HARVARD

REFERENCING
GUIDE

University Library & Learning Services

for the v. 2.5 Updated: September 2023
Creative Arts
CONTENTS
WHAT IS HARVARD REFERENCING? 4 Newspaper articles (Print) 13
WHY REFERENCE? 4 Newspaper articles (Online) 14
CITATIONS 5 Websites and social media 14
What is a citation? 5 Writing references: other sources 15
How to write citations 5 Acts of Parliament 15
Citing direct quotations 5 Archive material 15
Citing indirect quotations 6 Artwork in exhibitions 15
(Paraphrasing)
Citing two or more authors 6 Audiobooks 16
Citing multiple works by an author 7 Conference Proceedings 16
with the same year of publication
Citing authors with the same surname 7 Exhibition (Visited) 17
Citing a chapter from a book 7 Film (Physical) 17
Citing an author quoting someone else 7 Film (Online) 18
Citing with a company name 8 Game (Physical and (Online) 18
Citing a work with no identifiable 8 Lectures and talks 19
author or publication date
Citing a film, television programme or 9 Music and other audio (Physical and 19
online video Online)
Citing multiple authors within a single 9 Music performance (Attended) 20
citation
BIBLIOGRAPHIES 10 Online video 21
What is a bibliography? 10 Personal Communication (Email, 21
interviews, AI)
How to write references 10 Radio (Broadcast, Online and 22
Podcasts)
Writing references: the most popular 11 Reports (Print and Online) 22
sources
Books (Print) 11 Television (Broadcast and Online) 23
Books (eBooks and Online) 11 Theatre and dance performance 23
Book chapters 12 Theses (Print and Online) 24
Journal articles (Print) 12 Translated text (Print) 24
Journal articles (Online) 13 Translated text (Online) 25
Example bibliography 26

2
CONTENTS
REFERENCING IMAGES 27
What is a list of illustrations? 27
Writing figure numbers and captions 27
How to write your list of illustrations 28
References different images sources 29
Charts, graphs and diagrams 29

Film, television, and game stills 29

Images scanned from a book 30

Images scanned from a magazine or 30

journal
Images obtained online 31

Maps (Print and Online) 31

Screenshots 32

Unpublished images 33

Example List of Illustrations 34

REFERENCING TOOLS 35
FURTHER GUIDANCE 35
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 36
APPENDIX 38
REFERENCING QUICK GUIDE 39

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WHAT IS HARVARD REFERENCING?
Harvard referencing is the method by which you acknowledge using someone else’s writing, work, or
ideas in your own academic writing while studying at UCA. The Harvard system consists of two main
components:

• Citations. Citations are used in the body of your writing to show when you have referred to the
writing, work, or ideas of another author. They usually consist of the author’s surname, year of
publication, and page number (where applicable) and are contained within brackets. Each of your
citations should have a corresponding entry in your bibliography.
• Bibliography. A bibliography is a list of all the sources that you used, or consulted, to complete
your assignment. The bibliography should be arranged in alphabetical order and contains more
detail on your sources, including how you accessed them.
If using images, you will also need to reference them separately using captions and a list of illustrations.
You can find out how to reference images later in this guide.

WHY REFERENCE?
Making sure that you accurately cite and reference the writing, work and/or ideas produced by somebody
else is an essential part of academic writing. Here are some reasons why it is so important:

• Avoid plagiarism. Using citations and referencing accurately will help you avoid accusations of
plagiarism because it gives you a means to fully acknowledge your sources.
• Support your argument or claim. Referencing other authors in your work demonstrates that your
argument is based on existing knowledge and helps demonstrate that you have carried out
appropriate research.
• Demonstrate your honesty & integrity. As a student at UCA you are expected to comply with
student regulations and, as a future creative professional, referencing accurately is a way to
demonstrate your professionalism, honesty and integrity.
• Demonstrate the breadth of your research. Your referencing allows you to show what research
you have done while completing your assignment.
• Source checking. Your lecturers will be interested to see what kind of sources you have used, and
your referencing allows other people to do this too; this is all part of good academic practice.

 What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is deliberately or accidentally presenting someone else’s writing, work or ideas as your own.
It is also possible to self-plagiarise by submitting an assignment that you have previously submitted at
UCA or at another institution. Plagiarism is a very serious offence that can lead to you having to re-
submit your work, receiving a zero grade, and, in serious situations, being expelled from the university.
Harvard referencing correctly is the most important thing you can do to avoid accusations of
plagiarism.

Learn more about our Academic Misconduct Regulations, plagiarism, other forms of academic
misconduct, and how to avoid them by completing our Academic Integrity Toolkit on myLibrary.

4
CITATIONS

What is a citation?
A citation is used in the body of your writing to indicate when you have referred to someone else’s
writing, work, or ideas. Your citations provide some basic information about the sources you used but are
intended to link to your bibliography, which contains more detailed information about your sources and
how you accessed them.

How to write citations

Your citations have to be written in a particular way but this can change depending on the kind of source
you are using, how many authors they have, and how you are integrating them into your work. The
citation for most text sources consists of the author’s surname, the year of publication and the page
number (where applicable) contained within round brackets, and formatted exactly like this:

(Butler, 2006:8)
You should use citations to acknowledge your sources when using direct quotations and when
paraphrasing. The rest of this section will address some of the common questions raised on writing
citations. If you are placing your citation at the end of a sentence then the full-stop should be placed after
the final bracket of your citation, not within the citation.

Citing Direct Quotations

Quoting someone’s exact words is called a direct quotation and these are placed within double speech
marks. The citation normally appears at the end of your quotation, like this:
“whatever biological intractability sex appears to have, gender is culturally constructed” (Butler, 2006:8).
If you include the author’s name in your writing then it is possible to put the citation directly after the
surname, like in these examples:
The architect Daniel Libeskind (1997:153) argues that “in representing the making of architecture as an
autonomous activity (having more affinity to technique than science) this thinking intentionally narrows
itself to a process of date collecting operations.”
David Olusoga (2016:97) states how “those who did escape slavery in Britain, like those who were freed
with no trade, education or support, lived lives that were extremely hard.”
If your direct quotation is more than three lines long then it should be indented to stand out from the
rest of your writing, like this:
“There is no doubt that machine learning has the power to transform industries, either
augmenting humans or replacing them in certain tasks. However, this should not happen until
researchers find ways to make algorithms more understandable and, in turn, more accountable”
(Fan, 2019:72)
If a quote is too long for your needs you can use a partial quotation instead by removing irrelevant
portions of text and replacing the missing parts with three full stops, like in these examples:
5
“The function of the culture industry is…to organize leisure time in the same way as capitalist
industrialization has organised work time. Work under capitalism stunts the senses; the function of the
culture industry is to continue the process” (Storey, 2017:11)
“On the contrary we can only understand an effective and dominant culture if we understand the real
social process on which it depends…educational institutions are usually the main agencies of the
transmission of an effective dominant culture” (Williams, 2005:38-39)

Citing Indirect Quotations (Paraphrasing)

An indirect quotation is when you explain someone’s writing, work or ideas in your own words. This is
also known as paraphrasing. There is no need to use double quotation marks but you must still include a
citation. Paraphrasing is more complex than changing the occasional word, you must be able to convey
the author’s original meaning while summarising or simplifying their writing. For example, here is a direct
quotation:
“Of course, if women could subvert so-called masculine traits by adapting and adopting masculine
fashions, then it was also possible for men to procure feminine styles for themslves, and, as the
century progressed, the cries of ‘gender confusion’ by media and academic commentators
became increasingly loud” (Arnold, 2001:101)
This direct quotation could be paraphrased like this:
Increasing discourse surrounding gender emerged as the traditional distinctions between male and
female fashion became blurred (Arnold, 2001:101).
Or, like this:
Traditional notions of gender were challenged by women wearing fashions usually intended for men and
men wearing fashions usually intended for women (Arnold, 2001:101).
Paraphrasing depends upon your own writing style and vocabulary but it is important that you do not
misrepresent the original source and that you remember to acknowledge your source using a citation.

Citing two or more authors

If your source has two authors then you include both names in your citation, like the following examples:
(Ambrose and Harris, 2015:24)
(Harryhausen and Dalton, 2005:116)
If your source has more than two authors then you can write the name of the first author followed by et
al., which is an abbreviation of a Latin phrase meaning “and others.” Et al. should be placed in italics.
However, please note, you should list all authors in the bibliography:
Citation: (Clover et al., 2022:15)
Bibliography: Clover, D. E., Sanford, K. and Harman, K. (2022) Feminism, adult education and creative
possibility : imaginative responses. London: Bloomsbury.

