BDwbU

gvwjKvbv wfwˇZ e¨emvq

4

f‚wgKv
†fv³v‡`i wewfbœgyLx Pvwn`v, gvwjKvbv, e¨emvqx‡`i wbR¯^ g‡bvfve Ges AvKvi I ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi
e¨emvq msMV‡bi m„wó nq| G BDwb‡U Avgiv gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`, GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi
aviYv,ˆewkó¨ I Dchy³ †ÿÎ, GK gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq MVb mnR †Kb/myweav I Amyweav,Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi
aviYv,ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweav, Askx`vwi e¨emvq I Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`, Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³cÎ I
welqe¯‘, Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVb,wbeÜbKiY I Gi myweav, Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †f‡O hvIqvi KviY I
we‡jvcmvab, †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi aviYv I ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweav, †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi MVbcÖYvjx,
cÖKvi‡f` Ges cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡ev|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV- 4.1 : gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`
cvV- 4.2 : GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi aviYv, ˆewkó¨ I Dchy³ †ÿÎ
cvV- 4.3 : GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq MVb GZ mnR †Kb/myweav I Amyweav
cvV- 4.4 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi aviYv, ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweav
cvV- 4.5 : Askx`vwi e¨emvq I Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
cvV- 4.6 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³cÎ I welqe¯‘
cvV- 4.7 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVb, wbeÜbKiY I Gi myweav
cvV- 4.8 : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †f‡O hvIqvi KviY I we‡jvcmvab
cvV- 4.9 : †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi aviYv,ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweav
cvV- 4.10 : †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi MVb cÖYvjx, cÖKvi‡f` Ges cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨
cv_©K¨

cvV-4.1 gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

gvwjKvbv wfwˇZ e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq, Askx`vwi e¨emvq, †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq, mgevq e¨emvq I

ivóªxq e¨emvq
g~L¨ kã (Key Words)

gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

mf¨Zvi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q e¨emv‡qi GZ aib ev cÖKvi‡f` wQj bv| gvby‡li µgea©gvb Pvwn`v, mgvR I
iv‡óªi AvBb-KvVv‡gv, e¨emv‡qi DrKl©Zv Ges g~jab msMÖ‡ni Dr‡mi AvwaK¨ BZ¨vw` we‡ePbvq e¨emvq msMV‡bi
gvwjKvbvi KvVv‡gv‡Z gvÎvMZ I ¸YMZ wfbœZv G‡b‡Q|
gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ e¨emvq‡K wb‡Pi cvuP fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:
1| GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq;
2| Askx`vwi e¨emvq;
3| †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq;
4| mgevq e¨emvq I
5| ivóªxq e¨emvq|

wb‡P G‡`i m¤c‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

1. GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq: e¨emvq msMV‡bi cÖvPxb iƒc n‡jv GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq| GKRb e¨w³i gvwjKvbvq
Giƒc e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| ïaygvÎ A_©ms¯’vb Øviv g~jab MVbB bq, e¨emv‡qi mKj `vq
gvwjK‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b G ai‡bi e¨emvq GK‡PwUqv AvwacZ¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
2. Askx`vwi e¨emvq: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi mxgve×Zv I Amyweavmg~n `~i Kivi j‡ÿB g~jZ: Askx`vwi
e¨emvq M‡o I‡V| mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ †h
e¨emvq MVb Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| e¨vcK A‡_©, Kgc‡ÿ `yB Rb Ges m‡e©v”P wekRb
(e¨vswKs e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P `kRb) e¨w³ gybvdv AR©b I Zv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ e›U‡bi Rb¨ Pzw³e× n‡q
†¯^”Qvq †h e¨emvq cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡j, Zv‡K Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb
†gvZv‡eK Askx`vwi e¨emvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|
3. †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq: †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq msMVb ev †Kv¤cvwb n‡jv AvBbm„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mË¡vi AwaKvix|
Ggb GK ai‡bi e„n`vqZb e¨emvq msMVb hv A`„k¨, wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix, hv wb‡Ri bvg I wmj Øviv
cwiwPZ I cwiPvwjZ nq; †hLv‡b gvwjKvbv mxwgZ `vqwewkó †kqvi msL¨v Øviv wba©vwiZ| †Kv¤cvwbi wewfbœ w`K
AšÍf©z³ K‡i 1882 mv‡j cÖ_g fviZxq †Kv¤cvwb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| c‡i Gi e¨vcK cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I
ms‡kvab Kiv nq 1913 mv‡j| Avevi cwieZ©b I cwiea©b K‡i 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvBb cÖewZ©Z nq, hv
AvRI Kvh©Ki i‡q‡Q|
4. mgevq e¨emvq: cvi¯cwiK A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ GKB †kªwY ev †ckvi mggbv KwZcq e¨w³ mw¤§wjZ
cÖ‡Póv I mg-AwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi AvIZvq †h MYZvwš¿K cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡j, Zv‡K
mgevq e¨emv‡q e‡j| eZ©gv‡b 2001 mv‡ji mgevq AvBb Ges 2004 mv‡ji mgevq wewagvjv Øviv mgevq
e¨emv‡q msMVb cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|
5. ivóªxq e¨emvq: ïaygvÎ gybvdv bq RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ iv‡óªi ev miKv‡ii gvwjKvbvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ
e¨emvq cÖwZôvbB n‡jv ivóªxq e¨emvq| cvwb, we`y¨r, M¨vm, mvgwiK evwnbxi gZ AwZ Avek¨Kxq †mev
cÖ`vbKvix msMVb ivóªxq gvwjKvbvq _v‡K|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 44

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡ÿc

gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ e¨emvq‡K cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_v: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq, Askx`vwi
e¨emvq, †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq, mgevq e¨emvq I ivóªxq e¨emvq|

GKRb e¨w³i gvwjKvbvq, cwiPvjbvq I wbqš¿‡Y †h e¨emvq Zv‡K GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq e‡j|

Kgc‡ÿ `yÕRb Ges m‡e©v”P wek Rb (e¨vswKs e¨emvq †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P `kRb) e¨w³ gybvdv AR©b I Zv
wb‡R‡`i‡K g‡a¨ eȇbi Rb¨ Pzw³e× n‡q †¯^”Qvq †h e¨emvq cÖwZôvb M‡o Zz‡j Zv Askx`vwi e¨emvq|

†h e¨emvq msMVb A`„k¨, wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix, hv wb‡Ri bvg I wmj Øviv cwiwPZ I cwiPvwjZ nq,
†hLv‡b gvwjKvbv mxwgZ `vqwewkó †kqvi msL¨v Øviv wba©vwiZ, Zv †hŠ_g~jbx e¨emvq|

cvi¯cwiK A_©‰bwZK Kj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ GKB †kªwY ev †ckvi mggbv KwZcq e¨w³ mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv I mg-
AwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi AvIZvq †h MYZvwš¿K cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡j, Zv‡K mgevq
e¨emv‡q e‡j|

ïaygvÎ gybvdv bq, RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ iv‡óªi ev miKv‡ii gvwjKvbvq MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ e¨emvq
cÖwZôvbB n‡jv ivóªxq e¨emvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ e¨emvq‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
(K) `yB (L) wZb
(M) Pvi (N) cuvP
2. †Kvb e¨emvq me‡P‡q †ewk cÖvPxb?
(K) GK gvwjKvbv (L) Askx`vwi
(M) †hŠ_g~jabx (N) mgevq
3. †Kvb e¨emvq wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix?
(K) GK gvwjKvbv (L) Askx`vwi
(M) †hŠ_g~jabx (N) mgevq
4. †Kvb e¨emv‡q mg‡ckvi †jvKRb wgwjZ n‡q _v‡K?
(K) GK gvwjKvbv (L) Askx`vwi
(M) †hŠ_g~jabx (N) mgevq
5. AwZ Avek¨Kxq †mev cÖ`vbKvix e¨emvq †KvbwU?
(K) GK gvwjKvbv (L) Askx`vwi
(M) †hŠ_g~jabx (N) ivóªxq

