20 kN 40 kN SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.

1
B
A D 250 mm For the timber beam and loading shown, draw the shear and bending-moment
C
diagrams and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.
2.5 m 3m 2m 80 mm

20 kN 40 kN SOLUTION
B D
A Reactions. Considering the entire beam as a free body, we find
C
1 2 3 4 5 6 14 kN
46 kN RB 5 40 kNx RD 5 14 kNx
2.5 m 3m 2m
20 kN Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams. We first determine the
M1 internal forces just to the right of the 20-kN load at A. Considering the stub
V1 of beam to the left of section 1 as a free body and assuming V and M to be
positive (according to the standard convention), we write
20 kN
M2 1x©F y 5 0 : 220 kN 2 V 1 5 0    V 1 5 220 kN
V2 1l©M 1 5 0 : 120 kN2 10 m2 1 M 1 5 0      M1 5 0
20 kN We next consider as a free body the portion of beam to the left of
M3 section 2 and write
46 kN V3
1x©F y 5 0 : 220 kN 2 V 2 5 0    V 2 5 220 kN
20 kN
M4
1l©M 2 5 0 : 120 kN2 12.5 m2 1 M2 5 0      M2 5 250 kN ? m
The shear and bending moment at sections 3, 4, 5, and 6 are deter-
46 kN V4
mined in a similar way from the free-body diagrams shown. We obtain
20 kN 40 kN
M5
V3 5 126 kN      M3 5 250 kN ? m
46 kN
V4 5 126 kN      M4 5 128 kN ? m
V5
V5 5 214 kN      M5 5 128 kN ? m
20 kN 40 kN
M6
V6 5 214 kN      M6 50

46 kN V6
For several of the latter sections, the results may be more easily obtained by
considering as a free body the portion of the beam to the right of the section.
40 kN
For example, for the portion of the beam to the right of section 4, we have
M'4
V'4 14 kN 1x©Fy 5 0 : V4 2 40 kN 1 14 kN 5 0      V 5 126 kN
4
V
!26 kN
1l©M4 5 0 : 2M4 1 114 kN2 12 m2 5 0     M 5 128 kN ? m
4

x
We can now plot the six points shown on the shear and bending-
14 kN
moment diagrams. As indicated earlier in this section, the shear is of constant
20 kN value between concentrated loads, and the bending moment varies linearly;
2.5 m 3m 2m we obtain therefore the shear and bending-moment diagrams shown.
M
!28 kN ? m Maximum Normal Stress. It occurs at B, where |M| is largest. We
use Eq. (5.4) to determine the section modulus of the beam:
x
S 5 16bh2 5 16 10.080 m2 10.250 m2 2 5 833.33 3 1026 m3
Substituting this value and |M| 5 |MB| 5 50 3 103 N ? m into Eq. (5.3) gives
50 kN ? m ZMBZ 150 3 103 N ? m2
sm 5 5 5 60.00 3 106 Pa
S 833.33 3 1026
Maximum normal stress in the beam 5 60.0 MPa ◀

322
 10 kips SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.2
3 ft 2 ft 3 ft
8 ft
The structure shown consists of a W10 3 112 rolled-steel beam AB and of
two short members welded together and to the beam. (a) Draw the shear
3 kips/ft
E and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and the given loading. (b) De-
B termine the maximum normal stress in sections just to the left and just to
A C D the right of point D.

3 kips/ft
20 kip ? ft SOLUTION
318 kip ? ft
Equivalent Loading of Beam. The 10-kip load is replaced by an
A 1 C 2 D 3 B equivalent force-couple system at D. The reaction at B is determined by
10 kips 34 kips considering the beam as a free body.
3x
x
2 a. Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams
From A to C. We determine the internal forces at a distance x from
M point A by considering the portion of beam to the left of section 1. That
x part of the distributed load acting on the free body is replaced by its resul-
V
tant, and we write
24 kips
x 4
1x©Fy 5 0 : 23 x 2 V 5 0    V 5 23 x kips
M
1l©M1 5 0 : 3 x1 12 x2 1 M 5 0     M 5 21.5 x kip ? ft
2

x
Since the free-body diagram shown can be used for all values of x smaller
V than 8 ft, the expressions obtained for V and M are valid in the region 0 ,
24 kips x , 8 ft.
x 4
20 kip ? ft From C to D. Considering the portion of beam to the left of section 2
M
and again replacing the distributed load by its resultant, we obtain
10
V 1x©Fy 5 0 :    224 2 V 5 0   V 5 224 kips

x
kips
x 11 1l©M2 5 0 :      241x 2 42 1 M 5 0    M 5 96 2 24 x    kip ? ft
V These expressions are valid in the region 8 ft , x , 11 ft.
From D to B. Using the position of beam to the left of section 3, we
8 ft 11 ft 16 ft obtain for the region 11 ft , x , 16 ft
x
V 5 234 kips     M 5 226 2 34 x    kip ? ft
24 kips The shear and bending-moment diagrams for the entire beam can now be
34 kips plotted. We note that the couple of moment 20 kip ? ft applied at point D
M introduces a discontinuity into the bending-moment diagram.
b. Maximum Normal Stress to the Left and Right of Point D. From
x Appendix C we find that for the W10 3 112 rolled-steel shape, S 5 126 in3
148 kip ? ft about the X-X axis.
96 kip ? ft To the left of D: We have |M| 5 168 kip ? ft 5 2016 kip ? in. Sub-
168 kip ? ft stituting for |M| and S into Eq. (5.3), we write
0M 0 2016 kip ? in.
318 kip ? ft sm 5 5 5 16.00 ksi sm 5 16.00 ksi ◀
S 126 in3
To the right of D: We have |M| 5 148 kip ? ft 5 1776 kip ? in.
Substituting for |M| and S into Eq. (5.3), we write
0M 0 1776 kip ? in.
sm 5 5 5 14.10 ksi sm 5 14.10 ksi ◀
S 126 in3