Citing multiple works by an author with the same publication

date
6
To differentiate between multiple works by the same author(s) that are published in the same year, add
letters in alphabetical order at the end of the year of publication. The example below shows citations of
two works by the same author published in the same year. The first citation in the bibliography has 'a'
added after the year, and the second citation in the bibliography has 'b' added after the citation:
(Trafford, 2019a)
(Trafford, 2019b:38)
In your bibliography as the author and the year are the same, the references should be ordered
alphabetically by the title.
If you’re using a company name rather than a personal name, this rule still applies:
(Mintel, 2019a)
(Mintel, 2019b)

Citing authors with the same surname

To differentiate between authors with the same surname you should add the initials of the author to the citation.
The addition of initials will avoid any confusion over who you are referencing and will make it easier to find the
corresponding entry in your bibliography.

(R. Williams, 2005:99) (G. Williams, 2007:13)

Citing a chapter from a book

Some books have an overall editor but chapters written by different authors, these are known as edited
collections. If you are not sure whether the book you are using is an edited collection, take a look at the
table of contents to see whether the they include authors’ names alongside the chapter titles.
When citing a chapter from a book, use the author of the chapter and not the overall editor of the book
for your citation. For example, the book Thinking Through Fashion, edited by Agnès Rocamora and
Anneke Smelik, contains a chapter called ‘Michel Foucault: fashioning the body politic’ by Jane Tynan. The
citation for this example would be: (Tynan, 2016:187)

Citing an author quoting someone else

It is sometimes necessary to cite an author already quoting somebody else, this is sometimes called
secondary referencing or an indirect citation. Your tutor may prefer that you use the original source,
rather than the work of the person quoting them, so always check with them to be sure.
As an example, Rosalind Gill, in her book Gender and the Media uses the following quote by Judith
Williamson:
“it used to be an act of daring on the left to claim enjoyment of Dallas, disco dancing or any other piece of
mass popular culture” (Williamson, 1986:14)
If you wanted to use this quote in your own writing then your citation would be like this:
(Williamson, 1986:14 cited in Gill, 2007:16)

7
You use the citation details of the original quote but then use the words “cited in” to indicate the source
you got it from. In this instance, the only book you would need to enter in your bibliography would be the
one written by Rosalind Gill.
There will be occasions where you need to reference a person who is not the author of a source and
where there is no original source. In those instances the format for secondary referencing is appropriate.
For example, if you are referencing an interviewee from an interview and the inteviewer is the author of
the article, or if you are referencing a character in a film or a person in a documentary.

Citing with a company name

It is better to use the name of a person, where possible, but there are sometimes cases where you can
use a company name instead. For example, you may need to do this if using published reports by a
company, charity or other organisation when they have not listed a named author, or if you use an article
from a website and there is no personal author indicated. Here are some examples:
(Deloitte, 2019:34) (Rolling Stone, 2019:5)
(Kering, 2019) (Refuge, 2018:1)

Citing a source with no identifiable author or publication

date
It is always better to include accurate information in your citations but there may sometimes be
situations where there is no author or publication date listed. If you find yourself in this situation, you can
use the following abbreviations instead:
If there is no author indicated and it’s not possible to use a company name instead then use s.n. instead,
this is a Latin abbreviation for the phrase “without a name”:
(s.n., 2019:43)
If there is no date indicated then use s.d., a Latin abbreviation for the phrase “without a date”:
(Jones, s.d.:32)
It is better to use these sparingly, only when absolutely necessary, because your tutor may question the
quality of your sources if you are unable to identify this information.

Citing a film, television programme or online video

Films, television programmes and online videos are one of the few exceptions to the usual citation
format. Instead of using an author’s name, you simply use the name of the film, television programme or
online video (written in italics) and the year it was released, shown or published like this:

8
 (Green Book, 2018) (The Red Turtle, 2016)
(HyperNormalisation, 2016) (La Maison en Petits Cubes, 2012)
If you would like to refer to a specific episode in a multi-series television programme then you can include
the season and episode number in your citation too:
(Orange is the New Black: Season 5, episode 6, 2017)
(Game of Thrones: Season 3, episode 7, 2013)
If you are citing someone from a film, television progrmme or online video you will need to use the same
format as a secondary citaion. This will make it clear who the person you are citing is, and where the idea
is from. If you only cite the person your reference won’t link to your bibliography where the film,
television programme or online video will be found.
As an example to quote Adam Curits from the TV programme HyperNormalisation your citation would
look like one of these examples:
“the aim was to spread fear, uncertainty and doubt” (Curtis, cited in, HyperNormalisation, 2016)
According to Curtis (cited in, HyperNormalisation, 2016) “the aim was to spread fear, uncertainty and
doubt”.

Citing multiple authors within a single citation

You can refer to multiple authors within the same citation if paraphrasing, this is typically done as part of
a literature review. You simply include your citations in the standard format but separate them using a
semi-colon. They should all be included with a single set of round brackets, like in this example:
Our notions of gender are culturally constructed (West and Zimmerman, 1987:126; Butler, 2006:8)

9
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
What is a bibliography?
A bibliography is a list of all the sources referred to or consulted in order to complete your assignment.
Your bibliography must be:

• Alphabetical (A-Z). Your bibliography must be arranged alphabetically by author’s surname in

ascending order. That means that you start with names beginning with A, so Adams should appear
before Zhou and Berger should appear before Greer. Company names and titles of films and tv
shows should also be placed in the correct alphabetical order. If you have cited two texts by the
same author in the same year they would be ordered alphabetically by the title.
• Formatted correctly. Your references must be written in a particular way, with specific bits of
information placed in the correct order. It is important that you stick to the examples in this guide,
making sure that brackets, full-stops and other characters are placed correctly.
• Placed at the end of your assignment. Your bibliography must be placed on a new page at the
end of your assignment. If your assignment includes appendices, place your bibliography at the
end of your assignment but before the appendices.
• Must match your citations. Every citation used in your writing should have a corresponding
bibliography entry. Make sure that the year of publication and surnames in your citations match
those in your bibliography.
• Excluded from your word count. Your bibliography should not be included in the word count for
your assignment.

How to write references

Before writing your references, you will need specific bits of information that will vary depending on the
kind of source you are using. For all your references you will need to start with the following:

• Author and/or editor

• Year of publication / creation / broadcast
• Title
• Information on how and when the source was published.
Your references must be written in a particular way, with all the required information placed in the
correct order. For example, this is a breakdown of a book reference:

10
Writing references: the most popular sources

Books (Print)
Information Required Examples
Name of the author(s) Dyer, R. (2004) Heavenly bodies: film stars and society. (2nd ed.) London:
Year of publication Routledge.
Title of book
Edition (if applicable) Olusoga, D. (2016) Black and British: a forgotten history. London: Pan
Place of publication Books.
Name of publisher
Posner, H. (2015) Marketing fashion: strategy, branding and promotion.
(2nd ed.) London: Laurence King.

Notes

Author(s) Name – Enter the surname first, followed by initials. Initials should always have a full stop after them.
For multiple authors, follow the same format but separate them with an and or a coma, for example: Jones, A.
and Bloggs, J. ; Jones, A., Bloggs, J. and Smith, B.
Edition – The edition should be placed in round brackets. Only include major numbered editions.
Place of publication – This should be the town or city where the publisher is based. If multiple cities are listed
then choose the most local one, for example some publishers have offices in London, New York and Paris, but
you should choose London unless you purchased your copy in another country. If the town or city duplicates one
known in the UK, for example, Cambridge, Massachusetts in the United States of America, then it is fine to
include the state abbreviation and country, if necessary, like this: Cambridge, MA, USA. If no location is indicated,
use s.l. instead.

Books (eBooks / Online)

Information Required Examples
Name of the author(s) Entwistle, J. (2015) The fashioned body. (2nd ed.) London: Polity Press. At:
Year of publication https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucreative-
Title of book ebooks/detail.action?docID=1983497 (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Edition (if applicable)
Place of publication Hoskins, S. (2018) 3D printing for artists, designers and makers. London:
Name of publisher Bloomsbury Visual Arts. At: https://ucreative.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https
Web Address (URL) ://doi.org/ 10.5040/9781474248730?locatt=label :secondary_
Date accessed bloomsburyCollections (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes

Edition – The edition should be placed in round brackets. Only include major numbered editions.
Date Accessed – This date should indicate when you last accessed your source.

