Harvard Style Citing and Referencing

Student Guide

Scientific Affairs

Soran University

Version 1.0 June, 2016 by Jagar Ali

Table of Contents
1. About Harvard Citing and Referencing .............................................................................. 1

1.1. Why provide citations and references? ....................................................................... 1

1.2. When must I provide a citation? ................................................................................. 1

1.3. When do I not need to provide a citation? .................................................................. 3

1.4. Plagiarism .................................................................................................................... 3

2. How to cite and reference using the Harvard Style ............................................................ 4

2.1. In-text citations............................................................................................................ 4

2.2. Reference Lists ............................................................................................................ 5

2.3. Reference List or Bibliography? ................................................................................. 5

3. Books .................................................................................................................................. 6

3.1. Books with 1 author .................................................................................................... 6

3.2. Books with 2 or 3 authors ........................................................................................... 7

3.3. Books with 4 authors ................................................................................................... 7

3.4. Chapters in an edited book .......................................................................................... 8

3.5. Books with an editor ................................................................................................... 8

3.6. Books with no author .................................................................................................. 8

4. Journal articles .................................................................................................................... 9

Online Journal Articles ........................................................................................................ 10

5. Newspaper Articles........................................................................................................... 11

5.1. Online newspapers .................................................................................................... 11

5.2. Print newspapers ....................................................................................................... 11

6. Thesis & Dissertations ...................................................................................................... 12

7. Web Resources ................................................................................................................. 13

7.1. Web document with an author .................................................................................. 13

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7.2. Web document with no author ...................................................................................... 13

7.4. PDF document .............................................................................................................. 14

7.3. Web document with a corporate author ........................................................................ 14

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 Soran University: Harvard Style Citing and Referencing Guide

1. About Harvard Citing and Referencing

Citing and referencing is an important part of the writing process. When writing an assignment,
e.g. a paper, report, essay, dissertation or thesis, whenever you use ideas, quotes or any other
material from an external source (e.g. a book, journal, newspaper, conference paper, website
etc.), you must show the source of that information in both the body of your text (a citation)
and at the end of your work (a reference list).

The Harvard System is one of the most commonly used referencing systems worldwide. It is
one type of “author, date” referencing systems (as opposed to a “numeric system”, which uses
numbers for in-text citations).

There are different versions of the Harvard system, each with slightly different formatting.
Your supervisor will specify a referencing style for you to follow, but will not normally say
which version of Harvard you should choose. No version is “better” than another – you should
follow one style throughout your work. Soran University has chosen one version of Harvard
for this guide. This style has also been loaded into the University Website and distributed to all
faculties.

1.1. Why provide citations and references?

Citing and referencing allows you to acknowledge the work of others and to demonstrate that:

 you have gathered evidence to support your ideas and arguments

 you have used credible, good quality sources
 have read widely and at an appropriate academic level
 allows your tutor to differentiate between your own work and the work of others and to
locate the sources you have used

1.2. When must I provide a citation?

Whenever you use ideas from, refer to, or quote from, another person’s work you should
acknowledge this in your work by citing and referencing.

You must provide a citation whenever you use ideas, theories, facts, experiments, case studies,
adopt another person’s research method, survey or experiment design and whenever you use
statistics, tables, diagrams, drawings etc. from a source.

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You must also provide a citation whenever you:

i. Quote directly: this is where you use another person’s ideas in their own words. If you
present information exactly as it appears in a source, indicate this by using quotation
marks. Use p. to indicate a page number, and pp. to indicate a range of pages.

‘Market segmentation is where the larger market is heterogeneous and can be broken down
into smaller units’ (Easy and Sorensen 2009, p.133).

ii. Paraphrase: this is where you present another person’s ideas in your own words. In
the following example an original passage from a book has been changed using my own
words. While sentence two has been re-written its meaning is the same as the original
and so a citation must be provided:

Original:

MPs were not paid a salary until 1912. In medieval times constituents sometimes paid their
members and met some of the expenses of sending an MP to Westminster, but the practice died
out by the end of the 17th century and thereafter MPs needed personal wealth or a personal
patron in order to sustain a political career (Rush 2005, pp.114 - 115).

