800-2007

30 211
fcd = 214.926 N/mm2

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∴ Design load carrying capacity of the section = fcd x A
= 214.926 x 31789
Pd = 6832.3 KN > 6000KN

m
Hence the assume section is safe.

co
Laced & Battened Columns:-
[cls 7.6 IS 800-2007] [cls 7.7 IS 800-2007]

s.
te
no
t ar
5s

 Lacings and battens are provided to establish a built up section. [generally

using channels and angles]
 They do not increase the area of the section, but increase the mini. Radius
w.

of gyration [achieve by placing the members away from principle axis]

 The commonly used lateral systems are lacings or latticings battering.

Design of Laced Columns:-°

ww

The general guide lines reqd are

1. The latticing system shall be uniform throughout.
2. In single lacing system, the direction of lattices on the opposite face should be the
shadow of the other and not mutually opposite.
3. In bolted construction, the mini width of lacing bars shall be 3 times the nominal
dia of bolts.
4. Tks of flat lacing bars shall not be less than 1/140 th of its eff. Length for single
lacing & 1/16th of eff. Length for double lacings.
5. Lacing bars shall be inclined at 40° to 70° to the axis of the built up members.

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6. The distance b/w the two main member should be kept, such that
ryy > rzz where,
ryy = Radius of gyration about the weaker axis.

m
rzz = Radius of gyration of stronger axis [major axis] of the individual members.
7. Maxi. Spacing of lacing bars shall be such that, the maxi. Slenderness ratio of the

co
main member b/w consecutive lacing connections is not greater than 50 (or) 0.7
times of the unfavourable slenderness ratio of the member as a hole.
8. The lacing shall be design to resist a transverse shear, ‘Vt = 2.5% P’ [Axial load
of column] If there are two transverse parallel systems then each system has to

s.
resist a shear force of ‘Vt/2’
9. If the column is subjected to bending also the shear due to bending moment has to
be added with ‘Vt’
10. The eff. Length of a single laced system is equal to the length b/w the inner faster
ness. For welded joints and double lacing system, Effectively connected at the

te
intersection, eff. Length is taken as 0.7 times the actual length.
11. The slenderness ratio KL/r for lacing shall not exceed 145. [ ∵ λ max =145 ]
12. The eff. Slenderness ratio of laced columns shall be taken as 1.05 times the actual
maxi. Slenderness ratio in order to account for shear deformation effects.
no
Design of Batten column:-

1. Similar to lacings, battens are design for

transverse force Vt = 2.5% P
ar
2. The batten plates should be symmetrical
& spaced uniformly throughout. The eff.
Slenderness ratio is 1.1 times the maxi.
Actual slenderness ratio of the column to
t

account for shear deformation.

3. Spacing shall be such that slenderness
5s

ratio of the column in any part is not

greater than 50 and not greater than 0.7
times the slenderness ratio of the
member as a hole about z-z axis.
4. The design shear and moment for the
w.

batten plates is given by the following

relations.
V C
V b= c
Ns
ww

VtC
M=
2N
Where,
C = c/c distance along
longitudinal direction.
N = No. of batten plates.
1. Design a laced column with 2 channels
back to back of length 10m to carry an axial

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factored load of 1400KN. The column may be assume to have restrain in position but not
in direction at both ends. [Hinged ends]

m
co
s.
te
no
t ar
5s
w.

Given:-
ww

P = 1400KN, L = 10m, K=1

Condition Both ends are hinged.
Sln:-
Assume fcd as 135N/mm2
To find Areqd:-
P
Areqd = f
cd

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3
1400×10
=
135
Areqd = 10370.37mm2

m
10370. 37
∴ Area of each channel reqd =
2

co
= 5185.2mm2
Try 2-ISMC 350 @ 421 N/m
A = 5366mm2
W = 421N/m; Izz = 10008.0x104mm4; Iyy = 430.6x104mm4

s.
rzz = 136.6mm; ryy = 28.3mm; cyy = 24.4mm
The lacing system is provided such that ryy > rzz. This is achieve by providing sufficient
spacing b/w the two channels.
∴r min =r zz

te
r zz of combined section = r zz of individual channel section.
∴ r zz of combined section = 136.6mm

Slenderness ratio:-
KL 1×10000 no
=
r min 136 .6
KL
r min = 73.206
ar
For laced columns the maxi. Slenderness ratio can be increased by 5%
KL
∴
r min = 73.206 x 1.05
= 76.86
70 152 From table 9 © IS800-2007
t

80 136
5s

From table 10 the builtup section comes under the buckling class ‘C’
fcd = 141.024N/mm2
∴ Load carrying capacity of column, Pd = fcd x A
w.