11
Book Chapter
Information Required Examples
Name of the chapter author(s) Tynan, J. (2015) 'Michael Foucault: fashioning the body politic' In:
Year of publication Rocamora, A. and Smelik, A. (eds.) Thinking through fashion: A guide to
Title of chapter key theorists. London: I.B. Tauris. pp.184–199. At:
Name of the editor https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucreative-
Title of book ebooks/detail.action?docID=5724613 (Accessed 27/07/2023).
Edition (if applicable)
Place of publication Hall, S. (2018) ‘The whites of their eyes: racist ideologies and the media’
Name of publisher In: Dines, G., Humez, J. M., Yousman, B. and Yousman, L. B. (eds.) Gender,
Page range of chapter race and class in media. (5th ed.) London: Sage. pp.90-92.
Web Address (URL)
Date accessed
Notes

Author(s) – Use the author(s) of the chapter rather than the editors of the overall book. Put the surname first,
followed by the initials.
Year of publication – This is usually the year of publication of the overall book.
Edition – Only include major numbered editions, if applicable.
Place of publication – See entry for books.
Page range – You must include the page range of the chapter. That is the page number that the chapter starts
on, and the page number that it ends on, separated by a hyphen.

Journal Article (Print)

Information Required Examples
Name of article author(s) Christensen, L. H. (2019) ‘Curating the poster: an environmental approach’
Year of publication In: Design Issues 35 (2) pp.17-27.
Title of article
Title of journal Smith, K. (2018) ‘Honky tonk hairdos: Winifred Atwell and the
Volume number professionalization of black hairdressing in Britain’ In: Fashion Theory 22
Issue number (6) pp.593-616.
Page range of article
Liao, S. X. T. (2016) ‘Japanese console games popularization in China:
Governance, copycats, and gamers’ In: Games and Culture: a journal of
interactive media 11 (3) pp.275-297.

Notes

Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (‘ ’).
Volume and Issue numbers – You can write these in shorthand form, for example Volume 23 Issue 4 can be
written as 23 (4).
Title of journal – The title of journal should be italicised.
Page range – You must include the page range of the article. That is the page number the article starts on and
the page number ends on, separated by a hyphen.

12
Journal Article (Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of article author(s) Rabbat, N. O. (2018) ‘Edward Said’s orientalism and architectural history’
Year of publication In: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 77 (4) pp.388-396. At:
Title of article https://jsah.ucpress.edu/content/77/4/388 (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Title of journal
Volume number Barton, G. and Hosea, B. (2017) ‘Animation as mindful practice’ In:
Issue number Animation Practice, Process & Production 6 (1) pp.149-171. At: https://doi-
Page range of article org.ucreative.idm.oclc.org/10.1386/ap3.6.1.149_1 (Accessed
Web address (URL / DOI) 02/03/2022).
Date accessed
Nolen, S. B., Horn, I. S. and Ward, C. J. (2015) ‘Situating motivation’ In:
Educational Psychologist 50 (3) pp.234-247. At:
http://search.ebscohost.com.ucreative.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=tru
e&db=ehh&AN=110025837&site=ehost-live (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes

Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (‘ ’).
Volume and Issue numbers – You can write these in shorthand form, for example Volume 23 Issue 4 can be
written as 23 (4).
Title of journal – The title of journal should be italicised.
Page range – You must include the page range of the article. That is the page number the article starts on and
the page number ends on, separated by a hyphen.
Web address (URL / DOI) – This should be the direct web address (URL) to the journal article, do not use a link to
the journal landing page or contents page. If your journal article contains a DOI then you have the option of
including that instead.
Date Accessed – This date should indicate when you last accessed your source.

Newspaper and magazine articles (Print)

Information Required Examples
Name of article author(s) Moore, S. (2019) ‘Britain’s lost women: the lives and work of previously
Year of publication obscure 17th Century female artists are explored in a London exhibition’
Title of article In: FTWeekend 29/06/2019 p.15.
Title of newspaper
Date of publication Woode, D. (2019) ‘Bank of England takes steps to contain consumer panic
Page number/page range of article over Brexit’ In: i 12/03/2019 p.10.

Notes

Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (‘ ’).
Title of newspaper– The title of journal should be italicised.
Date of publication – This should be the exact date the newspaper was printed.
Page number / page range – You must include the page number or page range of the article. The page range is
the page number the article starts on and the page number ends on, separated by a hyphen.

13
Newspaper and magazine articles (Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of article author(s) Hirsch, A. (2019) ‘We have to avoid integration becoming another form of
Year of publication racism’ In: The Guardian 13/09/2019. At:
Title of article https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/13/integration-
Title of newspaper racism-assimilation-britain-heritage (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Web address (URL)
Date accessed Mahtani, S. and Liang, T. (2019) ‘Under Hong Kong’s streets, the subway
becomes a battleground for protesters and police’ In: The Washington
Post 12/09/2019. At:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/under-hong-kongs-
streets-the-subway-becomes-a-battleground-for-protesters-and-
police/2019/09/11/a29eac2a-d0c7-11e9-a620-0a91656d7db6_story.html
(Accessed 02/03/2022).
Notes

Title of article – The title of your article must be placed in single speech marks (‘ ’).
Title of newspaper – The title of journal should be italicised.
Web address (URL) – This should be direct link to the article that you used.

Websites and social media

Information Required Examples
Name of author / creator Seymour, T. (2019) After the fall: documenting the end of the caliphate. At:
Year of publication https://www.bjp-online.com/2019/08/ivor-prickett/ (Accessed
Title of page (or social media post) 02/03/2022).
Web address (URL)
Date accessed Merriam Webster (2020) Definition of Inequality. At:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inequality (Accessed
02/03/2022).

Open AI (2023) ChatGPT. At: https://chat.openai.com (Accessed

28/04/2023).

Makeup (2022) Elegant make-up look: love it or leave it. At:

https://www.tiktok.com/@makeup/video/7070256253187919146
(Accessed 02/03/2022).
Notes
Please note that online newspaper articles are referenced differently to standard websites, see the entry above
for Newspapers and magazine articles (Online) above.

Author – Use a named author wherever possible. If no named author is indicated, use the company name,
website name, or account name (if social media) instead. Company names should be written with correct
grammar, for example, the website www.christiandior.com would be written as Christian Dior.
Title of the page – This should be the heading of the page, indicating what it contains. If the webpage you are
using is a sub-section of a larger section, use a colon ( : ) to express it as a subtitle.
Year of publication – If no date of publication is indicated and the information seems current then use the year
accessed. If the information seems dated and there is no date indicated, use s.d. instead.
Date accessed - This date should indicate when you last accessed your source.

14
Writing references: other sources

Acts of Parliament
Information Required Examples
Name of the Act The Data Protection Act (2018) Elizabeth II. Ch. 2. At:
Year of publication http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents (Accessed
Name of reigning monarch 02/03/2022).
Chapter
Web address (URL) The Equality Act (2010) Elizabeth II. Ch. 5. At:
Date accessed http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents (Accessed
02/03/2022).
Notes

Name of act – This should be placed in italics.

Name of reigning monarch – The name of the monarch during whose reign the act was passed. Any act created
since 1952 would be under Elizabeth II.
Web Address (URL) – This should be the direct link to the act you are referring to.

Archive material
Information Required Examples
Author / creator’s name Wilding Davison, E. (1912) Writing relating to imprisonment (Prison diary).
Year of publication / creation [pencil manuscript and carbon-copy typescript] Papers of Emily Wilding
Title of item Davison 7EWD. London School of Economics: Women’s library.
Medium
Archive name and number Godfrey, B. (c1970) Roobarb dressed as ‘Ziggy Starburst’ and holding a
Location of archive guitar. [Pencil drawing] University for the Creative Arts: Bob Godfrey
Name of library / archive Archive.
Notes

Medium – The kind of item you are referring to, in general terms, e.g. manuscript, drawing, letter, artefact.

Artwork in exhibitions
Information Required Examples
Artist or photographers name Blake, W. (1827) ‘Europe’ Plate i: Frontispiece, ‘The Ancient of Days’.
Year of creation [Relief etching with ink and watercolour on paper] London: Tate
Title of work Britain. 11/09/2019 – 02/02/2020.
Medium
Location of exhibition Van Gogh, V. (1888) Sunflowers. [Oil on canvas] London: National
Name of gallery or museum Gallery.
Date of Exhibition (If applicable)
Calder, A. (c1930) Mobile. [Metal, wood, wire and string] London:
Tate Modern.
Notes

Date of Exhibition – If the artwork is being displayed in a temporary exhibition include the dates the exhibition
was on display.

