Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Civil Engineering Faculty

Fire Protection Method and Column in Fire

Lecturer: M. LY Hav

Group: I4 GCI (B2)

1. MOM Monny (e20160402) 7. OU Haknureach (e20150483)
2. NAM Sovun (e20160417) 8. OUK Darawatey (e20160461)
1
3. NEANG Piseth (e20181648) 9. PANN Chhy (e20160469)
4. NORNG Sovanmanech (e20160441) 10. PISETH Sovannbandith (e20160510)
5. NUTH Visal (e20160445) 11. Prak Kakkda (e20160523)
6. ORK Sorady (e20160456)
Academic year: 2019-2020
2

Report: Fire Protection Method

3 CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Fire steel protection category
3. Prevention methods (Fireproof)
I. BOARDS and BLAKET FIRE PROCTECTION SYSTEM
II. INTUESCEST COATING STEEL STRUCTURES FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
III. SPRAY CIMENTITIOUS or CYPSUM-BASE COATING
4. Basic design method of EN1993-1-2
( Fire Part of Eurocode 3 )
I. Fire Resistance
II. Load In Fire Situation
III. Classification of Cross-Section
IV. Resistance
V. Degree of utilization
VI. Critical temperature
VII. Case study: Column in Fire
VIII. Example: column in fire by using Simplified Calculation Model Method
5. Conclusion
4 1. INTRODUCTION
. Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the
unwanted effects of potentially destructive fires.
. A fire protection system includes: devices wiring, piping,
equipment, and controls to detect fire or smoke, to
actuate signal, and to suppress the fire or smoke.
. Objectives of fire protection
1. Primary objectives: to save lives and protect
property.
2. Secondary objective: to minimize interruptions of
service due to fire.
5 2. Fire steel protection category

The main type of fire steel protection categories includes the Active Fire
Protection system and Passive Fire Protection systems.
1. An Active Fire Protection System may require some kind of action to
overcome the situation.
2. Passive fire protection system protects steel structures for a long period of
time from impacts of the high temperatures that might be produced during
a fire. It is divided into two parts:
A. Non-responsive: depend on the natural protection property of the connected
material. Concrete encasement may be viewed as a type of non-reactive
protecting coating.
B. Reactive: respond under the tenderness of the fire to expand and swell,
protecting the basic steel. Intumescent coatings are the best model and come
in variations of thin-film and thick-film types.
6 3. Prevention methods (Fireproof)

I. BOARDS FIRE PROCTECTION SYSTEM

 3. Prevention methods (Fireproof)
7 I. BOARDS AND BLANKET FIRE PROCTECTION SYSTEM

This type of fire protection system as shown in the figure

above is widely used due to several reasons such as,

➢ It is clean, cost effective, water resistant and can be

applied to non-painted steel members.

➢ Moreover, not only it is strong and durable but also

compatible with decorative finishes. Boarded fire
protection system is suitable for steel columns and
beams with regular shapes.

➢ Boards can be produced from different types of

materials like calcium silicate, gypsum plaster or
mineral fiberboard with resin or gypsum, and may
contain lightweight fillers including vermiculite.
8 3. Prevention methods (Fireproof)

I. BOARDS and BLANKET FIRE PROCTECTION SYSTEM

❖ Furthermore, boarded fire protection system is divided into

main types namely: heavy weight and lightweight boards.
The former is appropriate for the case where aesthetic view is
major concern because it is in harmony with aesthetic
finishes.

❖ However, the lightweight board is suitable for the case where

aesthetic appearance is not important since it is not
compatible with decorative finishes. Board fire protection
system is capable of resisting fire for maximum four hours.

❖ As far as blanket protection system is concerned, it is applied

for a steel element that cannot be protected by board fire
protection system due to irregularity in theirs shapes such as
truss members
9 3. Prevention methods (Fireproof)

II. INTUMESCENT COATING STEEL STRUCTURES FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

10 3. Prevention methods (Fireproof)
II. INTUMESCENT COATING STEEL STRUCTURES FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

❖ Intumescent coating is similar to painting material that is inactive at

ambient temperature but it would activate at a high temperature
range from 200 to 250C. When intumescent painting activates, it
undergoes complex chemical reactions and swell dramatically as
shown in figure above.

❖ This type of fire protection system as shown in Figure-2 is widely used

due to several reasons such as:

➢ The thickness of swollen intumescent coating could reach up to fifty times its
original thickness. This increased thickness would provide fire protection
and fire-resistant ratings is up to 2 hours.

➢ It should be bore in mind that steel properties at this temperature would not
undergo any changes, so the fire protection system protects steel structure
satisfactorily.

