Unit 5

Water resources
 Fresh water is renewable
resources like soil and air.
The world is supplied by
clean and fresh water and it is
decreasing. Water is one of our
most critical resources, but
around the world it is under
threat.
Water demand already
exceeds supply in many
parts of the world and as
the world population
continues to rise, so too
does the water demand.
Water resources are divided:
Water resources are divisible into two distinct
categories : the surface-water resources and
the ground-water resources. Each of these
categories is a part of the earth's water
circulatory system, called the hydrologic cycle,
and is derived from precipitation, which is rainfall
plus snow.
Distribute of water on Earth

This is how the water is distribute on Earth.

If you could see here that is most amount of
water in the oceans.
This is another
graphic about the
world’s water and
how it is distributed.

Here also you could

see that the total
volume in the
hydrosphere of
water is 1386 M km2
(100%)
 Sources of Fresh Water
 Surface water:
Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh
water wetland. Surface water is naturally
replenished by precipitation and naturally lost
through discharge to the oceans, evaporation,
and sub-surface seepage.
 Ground Water:
Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh
water located in the pore space of soil and
rocks. It is also water that is flowing within
aquifers below the water table.

•Desalination:

Desalination is an artificial
process by which saline
water (generally sea water)
is converted to fresh water.
  Frozen Water:
Several schemes have been proposed to make
use of icebergs as a water source, however to
date this has only been done for novelty
purposes. Glacier runoff is considered to be
surface water.

•Under River flow

Water Resources
 Are sources of water that
are useful to humans. Uses
of water include
agricultural, industrial,
household, recreational and
environmental activities.
Virtually all of these human
uses require fresh water.
 How do people use Water
Resources?
Divide

Household Personal Use Recreational activities

•Washing dishes •Washing the teeth •Go to the pool.

•Watering the plants •Drinking water •Go to the beach.
•Putting out the fire •Take a shower •Walk in the pool for
•Give water for the cows •Going to the bathroom recovering health.
•Watering the grass •Walk in the pool for •Skiing in the mountains.
•Washing the car recovering health •Fish in the lakes.
•Play with a ball in the
river.
•Surfeit in the ocean.

Picture: Picture: Picture:

 Uses of water
 Agricultural: It is estimated that 69%
of worldwide water use is for irrigation,
with 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals
being unsustainable. Aquaculture is a
small but growing agricultural use of
water.

•Industrial: It is estimated that 15%

of worldwide water use is industrial.
The distribution of industrial water
usage that is varies widely, but as a
whole is lower than agricultural use.

This is the process of irrigation

  Recreational water: use  Household: It is
is usually a very small but estimated that 15% of
growing percentage of worldwide water use is
total water use. for household purposes.
Recreational water use is These include drinking
mostly tied to reservoirs. water, bathing, cooking,
sanitation, and gardening.

Environmental: Explicit
environmental water use is also
a very small but growing
percentage of total water use.
 How to conserve water
If you want to learn how to conserver water and protecting the environment,
learning to conserve water is a great way to make a positive impact. A
four-minute shower may not sound like much, but in reality can cost up to
40 gallons. But don't worry--there are ways to change water-hogging
household habits into leaner, greener activities.
Water Conservation Tips
 Run your dishwasher for only full loads.
 Turn off the tap when you brush your teeth.
 Check your faucets and toilets for leaks.
 Take shorter showers.
 Water your lawn in the morning.
 Use a cover on your pool.
 Wash your car with a nozzle on the hose.
We are fortunate enough to live in a place where
clean water flows freely on demand, it can be easy
to take it for granted. From your daily dishwashing
routine to your daily shower, every drop of this
natural resource is precious. Practicing
conservation is not only good for the environment,
but can save you money in energy bills.
Dams
 Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable
location across a river valley to store flowing
water.
 Storage of water is utilized for following
objectives:
 Hydropower
 Irrigation
 Water for domestic consumption
 Drought and flood control
 For navigational facilities
 Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
Structure of Dam
Upstream Crest Down stream

Spillway
MWL
Max. level (inside dam)