= 141.024 x 5366 x 2
Pd = 1513.46 KN > 1400KN
∴ Assumed section 2ISMC 350 is sufficient.
Design of Lateral system:- [Lacing System]
The clear distance b/w the two channels is arrived based on the condition ryy ¿ rzz
ww

Iyy = Izz
Izz of composite section is twice the Izz of an individual channel section.
I zz ( comp )=2I zz (individual )
= 2 x 10008 x 104
Izz = 2.0016 x 108mm4
Iyy:-
Iyy of composite section is found for the 2 channels from the centroidal Axis

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[
I yy ( comp )=2 I yy
( self )
+ Ah2 ]
(one channel)

m
[ )]
2
d
=2 430. 6×104 +5366× ( 2
+ 24 . 4

co
Iyy = Izz

[ ) ]=2. 0016×10
2
d
2 430 . 6×10 4 +5366 ( 2
+24 . 4 8

[ )]

s.
d2
2 430 . 6×10 4 +5366 ( 4
+595. 36+24 . 4d = 2. 0016×108

2 [ 430 .6×10 4 +1341 .5d 2 +3194701 .76+ 130930. 4d ]=2 . 0016×10 8

2 [ 1341 . 5d2 +130 . 930×103 d +750 .07×10 4 ]=2. 0016×108

te
2 3 4 6
1341. 5d +130 .93×10 d+750 . 07×10 =100 . 08×10
2 3 6
1341. 5d +130 .93×10 d=92 .579×10
d = 218
∴ d = 220mm
no
Assume the lacings to be provided at 45º to the horizontal.
Horizontal Spacing = d+24.4+24.4
= 220+48.8
= 268.8mm
Hori spacing = 268.8mm
ar
Vertical spacing = 2[horizontal spacing]
= 2x268.8
= 537.6mm
The limit for slenderness ratio for each channel b/w the lacings vertically is 50
t

∴ Slenderness ratio for vertical spacing

KL
[Each Channel] =
5s

r
1×537 .6
=
28 .3
= 18.99 < 50
Transverse shear to be resisted by each lacing system is 2.5% of axial load. [Clause
w.

7.6.6.1 IS 800-2007]
2 . 5×1400
Load =
100
= 35KN
ww

∴ Transverse shear to be resisted by each lacing bar is 17.5KN

268 . 8
L=
cos 45∘
L = 380.14mm
L
Mini tks of lacing bar =
40
380 .14
=
40

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= 9.5mm
∴ Provide 10mm tk flat plates for lacing bar. Assume dia of bolt as 20mm,
width of lacing bar = 3xdia

m
= 3x20
b = 60mm

co
∴ The assumed lacing bar is 60x10mm

Connection for lacing Bar:- [20mm dia]

1. Strength of bolt is single shear:- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]

s.
V
V dsp= nsp
γ mb
fu
V nsp= [ n n A nb +n s A sb ]
√3

te
nn = 1, n s =0

=
400
√3 [1×0 .78× ]
π ×202
4
V nsp = 56.59 KN no
V dsp = 45.272 KN
2. Strength of bolt in bearing:- [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]
V 2 .5k b d t f u
V dbp = nbp =
γ mb γ mb
ar
e p f
k b= , −0. 25 , ub , 1
3d o 3d o fu
e=1 .5d o =33 mm≃40 mm
p=25 . d=50 mm≃60 mm
t

k b = 0.606, 0.659, 0.975, 1

∴ k b = 0.606
5s

2 . 5×0 . 606×20×10×410
=
1. 25
V dbp = 99.384KN
∴ The strength of bolt value = 45.272KN
w.