15
 Audiobooks
Information Required Examples
Name of the author(s) Le Guin, U. (2018). A Wizard of Earthsea. Narrated by Holdbrook-Smith, K.
Year of publication At: https://www.audible.co.uk/pd/A-Wizard-of-Earthsea-
Title of book Audiobook/B07KRJLBJB?qid=1647347217&sr=1-
Narrated by (If applicable) 1&ref=a_search_c3_lProduct_1_1&pf_rd_p=c6e316b8-14da-418d-8f91-
Edition (if applicable) b3cad83c5183&pf_rd_r=CH6TZ5GH08B30FR70XQB (Accessed 19/03/19).
Place of publication
Name of publisher
Web Address (URL)
Date acccessed
Notes

Year of publication – This should be the date the audiobook was published; this might differ from the date the
book was published.

Conference Proceedings
Information Required Examples
Author’s name Ampanavos, S. and Markaki, M. (2014) ‘Digital cities: towards a new
Year of publication identity of public space’ In: Cairns, G. (ed.) The MeDiated City
Title of paper Conference Proceedings. Ravensbourne University, London. 01-
Editors (if applicable) 03/04/2014. London: Architecture, Media, Politics Society. At:
Conference title / document title http://architecturemps.com/wp-
Date of conference content/uploads/2016/08/Architecture-MPS-1-Mediated-City-1-1.pdf
Place of publication (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Name of publisher
Web Address (URL) (If applicable) Higgins, L. (2019) ‘The marketplace and I: a disability arts methodology’
In: Egan, J. (eds.) 52nd Annual Academy of Marketing Conference
Date accessed (if applicable)
Proceedings. Regent’s University, London. 02-04/07/2019. London:
Academy of Marketing. At:
https://issuu.com/regentscollege/docs/academy_of_
marketing_conference_pro (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Notes

Conference title / document title – This field can be the name of the conference or the name of the proceedings
as published. It should be placed in italics.
Web address and date accessed – These are only required if you accessed the proceedings online. This date
should indicate when you last accessed your source.

16
Exhibition (Visited)
Information Required Examples
Name of artist / designer Blake, W. (2019) William Blake. [Exhibition] London: Tate Britain.
Year of exhibition or visit 11/09/2019 – 02/02/2020.
Title of exhibition
Place of exhibition V&A (2019) Videogames: Design/Play/Disrupt. [Exhibition] London: V&A.
Name of gallery / museum 08/09/2018 – 24/02/2019.
Date of exhibition (if applicable)

Notes

Name of artist / designer - If the exhibition was not dedicated to a single artist place the name of the gallery or
museum first (see 2nd example above).
Date of Exhibition – If the artwork is being displayed in a temporary exhibition include the dates the exhibition was
on display.

Film (Physical format)

Information Required Examples
Title of film Selma (2014) Directed by DuVernay, A. [DVD] London: Pathe.
Year of publication / release
Name of Director Stalker (2002) Directed by Tarkovsky, A. [DVD] London: Artificial Eye.
Format
Location of studio Thor: Ragnarok (2017) Directed by Waititi, T. [Bluray] London: Marvel
Name of Studio / Production Studios.
Company

Notes

Title of film – The title should be placed in italics.

Year of release – The date the film was released in the format that you are using.
Name of director – The name of the director should be placed surname first, followed by initials.
Format – The format should be entered within square brackets. You should indicate whether you watched the
film on DVD, Bluray, VHS etc.
Location of Studio / Production Company – This is the town or city where the film studio is based. If they are a
multi-national company you can use the city where their regional office is based.

17
Film (Online)
Information Required Examples
Title of film Ex Machina (2014) Directed by Garland, A. [Netflix] United States:
Year of publication / release Universal Pictures. At: https://www.netflix.com/watch/80023689
Name of Director (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Format / Medium
Web address (URL) Hanna Arendt (2013) Directed by Von Trotta, M. [Kanopy] United States:
Date accessed Zeitgeist Films. At: https://ucreative.kanopy.com/video/hannah-arendt-3
(Accessed 02/03/2022).

The True Cost (2015) Directed by Ross, M. [Amazon Prime Video] United
States: Life is my Movie. At:
https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B07PNN73T6/
ref=cm_sw_em_r_pv_wb_U52Q9g4lbx8xE (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes

Title of film – The title should be placed in italics.

Year of release – This should be the date the source you’re using was released.
Format / Medium – The format / medium should be placed in square brackets. This should indicate the online
service through which you accessed the film, e.g. Netflix, Amazon Prime, etc.
Name of director – The name of the director should be placed surname first, followed by initials.
Web address (URL) - Use the web address of the film’s landing page on whichever streaming platform you used.

Game (Physical format and Online)

Information Required Examples
Title of game Illyriad (2011) [Browser-based] London: Illyriad Games Ltd. At:
Year of publication / release https://www.illyriad.co.uk/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Console / format
Location of studio Minecraft (2011) [PC] Stockholm: Mojang.
Name of studio
Web address (URL) (if applicable) Pokémon Go (2016) [Android] San Francisco: Niantic.
Date accessed (if applicable)
Zelda: Link’s Awakening (2019) [Nintendo Switch] Tokyo: Nintendo EPD,
Grezzo.

Notes

Title of game – The title should be placed in italics.

Year of release – This should be the date the game you’re referring to was released.
Console / format – You should indicate the console that you used to play this game or in what format you
accessed it, e.g. PS4, PC, Broswer-based etc.

18
Lectures and talks
Information Required Examples
Name of lecturer Labaki, N. (2018) Screenwriters’ lecture series. [London: Princess Anne
Year of lecture Theatre 25/11/2018].
Title of lecture or subject
Place of lecture Otobong, N. and Barlow, A. (2019) In conversation: Otobong Nkanga. [St.
Medium Ives Tate 21/09/2019].
Date lecture took place
Schjerfbeck, H. (2019) A conversation between two industries: art and
fashion. [London: Royal Academy of Arts 23/10/2019].

Music and other audio (Physical format)

Information Required Examples
Name of artist Beyoncé (2016) Lemonade. [CD] New York: Columbia Records.
Year of release
Title of single / album Justice (2016) Woman. [12” Vinyl] Paris: Ed Banger, Because Music.
Medium / Format
Location of studio / distributor Roy Kettle (2017) British bird sounds on CD: the definitive audio guides to
Name of studio / distributor birds in Britain. [Sound effects CD] London: British Library Publishing.

Notes

Name of artist – The name of the artist should be included as a corporate author rather than surname, followed
by initials. For example, write George Ezra and not Ezra, G.
Title of single / album – The title should be placed in italics.
Medium / Format – Place the medium or format in square brackets, as above. You should indicate the format of
the album or single that you used, e.g. CD, Vinyl.
Location of studio / distributor – This should the town or city where the record label or distributer is based.

19
Music and other audio (Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of artist Christine and the Queens (2018) Chris. [Download] Paris: Because Music.
Year of release At: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chris-Explicit-Christine-
Title of single / album Queens/dp/B07F6N722S/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Medium
Location of studio / distributor Bob Dylan (2014) The essential Bob Dylan. [Download] New York:
Name of studio / distributor Columbia Records. At: https://www.apple.com/uk/itunes/ (Accessed
Web address (URL) 02/03/2022).
Date accessed
Solange (2016) A seat at the table. [Streaming] New York: Saint, Columbia
Records. At: https://open.spotify.com/album/3Yko2SxDk4hc6fncIBQlcM
(Accessed 02/03/2022).

Pro Sound Effects (2016) Cinematic Winds - Demo. [Download] New York:
Pro Sound Effects. At: https://soundcloud.com/pro-sound-
effects/cinematic-winds-demo (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes

Name of artist – The name of the artist should be included as a corporate author rather than surname, followed
by initials. For example, write George Ezra and not Ezra, G.
Title of single / album – The title should be placed in italics.
Medium / Format – Place the medium or format in square brackets, as above. You should indicate whether your
music was downloaded or streamed.
Web address (URL) – This should be the direct link to the album, if possible. If not, simply link to the provider
used.

Music performance (Attended)

Information Required Examples
Name of artist / festival George Ezra (2019) [Isle of Wight: Isle of Wight Festival 15/06/2019].
Year of performance / festival
Location of performance / festival Kurt Vile (2019) [Manchester: Albert Hall 10/11/2018].
Name of venue (if applicable)
Exact date of performance / festival Reading Festival (2019) [Reading: Little John’s Farm 23/08/2019].

Saul Williams (2016) [London: The Garage 06/04/2016].