NWL
Normal
water level

Free board
Sluice way

Gallery

Heel
Toe
Components of Dam
 Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side
 Toe: contact on the downstream side
 Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of
the dam rest
 Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the
dam for checking operations.
 Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting
water before the construction of dam. This helps in
keeping the river bed dry.
 Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release
the excess water of the reservoir to downstream side
 Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground
level, which is used to clear the silt accumulation in
Gravity Dams:
 These dams are heavy and massive wall-like structures of concrete
in which the whole weight acts vertically downwards

Reservoir
Force

As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, such dams are
constructed where rocks are competent and stable.
Gravity Dams:
 Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and
Second Highest in the world.
 Bhakra Dam is across river Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh
 The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and
was completed in 1963 .
• It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more than three
times the height of Qutab Minar.
• Length at top 518.16 m (1700 feet); Width at base 190.5 m (625 feet), and at the top is 9.14 m (30
feet)
• Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world.
Buttress Dam:
 Buttress Dam – Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports
 Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to
another supporting structure
 This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation
rocks are little weaker
Arch Dams:
 These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams
which are curved or convex upstream in plan
 This shape helps to transmit the major part of the
water load to the abutments
 Arch dams are built across narrow, deep river gorges,
but now in recent years they have been considered
even for little wider valleys.
Hoover Dam
EMBANKMENT DAMS (Rock Fill or Earth Fill Dams)

 They are mostly composed of natural materials such as, clay, sand,
gravel etc...
 Impervious core is placed in the middle of the embankment body
 Generally riprap is used to control erosion
COMPOSITE DAMS
 Composite dams are combinations of one or more dam
types. Most often a large section of a dam will be either an
embankment or gravity dam, with the section responsible
for power generation being a buttress or arch.

Gravity & Rock Fill

COFFER DAMS
 Temporary structures (sheet-pile, water-tight) that allow
construction operations
 Diverts flow from construction areas until work completed
Major sources of water for domestic use
 Precipitation in the form of rain is an another source of
water
 It may contain trace amounts of mineral matter, gases, and
other substances as it forms and falls through the earth’s
atmosphere.
 The precipitation, however, has virtually no bacterial
content.
 Once precipitation reaches the earth’s surface, many
opportunities are presented for the introduction of mineral
and organic substances, micro organisms, and other forms
of pollution (contamination).
 When water runs over or through the ground surface, it may
pick up particles of soil. This is noticeable in the water as
turbidity.
 It also picks up particles of organic matter and bacteria.
 As surface water seeps downward into the soil and through the
underlying material to the water table, most of the suspended
particles are filtered out.
 This natural filtration may be partially effective in removing
bacteria and other particulate materials.
 However, the chemical characteristics of the water may
change and vary widely when it comes in contact with mineral
deposits.
 As surface water seeps down to the water table, it dissolves
some of the minerals contained in the soil and rocks.
 Groundwater, therefore, often contains more dissolved
minerals than surface water.
Standards of Purified Water
 The physical, chemical and bacteriological standards
for water is suggested by the following agencies

 Indian Council of Medical Research (I.C.M.R)

 World Health Organization (W.H.O) International.
 United States Public Health Society (U.S.P.H.S).
 American Water works Association (A.W.W. A).
 Environmental Hygiene Committee.
Water Sources and Water Treatment

• Drinking water should be essentially free of disease-causing microbes,

but often this is not the case.
– A large proportion of the world’s population drinks microbially contaminated water,
especially in developing countries
• Using the best possible source of water for potable water supply and
protecting it from microbial and chemical contamination is the goal
– In many places an adequate supply of pristine water or water that can be protected
from contamination is not available
• The burden of providing microbially safe drinking water supplies from
contaminated natural waters rests upon water treatment processes
– The efficiency of removal or inactivation of enteric microbes and other pathogenic
microbes in specific water treatment processes has been determined for some
microbes but not others.
– The ability of water treatment processes and systems to reduce waterborne
disease has been determined in epidemiological studies
Where does drinking
water come from?
Rivers
Streams
Lakes
Aquifers