Paraphrase:

Until the 20th century, when MPs received a salary, personal wealth or the support of a patron
was essential for a long-term career in politics. Financial support for MPs had on occasion
come from their constituents in the medieval period but this system had ended by the 17th
century (Rush 2005, pp.114-115.)

iii. Summarise: this is where you express another person’s ideas in fewer words. In the
following example I have taken a passage from a book and shortened it but while the
summary has been shortened its meaning is the same as the original, requiring a citation.

Original:

The proportion of manual workers in the ranks of the parliamentary Labour Party declined from
1945 to 1979, from approximately 1 in 4 to 1 in 10….. Of the 412 Labour MPs elected in 2001,
12% were drawn from manual backgrounds (Criddle cited in Norton 2005, p.23).

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Summary:

Since 1945 the proportion of manual workers in the parliamentary Labour Party has fallen from
25% (approx.) to 12% in 2001 (Criddle cited in Norton 2005, p.23).

1.3. When do I not need to provide a citation?

 When you express your own ideas, theories, arguments, conclusions

 Where surveys and experiments are designed and carried out by you
 When you develop your own research method
 When conveying very basic common knowledge: i.e. Soran is in the north of
Kurdsitan Region

But common knowledge for you, and those studying within your subject area, may not be
common knowledge for all. Also, information that may be viewed as being very basic, such as
the statistical information in the following example, must also be cited:

Soran is in the north of Kurdistan Region and has a population of 93,000 (cite source!)

1.4. Plagiarism

 If you do not cite and reference ideas, quotes or any other material that you have used
from a source you may be accused of plagiarism.

Plagiarism is defined as presenting someone else’s work as your own. It’s academic theft! To
avoid plagiarism you should always note accurately and fully the details of all the sources you
use.

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2. How to cite and reference using the Harvard Style

2.1. In-text citations

These appear in the body of your work. Citations must provide the following information:

 The name of the author(s) or editor(s) of the source being cited

 The publication date (year) of the source being cited
 And the page numbers you have taken material from (when quoting directly from a
source).

Example 1

In the following example I have used data from a source (a book, written by Clegg) and
therefore made reference to his name in the text of my essay:

According to Clegg (1985, p.543) the inter-war period was “significantly different” to the..

Clegg is the 1985 is the date p.543 is the number of the

author of the when the source page the information I have
source was published used has come from

Example 2

In this example I have used information from a source but placed information about the author
in brackets (with date and page number information) at the end of the sentence:

25% of manufacturing jobs were lost in the 1980’s (Jones 1995, pp.64-65).

Jones is the 1995 is the date pp.64-65 are the

author of the when the source pages I have taken
source was published information from

You can also use this system at an appropriate point in a sentence. For example:

Production fell by one fifth in 2009 (Smith 2010, p.6) and continued to fall….

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2.2. Reference Lists

Reference Lists appear at the end of your work and should be in alphabetical order by author /
editor / corporate author, irrespective of the format (book, e-book, journal, website etc.) of the
source used. (Note, the primary source – the book title, journal title etc – is italicized.):

Aaronson, A. and Biggins, B. (2005a) 'Quantitiative methods', European Journal of Research

Methods, 9(7), 10-13.
Aaronson, A. and Biggins, B. (2011) A primer in essential methodology, 3rd ed., London,
Ontario: Niagra University Press.
Beetham, H. (2007) Retail economics, Abingdon: Routledge.
Bezemer, D. J. (2010) 'Understanding financial crisis through accounting models', Accounting,
Organisation and Society, 35(7), 676-688, available: http://www.sciencedirect.com [accessed
12 January 2001].

Educause (2006) '7 things you should know about screencasting', [online], available:
http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7012.pdf [accessed 12 January, 2010].

Osman Akan, A. (2006) Open channel hydraulics, Butterworth-Heinemann [online], available:

http://www.dawsonera.com [accessed 12 January 2012].

Palmer, A., Ketteridge, S. and Marshall, S., eds. (2010) Political landscapes in Europe, Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Sloman, J. and Wirde, A. (2009) Economics, 7th ed., Harlow: Pearson Education.
Understanding SPSS, (2009) London: SPSS Press.

2.3. Reference List or Bibliography?

 A reference list is a list of all of the sources you have cited in your work.
 A bibliography is a list of the sources you have used to help you write your assignment
but not cited.
 A bibliography would be presented in the same way as your reference list and would
be a separate list following your reference list.
 Remember to speak with your tutor if you have any doubts about what is expected from
your written assignments!