➢ The intumescent fire protection system is easy to apply, durable, cover

complex shapes and design details easily, applied to steel element surface
quickly and can be repaired and maintained easily.
11 3. Prevention methods (Fireproof)

II. INTUESCEST COATING STEEL STRUCTURES FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

❖ However, disadvantages include high cost, maintenance of good

quality coating needs great attention and effort and it could be
damaged if it applied offsite.

❖ The application of Intumescent :This type of protection system can

be applied both at construction site and off construction site. The
latter is commonly considered if aesthetic appearance is not a
major concern whereas the former is used to obtain aesthetic views
12 3. Prevention methods (Fireproof)

III. SPRAY CIMENTITIOUS or CYPSUM-BASE COATING

13 3. Prevention methods (Fireproof)

III. SPRAY CIMENTITIOUS or CYPSUM-BASE COATING

❖ Advantages and disadvantages of this type:

➢ Cement based material or gypsum in combination with lightweight

aggregate are materials used to produce sprayed compendious or
gypsum-based coatings.

➢ The cost of this fire protection system is considerably low and provides
perfect fire protection rating of up to 4 hours.

➢ Added to that, not only it is reliable and efficient but also it can be applied
quickly and is suitable for complex steel members and details of the
structure such as bolts and connections.

➢ However, it does not have sufficient strength to withstand mechanical

damages. The spray application process is wet and messy which might
influence the schedule of the project and its cost.
 4. Basic Design Method of Fire
14
Fire resistance is defined in terms of time as follows:

.According to European Standard, 3 criteria to define the fire

resistance:

R -Load bearing function

E -Integrity separating function
I -Thermal insulating separation function
15 R (Load Bearing Function)
Capacity of a structure to maintain its required mechanical resistance in
Case of fire:
 E (Integrity separating function)
16 Capacity of a structure to maintain its required integrity separating
function to hot gases in case of fire
 I -Thermal insulating separation function
17 Capacity of a structure to maintain its reqired thermal insulation
Separating function in case of fire
 I. Fire Resistance
18
1. Load resistance: 𝐸𝑓𝑖,𝑑 ≤ 𝑅𝑓𝑖.𝑑.𝑖
Where:
𝐸𝑓𝑖,𝑑 is the design effect of actions for fire design situation (EN 1991-1-
𝑅𝑓𝑖.𝑑.𝑖 is the corresponding design resistance of the steel member, for
the fire design situation, at time t.

2. Time: 𝑡𝑓𝑖,𝑑.𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢 ≤ 𝑡𝑓𝑖.𝑑

Where:
𝑡𝑓𝑖,𝑑.𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢 : required fire resistance time
𝑡𝑓𝑖.𝑑 : design fire resistance time

3. Temperature: 𝜃𝑑 ≤ 𝜃𝑐𝑟,𝑑
Where:
𝜃𝑑 is the temperature of materials
𝜃𝑐𝑟,𝑑 is the critical material temperature
19
20 II. Load in fire situation
Design load in fire situation:

𝐸𝑓𝑖,𝑑 = ෍ 𝐺𝑘,𝑗 + 𝜓2,1 𝑄𝑘,1 + ෍ 𝜓2,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝑗≥1 𝑖≥2
 III. Classification of cross-section
21

 Classification of Steel Members In Fire
Classified as at ambient temperature

𝜀 = 0.85[235ൗ𝑓𝑦]0.5 This equation include Temperature

Where: 𝑓𝑦 is the yield strength at 20℃

 IV. Resistance
22

Tension member:
 The design resistance 𝑁𝑓𝑖,𝜃,𝑅𝑑 of a tension member with a uniform temperature 𝜃𝑎 should
𝛾
be determined from: 𝑁𝑓𝑖,𝜃,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑘𝑦,𝜃 𝑁𝑅𝑑 𝑀,0ൗ𝛾𝑀,𝑓𝑖

. Moment resistance:
𝛾𝑀,1 1
𝑀𝑓𝑖,𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑘𝑦,𝜃 𝑀𝑅𝑑
𝛾𝑀,𝑓𝑖 𝑘1 𝑘2

. Shear resistance:
𝛾𝑀,1
𝑉𝑓𝑖,𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑘𝑦,𝜃 𝑉𝑅𝑑
𝛾𝑀,𝑓𝑖
 V. Degree of utilization
23 . For members with Class 1, Class 2 or Class 3 cross-sections and for all tension
members, the degree of utilization 𝜇𝑜 at time 𝑡 = 0 may be obtained from:

𝐸𝑓𝑖,𝑑
𝜇𝑜 = ൘𝑅
𝑓𝑖.𝑑.0

. Alternatively, for tension members, and for beams where lateral-torsional buckling is
not a potential failure mode, 𝜇𝑜 may conservatively be obtained from:

𝜇𝑜 = 𝜂𝑓𝑖 𝛾𝑀,𝑓𝑖 Τ𝛾𝑀0

𝛾𝐺𝐴 𝐺𝑘 +𝜓2.1 𝑄𝑘.1

Where: 𝜂𝑓𝑖 = is the reduction factor
𝛾𝐺 𝐺𝑘 +𝛾𝑄.1 𝑄𝑘.1
 VI. Critical temperature
24
1
𝜃𝑎,𝑐𝑟 = 39.19𝑙𝑛 − 1 + 482
0.9674𝜇𝑜 3.833

Where: 𝜇𝑜 must not be taken less than 0.013

 VII. Column in Fire design by using simplified Calculation Model Method
25

 The procedure of calculation of column steel fire protection

Step 1: Design load in the fire situation (see relation 6.11b of EN 1990):
 Step 2: Classification of the steel structures
According to Eurocode 3, four classes of rolled shapes characterize the shapes available for
26
structural steel:

 Class 1: Plastic Design Sections: section can be subjected to a bending moment equal to
the plastic moment and, given adequate cross-sectional stiffening, can rotate locally
which means a plastic hinge is formed.
 Class 2: Compact Sections: section can be subjected to a bending moment equal to the
moment plastic. however, cannot undergo any local rotation
 Class 3: Non-Compact Sections: section can be subjected to a bending moment equal to
the yield moment. The cross-section starts buckling after the most outer fibers have
yielded.
 Class 4: Slender Sections: section fails locally before a yield moment can be obtained.

In the fire situation, as the stiffness and the strength of steel vary in different way at elevated
temperatures, the risk of local buckling is therefore different and it is necessary to redefine the
class of steel member using adapted criterion.
27
 Step 3: Determination of the design resistance of the steel column at room temperature
28  Plastic axial resistance

 Non- dimensional slenderness

Step 4: Degree of utilization of the column

 Step 5: Critical temperature

29
30

Fig. Design buckling length of steel columns in braced steel structures under fire condition
 Step 6: Heating of insulated steel members under standard fire
Temperature increase of steel in time (Section 4.2.5.2 of EN1993-1-2)
31

The simple calculation method above seems quite difficult to apply manually. However, with
an Excel calculation sheet, it will be very quick to establish an incremental procedure
allowing an accurate estimation of the heating of fire protected steel members.

The common fire insulation systems for steel members are of three types:
 sprays
 boards
 intumescent coatings
 These fire protection systems are shown in Figure beloved. In addition, a comparison is given
(in the same figure) to illustrate the efficiency of fire protection applied to steel members.
32

Fig. Examples of three different types of fire protected steel

members and heating comparison between
bare and fire protected steel members
 Step 7: Fire resistance verification of steel
members

33  Once the heating of steel members is

determined, the fire resistance of a steel
structure can be checked by comparing its
critical temperature with its heating
obtained at required fire resistance time. This
comparison represents the last step of the
fire resistance design procedure with the
critical temperature. Design procedures for
fire protected steel members are shown in
Figures

 If the heating of the steel member does not

exceed its critical temperature, it means that
its fire resistance is not satisfied. In this case, it
is necessary either to increase its critical Fig. Full critical temperature design procedure for
protected steel members
temperature or to reduce its heating for
required fire resistance time
 VIII. Example column designed fire steel structure
34  Building in steel structure
 Office building with 6 levels of floor
 Step 1: Design load in the fire situation
1. Columns for ground level condition
35  Edge columns (ground level): HEA300 with steel grade of S275
 Central columns (ground level): HEB300 with steel grade of S275
2. Actions effect on the structures

3. Summary input data

  At each floor level, this column receives concentrated loads from the two simply

36 supported secondary beams and the two simply supported central main beams. In the first
example, it was shown that in the fire situation the applied loads to the simply supported
secondary beam are uniformly distributed with a value of 14,105 kN/m. In the third
example, it was shown that in the fire situation the applied loads to the simply supported
central main beams are: concentrated load at the mid-span with a value of 202,4 kN and
uniformly distributed load with a value of 1,12kN/m. Therefore, the concentrated load
applied to this column includes the support reactions of both the secondary beam above
and the main beam. In addition to the above-mentioned load, the self-weight of the
column, which is 1,15kN/m, should be taken into account. Therefore, the applied load to
this column can be calculated as follows:

 At each level, the concentrated load from the beams is:

= 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟓 × 𝟕 + 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟔 ≈ 𝟑𝟎𝟕. 𝟗 𝐤𝐍