Drinking water treatment

processes
• Water treatment processes provide barriers between the
consumer and waterborne disease
• One or more of these treatment processes is called a
treatment process train
Typical Water Treatment Process Trains

 Chlorination
 Filtration (sand or coal)
 In-Line Filtration
involves a coagulation step (additive
that allows aggregation of suspended
solids, e.g., alum, ferric sulfate, and
ferric chloride, polyelectrolytes)
 Direct Filtration
involves a flocculation step where the
water is gently stirred to increase
particle collision thereby forming
larger particles
 Conventional Treatment
involves a sedimentation step which
is the gravitational settling of
suspended particles
Typical Surface Water Treatment Plant
Surface Water Treatment Plant
Turbidity and Color Removal

Intake and Sedimentation

Pump Station overflow rate:
Rapid Slow 143-179 m3/d. light floc
Bacteria, Color, Mix Mix 179-268 m3/d. heavy floc
Turbidity G: 700- flocculation sedimentation
1000 s-1 basin basin
t: 30-60s

add Cl2 or alum or

Stream O3 for taste iron salts for coagulation
and odor

to
Filtration Clear- distribution
well

add Cl2
and F-
lime for pH
Groundwater Treatment Plant
Treatment of Groundwater for Hardness Removal

Rapid Slow
Aeration Mix Mix Recarbonation
HardWater
Ca+2 + Mg+2 add
add D. O. CO2
to decrease pH

to remove CO2 Sedimentation

and H 2S add lime overflow rate:
raise pH to 10 - 11.5 268-322 m /d m
3 .
Bore Hole
Well

to
Clear- distribution
Filtration
well

add Cl2
and F-
Chemical Coagulation-Flocculation
 Removes suspended particulate and colloidal substances
from water, including microorganisms.
 Typically, add alum (aluminum sulfate) or ferric chloride or
sulfate to the water with rapid mixing and controlled pH
conditions
 These complexes entrap and adsorb suspended particulate
and colloidal material.
 Slow mixing (flocculation) that provides for a period of time
to promote the aggregation and growth of the insoluble
particles (flocs).
 The particles collide, stick together and grow larger
 The resulting large floc particles are subsequently removed
by gravity sedimentation (or direct filtration)
 Smaller floc particles are too small to settle and are removed
by filtration
Filtration Processes Used

• Rapid filtration
– fast filtration rates through media (sand or anthracite)
– backwashing needed
• Slow sand filtration
– slow filtration rates through media (sand and gravel)
– removal of biological layer needed
– higher removal rates for all microorganisms
Rapid Granular Media Filter Operation

Sometimes multiple
layers of different media
Roughing Filter
•Used in developing
countries
•inexpensive
•low maintenance
•local materials
•Remove large solids
•Remove microbes
•1-2 log10 bacterial
reduction
•90% turbidity
reduction
Coagulation, Sedimentation, Filtration: Typical Microbial Removal
Efficiencies and Effluent Quality

Coagulation and Slow sand

sedimentation Rapid filtration filtration
Organisms (% removal) (% removal) (% removal)
Total coliforms 74–97 50–98 >99.999
Fecal coliforms 76–83 50–98 >99.999

Enteric viruses 88–95 10–99 >99.999

Giardia 58–99 97–99.9 >99
Cryptosporidium 90 99–99.9 99
Disinfection
 Any process to destroy or prevent the growth of microbes
 Intended to inactivate (destroy the infectivity of) the
microbes by physical, chemical or biological processes
 Inactivation is achieved by altering or destroying essential
structures or functions within the microbe
 Inactivation processes include denaturation of:
 proteins (structural proteins, enzymes, transport proteins)
 nucleic acids (genomic DNA or RNA, mRNA, tRNA, etc)
 lipids (lipid bilayer membranes, other lipids)
Disinfectants in Water Treatment
 Free Chlorine
 Monochloramine
 Ozone
 Chlorine Dioxide
 UV Light
 Low pressure mercury lamp (monochromatic)
 Medium pressure mercury lamp (polychromatic)
 Pulsed broadband radiation
 Boiling
 At household level in many countries and for emergencies in
other countries
 Iodine
 Short-term use; long-term use a health concern
Water Distribution Systems
Treated drinking water may go through miles of pipe to reach a
consumer. The quality of the water is impacted by several things:

Dissolved organic compounds in finished drinking water is

responsible for:
• enhanced chlorine demand
• trihalomethane production
• bacterial colonization of water distribution systems

 Increases resistance to disinfection, e.g., E. coli is 2400 times more resistant

to chlorine when attached to surfaces
 Increases frictional resistance of fluids
 Increases taste and odor problems, e.g., H2S production
 Can result in colored water (iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria)
 Can cause regrowth of coliform bacteria
 Can cause growth of pathogenic bacteria, e.g., Legionella
 Bacterial growth in distribution systems is influenced by:
 Concentration of biodegradable organic matter
 Water temperature
 Nature of the pipes
 Disinfectant residual
 Detention time within distribution system
Water Use Cycle

Water
Water Treatment
Water Source Distribution
Plant
System

Waste water Discharge

Water Waste water Treatment to Receiving
Use Collection Plant Water
Source & Sewage composition ….
 In the form of Physical impurities, dissolved chemical
impurities & Microbiological impurities
 Solids like vegetable peelings, rice, plastic covers, etc.
 Oil & Grease from Kitchen / Laundry
 Suspended solids from kitchen
 Chemicals from detergents
 Mild colors from laundry / food
 Pathogenic microbes from fecal matter
 In one word, it is all the wastewater that comes out of
homes / human use

99.95% Water
Wastewater Composition = +
0.05% Impurities
Where does it all go…!

Where does the When you flush the

water from the toilet where does
washer go? the contents go?

By gravity flow, the waste is on its way

to your local wastewater treatment plant!
Hazards of wastewater?
 34 Lakh children die every year due to water borne diseases.
99% of this are from developing countries
 That is every one child every 21 seconds
 Water borne diseases originate from human execrate

Un-treated Sewage is a time bomb that

can’t be de-fused
Why to treat wastewater?
 Causes a demand for dissolved oxygen (lowers DO levels of
streams)
 Adds nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) that cause excessive
growth
 Stinks – Unpleasant smell
 Increases suspended solids or sediments in streams
(turbidity increase)
 To comply with Environmental norms

Less than 10% of the sewage is treated

Conventional Sewage Treatment process
Conventional Sewage Treatment process
Levels of Treatment
Primary
 removal by physical separation of grit and large objects (material to
landfill for disposal)
Secondary
Mostly dead
 aerobic microbiological process (sludge) microbes
organic matter + O2  CO2 + NH3 + H2O
NH3  NO3- aquatic nutrient

- lowers suspended solids content (into sludge)

Tertiary (advanced)
 anaerobic microbiological process with a different microbe where
O2 is toxic (more sludge)
NO3-  N2 (escapes to atmosphere)
Trickling Filter and Aeration Basin for Wastewater Treatment
From primary process
Secondary process

To tertiary process
air Aeration Settling
diffuser and rapid collects sludge
mixing on bottom
When the treatment is done…
 Effluent back to stream after
 Chlorination / de-chlorination and
 a final carbon filtration
 For re-use advanced filtration methods
 Ultra-Filtration
 Sludge – very nutrient rich
 applied directly to land as fertilizer
 incinerated (good fuel after drying)
 composted (good manure)