Notes
Use this referencing format for live performances of music and festivals.

Name of artist – The name of the artist should be included as a corporate author rather than surname, followed
by initials. For example, write George Ezra and not Ezra, G.
Location of performance / festival – The town or city where the performance/festival took place.
Name of venue – The name of the venue where the performance took place.
Location, name of venue and date – These should all be placed within square brackets.

20
Online video
Information Required Examples
Title of video Childish Gambino – This is America (2018) [Music Video] At:
Year of publication / upload https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYOjWnS4cMY (Accessed
Medium 02/03/2022).
Web address (URL)
Date accessed Investigating the impacts of urban green spaces on wellbeing (2013)
[Online Video] At: https://vimeo.com/64293418 (Accessed 02/03/2022).

La Maison en Petits Cubes (2012) [Short Animation] At:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhQ75OV4VRs (Accessed
02/03/2022).

L’Oréal Paris: True Match (Director’s Cut) (2016) [Advertisement] At:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6ftChi-elE (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes

Title of video – The title should be placed in italics.

Medium – State what kind of video you are using, e.g. music video, short animation, advertisement. If you’re not
sure how to classify the medium of the video, use Online Video.

Personal communications (Email, interviews, AI)

Information Required Examples
Author’s name Fitzwater, L. (2019) Email to Badger, I. 20/03/2019.
Year of communication
Medium of communication Open AI (2023) AI conversation with Badger, I. 20/03/2023.
Receiver of communication
Date of communication Turner, N. (2022) Zoom interview with Bell, A. 22/06/2019. (see Appendix
Reference to appendix (if A).
applicable)
Turner, N. (2022) In-person interview with Bell, A. 22/06/2019.

Notes

Author’s name – This is the author of email or person being interviewed. If the person you have interviewed has
not given permission for you to use their name in your work, you should anonymise them and give an
appropriate title, e.g. Subject, Person, Artist.
Medium of communication – Briefly provide the details of the medium used, e.g. Zoom, email, in-person, etc.
Receiver of communication – This is the person receiving the communication, usually the author who is receiving
the email or conducting the interview.
Reference to appendix – If the original email or transcription of the interview appears in your appendix, provide
a note with details of where it can be found in the appendix.

21
Radio (Broadcast and Online) and podcasts
Information Required Examples
Title of podcast / radio show The Chris Moyles Show (2019) [Radio programme] Radio X 23/09/2019. At:
Year of publication https://www.globalplayer.com/catchup/radiox/uk/b8G7abG/ (Accessed
Medium / format 02/03/2022).
Name of radio channel / service
Web address (URL) Switch off with Konnie Huq: Scroobius Pip (2019) [Podcast] BBC Sounds
Date accessed 16/07/2019. At: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07gn5wz
(Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes
If you are referencing a broadcast radio show, simply omit the web address and date accessed.

Title of podcast / radio show – The title should be placed in italics.

Medium / format – The medium should be placed in square brackets and should indicate what kind of source
you are using, for example, a podcast or radio programme.
Web address (URL) – This should be the direct link to the podcast or radio programme as you accessed it online.

Reports (Print and Online)

Information Required Examples
Name of author / company WGSN (2022) Catwalk Analytics: Print & Colour A/W 22/23 04.05.2022. At:
Date of publication https://media.wgsn.com/fo_image_store/boards/93595/Catwalk_Analytic
Title of report s__Print___Colour_A_W_22_23.pdf (Accessed 01/05/2022).
Place of Publication (if applicable)
Publisher (if applicable) LS:N Global (2021) Sustainability Futures 2021 Report. London: The Future
Web address (URL / DOI) (if Laboratory.
applicable)
Date accessed (if applicable) MarketLine (2022) Company Profile: NIKE Inc. At:
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=dmhls&AN=8E5
63969-FC1C-4D3A-8EEE-F9D79F81F0C3&site=ehost-live (Accessed
30/02/2022).

King, K. (2022) Education, Training and Capacity Building in the Forum on

China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) 2021: Multilateral and Bilateral
Ambitions Twenty Years On. London: London School of Economics. At:
https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/2022-OccPaper-
ChinaForesight.pdf (Accessed 21/06/2022).
Notes

Author – Use a named author wherever possible. If no named author is indicated, use the company name
instead.
Web address (URL / DOI) – This should be the web address (URL) to the report, do not use a link to the report
landing page. If your report contains a DOI then you have the option of including that instead.
Date accessed - This date should indicate when you last accessed your source..

22
Television shows (Broadcast and Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of television programme The Great British Bake-Off: Series 3, episode 4 (2019) [Television
Series and episode numbers (if programme] Channel 4 17/09/2019.
applicable)
Year of broadcast / release Jesy Nelson: ‘Odd one out’ (2019) [Television programme] BBC 1
Name of channel / online service 12/09/2019.
Exact date broadcast
Web address (URL) (if applicable) Good Omens: Episode 2 (2019) [Television programme] Amazon Prime
Date accessed (if applicable) 31/05/2019. At:
https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B07FM7PHLQ/ (Accessed
02/03/2022).

Notes

Name of channel / online service – If you viewed a broadcast channel then use the name of the channel, if you
viewed it online then you can use the name of the service used, e.g. iPlayer, Amazon Prime, Netflix etc.
Web address (URL) and date accessed – Only required if you viewed the television show online.

Theatre and dance performance (Attended)

Information Required Examples
Title of production Hamlet (2015) Directed by Turner, L. Written by Shakespeare, W. [London:
Year of performance / festival Barbican 15/10/2015].
Name of director / choreographer
(if applicable) Onegin (2020) Choreographed by Cranko, D. [London: Royal Opera House
Name of writer (if applicable) 18/01/2020].
Location of performance
Name of venue Translations (2019) Directed by Rickson, R. Written by Friel, B. [London:
Exact date of performance National Theatre 11/05/2018].

Notes
Use this referencing format for live performances of music, dance, theatre and festivals.

Title of tour / performance / festival – This should be placed in italics.

Name of director / choreographer – Only required for theatre or dance performances.
Name of writer (if applicable) – Only required for theatre performances.
Location of performance / festival – The town or city where the performance/festival took place.
Name of venue – The name of the venue where the performance took place.

23
Theses and dissertations (Print and Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of author Hubbard, A. (2018) How does the representation of women in celebrity
Year of publication culture reflect the ideals of successful femininity. [BA dissertation]
Title of thesis / dissertation University for the Creative Arts.
Academic level and document type
Name of awarding institution Meechao, K. (2018) A study of stakeholders’ experience of the
Web address (URL) (if applicable) architectural design process to stimulate an interactive form of
Date accessed (if applicable) communication. [PhD thesis] University for the Creative Arts / University
of Brighton. At: https://research.uca.ac.uk/4843/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Preston, D. (2018) The logic of corporate communication design. [PhD

thesis] University of the Arts London. At:
http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/14189/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes

Title of thesis / dissertation – The title should be placed in italics.

Academic level and document type – Write the academic level in abbreviated form and indicate what kind of
document it is e.g. MA dissertation, PhD thesis.
Web address (URL) – Only include the web address (URL) if you are accessing the thesis or dissertation online.
This should the direct link to the thesis or dissertation or its landing page if posted to an online repository.
Date accessed - This date should indicate when you last accessed your source.

Translated text (Print)

Information Required Examples
Name of author Barthes, R. (1983) The fashion system. Translated by Ward, M. and
Year of publication Howard, R. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Title of book
Name of translator Deleuze, G. (2004) The logic of sense. Translated by Lester, M. London:
Year of translation (if applicable) Continuum.
Location of publisher
Name of publisher Freud, S. (2003) Beyond the pleasure principle and other writings.
Translated by Reddick, J. London: Penguin.

Notes
Use this referencing format for major works that have been translated professionally and published. If you
translated part of a book using Google Translate then see the section below on Translated text (Online).

Title of book – This should be placed in italics.

Year of publication – The year of publication should be the year the translated edition was published.

24
Translated text (Online)
Information Required Examples
Name of author Boyer, B. (2007) Snobisme et vêtement de lux. [in French] (Snobbism and
Year of publication luxury clothes). Translated by Google Translate. At:
Title in original language https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=
Original language https://www.brown.edu/Research/Equinoxes/
Title in English journal/Issue%25209/eqx9_boyer.html&prev=search (Accessed
Translated by (if applicable) 02/03/2022).
Web address (URL) (if applicable)
Date accessed (if applicable) Leaman, G. (2019) Ty hwnt i ffiniau: cenedlaetholdeb a’r argyfwng
hinsawdd. [in Welsh] (Beyond borders: nationalism and the climate crisis).
Translated by Parfitt, M. At:
https://pedwargwynt.cymru/dadansoddi/gol/tu-hwnt-i-ffiniau-
cenedlaetholdeb-ar-argyfwng-hinsawdd (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes
Use this referencing format for text that you have translated using Google Translate or for text that you, or
someone else, have personally translated.