  The self-weight of the column per level (conservatively with the same cross-section
over the whole height of the building) is:
37 𝐪𝐟𝐢,𝐝,𝐭 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟖 × 𝟑. 𝟒 ≈ 𝟑. 𝟗𝐤𝐍
 Then, the total applied axial load to the ground level column is:

𝐍𝐟𝐢,𝐝,𝐭 = 𝟑𝟎𝟕. 𝟗 + 𝟑. 𝟗 × 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝐤𝐍

Fig. Applied load on the selected steel column in the fire situation
 Step 2: Classification of the steel structures
 The dimensions of the HEA360 cross-section of this beam are summarized below (see
38
Figure 2.8.15):
H = 300 mm, B = 300 mm , tw = 11, 0 mm , tf = 19 mm , r = 27 mm , hw = 262 mm , d = 208
mm

Fig. Dimension notation of I or H shape steel profile

 According to relation 4.2 of the fire part of Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-2):

39

On the other hand, according to Table 5.2 of Eurocode 3, part 1-1, the criteria of Class 1 for
flange and web are:
𝑪 𝒅
web: ≤ 𝟑𝟑𝜺  = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗 ≤ 𝟑𝟑𝜺 = 𝟐𝟔 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟏
𝒕𝒘 𝒕𝒘
𝒃 𝒕𝒘
𝑪 − −𝒓
Flange: ≤ 𝟗𝜺  𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟔. 𝟐 ≤ 𝟗𝜺 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟕 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟏
𝒕𝒇 𝒕𝒇

Donc, The column is then classified as Class 1 and can develop full plastic moment resistance.

Step 3: Determination of the design resistance of the steel column at room temperature
 The axial plastic resistance of this column may be obtained on the basis of §4.2.3.1 of
Eurocode 3 part 1-2 (EN 1993-1-2).

𝟎. 𝟕 × 𝟑. 𝟒 𝟏
= × = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟐
𝟕𝟓. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟐𝟑𝟓
𝟗𝟑. 𝟗
𝟐𝟕𝟓
 Step 4: Degree of utilization of the column

40 1870.7
= = 0.456
4099.7

 It is necessary to point out here that the buckling length of the column is taken as 0,7 of its
length according to the design rules given in §4.2.3.2 of the fire part of Eurocode 3 (see
also Figure 2.8.18 for illustration).

Fig. Design buckling length of steel columns in braced steel structures under fire condition
 Step 5: Calculation of the critical temperature of the column
The critical temperature of the column cannot be calculated directly from the degree of
41 utilisation using either the relation 4.22 or the reduction factor for the steel strength in Table
2.4.1. The designer has to apply specific tabulated data to get the critical temperature on the
basis of the following two parameters:
 degree of utilization 𝝁𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟔
 non-dimensional slenderness 𝝀ത 𝒇𝒊,𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟐

Fig. Application of tabulated data to determine the critical temperature of the column
 Step 6: Heating of insulated steel members under standard fire

42

a) Calculation of the section factor of the fire protected steel column

As the column is four sides exposed, its section factor is simply because the
hollow encasement type of fire protection is adopted for it.
b) Calculation of the heating of the steel column protected with spray material
The heating of the beam can then be obtained from the rules given in §4.2.5.2 of the fire part
of Eurocode 3. In our case, the column is considered to be protected with hollow encasement
of boards and thickness 12,5 mm. The thermal properties of this material are:

 With the above data, the relation 4.25 of the fire part of Eurocode 3 can be applied. First of
all, it is necessary to determine the coefficient ϕ:
  With a time, interval equal to 3 seconds, the relation 4.25 can then be expressed as:

43

 To apply the above relation with an Excel sheet, one can obtain very easily that the
heating of the steel section HEB300 after a fire exposure of 60 minutes is about 487 °C.
 The above calculation can also be made with ca varying as function of temperature
leading to a heating of 503 °C for the same column.
 Also, one can check very easily that the predicted fire protection is enough to ensure the
fire resistance requirement of this column.
44 5. Conclusion
 In a fire outbreak, structural steel fireproofing can make the difference
between the entire building structure sustaining damage and a complete
collapse. With the right implementation of fire protection method, the steel
structure can be safer for occupants, while protecting the owner's
investment. So, the designer of fire safety should determine the basic
requirements for the safety of the steel structure and utilize the appropriate
calculation method to resist with the fire resistance.
45 References:

 https://www.promat-see.com/en/knowledge-centre/articles/deciding-
what-type-of-fire-protection-to-use-with-steel-structures
 https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/steel-fireproofing-methods
 https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/2012_11_WS_fire/presentations/04-
ZHAO-EC-FireDesign-WS.pdf
 https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/fire-protection-systems-steel-
structures/19615/
46

Thank You