Treated Sewage is the most reliable source of water

Conventional Sewage Treatment process

Simmons 58
Sludge treatment
 Primary sludge usually have strong odors
 Secondary sludge have high concentration of microorganism
 Goals of treatments are:
 Reduce odors
 Remove water reduce volume
 Decompose organic matter
 Untreated sludge are about 97 percent water
 Settling can reduce about 92 to 96 percent of water
 Dried sludge is called a sludge cake
3 different sludge treatments
 Aerobic digestion
 Bacterial process
 Need oxygen
 Consume organic matter
 Convert into carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Anaerobic digestion
 Bacterial process
 Do not require oxygen
 Consume organic matter
 Produce biogas, which can be used in generators for electricity
 Composting
 aerobic process
 Generate large amount of heat
Vermi composting
 Use of earthworms for
composting organic
residues
 1 kg of worms can consume
1 kg of residues every day
 Its excreta are rich in
nitrate, available forms of P,
K, Ca and Mg - fertiliser
What is salt water intrusion?
Salt water intrusion is the intrusion of salt water over
freshwater aquifers in the ground. Usually it happen in the
area that near with sea and this could affect human activity
and wildlife that depend on fresh water in the area.
Main cause for salt water intrusion?
 Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of
Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century
and its projected continuation.
 Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about
0.8 °C (1.4 °F) since 1980.
 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing
concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human
activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation.
 Global warming is causing rising sea levels that occurred as
the ice melted in the north. and this is causing salt water
intrusion.
Cause of saltwater intrusion
 Rising of sea water level
 Sea level rise caused by global warming has become a root cause, pressure from the increase in the
quantity of saltwater that many will try to enter the fresh water aquifer
 high consumption of fresh water
 Excessive consumption of fresh water caused a shortage of freshwater in that area and cause the
waters invaded by salt water.
 Oil well drilling
 Oil ring usually use oil pipeline under the ground to deliver oil from drilling site to storage tanks on
the beach,as the result and the more easy to salt water to insult the freshwater.
 Lack of rain
 lack of rain causes replacement of fresh water consumption was slow while the uses are increased.in
this case it will reduce the amount of fresh water in the ground and it will be replace by sea water.
 Agriculture
 Agriculture is human activity that require lot amount of fresh water, it will not suitable at area that
near the sea.
 Pumping
 Pumping of fresh water from an aquifer reduces the water pressure and intensifies the effect, drawing
salt water into new areas. When freshwater levels drop, saltwater intrusion can proceed inland,
reaching the pumped well
 Lack of knowledge
 Human greed for money and lack of knowledge caused us to be blind to the importance of to keep
our only living place. Mother earth!!
Few solution to fix the problem…..
 Build a pump at the area that has been affected by the salt
water, pump the saltwater and channeled it back to the sea.
 Reduce the construction/ industry that disturb a fresh
water aquifer.
 Reduce waste of fresh water near the high risk area.
 Supply water from another location.
 Create awareness among people about the global warming.
 Stringing the Government policy
 Build more catchment area to increase the ground water
recharge
Ground water recharge
 The process where by the amount of water present in or
flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by
natural or artificial means.
 Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of
recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge
from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc.
Methods and techniques for ground water recharge

Urban Areas Rural Areas

• Recharge Pit • Gobion structure
• Recharge Trench • Percolation tank
• Tube well • Check Dam/ Cement Plug/ Nala Bund
• Recharge Well • Recharge shaft
• Dugwell Recharge
• Ground Water Dams/Subsurface Dyke
Gabion structure
 A small bund across the stream is made by putting locally
available boulders in a mesh of steel wires and anchored to
the stream banks.
 The excess water over flows this structure storing some
water to serve as source of recharge.
Percolation tank

•Percolation tank is an artificially created surface water body, submerging in its

reservoir a highly permeable land, so that surface runoff is made to percolate and
recharge the ground water storage.
Check dams

• Check dams are constructed across small streams having gentle slope.
• The site selected should have sufficient thickness of permeable bed to facilitate
recharge of stored water within short span of time.
Dugwell recharge

•Existing and abandoned dug wells may be utilized as recharge structure after
cleaning and desilting the same.

•The recharge water is guided through a pipe from desilting chamber to the
bottom of well or below the water level to avoid scouring of bottom and
entrapment of air bubbles in the aquifer.
Recharge pit Recharge trench

Tube wells Trench with recharge well

 You Cannot Eat Money

“When
the Last Tree Is Cut Down,
the Last Fish Eaten, and
the Last Stream Poisoned,
You Will Realize That
You Cannot Eat Money”

-Red Cloud Lakota

(elder red indian native chiefs)