17 .5 N
∴ No. of bolts = =0 .39
45 . 27 No
∴ Provide one 20mm φ bolt on each side of connection.
Strength of lacing bar:- [60x10mm]
ww

KL
Slenderness ratio of lacing bar =
r
1×380. 14
= γ min

r min =
√ I zz
A
(or)
√ I yy
A

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3
60×10
I zz = =5000 mm 4
12
60 3×10

m
I yy = =180×103 mm 4
12

co
5000
=
600
r min = 2.88
1×380. 14
=
2 . 88

s.
Slenderness ratio = 131.99 < 145 [cls 7.6.6.3 IS 800-2007]

130 74.3 From table 9© IS 800-2007

140 66.2

te
fcd = 72.68 N/mm2
Load Carrying capacity of section = 72.68 x 60 x 10
pd = 43.61KN > 17.5KN
Hence the lacing system is safe. no
2. Design the above built up column using battens as lateral system. The sections selected
are 2ISMC350@413N/m with clear spacing of 220mm.
[ ∴ The section is design as per the previous problem]
Sln:-
t ar
5s
w.
ww

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m
co
s.
te
no
ar

d = 220mm
t

KL
Slenderness ratio = =73 .21
r
5s

KL
Slenderness ratio of battens is 1.1 times
r
= 73.21 x 1.1
= 80.53
w.

C/C horizontal distance b/w the batten plate S = d+24.4+24.4

S = 268.8mm
If ‘C’ is the spacing of the battens. The value of ‘C’ is found based the relation
C/rmin<50 [The slenderness ratio of each channel b/w 2 battens plates is limited to 50]
C = 28.3 x 50
ww

C = 141.5mm
∴ Assume C = 1200mm
2. 5×1400
Transverse shear V t =
100
V t = 35KN
As per clause 7.7.2.1 IS 800-2007, shear to be resisted by Batten plate

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VtC
V b=
NS
VtC

m
M=
2N

co
Where,
N=2
35×1200
∴V b=
2×268 .8
V b = 78.125KN

s.
35×1200
∴M=
2×2
= 105.00KN mm
M = 10.5KN.m

te
Width & tks of Batten Plate:-
The end batten plate should have width (depth) greater than S (268.8mm)
∴ Provide width of batten plate as 270mm width of intermediate batten plate should be
greater than ¾ width of end batten plate.
no
∴ Provide width of intermediate batten plate = ×270
3
4
= 202.5mm
∴ Width as 210mm
ar
Tks of batten plate should be greater than S/50
268 .8
t=
50
t = 5.376mm
t

∴ Provide the tks of 6mm

5s

Check for stresses in Batten Plate:-

V
Shear stress = b
A
3
78 .125×10
=
w.

210×6
= 62 N/mm2
fy
Permissible shear stress =
1 . 1√ 3
= 131.21 N/mm2
ww

Shear Act stress < Permissible shear stress

M
Actual bending stress σ b =
Z
10 .5×106 ×6
=
td 2
6
10 .5×10 ×6
=
6×2102

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= 38.09 N/mm2
f
Permissible bending stress = y

m
1.1
= 227.27 N/mm2
Act bending stress < Permissible bending stress

co
Hence the breadth of the section has to be increased.
Providing an edge of 35mm on both sides over all depth of section is 210+35+35 =
280mm
To find Actual bending stress:-

s.
10 .5×106 ×6
Actual bending stress =
( 280 )2 ×6
= 133.9 N/mm2
Shear stress = 46.5 N/mm2

te
∴ Provide intermediate plate of size 280 x 6mm and end batten plate of size
[270+70=340mm] 340 x 6mm
Connections for intermediate batten plate:-
 Bolts are placed along a vertical line on the batten plate.

connection to be safe.
Assume 20mm dia bolt
no
 Force in the extreme bolt should be less than the bolt value for the

∴ Bolt value = 45.27 KN

The transverse shear acting on a connection = 78.125KN
ar
78 .125
∴ No. of bolts =
45 . 27
= 1.72 ¿ 3 Nos.
Since moment also acts on the connection provide 3 Nos of bolts.
t

The force due to moment on extreme.