Title in original language – The original title should be placed in italics.

Original language – The original language should be indicated within square brackets, preceded by the word in.
Title in English – The translated version of the title should be placed within brackets and placed in italics.
Translated by – If you translated the text using Google Translate or Google’s “Translate this page” option then
use Google Translate as the name of the translator. If you translated the text yourself, or someone did it for you,
then you should put their names here instead.
Web address (URL) – If you used the “Translate this page” option on Google then use the web address (URL) to
the source as translated, otherwise include the direct address of the untranslated source.

25
Example Bibliography

Adichie, C. A. (2014) We should all be feminists. London: Fourth Estate.

Christine and the Queens (2018) Chris. [Download] Paris: Because Music. At:
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chris-Explicit-Christine-Queens/dp/B07F6N722S/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Entwistle, J. (2015) The fashioned body. (2nd ed.) London: Polity Press. At:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ucreative-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1983497 (Accessed
02/03/2022).
Hall, S. (2018) ‘The whites of their eyes: racist ideologies and the media’ In: Dines, G., Humez, J. M.,
Yousman, B. and Yousman, L. B. (eds.) Gender, race and class in media (5th ed.) London: Sage. pp.90-92.
Mahtani, S. and Liang, T. (2019) ‘Under Hong Kong’s streets, the subway becomes a battleground for
protesters and police’ In: The Washington Post. At:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/under-hong-kongs-streets-the-subway-becomes-a-
battleground-for-protesters-and-police/2019/09/11/a29eac2a-d0c7-11e9-a620-
0a91656d7db6_story.html (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Posner, H. (2015) Marketing fashion: strategy, branding and promotion. (2nd ed.) London: Laurence King.
Smith, K. (2018) ‘Honky tonk hairdos: Winifred Atwell and the professionalization of black hairdressing in
Britain’ In: Fashion Theory 22 (6) pp.593-616.
Stella McCartney (2019) Sustainability: mission statement. At:
https://www.stellamccartney.com/experience/en/sustainability/mission-statement/ (Accessed
02/03/2022).
The True Cost (2015) Directed by Ross, M. [Amazon Prime Video] United States: Life is my Movie. At:
https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B07PNN73T6/ ref=cm_sw_em_r_pv_wb_U52Q9g4lbx8xE
(Accessed 02/03/2022).
Thor: Ragnarok (2017) Directed by Waititi, T. [Bluray] London: Marvel Studios.
Trafford, J. (2019a) Against green nationalism. At:
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/against-green-nationalism/ (Accessed
02/03/2022).
Trafford, J. (2019b) ‘Empire’s new clothes: after the “peaceful violence” of neo-liberal coloniality’ In:
Angelaki: Journal of theoretical humanities 24(1) pp.37-54. At:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0969725X.2019.1568732 (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Williams, R. (2005) Culture and materialism. London: Verso.

26
REFERENCING IMAGES
When using images within your written work it is essential that you reference your image sources
accurately. This is a very similar process to writing citations and a bibliography for text sources. There are
two main components used to reference your images:

• Image number and caption. Place a figure number, caption and the year the image was produced
directly beneath each image.
• List of illustrations. Your list of illustrations is a detailed list of your image sources and how you
accessed them. It should be arranged by figure number, in ascending order.
The method shown in this guide is the formal method of referencing images based on the Harvard system
and is suitable for referencing images used within essays or dissertations. This method is not necessarily
suitable for all assignments, such as reports that contain a lot of visual material, so your tutors may
recommend a more suitable way of referencing images.
You can refer to, or highlight, images that you’ve included in your written work by writing (See Fig. x),
where x is the figure number of the image. Like in this example:
Many of Delacroix’s paintings contain orientalist themes (See Fig. 1)

What is a list of illustrations?

A list of illustrations is a list of all the visual and image sources used in your written assignment. Your list
of illustrations must be:

• Arranged by figure number. Unlike a bibliography, a list of illustrations is arranged by figure

number, starting with the first, in ascending order.
• Placed at the end of your assignment but before your bibliography. Your list of illustrations
should be placed before your bibliography at the end of your assignment.
• Formatted correctly. Your image references must be written in a particular way, with specific bits
of information placed in the correct order. It is important that you stick to the examples in this
guide, making sure that brackets, full-stops and other characters are placed correctly.
• Must match your image captions. Every image caption included within your writing should have a
corresponding entry in your list of illustrations. Make sure that all of the basic information in your
captions matches that in your list of illustrations
• Excluded from your word count. Your list of illustrations should not be included in the word
count for your assignment.

Writing figure numbers and image captions

Each image should have its own figure number and the numbers are allocated by order of appearance.
The first image in your written work will be Figure 1, the second will be Figure 2, followed by Figure 3,
Figure 4 and so on. You should clip the word Figure to the shortened form, Fig. but remember to include
the full stop at the end.

27
If the image you are using is a named photograph or work of art, you should use that name as its caption.
If your image does not have a name, your caption should simply describe what the image is. The caption
must be placed in italics.
The year of publication / creation should be placed in round brackets directly after your caption.
You should place the figure number, caption and year of publication directly beneath each image, like in
the following example:

Fig. 1 Blank image placeholder (2019)

If you are using Microsoft Word to write your assignment, right-click on an image and select the option to
“Insert caption…”. This will allow you to choose where your captions appear, the image label (which you
may need to change to display as Fig.) and will automatically update the numbers as you add new images.

How to write your list of illustrations

For each reference in your list of illustrations you will need specific bits of information that will vary
depending on the kind of image you are using. You will need to start with the following:

• Name of the Artist / Photographer / Creator

• Year the artwork was created
• Title of artwork
• Information on how the image was published.
Your list of illustration references must be written in a particular way, with all the required information
placed in the correct order. For example, this is the breakdown of a reference for an image found online:

28
Referencing different image sources

Charts, graphs and diagrams

Information Required Examples
Name of creator / website Fig. 22 Mintel (2021) Designer Fashion – UK – How they shop. [Chart] At:
Year of creation https://data.mintel.com/databook/1049095/#Q18 (Accessed
Title of graph / chart / diagram 05/04/2022).
Medium
Web address (URL) Fig. 23 Turner, N. (2022) UK car market share, based on New AutoMotive.
Date Accessed (If online) [Chart] At: https://newautomotive.org/blog/electric-car-count-april-2022
(Accessed 11/05/2022).

Notes

Name of creator / website – if there is no creator listed, use the name of the website instead (e.g. Mintel)
Title of graph / chart / diagram – Use the official title where possible but otherwise use a brief
description of the graph, chart or diagram written in italics. If you have created your own
graph / chart based on an existing website, you need to acknowledge your source in the image title (see example
in list of references).
Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to, e.g. is it a chart, graph or table?
Web address (URL) – This should be the direct web address (URL) to the image or the page that contains it.

Film, television, and game stills (Physical and online)

Information Required Examples
Title or description of image Fig. 1 Panoramic view of Memphis in Assassin’s Creed: Origins (2018) [Game
Year of creation still, PS4] In: Assassin’s Creed: Origins. Montreuil, France: Ubisoft.
Medium / format
Title of film, TV show or game Fig. 2 Thandie Newton in Westworld (2018) [Television still, Bluray] In:
Location of studio / Westworld: Season 2. New York: HBO.
distributor
Name of studio / distributor Fig. 3 Saoirse in the sea (2016) [Film still, DVD] In: Song of the Sea. Directed by
Web Address (If online) Moore, T. Paris: Studiocanal.
Date Accessed (If online)
Fig. 4 Ophelia and the mandrake (2007) [Film Still, Amazon Prime] In: Pan’s
Labyrinth. Directed by del Toro, G. Burbank, California: Warner Bros. Pictures.
At: https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/video/detail/B0106FKHV0/ (Accessed
02/03/2022).
Notes

Title or description of image – Briefly describe the contents of the image.

Year of creation – The year the film, television show or game was released in the format you are referring to.
Medium / format – You should indicate whether you are referring to a film, television or game and in what
format. For films and television this could be DVD, Bluray or VHS. For games, it could be which console or game-
platform.

29
Images scanned from a book
Information Required Examples
Name of artist / creator Fig. 5 Inguimberty, J. (1938) Le Hamac. [Oil on Canvas] 201 x 301 cm. In:
Year of creation Pentcheff, G. (2012) Joseph Inguimberty 1896-1971. Marseille: Musee Des
Title of artwork Beaux- Arts De Gaillac. p.113.
Medium
Dimensions (if applicable) Fig. 6 Lange, D. (1937) Rex Theatre for Coloured People, Leland,
Author of book Mississippi. [Photograph] In: Pardo, A. and Golbach, J. (eds.) (2018)
Year of publication Dorothea Lange: Politics of Seeing. London: Barbican Centre, Prestel.
Title of book p.129.
Edition (if applicable)
Location of publisher
Name of publisher
Page number

Notes

Title of artwork – This should be placed in italics.

Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to… e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage. This
should be placed in square brackets.
Dimensions (if applicable) – Provide the dimensions of the artwork if this information is required by the reader.
Your tutor will advise if dimensions are required by your course.

Images scanned from a magazine or journal

Information Required Examples
Name of artist / creator Fig. 7 Yogantha, V. (2018) Untitled, portrait of Indian woman.
Year of creation [Photograph] In: Aperture 234 p.115.
Title of image / artwork
Medium Fig. 8 Burberry advertisement featuring Adwoa Aboah (2018)
Dimensions (if applicable) [Advertisement] In: Love 19 p.43.
Name of magazine / journal
Volume and issue numbers (if Fig. 9 Framestore VR Studio (2014) VR Experience created for the film
applicable) Interstellar. [Photograph] In: Creative Review 37(8) p.146-147.
Page number

Notes

Name of artist / creator – Try and identify the name of the artist / creator but if that’s not possible place the title
of the image first instead, as in the second example above.
Year of creation – This should be the year that the photograph / artwork was produced.
Title of image / artwork – This should be placed in italics.
Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to… e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage.
Dimensions (if applicable) – Provide the dimensions of the artwork if this information is required by the reader.
Your tutor will advise if dimensions are required by your course.

30
Images obtained online
Information Required Examples
Name of artist / creator Fig. 10 Hotpot (2023) Knight in Library. [AI generated image] At:
Year of creation https://hotpot.ai/s/ art-generator/8-qCbi0aGbCwDHvnh (Accessed
Title of image / artwork 28/04/2023).
Medium
Dimensions (if applicable) Fig. 11 O’Keeffe, G. (1919) Series 1, No. 8. [Oil on canvas] 50.8 × 40.6 cm
Web address (URL) At:
Date accessed https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_O%27Keeffe,_Series
_1,_No._8.jpg (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Fig. 12 Clement, J. (2019) Global social network penetration rate as of

January 2019, by region. [Chart] At:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/269615/social-network-penetration-
by-region/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes

Title of image / artwork – Use the image or artwork’s official title where possible but otherwise use a brief
description of what the image or artwork is. This should be placed in italics.
Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to… e.g. is it a painting, a photograph, a collage, a
chart. This should be placed within square brackets.
Dimensions (if applicable) – Provide the dimensions of the artwork if this information is required by the reader.
Your tutor will advise if dimensions are required by your course.
Web address (URL) – This should be the direct web address (URL) to the image itself or the page that contains it.

Maps (Print and online)

Information Required Examples
Name of map / location Fig. 14 The Peak District – White Peak area (2019) [Ordnance Survey
Year of creation Explorer OL24 1:25,000] Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
Medium
Map scale, series and sheet number Fig. 15 Farnham (2019) [Open Street Map] At:
Location of publisher https://www.openstreetmap.org/search?query=Farnham#map=
Name of publisher 16/51.2154/-0.8016 (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Web address (URL) (if applicable)
Date accessed (if applicable) Fig. 16 Rochester and Chatham (2019) [Google Maps] At:
https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Rochester/@51.3854172,0.5
5028138,14.9z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x47d8c92a6d7a7131:0x1c7ffc168
0x1c7ffc1683e563f4!8m2!3d51.388!4d0.506721 (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes

Medium – The medium in this context can be used to state what kind of map or mapping service you are
referring to. This should be placed within square brackets.
Map scale, series and sheet number – If using a print map you should provide details of the map publisher, scale
and sheet number, as in the example above.
Web address (URL) and date accessed – You only need to include these if you used an online mapping service.
Copy and paste the direct link from the mapping website.

31
Screenshots
Information Required Examples
Title / description of screenshot Fig. 17 Tweet by Jacinda Ardern (2019) [Twitter feed, screenshot] At:
Year of creation https://twitter.com/jacindaardern (Accessed 02/03/2022).
Medium
Web address (URL) Fig. 18 Instagram post by Cardi B with user comments (2019) [Instagram,
Date accessed screenshot] At: https://www.instagram.com/p/B2W-2l1Ac1K/ (Accessed
02/03/2022).

Fig. 19 Osmos HD game menus (2019) [Android, screenshot] At:

https://osmos-game.com/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Notes
This referencing format can be used to display screenshots of particular apps, software or social media platforms
such as Twitter, Instagram or Reddit.

Title / description of screenshot – Briefly describe the contents of the screenshot.

Medium – The medium, in this context, should indicate what social media platform or software the screenshot
features.
Web address (URL) – This should be the direct web address (URL) to contents featured in your screenshot. If that
is not possible, use the web address to the Twitter account, game website, or game page on the appropriate app
store.

32
Unpublished images (Created by yourself)
Information Required Examples
Name of artist / creator Fig. 20 Parfitt, M. (2019) Pond in Rosebery Park. [Photograph, landscape]
Year of creation In possession of: the author: Epsom.
Title of image
Medium Fig. 21 Parfitt, M. (2019) Farnham sculpture park. [Photograph] In
Dimensions (if applicable) possession of: the author: Epsom.
Name of person in possession of
the photographs (if applicable) Fig. 22 Turner, A. (2013) Oyster Net. [Stoneware with lithium glaze] In
Location (if applicable) possession of the author: Farnham.
Web address (URL) (if applicable)
Date accessed (if applicable) Fig. 23 Turner, N. (2022) UK car market share, based on New AutoMotive.
[Chart] At: https://newautomotive.org/blog/electric-car-count-april-2022
(Accessed 11/05/2022).

Fig. 24 Badger, I. (2022) Margate harbour, based on data from Digimap.

[Map] At: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os (Accessed 21/06/22).

Fig. 25 UpScaler (2023) Knight eating a banana. [AI generated image] In

possession of: the author: Canterbury.

Notes

Name of artist / creator – This should be your own name, but in the usual format of surname first, followed by
initials. If the image is one that you have taken of someone else’s work, add their name in the usual format.
Title of image – Provide a title or briefly describe the contents of the image. If you have created your own image
using information from an existing website, you need to acknowledge your source in the image title. This should
be placed in italics.
Medium – Indicate what kind of medium you are referring to, e.g. a painting, a photograph, a collage, a chart, a
map. This should be placed within square brackets.
Name of person in possession of the photographs / location – This is likely to be yourself, in which case, you can
simply use “the author” rather than repeating your name. If the photographs are in the possession of someone
else, then you can use their name instead.
Web address (URL) and Date Accessed – If your image was created using information from an existing website,
add the URL and Date Accessed for that website to the reference.

33
Example list of illustrations

Fig. 1 Parfitt, M. (2019) Pond in Rosebery Park. [Photograph, landscape] In possession of: the author: Epsom.

Fig. 2 Crocker, T. (2019) Goldsmith Street. [Photograph] At: https://www.architecture.com/-

/media/gathercontent/riba-liverpool-city-tours/image-one/1goldsmithstreettimcrockerjpg.jpg (Accessed
02/03/2022).

Fig. 3 Koelbl, H. (1987) Gaza Strip, Intifada. [Photograph] In: Misselbeck, R. (2001) 20th Century Photography:
Museum Ludwig Cologne. Köln: Taschen. p.359.

Fig. 4 Instagram post by Cardi B with user comments (2019) [Instagram, screenshot] At:
https://www.instagram.com/p/B2W-2l1Ac1K/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Fig. 5 L’Oréal (2019) Karl Lagerfeld x L’Oréal Paris Color Riche Lipstick. [Advertisement] At:
https://www.instagram.com/p/B24ZQOaHRGf/ (Accessed 02/03/2022).

Fig. 6 Framestore VR Studio (2014) VR Experience created for the film Interstellar. [Photograph] In: Creative Review
37(8) p.146-147.