323
 20 kips 12 kips 1.5 kips/ft SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.3
Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading
A E shown.
B C D

6 ft 8 ft 10 ft 8 ft

4 ft 12 kips SOLUTION
20 kips 12 kips
Reactions. Considering the entire beam as a free body, we write
Ax A 1l oMA 5 0:
E
B C D D124 ft2 2 120 kips2 16 ft2 2 112 kips2 114 ft2 2 112 kips2 128 ft2 5 0
Ay D D 5 126 kips D 5 26 kips x
6 ft 8 ft 10 ft 8 ft 1xoFy 5 0: Ay 2 20 kips 2 12 kips 1 26 kips 2 12 kips 5 0
Ay 5 118 kips A y 5 18 kips x
20 kips 12 kips 15 kips/ft 1
y oFx 5 0: Ax 5 0 Ax 5 0
We also note that at both A and E the bending moment is zero; thus, two
A E
B 1 C D points (indicated by dots) are obtained on the bending-moment diagram.
Shear Diagram. Since dVydx 5 2w, we find that between concentrated
18 kips 26 kips loads and reactions the slope of the shear diagram is zero (i.e., the shear is
20 kips constant). The shear at any point is determined by dividing the beam into two
parts and considering either part as a free body. For example, using the portion
of beam to the left of section 1, we obtain the shear between B and C:
M
1xoFy 5 0: 118 kips 2 20 kips 2 V 5 0 V 5 22 kips
V
We also find that the shear is 112 kips just to the right of D and zero at
18 kips
end E. Since the slope dVydx 5 2w is constant between D and E, the shear
V (kips) diagram between these two points is a straight line.
18 Bending-Moment Diagram. We recall that the area under the shear
( 108) ( 48) curve between two points is equal to the change in bending moment between
12
the same two points. For convenience, the area of each portion of the shear
(!16)
diagram is computed and is indicated in parentheses on the diagram. Since
!2 x the bending moment MA at the left end is known to be zero, we write
(!140)
MB 2 MA 5 1108     M B 5 1108 kip ? ft
!14
MC 2 MB 5 216      M C 5 192 kip ? ft
M (kip ? ft) 108 MD 2 MC 5 2140     M D 5 248 kip ? ft
92
ME 2 MD 5 148      M E 5 0

Since ME is known to be zero, a check of the computations is obtained.

Between the concentrated loads and reactions, the shear is constant;
x thus, the slope dMydx is constant, and the bending-moment diagram is
drawn by connecting the known points with straight lines. Between D and
!48 E where the shear diagram is an oblique straight line, the bending-moment
diagram is a parabola.
From the V and M diagrams we note that Vmax 5 18 kips and Mmax 5
108 kip ? ft.

333
 20 kN/m SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.4
A C The W360 3 79 rolled-steel beam AC is simply supported and carries the
B uniformly distributed load shown. Draw the shear and bending-moment
6m 3m
diagrams for the beam and determine the location and magnitude of the
maximum normal stress due to bending.

SOLUTION

w Reactions. Considering the entire beam as a free body, we find

20 kN/m
RA 5 80 kN x RC 5 40 kN x
Shear Diagram. The shear just to the right of A is VA 5 180 kN.
A C Since the change in shear between two points is equal to minus the area under
B the load curve between the same two points, we obtain VB by writing
80 kN 40 kN
VB 2 VA 5 2120 kN/m2 16 m2 5 2120 kN
V VB 5 2120 1 VA 5 2120 1 80 5 240 kN
a 80 kN The slope dVydx 5 2w being constant between A and B, the shear diagram
between these two points is represented by a straight line. Between B and C,
A ( 160) D B C the area under the load curve is zero; therefore,
x
x
(!40)
(!120)
!40 kN
VC 2 VB 5 0     VC 5 VB 5 240 kN
b and the shear is constant between B and C.
6m Bending-Moment Diagram. We note that the bending moment at
x " 4m each end of the beam is zero. In order to determine the maximum bending
160 kN ? m moment, we locate the section D of the beam where V 5 0. We write
M
120 kN ? m
VD 2 VA 5 2wx
A 0 2 80 kN 5 2120 kN/m2 x
x
and, solving for x we find: x54m ◀
The maximum bending moment occurs at point D, where we have
dMydx 5 V 5 0. The areas of the various portions of the shear diagram are
computed and are given (in parentheses) on the diagram. Since the area of
the shear diagram between two points is equal to the change in bending
moment between the same two points, we write
MD 2 MA 5 1160 kN ? m      M D 5 1160 kN ? m
MB 2 MD 5 2 40 kN ? m      M B 5 1120 kN ? m
MC 2 MB 5 2 120 kN ? m      M C 5 0

The bending-moment diagram consists of an arc of parabola followed by a

segment of straight line; the slope of the parabola at A is equal to the value
of V at that point.
Maximum Normal Stress. It occurs at D, where |M| is largest. From
Appendix C we find that for a W360 3 79 rolled-steel shape, S 5 1270 mm3
about a horizontal axis. Substituting this value and |M| 5 |MD| 5 160 3
103 N ? m into Eq. (5.3), we write
0MD 0 160 3 103 N ? m
sm 5 5 5 126.0 3 106 Pa
S 1270 3 1026 m3
Maximum normal stress in the beam 5 126.0 MPa b   
334