Mγ
Bolt Fm =
5s

∑ γ2
10 .5×106 ×105
=
( 1052 +1052 )
Fm = 50KN
w.

F 78. 125
F s= =
n 3
= 26.04 KN
Resultant force = ∣F +F 2
m2 s
ww

= ∣50 +26 . 04 2
2

= 56.57 KN > 45.27 KN

∴ 3 bolts are not sufficient we have to increase the no. of bolts.
∴ Assume 5 Nos of bolt along the vertical line.
Mγ
Force due to moment Fm =
∑ γ2

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6 5
10 .5×10 ×10
=
2 ( 1052 ) +2 ( 1052 )

m
= 25KN
78 .125
Fs =
5

co
= 15.62 KN
Resultant Force = ∣252 +15 . 622
= 29.48 KN < 45.27 KN
Hence 5 Nos of 20mm dia bolts are provided in both sides.

s.
COLUMN SPLICE:-

te
no
t ar
5s

 When two pieces of the section are connected together to get the reqd
w.

length of column, is called a column splice.

 In a building the section of column may be change from storey to storey
(for economy) and in cases when the length reqd exceeds standard size of
the section available.
ww

COLUMN BASES:-
(i) Slab Base, (ii) Gussetted Base, (iii) Grillage Foundation

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m
co
s.
te
no
t ar
5s
w.

(i) Slab Base:-

ww

 It is used in columns carrying small loads. [Approximately upto 1000KN]

 The load is transferred to the base plate through bearing, with the help of
cleat angles.
(ii) Gussetted Base:-
 Gussetted Base when the column carries heavy load [App. 1000-2000KN]
 The column is connected to the base plate using gusset plates and cleat angles.
 The load is transferred to the base party to bearing & party to gusset.
Design of slab base (or) simple base:-

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1. The bearing strength of concrete is 0.45fck
Pu
2. Area of base plate reqd is

m
0. 4f ck
Assume the size of plate such that the projections of base plate from the
column on both sides (a&b) are kept more or less same.

co
3. Find the base intensity pressure
Pu
w=
Areaofbaseplate
4. Min thickness of base plate reqd. is

s.
0 .5

t s=
[2. 5w ( a2 −0 . 3b2 ) γ mo
fy ] >t f

5. Connection: If bolted connection is provided 2 cleat angles of size ISA

te
65x65x6mm are used which are connected with 20mm dia of bolts.
If welded connection is used the size of weld is arrived based on the length of
weld available alround the column.
6. The Base Plate is connected to the foundation concrete using 4 Nos of 20mm
dia and 300mm long Anchor bolts.
no
1. Design a slab base for a column ISHB 300@577 N/m which is subjected to factored
axial load of 1000KN use M20 concrete for the concrete pedestal.
t ar
5s
w.
ww

Given:-
ISHB 300@577 N/m
Pu = 1000KN
fck = 20N/mm2
Sln:-
1. Bearing stress in concrete σ bc =0. 45 f ck
= 0.45 x 20

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σ bc = 9 N/mm2
Pu
2. Area of base plate reqd, A=

m
0 . 45 f ck
1000×103
=

co
9
A = 111.11 x 103mm2
Assuming equal projection on both sides with a = b =30mm, size of base plate assumed is
310x360mm.
∴ Area Provided = 111.6x103mm2

s.
Pu
3. Pressure intensity @ base w=
Areaofbaseplate
3
1000×10
=
111. 6×103

te
w = 8.96 N/mm2 < 9N/mm2
0. 5

4. Mini. Tks of base plate =

[
2 .5w ( a2 −0 .3b2 ) γmo
no fy ] 0 .5

[ ( 2
]
2
)
= 2 .5×8 . 96 30 −0 .3×30 ×1 .1
250
( t s ) 7 . 87 mm<10. 6 mm ( t f )
∴ Provide tks of base plate as 12mm
ar

5. Bolted Connection:-
Provide 2 cleat angle ISA 65x65x6mm connected using 20mm dia ‘J’
anchor bolts for a length of 300mm.
t

2) Design the above problem using welded connection

5s

Sln:-
1. Bearing stress in concrete σ bc =0. 45 f ck
= 0.45 x 20
σ bc = 9 N/mm2
w.

Pu
2. Area of base plate reqd, A=
0 . 45 f ck
1000×103
=
9
ww

A = 111.11 x 103mm2
Assuming equal projection on both sides (for economy) size of plate adopted is
310x360mm.
∴ Area Provided = 111.6 x 103mm2
Pu
3. Pressure intensity @ base w=
Actualarea
1000×103
=
111. 6×103

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w = 8.96 N/mm2 < 9N/mm2
0. 5

4. Mini. Tks of base plate =

[
2 .5w ( a2 −0 .3b2 ) γmo
]

m
fy
0 .5

[ ( 2
]
2
= 2 .5×8 . 96 30 −0 .3×30 ×1 .1
)

co
250
Tks of flange = 10.6mm
∴ Provide tks of base plate as 12mm.
5. Welded Connection:-

s.
Providing fillet weld alround the I-section, length available is
Length available = 4(250)-2(7.6)+2(300)-2(10)
1w = 1563.6mm
Design strength of weld:-

te
Providing a weld of grade 410 N/mm2(fu)
Stress x Area
↓ ↓
fu
Design strength of weld =
no √ 3 × (lw ×t )
γm w
410
= √ 3 ×( 1563 .6×0 . 7 )
ar
1. 25
For the available length, the size of weld reqd is found.
1000 x 103 = 189.37 x 0.73 x 1563.6
1000×103
S=
189. 37×0 .7×1563 . 6
t

S = 4.82mm
Provide 6mm fillet weld alround the column provide 20mm dia ‘J’ anchor bolts at
5s

the 4 corners of the base plate with length 300mm.

Gusseted Base:-
 When the load on the column is higher gusset plates are provided
w.

along the flanges of the C/S.

 The load is transferred by bearing through the base plate and also
partly through the gusset plate.
Design Procedure:-
Pu
ww

1. Area of base plate, A=

0 . 45 f ck
2. Assume various members of gusset base
(i) Tks of gusset plate assumed as 16mm
(ii) Size of gusset angle is assume such that the
vertical leg can accomadate 2 bolts in one
vertical line. The other leg is assume such that 1
bolt can be provided.

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(iii) The tks of angle is kept approximately equal to
the tks of gusset plate.
3. Width of gusseted base is kept suc that it will just project

m
the outside the gusset angle and hence
Areaofplate

co
Length =
width
4. The load is assumed to be transferred 50% by bearing and
50% by fasteners.
5. Tks of base plate is computed by flexural strength at the

s.
critical sections.
1. Design a gusseted base for a column ISHB 350@710N/m with 2 plates 450 x 20mm
carrying a factored load of 3600KN. The column is to be supported on concrete pedestals
to be built with M20 concrete.

te
no
t ar
5s
w.
ww

ASSIGNMENT-I
1. Draw the various possible forces in bolted connections:-
a) Shear Plane on thread:-
b) Two planes subject to shear:-

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c) Bolts in Direct Tension:-
d) Bolts resisting pure moment:-
e) Bolts subject to shear and tension:-

m
2. Beam ISLB 500 at 750 N/m carries total factored ude of 300KN. It is supported on

co
columns ISHB 300 at 630N/m at each end. The connection is made using M20 bolts of
grade 4.6 and steel Fe410. Design the connection.
Given:-
ISLB 500

s.
D = 500mm, bf=180mm, tf=14.1mm, tw=9.2mm
ISHB 300
D = 300mm, bf=250mm, tf=10.6mm
Sln:-
Try angle 100x100x8mm one on each side of beam.

te
a) Angle connecting beam web:-
The connecting bolts will be in double shear
Strength of bolts in double shear = 2×[ 0. 462 f u ( n n A n6 ) ]
no 462×400×245
= 2×0 .
1000
= 90.55KN
Strength of bolts in bearing = 2d tpfu
= 2x20x9.2x410
ar
= 147KN
Least bolt value = 90.55KN
Re action @eachend
No. of bolts =
boltvalue
300
t

= 2
90 .55
5s

Nos. of bolt = 1.7 says 2 Nos.

Provide 2 bolts @ 50mm pitch with edge distance of 40mm.
Mini. Length of angle reqd = 2x40+50
= 130mm
w.

b) Angle connecting column flange:-

Connecting bolts will be in single shear and bearing on 8mm tks of angle
Strength of bolts in single shear = 0 . 462 f u ( nn Anb )
= 0.462x400x245
ww

= 45.3KN
Strength of bolts in bearing = 2 dt p f u
= 2x20x8x410
= 31KN
Least bolt value = 45.3KN
300
No. of bolts = 2
45 . 3

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= 3.31 says 4Nos.
Provide 2 bolts on each side of flange check the tks of the angle:-
A v⋅f yw

m
Factored shear resistance =
√3γ mo

co
= 0.525 A v f yw
= 0.525x2x100x8x250
= 209.9KN > 150KN
Hence safe

s.
ASSIGNMENT-II
1. Design a tension member to carry a factored load of 340KN use 20mm dia of black
bolt and gusset plate of 8mm thickness.
Given:-

te
Factored load = 340KN
d = 20mm, do = 22mm
Thickness of gusset plate = 8m
Sln:-
No. of bolts = Tu/V
To find Ag:-
1 .1×T u
no
A g=
fy
1 . 1×340×10 3
ar
=
250
A g = 1496mm2
Try ISA 100x100x8mm
A g =1539mm2
t

γ xx =γ yy =30. 7 mm
BOLT VALUE:-
5s

(i) Strength of bolt in single shear:- [cls 10.3.3 IS 800-2007]

V nsb
V dsb=
γ mb

[ ]
w.

f u nn Anb +n s A sb
=
√3 γ mb
nn = 1, ns =0
0 . 78×π×202
A nb=
ww

4
= 245mm2
= [
400 1×245 . 04
√3 1 .25 ]
V dsb = 45.27KN
(ii) Strength of bolt in bearing:- [cls 10.3.4 IS 800-2007]
V
V dbp = nbp
γ mb

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2 . 5k b d t f u
=
γ mb

m
Assume,
e = 1.5do = 33mm ¿ 40mm
p = 2.5d = 50mm ¿ 60mm

co
40 60 400
k b= , −0 .25 , ,1
3×22 3×22 410
= 0.606, 0.66, 0.959, 1
k
Take b = 0.606

s.
2 . 5×0 . 606×20×8×410
=
1. 25
V dbp = 79.5KN
∴ Design strength of bolt value = 45.27KN

te
340
∴ No. of bolts =
45 . 27
= 7.51 ¿ 8Nos
∴ Provide 20mm φ bolt of 8 Nos. no
Check for strength of section:-
(i) Design strength of section against yielding:- [cls 6.2 IS 800-2007]
A f
T dg= g y
γ mo
ar
8
A g=
(
100− )
2
×250

1. 1
T dg = 349.04KN
t

(ii) Design strength of section against rupture:- [cls 6.3.3 IS 800-2007]

0. 9A nc f u βA go f y
T dn= +
5s

γ ml γ mo
Where,
w f y b s f y γ mo
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( )( )
t f u lc
≤
f u γ ml
≥0 .7
w.

w = 100
w1 =50
bs = 100+50-8
bs = 142mm
ww

Ls = 460mm
100 250 142 250×1 .1
β=1 . 4−0 .076 ( )( )( ) ≤
8 410 460 410×1. 25
≥0 .7
= 1.22 ¿ 1.44 ¿ 0.7
∴ β = 1.22
8
(
A nc = 100−22−
2 )
8=592 mm2