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 45

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cvV-4.2 GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq aviYv, ˆewkó¨ I Dchy³ †ÿÎ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• Kx Kx ˆewkó¨ _vK‡j GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq n‡e Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î GK gvwjKvbvq e¨emvq Dchy³ ev Dc‡hvMx Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z Ges e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq aviYv

GKRb e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ïk¨ g~jab msMÖn K‡i †h e¨emvq MVb, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿b K‡i Ges
AwbðqZv †_‡K m„ó SzuwK enb K‡i I mgy`q gybvdv †fvM K‡i Zv‡K GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq e‡j| KzwUi wkí, gyw`i
†`vKvb, cvb-weuwoi †`vKvb, †UBjvwis, Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv, wdwjs †÷kb BZ¨vw` GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi cÖK…ó
D`vniY|
GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq ˆewkó¨
cÖvPxbZg I RbwcÖq msMVb n‡jv GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq msMVb Zv Avgiv c~‡e©B †R‡bwQ| GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi
Ggb wKQz ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ e¨emvq msMVb n‡Z AwZ mn‡R c„_K Kiv hvq| Avi †h mKj
ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y wbR¯^ ¯^KxqZv wb‡q eZ©gvb ch©šÍ wU‡K Av‡Q Zv wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. GKK gvwjKvbv: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi gvwjK GKRb e¨w³| wZwb e¨emv‡qi mewKQzi ¯^Z¡waKvix Ges wb‡Ri
cÖ‡Póv Øviv A_© msMÖn K‡i e¨emvq MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
2. mnR MVb: AwZ mn‡R GB RvZxq e¨emvq msMVb M‡o †Zvjv hvq| AvBbMZ Sv‡gjv bv _vKvi Rb¨ GKRb
D‡`¨v³v Kg kªg I mg‡qi g‡a¨ GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. ¯^í g~jab: ¯^í g~jab wb‡q Aí cwim‡i GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Kvh©µg ïiæ Kiv hvq| Kg cwigv‡Y wewb‡qvM
Øviv GB RvZxq e¨emvq Kiv hvq e‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k MÖvg-M‡Ä, nvU-evRv‡i, kn‡i BZ¨vw` RvqMvq GK
gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi cÖPjb †ewk|
4. GKK wbqš¿Y: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi cwiKíbv, msMVb, mgš^q, Kg©x wb‡qvM, †bZ…Z¡ I wbqš¿‡Yi KvR gvwjK
wb‡R K‡i _v‡Kb|
5. Amxg `vq: GB RvZxq e¨emv‡qi gvwjK GKRb e¨w³ e‡j Zv‡K mKj e¨emvwqK `vq cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|
GKR‡bi Dci mKj `vq Ac©Y nq e‡j nq e‡j GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi `vq Amxg nq|
6. ÿz`ª AvKvi: cÖvq AwaKvsk GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq msMV‡bi AvKvi I AvqZb †QvU n‡q _v‡K| ÿz`ª AvKv‡ii
Rb¨ g~jab Kg jv‡M, e¨e¯’vcbv I wbqš¿b mnR e‡j eZ©gv‡b GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi msL¨v †ewk|
7. c„_K mËvnxbZv: c„_K mËv wnmv‡e GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq‡K wbewÜZ n‡Z nq bv e‡j Gi †Kv‡bv c„_K mËv
_v‡K bv| GLv‡b e¨w³ I e¨emvq Awfbœ mËv wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
8. GKK gybvdv I †jvKmvb e›Ub: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi AwR©Z mgy`q gybvdv gvwjK GKv †fvM K‡i| Avi
†jvKmvb n‡j Zv‡K enb Ki‡Z nq|
9. GKK SzuwK: gvwjK GKv †h‡nZz mKj gybvdv †fvM K‡i †m‡nZz e¨emv‡qi mKj SzuwK Zv‡K enb Ki‡Z nq|
e¨emv‡qi AwbðqZv †_‡K SzuwKi D™¢e nq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 46

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

10. AwbwðZ Avqy¯‹vj: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ïiæ I cwimgvwß m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Gi gvwj‡Ki Dci wbf©i K‡i|
e¨emv‡qi gybvdv AR©b Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j I gvwj‡Ki cwiPvjbvi B”Qv _vK‡j GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq Pj‡Z
_v‡K|
DcwiD³ ˆewkó¨vewj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq AZ¨šÍ mnR cÖK…wZi I RwUjZv gy³| Amxg `vq,
GKK SzuwKi g‡Zv wKQz †bwZevPK ˆewkó¨ _vKvi ciI GwU AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq e¨emvq msMVb|

GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Dchy³ †ÿÎ

eZ©gv‡b mgq e„n`vqZb e¨emvq RMZ cwigÛ‡ji e¨vcK Dbœqb I m¤cÖmvib n‡q‡Q| GB e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi
mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i ÿz`ª GK gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq RbwcÖqZvi kx‡l© i‡q‡Q|
GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Ggb wKQz we‡kl †ÿÎ jÿYxq †hLv‡b Ab¨ e¨emvq Gi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AeZxY© n‡Z
cv‡i bv| wb‡¤œ GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Dchy³ †ÿÎmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1. ¯^í g~ja‡bi e¨emvq: †h mKj e¨emvq cwiPvjbv I MVb Ki‡Z ¯^í g~jab jv‡M †mB e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î GK
gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq Dchy³| †hgb: gyw`i †`vKvb, cvb-wewoi †÷vi, mewRi †`vKvb BZ¨vw`|
2. LyPiv weµ‡qi e¨emvq: †h mKj cY¨‡K PzovšÍ †fv³vi Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ LyPiv we‡µZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq
†m‡ÿ‡Î GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq Lye Dchy³| †hgb: we‡k¦i †miv LyPiv we‡µZvi †`vKvb IqvjgvU© †÷vi|
3. cPbkxj cY¨: cPbkxj c‡Y¨i e¨emvq mvavibZ GK gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ M‡o D‡V| †hgb: djg~j, kvKmewR,
gvQ-gvsm BZ¨vw`i e¨emvq|
4. mxwgZ Pvwn`vi cY¨: Ggb wKQz cY¨ Av‡Q hvi Drcv`b I Pvwn`v GKUv we‡kl GjvKvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K| G
ai‡bi c‡Y¨i e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvqB Dchy³| †hgb: †nv‡Uj, †i‡¯Íviv BZ¨vw`|
5. †ckv`vwi e¨emvq: †h mKj e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î GKRb `ÿ †ckv`vi e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRb nq †mB †ÿ‡Î GK
gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq Dchy³| †hgb: Wv³vwi, AvBb e¨emvq, cÖwZwbwa e¨emvq BZ¨vw`|
6. KzwUi wkí: ÿz`ª wk‡í Kg kªwgK I g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvB D³ †ÿ‡Î GK gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq Dchy³|
†hgb: evuk I †eu‡Zi wkí, ZvuZ wkí, g„rwkí BZ¨vw`|
7. ˆkwíK K‡g©i e¨emvq: †h mKj e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³i ˆbcyY¨, wkíKg© I mybvg RwoZ i‡q‡Q †mB †ÿ‡Î GK
gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq †ewk Dc‡hvMx| †hgb: wkí Kg©, Av‡jvK wPÎ, ¯^Y©Kv‡ii †`vKvb BZ¨vw`|
8. K…wlRvZ c‡Y¨i e¨emvq: K…wlRvZ cY¨ I mnvqK c‡Y¨i e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq †ewk Dchy³
e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| †hgb: avb e¨emvq, Avjy e¨emvq, KvuPvgv‡ji e¨emvq BZ¨vw`|
9. cÖZ¨ÿ †mev`vb: †h e¨emvq †_‡K †fv³vMY cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e †mev †c‡Z AvMÖnx nq †mB †ÿ‡Î GK gvwjKvbv
e¨emvq DËg| †hgb: PzjKvUvi †mjyb, jwÛªi †`vKvb BZ¨vw`|
10. cÖKvkbv e¨emvq: ¯’vbxq I RvZxq ch©v‡qi cÖKvkbv e¨emvq GK gvwjKvbv wfwˇZ M‡o DVv DËg| †hgb:
Le‡ii KvMR, eBcÎ, g¨vMvwRb BZ¨vw` e¨emvq|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ‡evSv hvq †h, GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Dchy³ †ÿÎmg~n n‡jv ¯^í g~jab, kªg, SzuwK I
KvwiMwi `ÿZv wb‡q M‡o DVv e¨emvqmg~n| AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z G RvZxq e¨emvq cwijwÿZ nq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 47

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

mvims‡ÿc

GK gvwjKvbvq e¨emv‡q gvwjK I wbqš¿K GKRb gvÎ e¨w³|

c„w_exi cÖvq 80 kZvsk e¨emvq cÖwZôvb GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq|

c„w_ex‡Z e¨emv‡qi †MvovcËb N‡U GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g|

GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq‡K cÖvPxbZg e¨emvq ejv nq|

Gi MVb I e¨e¯’vcbv AwZ mnR Ges AvBwb †Kv‡bv RwUjZv †bB|

G e¨emv‡qi gvwjK‡K mKj cÖKvi SuywK enb Ki‡Z nq Ges mgy`q gybvdv I †jvKmvb Zv‡KB †fvM Ki‡Z
nq|

KzwUi wkí, gyw`i †`vKvb, cvb wewoi †`vKvb, †UBjvwis, weDwU cvj©vi, Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv, wdwjs †÷kb BZ¨vw`
GK gvwjKvbvq e¨emv‡qi cÖK…ó D`vniY|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. c„w_ex‡Z GK gvwjKvbvq e¨emv‡qi Ae¯’vb Kx?
(K) 50 kZvsk (L) 60 kZvsk
(M) 70 kZvsk (N) 80 kZvsk
2. GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ Kx?
(K) mnR MVb (L) ¯^í g~jab
(M) ¯^í ¯’vqx (N) Amxg `vq
3. GK gvwjKvbvq e¨emv‡qi ¯’vqxZ¡ wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
(K) e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ (L) gvwj‡Ki B”Qv
(M) g~ja‡bi cwigvY (N) e¨emv‡qi AvKvi
4. GK gvwjKvbvq e¨emvq‡K Kx e‡j?
(K) cÖvPxb e¨emvq (L) AvaywbK e¨emvq
(M) ga¨hyMxq e¨emvq (N) mgmvgwqK e¨emvq
5. GK gvwjKvbvq e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ gvwj‡Ki m¤úK© Kx?
(K) c„_K mËvnxbZv (L) GKK mËvnxb
(M) mshy³ mËv (N) wehy³ mËv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 48

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-4.3 GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq MVb GZ mnR †Kb/ myweav I Amyweav

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• Ab¨vb¨ e¨emv‡qi Zzjbvq GK gvwjKvbvq e¨emvq MVb †Kb AwZ mnR, Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• GK gvwjKvbvq e¨emv‡qi Amyweav D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq MVb GZ mnR †Kb/ myweav

c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI GK gvwjKvbvi e¨emv‡qi msL¨v Askx`vwi ev †hŠ_g~jabx
e¨emvq A‡cÿv A‡bK †ewk| Gi KviY n‡jv Askx`vwi ev †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq MVb Ki‡Z Ggb wKQz Amyweav
jÿbxq hv GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq †bB| g~jZt GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM, ¯^í g~jab, ¯^í
kªg, AeKvVv‡gvMZ myweav, AvBwb RwUjZvgy³ I Kg SzuwK BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv RwoZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y AwZ mn‡R Kg
mg‡q MVb Kiv hvq| DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jv wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM: GKRb D‡`¨v³v wbR †Póv Øviv A_© msMÖn K‡i AwZ mn‡R GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq MVb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| e¨emv‡q GKK gvwjKvbv jvf Kivi g‡bvfve A‡bK e¨w³‡K G ai‡bi e¨emvq MVb Ki‡Z Drmvnx K‡i|
2. ¯^í g~jab: g~jab Qvov †Kv‡bv e¨emvq MVb Kiv hvq bv Ges g~jab n‡jv e¨emv‡qi PvwjKv kw³| Askx`vwi ev
†hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq MVb Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges msMÖn Kiv I e¨e¯’vcbv Kiv RwUj KvR|
cÿvšÍ‡i, GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡q Kg g~jab n‡jB e¨emvq Avi¤¢ I cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq ¯^í
g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq e‡j GK gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq MVb mnR nq|
3. ¯^í kªg: GK gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq mvaviYZ †QvU AvKv‡i I AvqZ‡b MwVZ nq| Giƒc e¨emv‡qi Kvh©‡ÿÎ Kg nq|
ZvB ¯^í kª‡gi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| ¯^í kªg wbf©i nIqvi Rb¨ GK gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq MVb mnR nq|
4. AeKvVv‡gvMZ myweav: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq kn‡ii †K›`ª¯’j n‡Z MÖvg-M‡Äi †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b M‡o †Zvjv hvq|
Giƒc e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ we‡kl AeKvVv‡gvMZ myweavi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| eis †h †Kv‡bv AeKvVv‡gv‡Z e¨emvq ¯’vcb
Kiv hvq|
5. AvBwb RwUjZvgy³: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq MV‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv AvBwb Sv‡gjv †bB| Z‡e e¨emvq †cŠi GjvKvq
Aew¯’Z n‡j †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
6. Kg SzuwK: ¯^í g~jab wewb‡qvM _vKvi Rb¨ GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi AwbðqZv †_‡K m„ó SzuwKi cwigvY Kg
_v‡K| SzuwK Kg e‡j GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq MVb Ki‡Z D‡`¨v³v AvMÖnx _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l Dc‡ii welq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cwÿ‡Z ejv hvq GK gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq MVb Kiv A‡bK mnR KvR|

GK gvwjKvbvi e¨emvq Amyweav

GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi e¨emvq hvi D‡`¨v³v, gvwjK, cwiPvjK I A‡_©i †hvMvb`vZv GKB
e¨w³ Ges wZwb wb‡RB GKKfv‡e e¨emv‡qi mKj SuzwK, `vq, jvf I †jvKmvb enb K‡ib| wb‡¤œ GK gvwjKvbv
e¨emv‡qi Amyweav¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv n‡jv-
1. GKK SuzwK: GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi gvwjK memgq GKRb e¨w³ whwb wbR D‡`¨v‡M cuywRi ms¯’vb K‡ib,
e¨emvq cwiPvjbv K‡ib, SuzwK enb K‡ib | GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi mKj SuzwK gvwjK‡K GKKfv‡e enb
Ki‡Z nq|
2. ¯^í g~jab: ¯^í g~jab wb‡q G RvZxq e¨emvq MVb Ki‡Z nq| gvwjK wb‡RB G g~jab †hvMvb †`b| mvaviY
wbR¯^ mÂq I cÖ‡qvR‡b eÜzy-evÜe, AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb Ges e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡q g~jab e¨emvq cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 49

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

3. ÿz`ª cwimi: AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq ÿy`ª AvKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| g~ja‡bi l¦íZv I GKRb
e¨w³i gvwjKvi Rb¨ Gi AvqZb mvaviYZ †QvU n‡q _v‡K|
4. ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Afve: AvB‡bi †Pv‡L GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi c„_K †Kvb mËv †bB| GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi ¯’vwqZ¡
gvwj‡Ki B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj| KviY e¨emvq Pvjy ivLv ev eÜ Kiv gvwj‡Ki AvMÖ‡ni Dci wbf©i K‡i|
5. Amxg `vq: G RvZxq e¨emv‡qi m¤ú~Y© `vq-`vwqZ¡ gvwj‡Ki| d‡j Zvi `vq Amxg| d‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨w³MZ
m¤úwË weµq K‡i e¨emv‡qi `vq cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|

mvims‡ÿc

GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM, ¯^í g~jab, ¯^í kÖg, AvBwb RwUjZvgy³ I Kg SuywK wbwnZ
_vKvq, AwZ mn‡R G e¨emvq MVb Kiv hvq|

c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡kI GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi msL¨v Ab¨vb¨ e¨emv‡qi msL¨v †P‡q †ewk|
KviY Ab¨vb¨ e¨emvq msMVb MVb Ki‡Z n‡j A‡bK RwUjZv I AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq|

GKK gvwjKvbvq e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ nq weavq Gi MVb I we‡jvc Ab¨vb¨ e¨emvq msMV‡bi †P‡q A‡bK mnR|

GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi we‡kl ˆewkó¨ I ¯^KxqZvi Rb¨ c„w_exi mKj †`‡k GwU GLb ch©šÍ `„pfv‡e wU‡K Av‡Q
Ges RbwcÖqZvi w`‡KI m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡M e¨emvq ïiæ Kivi DËg msMVb n‡jv-
(K) GK gvwjKvbv (L) Askx`vwi
(M) †hŠ_g~jabx (N) ivóªxq
2. GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨?
(K) Pzw³cÎ cÖYqb (L) Pzw³cÎ wbeÜb
(M) mnR MVb (N) †kqvi weµq
3. †h †Kv‡bv AeKvVv‡gv‡Z e¨emvq ¯’vcb Kiv hvq †KvbwU?
(K) †hŠ_g~jabx (L) Askx`vwi
(M) mgevq (N) GK gvwjKvbv
4. †Kvb e¨emvq †cŠi GjvKvq ïiæ Ki‡j †UªW jvB‡mÝ Riæwi?
(K) GK gvwjKvbv (L) Askx`vwi
(M) mgevq (N) †hŠ_g~jabx
5. GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq MVb GZ mnR, KviY-
(i) AvBwb RwUjZvgy³;
(ii) ¯^í g~jab cÖ‡qvRb nq;
(iii) mxwgZ `vq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 50

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-4.4 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi aviYv, ˆewkó¨, myweav I Amyweav

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• Askx`vwi e¨emvq Kx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• Kx Kx welq AšÍf~©³ _vK‡j Askx`vwi e¨emvq n‡e Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• Askx`vwi e¨emvq Gi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi aviYv

Av‡Mi w`‡b e¨emvq evwYR¨ mvaviYZ K…wl c‡Y¨i g‡a¨B mxgve× wQj| †mB mgq GKK e¨w³i
gvwjKvbvq e¨emvq cwiPvjbv wQj gyL¨ welq| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b wkí I e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i DbœwZ I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi
Dbœq‡bi d‡j GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi avivq cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq| ïiæ n‡jv e¨w³ I mvg‡_¨©i mgš^q| GK
gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi mxgve×Zv I Amyweavmg~n `~i Kivi j‡ÿB g~jZ: Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o I‡V| mnRfv‡e ejv
hvq, G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ †h e¨emvq MVb Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Askx`vwi
e¨emvq e‡j|
1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 4 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mK‡ji Øviv ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ
e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ e›U‡bi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h Pzw³e× m¤c‡K©i m„wó K‡i Zv‡`i
cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Askx`vi Ges mw¤§wjZfv‡e Zv‡`i e¨emvq‡K Askx`vwi e¨emvq ejv nq|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Ggb wKQz Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hvi Rb¨ GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq Ges †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq
n‡Z Zv mn‡R c„_K Kiv hvq| wb‡¤œ Askx`vwi e¨emvi ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:-
1. GKvwaK m`m¨: AvBbMZfv‡e Pzw³ m¤cv`‡bi Rb¨ †hvM¨ GKvwaK m`m¨ wb‡q Askx`vwi e¨emvq ïiæ Kiv nq|
GLv‡b `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i Dcw¯’wZ Qvov Askx`vwi‡Z¡i m„wó n‡Z cv‡i bv|
2. m`m¨ msL¨v: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wb¤œ 2 Rb †_‡K m‡e©v”P 20 R‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K|
e¨vsK e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m`m¨ msL¨v 2 †_‡K 10 Rb nq|
3. Pzw³e× m¤cK©: Pzw³ n‡jv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~j wfwË| Pzw³i gva¨‡g Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi m„wó nq|
Askx`vwi Pzw³ †gŠwLK, wjwLZ, wbewÜZ I AwbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i|
4. cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY: Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mKj Askx`vi AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mK‡ji
c‡ÿ GKRb Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K|
5. g~jab mieivn: Pzw³ Abymv‡i Askx`viMY wbR wbR As‡ki Abycv‡Z e¨emvq ïiæi mgq ev cieZ©x‡Z g~jab
mieivn K‡i| Pzw³‡Z D‡jøL _vK‡j g~jab QvovI Askx`vi nIqv hvq|
6. jvf †jvKmvb e›Ub: Giƒc e¨emv‡q AwR©Z jvf ev †jvKmvb NU‡j mKj Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ mgvbfv‡e e›Ub
Kiv nq| Avi Pzw³‡Z hw` wKQz D‡jøL _v‡K Z‡e Pzw³ Abymv‡i jvf ev †jvKmvb e›Ub n‡e|
7. `vq: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi `vq Amxg| Giƒc e¨emv‡qi `v‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi e¨w³MZfv‡e I
mgwóMZfv‡e `vqx _v‡K| welqwU GiKg e¨emv‡q 10 jÿ UvKv `vq m„wó n‡j, GKRb Askx`vi †`Dwjqv n‡jI
Zvi `vq Ab¨vb¨ Askx`viMb‡K enb Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 51

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

8. cvi¯cwiK wek¦vm: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³ cvi¯cwiK Av¯’v I wek¦v‡mi Dci cÖwZwôZ nq Ges e¨emv‡qi
mdjZv Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
9. AvBbMZ mËv: Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Z‡e wbewÜZ n‡j A‡bK myweav cvIqv hvq| wKš‘
Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ n‡jI †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ mËv m„wó nq bv| ZvB †`bv-cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ e¨emv‡qi
weiæ‡× gvgjv bv K‡i Askx`vi‡`i weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv nq|
10. we‡jvcmvab: Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ Abv¯’v-Awek¦vm I we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j Askx`vwi e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab nq|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi myweav

gvSvwi ai‡bi msMVb wn‡m‡e Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi A‡bK¸‡jv myweav i‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ Aswk`vix e¨emv‡qi myweav¸‡jv
eY©bv Kiv njt
1. mnR MVb: Askx`vwi e¨emvq MVb Kiv LyeB mnR| Pyw³ m¤úv`‡b mÿg `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ Pzw³ e× n‡q
Askx`vwi e¨emvq MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ †Kvb AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv †bB|
2. AwaK cyuwR: G e¨emv‡q GKvwaK m`m¨ _vKvq d‡j Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b mK‡ji m¤§wZµ‡g gyjab e„w× my‡hvM _vKvq
G‡ÿ‡Î AwaK g~jab msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e nq|
3. SyuwK-n«vm: G e¨emv‡q cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi‡K SuzwK enb Ki‡Z nq| e¨emv‡qi SuzwK GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii g‡a¨
ew›UZ nq e‡j GKK SzuwK n«vm cvq|
4. `je× cÖ‡Póv : Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q mKj Askx`v‡ii ¯^v‡_© GK I Awfbœ nIqvq mK‡jB `je×fv‡e e¨emv‡q
mdjZvi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| d‡j e¨emv‡qi DbœwZ N‡U|
5. bZzb Askx`vi MÖnY: mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖwZfvevb, ¸Yx I abx e¨w³‡K bZzb Askx`vi
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i e¨emvq jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i|
6. mwVK wm×všÍ: G e¨emv‡q mKj Askx`vi‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ h_v_© wm×všÍ †bIqv hvq|
ZvQvov, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y MYZvwš¿K bxwZ Abym„Z nq e‡j mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY I Gi ev¯Íevqb mnR nq|
7. `ÿ cwiPvjbv: wewfbœ wel‡q `ÿ I AwfÁZv m¤úbœ e¨w³eM© Askx`vi wn‡m‡e G e¨emv‡q †hvM`vb K‡i|
cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi wbR wbR `ÿZv, †hvM¨Zv I AwfÁZvi mg¤^q NwU‡q cÖwZôvb‡K mdjfv‡e cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
8. FY MÖn‡Y myweav: G e¨emvq gvwjK GKvwaK _vKvq Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki e¨w³MZ m¤úwZ FY cwi‡kv‡a e¨enZ nq
e‡j A‡b‡KB FY cÖ`v‡b AvMÖnx nq|
9. `ÿ Kg©Pvwi wb‡qvM: G e¨emv‡q g~jab GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq †_‡K A‡bK †ewk nIqvq e¨emvwqK Kv‡R `ÿ I
AwfÁ Kg©Pvwi wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10. D‡Ëvj‡bi my‡hvM: G e¨emv‡qi Askx`viMY e¨w³MZ cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨emvq †_‡K g~jab ev gybvdv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Amyweav

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Amyweav _vKvi ciI Bnv Amyweavgy³ bq| wb‡¤œi Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi cÖavb cÖavb mgm¨v¸‡jv
eY©bv Kiv nj t

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 52

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^: G e¨emv‡qi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mKj Askx`v‡ii gZvgZ wb‡Z nq| G‡Z `ywU mgm¨v
nq-cÖ_gZt mevB‡K h_v mg‡q cvIqv hvq bv; wØZxqZt A‡bK mgq g‡ZiI Awgj nq| H me Kvi‡Y wm×všÍ MÖnY
wejw¤^Z nq|
3. ¯’vwq‡Z¡i AwbðqZv: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ¯’vwqZ¡ LyeB AwbwðZ| Askx`v‡ii g„Z¨, gw¯Í¯‹ weK„wZ, †`DwjqvZ¡,
cvi¯úwiK we‡iva ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb Kvi‡Y Askx`vwi e¨emvq †f‡O †h‡Z cv‡i|
4. cwiPvjbvq RwUjZv:Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx mKj Askx`viB e¨emvq-cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
†Kvb A‡hvM¨ Askx`vi Giƒc AwaKZi cÖ‡qv‡M GwM‡q Avm‡j e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq RwUjZv †`Lv †`q|
5. mxwgZ m`m¨ msL¨v: mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q m‡ev©”P m`m¨ msL¨v 20Rb I e¨vswKs Askx`vwi I e¨emv‡qi
m‡ev©”P m`m¨ msL¨v 10 R‡b mxgve×| †h Kvi‡Y e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b bZzb †Kvb †hvM¨ Askx`vi MÖnY Kiv hvq bv
Ges Znwe‡ji Afv‡e e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi myweav jvf Kiv hvq bv|
6. Amr I A‡hvM¨ Askx`v‡ii Kv‡Ri `vqenb: cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
cvi¯úwiK GB cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq Amr I A‡hvM¨ Askx`vi‡`i Rvi `vq Ab¨ Askx`vi‡KI enb
Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z K‡i cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© Askx`vi‡`i g‡b weiƒc g‡bvfve m„wó nq|
7. gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i Amyweav:G e¨emv‡qi Askx`viMY Aev‡a gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Pzw³‡Z D‡jøL bv
_vK‡j ev Ab¨vb¨ Askx`vi‡`i gZvgZ bv wb‡q †Kvb Askx`vi Zvi gvwjKvbv B‡”Q m‡Ë¡I Aci Kv‡iv wbKU
n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
8. c„_K mËvi Afve:Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †Kvb AvBbMZ mËv †bB| KviY GUv AvB‡bi gva¨‡g m„wó nq bv|
Askx`v‡ii e¨w³MZ mËv Ges e¨emv‡qi mËv GK Ges Awfbœ| d‡j †Kvb SzuwKc~Y Kv‡Ri Rb¨ G e¨emvq
myweavRbK bq|
10.Amg gybvdv e›Ub: Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM bv K‡i †Kvb †Kvb e¨w³ Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i Ges
gybvdvi Ask †fvM K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z cuywR wewb‡qvM Kvixiv AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j|

Dc‡ii cv‡Vi Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨

wn‡m‡e we‡kølY Kiæb|
Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨ we‡kølY
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) 1. AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv
/wkÿv_©xi KvR
2. gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi
3. wm×všÍMÖnY
4. Aemvqb
5. Amxg`v‡qi BwZevPK w`K

mvims‡ÿc
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 53
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

GK gvwjKvbv e¨emv‡qi mxgve×Zv I Amyweavmg~n `~i Kivi j‡ÿB g~jZ: Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o I‡V|

G‡Ki AwaK e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ †h e¨emvq MVb Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Askx`vwi
e¨emvq e‡j|

1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb †gvZv‡eK Askx`vwi e¨emvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|

1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 4 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mK‡ji Øviv ev mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv
cwiPvwjZ e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ e›U‡bi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h Pzw³e× m¤c‡K©i m„wó
K‡i Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Askx`vi Ges mw¤§wjZfv‡e Zv‡`i e¨emvq‡K Askx`vwi e¨emvq ejv nq|

Pzw³ n‡jv Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~j wfwË|

Askx`vwi Pzw³ †gŠwLK, wjwLZ, wbewÜZ I AwbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i|

Pzw³ Abyhvqx jvf †jvKmvb Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb n‡e|

Pzw³‡Z D‡jøL bv _vK‡j jvf †jvKmvb mgfv‡e eÈb n‡e|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi `vq cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi e¨w³MZfv‡e I mgwóMZfv‡e `vqx _v‡K|

Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ Abv¯’v-Awek¦vm I we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j Askx`vwi e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y †Kvb e¨emv‡qi m„wó nq?
(K) mgevq (L) Askx`vwi
(M) †hŠ_g~jabx (N) ivóªxq
2. mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb?
(K) 10 (L) 20
(M) 30 (N) 40
3. e¨vswKs Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v KZRb?
(K) 10 (L) 20
(M) 30 (N) 40
4. KZ mv‡ji AvBb Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ nq?
(K) 1890 (L) 1932
(M) 1991 (N) 2001
5. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q cwiPvjbvq wbhy³ e¨w³i msL¨v KqRb?
(K) 1 (L) 2
(M) 3 (N) 4

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 54

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-4.5 Askv`vwi e¨emvq I Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• Ask`vwi e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

Askv`vwi e¨emvq cÖKvi‡f`

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †gqv` wbw`©ó jÿ I `vq cÖf„wZi Dci wfwË K‡i Askx`vwi e¨emvq wewfbœ iKg n‡q
_v‡K| wb‡¤œ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` †`Lv‡bv n‡jv

Askx`vwi e¨emvq

mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq

Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq

wbw`©ó †gqv`x Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbw`©ó jÿ¨‡Kw›`ªK Askx`vwi e¨emvq

wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

(K) mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq

Askx`vwi e¨emvq ej‡Z mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq‡KB †evSv‡bv nq| mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ
e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ e›U‡bi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³ Amxg `vq en‡bi k‡Z© Pzw³e× n‡q †h e¨emvq MVb
K‡i Zv‡K mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| Giƒc Askx`vwi e¨emvq‡K wb‡Pi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
1. Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq: Giƒc e¨emv‡qi ¯’vqxZ¡ Askx`v‡ii B”Qvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †Kv‡bv Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ
Askx`viiv e¨emv‡qi ¯’vwqZ¡ Kvj I †gqv‡`i mxgvbv wba©viY bv Ki‡j Zv‡K Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|
2. wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq: Askx`vwi e¨emvq hLb wbw`©ó †gqv` ev wbw`©ó jÿ AR©‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ nq Zv‡K wbw`©ó
Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| Giƒc e¨emvq‡K Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
(i) wbw`©ó †gqv`x Askx`vwi e¨emvq Ges
(ii) wbw`©ó jÿ¨‡Kw›`ªK Askx`vwi e¨emvq
(L) mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq
†h Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi mKj Askx`v‡ii `vq Amxg bv _v‡K ev GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgve× _v‡K,
Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j| mxwgZ `vqwewkó Askx`vi e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 55

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
hw`I AvBb Abymv‡i Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi mKj Askx`v‡ii ghv©`v mgvb Z‡e e¨emv‡qi wewfbœ ai‡bi Ae¯’v,
my‡hvM-myweav I `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ we‡ePbv K‡i cQ›`gZ Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡ib| wewfbœ cÖKvi Askx`v‡ii aviYv I
ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Kiv nj-
wewfbœ cÖKvi Askx`vi aviYv I ˆewkó¨
mvaviY ev mwµq Askx`vi †h e¨emv‡q Askx`viMY e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM Ges mwµqfv‡e e¨emvq
(Ordinary/Active cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i, hv‡`i `vq Amxg, Askx`viMY Pzw³ Abyhvqx jvf ev
Partner) ÿwZi Ask cvq Ges Pzw³‡Z D‡jøL _vK‡j e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cvwikÖwgK cvq
Zv‡`i‡K mvaviY ev mwµq Askx`vi e‡j|
NygšÍ I wb®Œxq Askx`vi †h Askx`viMY e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i Pzw³ Abyhvqx jv‡fi Ask cvq wKš‘
(Sleeping Partner) AwaKvi _vKv m‡Ë¡I mwµqfv‡e e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv, hv‡`i `vq
mmxg Ges e¨emv‡qi †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU `vqe`e× bq Zv‡K
NygšÍ I wb®Œxq Askx`vi e‡j|
bvggvÎ Askx`vi †h Askx`viMY e¨emv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv, e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY
(Nominal Partner) K‡i bv wKš‘ Pzw³ Abyhvqx jv‡fi Ask ev wbw`©ó A‡_©i wewbg‡q wb‡Ri mybvg
e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †`q Zv‡`i‡K bvggvÎ Askx`vi e‡j| G RvZxq Askx`vi‡`i
`vq mvaviY Askx`vi‡`i gZ Amxg bq Z‡e †Kvb Z…Zxq cÿ hw` Zv‡K Askx`vi
g‡b K‡i FY †`q Ges Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j †m F‡Yi Rb¨ mvaviY
Askx`v‡ii b¨vq `vqe× _v‡Kb|
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z Askx`vi †h Askx`viMY e¨emvq †_‡K Aemi MÖnY Kivi ciI g~jab D‡Ëvjb bv K‡i Zv
(Quasi Partner) FY wn‡m‡e e¨emv‡q Rgv iv‡Lb Ges e¨emvq †_‡K gybvdvi cwie‡Z© my` MÖnY
K‡ib Zv‡`i‡K AvcvZ`„wó‡Z Askx`vi e‡j| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G RvZxq e¨vw³MY
e¨emv‡qi cvIbv`vi| Z‡e †Kvb mvaviY ev mwµq Askx`vi e¨emvq †_‡K Aemi
MÖnY Kivi msev` MY weÁwß w`‡q bv Rvwb‡q e¨emv‡q †_‡K ‡M‡j e¨emv‡qi †Kvb
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Z…Zxq c†ÿi wbKU `vqx n‡eb|
mxwgZ Askx`vi Pzw³ Abyhvqx †Kvb Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgve× n‡j ev AvBb Abyhvqx mKj Askx`v‡ii
(Limited Partner) m¤§wZ‡Z †Kvb bvevjK‡K myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vi Kiv n‡j Zv‡K mxwgZ
Askx`vi ejv nq| mxwgZ Askx`vi‡`i `vq e¨emv‡q wb‡qwRZ g~ja‡bi cwigvY
Øviv mxgve×| Zviv e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv| Pzw³ Abyhvqx ‡Kvb
mvevjK e¨w³I Giƒc Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i|
AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi †Kvb e¨w³ hw` e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi bv n‡qI †gŠwLK K_vevZv©, †jLv ev Ab¨ †Kvb
(Partner by holding AvPi‡Yi Øviv wb‡R‡K e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi wn‡m‡e cwiPq †`b, Z‡e AvPi‡Y
out) AbywgZ Askx`vi ejv nq| hw` †KD Zvi AvPi‡Y cÖfvweZ n‡q FY †`q ev Pzw³
K‡i Zvn‡j †m Askx`vi `vqx _vK‡e|
†eZb‡fvMx Askx`vi †m mKj Askx`vi hviv gybvdvi Ask cvIqv QvovI e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
(Salaried Partner) wbw`©ónv‡i A_© †c‡q _v‡Kb Zviv n‡”Qb ‡eZb‡fvMx Askx`vi|
bvevjK Askx`vi Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 30 (1) aviv Abyhvqx ‡Kvb bvevjK Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi m`m¨
(Minor Partner) n‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g †Kvb bvevjK‡K e¨emv‡qi
gybvvdvi Ask †`Iqv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡b 18 eQ‡ii Kg e¨w³‡`i‡K bvevjK
eySvq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 56

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡ÿc

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †gqv` wbw`©ó jÿ I `vq cÖf„wZi Dci wfwË K‡i Askx`vwi e¨emvq wewfbœ iKg n‡q
_v‡K|

Askx`vwi e¨emvq ej‡Z mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq‡KB †evSv‡bv nq|

mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZ e¨emv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ e›U‡bi wbwg‡Ë GKvwaK e¨w³
Amxg `vq en‡bi k‡Z© Pzw³e× n‡q †h e¨emvq MVb K‡i Zv‡K mvaviY Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|

†Kv‡bv Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ Askx`viiv e¨emv‡qi ¯’vwqZ¡ Kvj I †gqv‡`i mxgvbv wba©viY bv Ki‡j Zv‡K
Hw”QK Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|

Askx`vwi e¨emvq hLb wbw`©ó †gqv` ev wbw`©ó jÿ AR©‡bi Rb¨ MwVZ nq Zv‡K wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq
e‡j|

†h Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi mKj Askx`v‡ii `vq Amxg bv _v‡K ev GK ev GKvwaK Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgve×
_v‡K, Zv‡K mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emvq e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. Pzw³c‡Î e¨emv‡qi †gqv` D‡jøL Kiv nq bv Ggb Askx`vwi e¨emvq n‡jv-
(K) wbw`©ó Askx`vwi (L) Hw”QK Askx`vwi
(M) mxwgZ `vq Askx`vwi (N) Amxg `vq Askx`vwi|
2. wbw`©ó Askx`vwi e¨emvq KZ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K?
(K) `yB (L) wZb
(M) Pvi (N) cuvP
3. †gŠmygx c‡Y¨i e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ MwVZ Askx`vwi wb‡Pi †Kvb †kÖwYfz³?
(K) mxwgZ `vq Askx`vwi (L) mvgwqK Askx`vwi
(M) wbw`©ó Askx`vwi (N) Hw”QK Askx`vwi
4. GKwU weªR wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ MwVZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq †Kvb ai‡bi?
(K) Hw”QK Askx`vwi (L) wVKv`vwi Askx`vwi
(M) wbw`©ó †gqvw` Askx`vwi (N) wbw`©ó jÿ¨‡Kw›`ªK Askx`vwi

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 57

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cvV-4.6 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³cÎ I Gi welqe¯‘

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³cÎ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• Pzw³c‡Îi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³cÎ

Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ n‡jv GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤cvw`Z Askx`vwi welqK m¤§wZi `wjj| evsjv‡`†k
envj 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 5 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Askx`vwi m¤cK© m„wó nq Pzw³ †_‡K, mvgvwRK
gh©v`v ‡_‡K bq| Askx`vi‡`i g~ja‡bi AbycvZ, jvf-ÿwZ e›U‡bi AbycvZ, Askx`vi‡`i `vwqZ¡, AwaKvi,
cvwikªwgK, e¨emvq cwiPvjbv c×wZ, FY MÖnY, we‡iva wb®cwË cÖf…wZ hveZxq welq Pzw³c‡Î D‡jøL Kiv nq| Pzw³
†gŠwLK, wjwLZ ev wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Pzw³ †h ai‡bi †nvK bv †Kb Askx`vwi e¨emvq ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Pzw³
Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK; Z‡e Zv wjwLZ nIqvq evÃbxq| GRb¨ Pzw³B Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~j wfwË|

Pzw³c‡Îi welqe¯‘
Pzw³c·K Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi w`K wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| fwel¨‡Z Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡Z †Kv‡bv
we‡f` ev gZ we‡iva m„wó bv nq Ges e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq ‡Kv‡b RwUjZv bv N‡U †mRb¨ Pzw³c‡Î wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
welq D‡jøL _v‡K| mvaviYZ Pzw³c‡Î wb‡¤œv³ welq¸‡jv D‡jøL _v‡Kt
1. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi bvg I wVKvbv
2. e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ, D‡Ïk¨ I AvIZv
3. e¨emv‡qi Kvh©Kvj ev ¯’vwqZ¡
4. Askx`vi‡`i bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv
5. e¨emv‡qi †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY
6. cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi‡`i cÖ`Ë g~ja‡bi cwigvY I cwi‡kva c×wZ
7. e¨emvq cwiPvjbvi wbqgvewj
8. ‡h mKj Askx`vi cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb Zv‡`i cwiwPwZ
9. e¨emv‡q jvf-†jvKmvb e›Ub c×wZ
10. Askx`vi‡`i `vwqZ¡, ÿgZv I AwaKvi
11. e¨emv‡qi Avw_©K eQi ïiæ I †kl mgq
12. †h e¨vs‡K wnmve †Lvjv n‡e Zvi bvg, wVKvbv I wnmv‡ei aib|
13. e¨vs‡Ki wnmve cwiPvjbvKvix e¨w³M‡bi bvg
14. byZb Askx`vi MÖnY I cyivZb Askx`v‡ii we`v‡qi wbqgvejx
15. e¨emvq cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨Î n‡Z FY MÖnY c×wZ
16. Askx`v‡ii g„Zy¨‡Z Zvi Ask wbav©iY, msiÿY I cwi‡kva c×wZ
17. Askx`vi‡`i AemiMÖnY I ewn®‹v‡ii c×wZ
18. fwel¨Z we‡iva ‡`Lv w`‡j Zvi gxgvsmv c×wZ
19. we‡jvc mva‡bi c×wZ
20. Pzw³c‡Îi evB‡i Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j wb®úwË c×wZ

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 58

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†Zvgvi GjvKvq wZb eÜz wg‡j GKwU gyiwMi dvg© e¨emvq ïiæ Ki‡e G g‡g©
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) KvíwbK Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ GKwU Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ ˆZwi Ki|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc

Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ n‡jv GKvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤cvw`Z Askx`vwi welqK m¤§wZi `wjj|

fwel¨‡Z Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡f` ev gZwe‡iva ev †Kv‡bv RwUjZv bv N‡U, †mRb¨ Pzw³c‡Î
wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq D‡jøL _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVbZš¿ n‡jv-
(K) mnR MVb cÖYvjx (L) cvi¯úvwiK wek¦vm
(M) Pzw³cÎ (N) ¯§viKwjwc
2. Pzw³i AeZ©gv‡b Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g‡a¨ gybvdv ew›UZ nq-
(K) g~ja‡bi Abycv‡Z (L) mgnv‡i
(M) Amgnv‡i (N) m¤ú‡`i Abybx‡Z
3. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Pzw³cÎ bv _vK‡j e„w× cvq-
(K) K‡ii cwigvY (L) gybvdv
(M) we‡iva (N) `vq
4. Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q Pzw³c‡Îi cÖavb welqe¯‘ n‡jv-
(i) mvaviY welq;
(ii) e¨emvq cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ welq;
(iii) gybvdv I wnmve msµvšÍ welq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 59

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cvV-4.7 Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVb, wbeÜbKiY I Gi myweav

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• Askx`vwi e¨emvq Kxfv‡e MVb Kiv hvq Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
• Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb cÖwµqv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb cÖwµqvi myweav wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVb

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi MVb cÖYvjx A‡bK mnR cÖK…wZi| Giƒc e¨emvq MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvBbMZfv‡e Pzw³
m¤cv`‡bi †hvM¨ GKvwaK e¨w³ Askx`vwi Pzw³i wfwˇZ Giƒc e¨emvq MVb K‡i| GLv‡b GKvwaK e¨w³ ej‡Z
mvaviY e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î me©wb¤œ 2 Rb †_‡K m‡e©v”P 20 Rb e¨w³‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| e¨vsK e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î
m‡e©v”P 10 Rb _vK‡Z cv‡i| Pzw³ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi g~j wfwË| Pzw³i kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z
n‡q _v‡K| e¨emvq ïiæi mgq Askx`viMY g~jab mieivn K‡ib| Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Pzw³ wjwLZ nIqvi †Kv‡bv
Avek¨KZv †bB| Z‡e fwel¨Z weev` Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Giƒc Pzw³ wjwLZ Ges Av‡iv AwaK mZK©Zvi Rb¨ wbewÜZ
n‡Z cv‡i| †`‡ki AvBb Abymv‡i Giƒc e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| Askx`vwi e¨emvq MV‡bi
†ÿ‡Î ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †h avivevwnKZv AbymiY Kiv nq Zv wb‡¤œ cÖevn wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK D‡`¨v³v e¨emvq ¯’vc‡bi aviYv m„wó
g~jab mieivn, e¨emvq cwiPvjbv, jvf-ÿwZ e›Ub, bZzb Askx`vi †hvM`vb BZ¨vw` wel‡q Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨
Pzw³ m¤úv`b (Pzw³ †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ)
Pzw³cÎ wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq
Askx`viMY KZ…©K g~jab mieivn
¯’vbxq KZ…©c‡ÿi wbKU †_‡K †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn
Askx`vwi e¨emvq ïiæ

Askx`vwi e¨emvq MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î mywbw`©ó AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv bv _vKvq e¨w³ ev ¯’vb‡f‡` Gi MVb cÖYvjx‡Z
cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜbKiY

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb ej‡Z miKvi KZ©…K wbhy³ wbeÜb Awd‡m cÖwZôv‡bi bvg ZvwjKv fz³ Kiv‡K †evSvq|
hw`I evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©Ki 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 58 I 59 avivq Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbe܇bi welqwU
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb| Z‡e wbewÜZ e¨emvq AwbewÜZ
e¨emvq A‡cÿv A‡bK †ewk myweav †c‡q _v‡K| wbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †h †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi
ev cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× Pzw³ n‡Z D™¢‚Z AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv AwbewÜZ e¨emvq cÖwZôvb
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ n‡j Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wKš‘ 100 UvKvi AwaK cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ cvëv AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡×
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯^v_© Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× gvgjv
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs ejv hvq, wbewÜZ e¨emvq †h‡nZz AwbewÜZ e¨emvq †_‡K †ewk AvBwb my‡hvM myweav †fvM
K‡i, ZvB Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ nIqv fv‡jv| Z‡e mxwgZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbeÜb Kiv Avek¨K| Askx`vwi
e¨emvq wbeÜb Kivi mgq Av‡e`b c‡Î wb‡”i welq¸‡jv AšÍf©z³ Ki‡Z nq| h_v:

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 60

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1. Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi bvg;

2. cÖavb Awd‡mi wVKvbv;
3. kvLv Awdm _vK‡j Zvi wVKvbv;
4. e¨emvq ïiæi Kvh©Kvj;
5. e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨;
6. Askx`vi‡`i bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv;
7. Askx`vi wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv‡b †hvM`v‡bi ZvwiL;
8. e¨emv‡qi †gqv` msµvšÍ Z_¨ (hw` _v‡K);
Av‡e`bcÎwU mKj Askx`viM‡Yi ¯^vÿihy³ K‡i Rgv`vb Kivi ci wbeÜK Awdm Zv cixÿv wbixÿv K‡i mš‘ó
n‡j wbeÜK ewn‡Z e¨emvq‡K ZvwjKvfz³ I bw_fz³ K‡ib Ges c‡i cÎ Øviv Zv Rvwb‡q †`b|

Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbeÜbKi‡Yi myweav

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb AvBb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv bv n‡jI AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq A‡cÿv wbewÜZ
Askx`vwi e¨emvq AwaK AvBbMZ myweav †fvM K‡i| Pzw³MZ AwaKvi cÖwZôvq cvIbv A_© Av`vq BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î
wbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq AwaK AvBbMZ myweav †fvM K‡i| G Kvi‡YB Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb nIqv fvj|
D‡jøL †h, mxgve× Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK|

iwng I Zvi `k eÜz wg‡j GKwU Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Pvq| D³
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) e¨emvqwU Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ cv‡Vi Av‡jv‡K wKfv‡e MVb Kiv hv‡e Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi wbeÜb ej‡Z miKvi KZ©…K wbhy³ wbeÜb Awd‡m cÖwZôv‡bi bvg ZvwjKvfz³ Kiv‡K
†evSvq|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb| Z‡e wbewÜZ e¨emvq AwbewÜZ e¨emvq A‡cÿv
A‡bK †ewk myweav †c‡q _v‡K|

wbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †h †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Aci Askx`vi ev cÖwZôv‡bi weiæ‡× Pzw³ n‡Z D™¢‚Z
AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv AwbewÜZ e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbewÜZ n‡j Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡× cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

100 UvKvi AwaK cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ cvëv AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Z…Zxq c‡ÿi weiæ‡×
gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbe܇bi Rb¨ Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ Rgv †`qvi ci wbeÜK Zv
cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i wbeÜb eB‡Z ZvwjKvfzw³ I bw_fz³ K‡ib|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôvb wbeÜb Kiv nq †Kvb Awd‡m?
(K) wbe܇Ki Awdm (L) wefvMxq Kwgkbv‡ii Awdm
(M) †WcywU Kwgkbv‡ii Awdm (N) wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 61

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

2. Askx`vwi e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi wbeÜb KvRwU K‡ib-

(K) miKvi (L) †iwR÷ªvi
(M) Kwgkbvi (N) WvB‡i±i
3. 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 58 avivq Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi †Kvb wel‡qi D‡jøL Av‡Q?
(K) Pzw³cÎ (L) MVb cÖYvjx
(M) wbeÜb (N) we‡jvcmvab
4. mKj Askx`vi KZ©„K Pzw³cÎ Kx nq?
(K) M„nxZ (L) Aby‡gvw`Z
(M) ¯^vÿwiZ (N) Ab~w`Z
5. Askx`vwi e¨emvq wbe܇bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-
(i) cÖwZôv‡bi bvg;
(ii) cÖavb Awd‡mi wVKvbv;
(iii) e¨emv‡q D‡Ïk¨|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 62

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-4.8 Askx`vwi e¨emvq †f‡O hvIqvi KviY I we‡jvcmvab

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• Askx`vwi e¨emv‡hi †f‡½ hvIqvi KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Askx`vwi e¨emvq †f‡O hvIqvi KviY

wewfbœ Kvi‡Y Askx`vwi e¨emvq †f‡O ‡h‡Z cv‡i| wb‡¤œ Askx`vwi e¨emvq †f‡O hvIqvi KviY Zz‡j aiv
nj|
1. Amxg `vq enb t G e¨emv‡qi mKj Askx`v‡ii `vq Amxg (mxgve× Askx`vi Qvov) Askx`vi _vKvKv‡j
e¨emv‡qi †h mKj `vq Rb¥vq Zvi Rb¨ Askx`viMY e¨emv‡q wewb‡qvwRZ Zuv‡`i gyjab QvovI e¨w³MZfv‡e `vqx
nq|
2. †jvKmvb enb t e¨emv‡qi †Kvb ÿwZ ev †jvKmvb n‡j Pzw³ Abyhvqx Ab¨_vq mgvb nv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi Zv
en‡b eva¨ _v‡K|
3. B”QvK…Z Ae‡njvi Rb¨ ÿwZc~iY t hw` †Kvb Askx`v‡ii B”QvK…Z Ae‡njvi Rb¨ e¨emv‡qi †Kvb ÿwZ nq
†m‡ÿ‡Î †m Zv en‡b eva¨ _v‡K|
4. Ab¨vq jvf bv Kiv t †Kvb Askx`v‡ii DwPZ bq cÖwZôvb n‡Z ev cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ m¤úK© n‡Z A_ev
cÖwZôv‡bi m¤úwË e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Ab¨vq jvf Kiv| hw` †KD Zv K‡i Z‡e Zvi wnmve `vwLj I jvf †dir w`‡Z
Zv‡K eva¨ Kiv hvq|
5. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK e¨emvq cwiPvjbv bv Kiv t hw` †Kvb Askx`vi Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi Abyiