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ميهاربا لايع دومحم ىفطصم -: مسلاا ةثلاثلا -: ةلحرملا تارئاط كيناكيم ةسدنه -: عرفلا -: ةبرجتلا مسا Turbojet ENGINE -: ربتخملا مسا تارئاط تاكرحم

The document summarizes the components and operation of a turbojet engine. It describes the fan, compressor, combustor, turbine, and nozzle. The compressor squeezes air into smaller areas, increasing pressure. The combustor mixes the compressed air with fuel and ignites it. The high-energy airflow turns the turbine, which drives the compressor and fan. The nozzle expels the airflow as exhaust to produce forward thrust. Thermal and propulsive efficiencies are also defined. In conclusion, the mechanical design of turbojets faces challenges in rotor dynamics, blade vibrations, creep, fatigue, and damage tolerance depending on the engine component and location.

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Ali Mahmoud
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64 views7 pages

ميهاربا لايع دومحم ىفطصم -: مسلاا ةثلاثلا -: ةلحرملا تارئاط كيناكيم ةسدنه -: عرفلا -: ةبرجتلا مسا Turbojet ENGINE -: ربتخملا مسا تارئاط تاكرحم

The document summarizes the components and operation of a turbojet engine. It describes the fan, compressor, combustor, turbine, and nozzle. The compressor squeezes air into smaller areas, increasing pressure. The combustor mixes the compressed air with fuel and ignites it. The high-energy airflow turns the turbine, which drives the compressor and fan. The nozzle expels the airflow as exhaust to produce forward thrust. Thermal and propulsive efficiencies are also defined. In conclusion, the mechanical design of turbojets faces challenges in rotor dynamics, blade vibrations, creep, fatigue, and damage tolerance depending on the engine component and location.

Uploaded by

Ali Mahmoud
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‫االسم ‪ -:‬مصطفى محمود عيال ابراهيم‬

‫المرحلة ‪ -:‬الثالثة‬
‫الفرع ‪ -:‬هندسة ميكانيك طائرات‬
‫اسم التجربة ‪Turbojet ENGINE -:‬‬
‫اسم المختبر ‪ -:‬محركات طائرات‬

‫‪1‬‬
-:Introduction

The basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple. Air taken in from an


opening in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its
original pressure in compressor. Fuel is added to the air and burned in a
combustion chamber to raise the temperature of the fluid mixture to about
1,100°F to 1,300° F. The resulting hot air is passed through a turbine,
which drives the compressor. If the turbine and compressor are efficient,
the pressure at the turbine discharge will be nearly twice the atmospheric
pressure, and this excess pressure is sent to the nozzle to produce a high-
velocity stream of gas which produces a thrust. Substantial increases in
thrust can be obtained by employing an afterburner. It is a second
combustion chamber positioned after the turbine and before the nozzle.
The afterburner increases the temperature of the gas ahead of the nozzle.
The result of this increase in temperature is an increase of about 40
percent in thrust at takeoff and a much larger percentage at high speeds
.once the plane is in the air

2
-: Components of Turbo jet engines

-: Fan

The fan is the first component in a turbofan. The large spinning fan sucks
in large quantities of air. Most blades of the fan are made of titanium. It
then speeds this air up and splits it into two parts. One part continues
through the "core" or center of the engine, where it is acted upon by the
other engine components.

The second part "bypasses" the core of the engine. It goes through a duct
that surrounds the core to the back of the engine where it produces much
of the force that propels the airplane forward. This cooler air helps to
quiet the engine as well as adding thrust to the engine.

Compressor :-
The compressor is the first component in the engine core. The compressor
is made up of fans with many blades and attached to a shaft. The
compressor squeezes the air that enters it into progressively smaller areas,
resulting in an increase in the air pressure. This results in an increase in
the energy potential of the air. The squashed air is forced into the
combustion chamber.

Combustor :-

 In the combustor the air is mixed with fuel and then ignited. There are as
many as 20 nozzles to spray fuel into the airstream. The mixture of air
and fuel catches fire. This provides a high temperature, high-energy
airflow. The fuel burns with the oxygen in the compressed air, producing
hot expanding gases. The inside of the combustor is often made of
ceramic materials to provide a heat-resistant chamber. The heat can reach
2700°.

3
Turbine :-
The high-energy airflow coming out of the combustor goes into the
turbine, causing the turbine blades to rotate. The turbines are linked by a
shaft to turn the blades in the compressor and to spin the intake fan at the
front. This rotation takes some energy from the high-energy flow that is
used to drive the fan and the compressor. The gases produced in the
combustion chamber move through the turbine and spin its blades. The
turbines of the jet spin around thousands of times. They are fixed on
shafts which have several sets of ball-bearing in between them.

Nozzle :-

The nozzle is the exhaust duct of the engine. This is the engine part which
actually produces the thrust for the plane. The energy depleted airflow
that passed the turbine, in addition to the colder air that bypassed the
engine core, produces a force when exiting the nozzle that acts to propel
the engine, and therefore the airplane, forward. The combination of the
hot air and cold air are expelled and produce an exhaust, which causes a
forward thrust. The nozzle may be preceded by a mixer, which combines
the high temperature air coming from the engine core with the lower
temperature air that was bypassed in the fan. The mixer helps to make the
engine quieter.

What is Thrust?
Thrust is the forward force that pushes the engine and, therefore, the
airplane forward. Sir Isaac Newton discovered that for "every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction." An engine uses this principle.
The engine takes in a large volume of air. The air is heated and
compressed and slowed down. The air is forced through many spinning
blades. By mixing this air with jet fuel, the temperature of the air can be
as high as three thousand degrees. The power of the air is used to turn the
turbine. Finally, when the air leaves, it pushes backward out of the
engine. This causes the plane to move forward.

4
Thermal efficiency -:

The thermal efficiency is defined as the ratio of the net power


out of the engine to the rate of thermal energy available from the
fuel According to the T-s diagram of an ideal turbojet engine,
the thermal efficiency simplifies to

Propulsive efficiency :-

The propulsive efficiency is defined as the ratio of the useful


power output (the product of thrust and flight velocity, V0 ) to
the total power output (rate of change of the kinetic energy of
gases through the engine). This simplifies to

5
Conclusion :-
In summary, the mechanical design of turbojets is challenging.

One first challenge is the study of the dynamics of multiple rotor

systems submitted to large gyroscopic couples.

Then, depending on the engine component (blade, disc) and on its

location within the engine, problems are of very different nature:

• In the « cold » parts of the engine (fan, LP compressor, HP

compressor), the mechanical design is based on the solution of

dynamical problems (blade vibrations, aeroelastic flutter, bird

impact).

• In the « hot » parts of the engine (HP compressor, combustion

chamber, HP turbine), the design is based on creep and fatigue

calculations and a damage tolerance philosophy is applied.

6
Reference :-
AERO0015-1 - MECHANICAL DESIGN OF TURBOMACHINERY

- 5 ECTS - J.-C. GOLINVAL – University of Liege (Belgium)

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