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8
(
A go= 100−
2 )8=768 mm 2
0. 9×592×410 1. 22×768×250

m
= +
1 . 25 1.1
Tdn =387.7KN > 340KN

co
3) Design strength of plate against block shear:- [cls 6.3.4 IS800-2007]
A f 0. 9A tn f u
T db= vg u +
√ 3 mo γ ml
(or)

s.
0. 9A vn f u Atg f y
T db= +
√ 3 γ ml γ mo
Where,
8

te
A vg =[ 40+ 7 ( 60 ) ] = 3680mm2
8
A vn =[ 460−7 .5 ( 22 ) ]
= 2360mm2
A tg =50×8=400 mm 2 no
8
22
(
A tn = 50−
2 )
2
= 312mm
3680×250 0 . 9×312×410
T db 1=
ar
+
√ 3×1. 1 1. 25
= 574.97KN
0 . 9×2360×410 400×250
T db 2= +
√3×1. 25 1 .1
t

= 493.13KN > 340KN

Design strength of section is against yielding rupture & block shear as greater
5s

than the external load of 340KN

∴ The assumed section ISx100x100x8mm is safe.
2. Explain different modes of failure of tension member.
1. Cross section yielding:-
Generally a tension member without bolt holes, can resist loads upto the
w.

ultimate load without failure. But such a member will deform in the longitudinal direction
considerably nears 10% to 15% of its original length before fracture. At such a large
deformation a structure become in serviceable.
f A
T dg= y g
ww

γ mo
2. Net section Rupture:-
A tension member is after connected to the main of other members by
bolts or welds, when connected using bolts tension members have holes & hence reduced
cross section being referred to the net area.

0. 9f y A n
T dn=
γ ml

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(iii) Block shear failure:-
Originally observed is bolted shear connection at sloped beams ends.
Block shear is now reqd as potential failure of made the ends of axially load tension

m
member also.
In this failure made the failure of member occurs along a parts including

co
fussion on one plates & shear on ¿ lr plane along the fasterners as shown in fig.

A vg f y 0 . 9f u A vn
T db 1= +
√ 3 γ mo γ ml

s.
(or)

0 . 9f y A vn f y A tg
T db 2= +
√ 3 γ ml γ mo

te
Where,
Avg, Avn = min gross area & net area in shear along section (1-2) & (4-3)
Atg, Atn = min gross area & net area from hole to toe of the angle section
(2-3) no
Working stress method of steel design:-
Permissible stresses:-
1. Axial tension, σ at =0 . 6f y
2. Axial compression, σ ac≤0. 6f y [depends upon L/R ratio]
ar

3. Bending compression, σ bc =0. 66 f y

4. Per shear stress, τ c =0 . 45 f y [generally taken as 0.4fy]
t

ASSIGNMENT-III
1. Procedure for finding permissible and compressive stress of steel sections:-
PROCEDURE:-
5s

 Assume design stress of the member (generally rolled steel section

assumed fcd = 135N/mm2) for angle section fcd = 90N/mm2, for builtup
section fcd = 200N/mm2
Pd
w.

 Required eff. Sectional area is A=

f cd
 Select a section for the eff. Area calculate γ min (least of γ xx ∧γ yy )
 From the end condition (decide the type of connection) determine
eff. Length
ww

 Find slenderness ratio and hence design stress fcd

 Find actual load carrying capacity of compression member.
pd =f cd × A e
 If the calculating value of pd difference consider by from design
load P, revise the section.
2. Design a double angle discontinues strut to carry factored axial load 170KN. The
length of the strut b/w c/c of intersection is 3.85m, fy =250N/mm2
Given:-

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L=3.85m
fy = 250N/mm2
P = 170KN

m
Sln:-
Assume fcd = 90 N/mm2

co
3
170×10
A g=
2×90
A g = 944.4mm2
For safe design increase 30%

s.
A g=944 . 4×1 .3
A g=1227. 2 mm 2
∴ Try 2ISA 90x90x8mm
4 4
I xx =I yy =104 . 2×10 mm

te
γ xx γ yy =25 .1 mm
γ xx =γ yy =27 .5 mm
r uu=34 . 7 mm
r vv =17 .5 mm
no
A* = 2x1379 = 2758mm2
Iy *= 2[104.2x104+1379(25.1+10/2)2

√
r y∗¿
4 . 583×10 6
2758
ar
r y∗¿
= 40.76mm
¿
K=1
KL 1×3850
∴ =
t

γ min 27 . 5
KL
5s

γ min = 140
N
∴ f cd =66 .2 [from table 9c]
mm 2
∴ P d =f cd ×A
w.

= 66.2x2758
= 182.58KN > 170KN
∴ Hence the assumed section is safe.
∂act < ∂ allow
ww

∴ Hence the section is safe in deflection

4. Check for web buckling:-
F cdw= ( b1 + n1 ) t w f c
h 600
n1 = = =300 mm
2 2
b1 =100mm
2 .5d
λw=
tw

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2 . 5×523 . 4
=
11. 2
λw = 116.83

m
110 94.6 [from table 9 © IS800-2007]
120 83.7

co
∴ fc = 87.155 N/mm2
∴ ℏ dw=( 100+300 )×11 . 2×87 . 155

s.
ℏ dw = 390.454KN > 225KN
Hence the section is safe against web buckling.

5. Check for web crippling:-

( b1 + n2 ) t w f yw

te
F w=
γ mo
n2 =2 .5 ( t f +t 1 )
= 2.5 (21.3+17) = 82.5mm
no
( 100+ 82. 5 ) 11 . 2×250
F w=
1 .1
F w = 464.545KN > 225KN
Hence the section is safe against web crippling.
ar

3. An ISMB section of depth 500mm is used as a beam over as a span of 6m with s.s
ends. Determine the maxi. Factored udl that the beam can carry if the ends are restrained
against torsion, but compression flange is laterally unsupported.
Given:-
t

Span = 6m
Depth = 500mm
5s

Section => ISMB 500

Sln:-
Section Properties of ISMB500:-
A = 11074mm2, bf = 180mm, tf = 17.2mm, tw = 10.2mm, Izz = 45218.3x103mm4, Iyy =
w.

1369.8x103mm4, r1 = 17mm, zpz = 2074.67x103mm3, zez = 1808.7x103mm3, ryy = 35.2mm,

rzz = 202.1mm
d=h−2 ( t f +r 1 )
= 500-2(17.2+17)
ww

d = 431.6mm
To find maxi.Moment & S.F:-
2
wl
The maxi. Moment of the beam M =
8
The design moment capacity of the section M d =β b Z p f bd
Where,
fbd => Taken from table-13 for fcr, b given in table-14 [cls 8.2.2 IS800-2007]
fcr, b :- [Table-14 IS 800-2007]

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KL h
The critical stress fcr, b is found based on slenderness ratio and t ratio
r f
Here, K=1

m
KL 1×6000
∴ => =170 . 45
γ min 35 .2

co
h 500
=> =29 . 07
tf 17 . 2

KL h

s.
r tf
25 29.07 30
170 136.7 124.16 121.3
170.45 136.26 123.75 120.89

te
180 127.1 114.97 112.2

From table-14 [IS 800-2007]

∴ Critical stress f cr , b=123 . 75 N / mm 2
no
fbd :-
Refer [table-13 IS800-2007] α LT =0.21 (for R.S section)
∴ Refer table – 13(a) IS 800-2007
ar
150 106.8 From table-13(a)
100 77.3
t

∴ fbd = 91.31 N/mm2 (for fcr, b = 123.75N/mm2

∴ The design bending strength of ISMB M d =β b Z p f bd
5s

Buckling Class:- [Table-2 IS 800-2007]

b 0 .5b f 90
= = =5 .2 ∑ 9 . 4 ∑ ¿
tf tf 17 .2
¿
d 431 . 6
w.

= =42 .31 ∑ 84 ∑ ¿
t w 10 .2
¿
∴ The section comes under plastic
∴ β b =1 [cls 8.2.2 IS 800-2007]
ww

3
M d =1×2074 .67×10 ×91 . 31
M d =189.44KN.m
2
wl
M=
8
M d = 189.44KN.m
The safe udl the section can carry is found by equating M & Md
M = Md

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2
w×6000
189.44x106 =
8
w = 42.09KN/m

m
co
s.
te
no
t ar
5s
w.
ww

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