Fig. 7 Panoramic view of Memphis in Assassin’s Creed: Origins (2018) [Game still, PS4] In: Assassin’s Creed: Origins.
Montreuil, France: Ubisoft.

Fig. 8 Saoirse in the sea (2016) [Film still, DVD] In: Song of the Sea. Directed by Moore, T. Paris: Studiocanal.

Fig. 9 Inguimberty, J. (1938) Le Hamac. [Oil on Canvas] 201 x 301 cm. In: Pentcheff, G. (2012) Joseph Inguimberty
1896-1971. Marseille: Musee Des Beaux- Arts De Gaillac. p.113.

34
REFERENCING TOOLS
Reference management tools can help you organise your research sources and can generate citations and
bibliographies that are formatted correctly. There are many reference management applications
available, but we recommend Paperpile, BibGuru, and Zotero because they will generate bibliographies to
UCA’s own Harvard style if you set them up correctly.

• Paperpile is a web-based tool that you can use on any computer with the Google Chrome
browser. It comes with its own browser extension to easily add websites, journal articles and
other documents. Paperpile is integrated with LibrarySearch, where you will find Paperpile
buttons in the search results that will add books directly to your Paperpile account.
• BibGuru is another web-based referencing tool produced by PaperPile which is designed to be
easier to use. It might be more suitable for first and second years who just want an easy solution
that helps produce a bibliography.
• Zotero is an open-source program that needs to be installed on your computer, there are versions
available for Windows and Mac. It is possible to sync your Zotero account across different
computers, but this requires a separate account sign-up.
Visit the Referencing Tools section of myLibrary for more information and video tutorials on our
recommended referencing tools.

FURTHER GUIDANCE
Liaison Librarians work with your lecturers to arrange teaching sessions on Harvard referencing that are
contextualised to your course and you should make every effort to attend these sessions. If you have
need help with referencing or would like some general advice on how to Harvard reference, then please
get in touch with your campus Liaison Librarian. Information on how to get in touch can be found on the
myLibrary pages.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

If you have used or referred to information created by an artificial intelligence (AI) tool in your work, you
must acknowledge this as a source in your work. The acknowledgement will consist of a citation and a
corresponding entry in your Bibliography, and in the case of images, an image caption and a
corresponding entry in your List of Illustrations.

There are currently no specific standards for referencing AI, this advice could be subject to change.

To reference AI in your work use templates that exist in UCA Harvard:

• Personal Communications (email and interviews) – if you are using AI as a text source.
• Websites and Social Media – if you are referencing a specific tool or piece of AI software.
• Images obtained online – if you have an AI-created image which is recoverable and has a url.
• Unpublished Images (created by yourself) – if you have created an image which cannot be linked
to or recovered.

Personal Communications (email and interviews)

If the AI text is only available to you, for example via chat such as ChatGPT, then cite this as Personal
Communications (email and interviews) as per the examples in the UCA Harvard Guide.
Note - currently content produced by AI chat cannot be recovered or linked to, so you will be
unable to provide a url. Instead of providing a url, you should provide a full transcript of prompts
and responses from your conversation in the appendix.
Citation example:
When asked who the most influential architects of all time were, Open AI (2023) suggested that many
architects have left their mark, out of the seven that were listed only one, Zaha Hadid, was female.
Bibliography example:
Open AI (2023) AI conversation with Badger, I. 20/03/2023.

Websites and social media

If you need to reference the AI tool, and not the content that it has produced, then follow the format for
Websites and social media.
For example:
Open AI (2023) ChatGPT. At: https://chat.openai.com (Accessed 28/04/2023).

36
Images obtained online
If the image is recoverable and has a url which can be shared, then follow the format for Images obtained
online.
For example:
Fig. 1 Hotpot (2023) Knight in Library. [AI generated image] At: https://hotpot.ai/s/ art-
generator/8-qCbi0aGbCwDHvnh (Accessed 28/04/2023).

Unpublished Images (Created by yourself)

If the image cannot be recovered and does not have a url, then follow the format for Unpublished Images
(Created by yourself)..
For example:
Fig. 2 UpScaler (2023) Knight eating a banana. [AI generated image] In possession of: the author:
Canterbury.

37
APPENDIX

Using an Appendix
Some examples of the types of things that you may want to include in an Appendix:

• Transcripts of interviews you have carried out

• The questionnaire that you used in your research
• Research data you have collected
• Your own translations of texts in another language.

Formatting your Appendix

An appendix should be placed at the end of your essay or dissertation but before your illustration list and
bibliography.
If there is more than one appendix label them using letters, e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B. Label and
arrange them in the order they are referred to in your text.
Start your appendix on a new page with the title Appendix or Appendices if there is more than one.
Label your Appendix and add a descriptive title.
e.g.
Appendices
Appendix A: Online survey about awareness of fast fashion.

Citing material included in an appendix

You can refer to material in your appendix within your work. Include a citation at the bottom of your
appendix, if the text or data is not your own, which corresponds with a bibliography entry following the
Personal communications (Email and interviews) example in this guide.
For example, the full text from an interview may be included in an Appendix. Underneath the text add a
citation that references the person being interviewed, this citation should also appear when you
reference the material in your work:
(Turner, 2022)
You can also refer to material in your appendix in your work. For example, when you are referring to a
survey or statistics that you have compiled:
The results for the online survey shows that 80% of respondents were not aware that.... (see
Appendix A).
Appendix B reveals that 60% of respondents could not effectively identify the environmental
problems created by the fast fashion industry.

38
REFERENCING QUICK GUIDE
What is Harvard referencing and why do it?
• Harvard referencing is the way you acknowledge the writing, work or ideas quoted, paraphrased, or
consulted while completing your assignments.
• It is an essential part of academic practice and it helps you avoid plagiarism, support your argument, and
demonstrates how much research you have done.
• Harvard referencing consists of two main components:
o Citations – these go in the body of your written work.
o Bibliography – this is an alphabetical list of your sources that sits at the end of your written work.

Citations
• Used to acknowledge authors that you’ve quoted, paraphrased, or referred to in your written work.
• They consist of the author’s surname, the year of publication and page number (if there is one) and should
be placed in round brackets, like this: (Gilroy, 2004:16)
• If you are quoting someone directly, place the citation after the quote, like this:
“fashion is obsessed with gender” (Wilson, 2003:117)
• If you introduce the author’s name before the quote it is fine to place your citation after the author’s
surname, like this: Elizabeth Wilson (2003:117) argues that “fashion is obsessed with gender”
• Citing two authors: (Ambrose and Harris, 2016:22)
• Citing more than two authors: (Bloggs et al., 2017:43)
• Citing a film or television show: (Black Panther, 2018) (Reggie Yates’ Extreme UK: Men at war, 2016)
• Citing an author quoting somebody else: (Bloggs, 2005 cited in Jones, 2018:5)

Bibliography
• A bibliography is a list of all the sources used as part of your research.
• It can include sources that you consulted but didn’t directly quote or paraphrase.
• Place your bibliography at the end of your written work and have a clear heading to separate it.
• Your bibliography should be arranged alphabetically by author’s surname (in some instances you will need
to use a company name, website name, or the title of a film or television show instead).
• You will need to include different bits of information depending on the type of sources you are referencing.
• Here are examples of how to reference the most used sources:
o Books: Bertrand, I. and Hughes, P. (2018) Media research methods: audiences, institutions, texts. (2nd
ed.) Palgrave: London.
Hager, A. (2018) Religion and popular music: artists, fans and cultures. London: Bloomsbury.
o Book Chapters: Friedberg, A. (1990) ‘A denial of difference: theories of cinematic identification’ in:
Kaplan, E. A. (ed.) Psychoanalysis & cinema. London: Routledge.
Granata, F. (2016) ‘Mikhail Bakhtin: Fashioning the grotesque body’ in: Rocamora, A. and Smelik, A.
(eds.) Thinking through fashion. London: I.B. Tauris.
o Journal Articles: Henninger, C. E., Alevizou, P. J., Tan, J., Huang, Q. and Ryding, D. (2017)
‘Consumption strategies and motivations of Chinese consumers’ In: Journal of Fashion Marketing and
Management: An international journal 21 (3) pp.419-434.
Lazar, M. M. (2009) ‘Entitled to consume: postfeminist femininity and a culture of post-critique’ In:
Discourse & Communication 3 (4) pp.371-400.
o Websites:
Griffiths, A. (2019) Gus Wustemann creates affordable apartment block almost entirely from concrete.
At: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/02/19/gus-wustemann-affordable-apartments-concrete-zurich/
(Accessed 02/03/2022).

39