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3. Books

Below are examples of how to cite and reference different kinds of resources.

To ensure that your citations and references are complete, accurate and consistent, keep note
of the sources you have used and where you found them. Whenever you use information from
a book, you must note the following details:

 Author(s) or editor(s) surname(s) / and the initial(s) of their first name(s)

 Publication date (year)
 Book title
 Book edition (where the book is beyond the 1st edition)
 Place of publication (town/city)
 Publisher name
 Page numbers you have taken information from (if a direct quote or a diagram, picture
etc)

When using a chapter from an edited book also take note of:

 The title of the chapter and the chapter author(s) surname(s) and initial(s)
 The title of the book and the surname(s) and initial(s) of the editor(s) of the book

3.1. Books with 1 author

In-text citation:

 According to Ransom (2002) the sales of blue jeans….

 In the 1980‟s sales of blue jeans slowed and then declined (Ransom 2002).
 Sales of blue jeans declined in the 1980s (Ransom 2002) and then ….

Reference list:

Author (date of publication) Title, Place of publication: Publisher.

Ransom, D. (2002) The no-nonsense guide to fair trade, Oxford: New Internationalist

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3.2. Books with 2 or 3 authors

In-text citation

 As Sloman and Wirde (2009) point out…

 Unemployment rates are higher among women (Sloman and Wirde 2009).
 Companies that discriminate against various groups lose talent (Torrington, Hall and
Taylor 2008) and….
 According to Torrington, Hall and Taylor (2008) companies that…...

Reference list

Sloman, J. and Wirde, A. (2009) Economics, 7th ed., Harlow: Pearson Education.

Torrington, D., Hall, L. and Taylor, S. (2008) Human resource management, 7th ed., Harlow:
Prentice Hall.

** 7th ed. = 7th edition of the book.

3.3. Books with 4 authors

When you cite a book (or any other source) with 4 or more authors use the Latin abbreviation
„et al.' (and others) in the citation rather than listing all of the authors.

Citation examples

 Solomon et al. (2006, p.69) suggest that….

 Consumption has recently become a focus for study (Solomon et al. 2006).

Reference list

In the reference list you must provide all authors surnames and initials:

Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S. and Hogg, M.K. (2006) Consumer behaviour: a
European perspective, 3rd ed., Harlow: Financial Times.

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3.4. Chapters in an edited book

Many academic books are collections of chapters written by a range of authors, and edited by
one or more individuals. In the following example Tiesdell has written a chapter entitled
„Glasgow: renaissance on the Clyde? ‟ that appears in a book edited by Punter entitled Urban
design and the British urban renaissance.

Reference list

Tiesdell, S. (2010) „Glasgow: Renaissance on the Clyde? ‟, in Punter, J., ed. Urban design and
the British urban renaissance, Abingdon: Routledge, 262-279. Provide page
numbers of
Citation examples
entire chapter

 Tiesdell (2010) provides an overview of…

 The Clyde waterfront has been a major development (Tiesdell 2010).

3.5. Books with an editor

There may be occasions when a book has an editor and not an author. You would reference
such a source using the abbreviation ed. (editor):

Palmer, A., ed. (1996) Who’s who in world politics: from 1860 to the present day, London:
Routledge.

Citation example

Palmer (1996, p.74) notes that…

3.6. Books with no author

Where a book provides no information about an author you can present the source in your
reference list by title:

Black's medical dictionary, (1979) 32nd ed., London: A. & C. Black.

Citation example

Black's medical dictionary (1979 p.65) defines

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4. Journal articles

Whenever you use information from a journal article you must note the following details:

 The surname(s) and initial(s) of the author(s) of the article

 Date when the journal was published
 Title of the article and title of the journal
 Volume and issue numbers
 The page numbers you have taken information from
 The page number(s) of the journal article

Journals contain articles by different authors. In the following example Motluk has written an
article entitled “Who killed the Maples?” in a journal entitled New Scientist.

In your citation, cite the article author not the journal title:

Citation examples

 Chalk River reactor is the largest supplier of radioactives (Motluk 2010, p.30).
 Motluk (2010, p.31) discusses …
 According to one source (Motluk 2010, p.30) the….

Reference list

The article by Motluk would appear in your reference list in the following way

Motluk, A. (2010) ‘Who killed the Maples?’, New Scientist, 16 January, 30-33.

Article Date of Title of Title of Date of publication Page

author(s) publication journal journal (specific numbers of
surname and (year) article day/month) entire article
initials

For journal articles with 4+ authors, you can use “et al.” in your citation:

Citation examples

 Krams et al. (2009, p.513) note that…

 In a recent article in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Krams et al. (2009, pp.513-
518) propose that…

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Reference List

Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D., and Rantala, M.J., (2009) “The increased
risk of predation increases cooperation”, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 277 (168), 513-
518.

Volume and
issue number

Online Journal Articles State that the journal is [online]

Reference

Hogan, J. (2006) ‘Snapshot, face facts: a blow for Mars conspiracy theorists’, Nature [online],

443, 28 September, 379. available:

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7110/full/443379a.html [accessed 15 June

2016].
State the date you
accessed the e-journal

Citation examples

 As Hogan (2006, p.379) considers. ..

 ………….. (Hogan, 2006, p.379).

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5. Newspaper Articles

Whenever you use information from a newspaper article you must note the following, (where
available):

 The surname(s) and initial(s) of the newspaper article author(s)

 Title of the newspaper article AND title of the newspaper
 Date when newspaper was published
 The page number(s) of the newspaper article
 The page number’s you have taken information from
 The web address (URL) - when accessing an electronic newspaper

5.1. Online newspapers

Present an online newspaper article in your reference list in the following way:

Travis, A. (2010) „Crime drops 8% despite recession‟, The Guardian, (21 January), available:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/jan/21/police-figures-unexpected-drop-crime [accessed 3

January 2010].

Citation examples

 Travis (2010) identifies…..

 An article in The Guardian by Travis (2010)….

5.2. Print newspapers

Reference list

Macleod, A. (2010) ‘Public sector pay freeze’, The Times, 21 January, 3

Citation examples

Macleod (2010, p.3) views….

Macleod’s article in The Times (2010, p.3) points out…

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If the newspaper has no author, use the title of the newspaper in your citation:

Citation example

An article in The Times (2010, p.2) argues…

Reference list

The Times (2010) ‘Diplomacy without arms’, The Times, February 1, 2

6. Thesis & Dissertations

Reference list

Arnold, R.J. (1985) The Schekino experiment: the question of control over the Soviet industrial
workforce, MSc dissertation University of Glasgow, unpublished.

Arnold, R.J. (1988) The Schekino experiment: the question of control over the Soviet industrial
workforce, unpublished thesis University of Glasgow.

Citation examples

As Arnold (1985, p.67) argues….

The experiment took place over a 10 year period (Arnold 1988, p.70).

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7. Web Resources

Whenever you use information from the web you must note the following details, (where
available):

 Surname(s) and initial(s) of author

 Web address (URL)
 Website name
 Title of page or article
 Date of publication
 Date when you accessed the website
 Page numbers used i.e. if you access a PDF document

7.1. Web document with an author

Reference list

Kenway, P. (2008) Addressing in-work poverty [online], available:

http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/addressing-work-poverty [accessed 15 June 2010]

Citation examples

 Kenway (2009, pp.10-13) emphasizes…

 A Joseph Rowntree Foundation report entitled Addressing in-work poverty (2008)
considers a range of issues…

7.2. Web document with no author

The following example is a news story from the BBC website, with no author.

Reference list

BBC (2010) Obama makes jobs priority [online], available:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8484400.stm [accessed 15 June 2010].

In your citation you can use the organisation name:

A BBC (2010) report queries….

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7.3. Web document with a corporate author

The following example is a news story from the BBC website, with no author.

Reference list

Vodafone Group Plc (2010) Code of ethical purchasing [online], available:

http://www.vodafone.com/start/responsibility/supply_chain/code_of_ethical_purchasing.html
[accessed 21 January 2010].

Citation example

Vodafone’s Code of ethical purchasing (2010) claims…

7.4. PDF document

Reference list

H.M. Treasury (2009) Reforming financial markets [online]. London: TSO, available:

http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/reforming_financial_markets080709.pdf [accessed 15 June

2010]

Citation example

 According to a H.M Treasury report (2009, p.16)…..

 In Reforming financial markets (H.M. Treasury, 2009, p.20) it is stated…

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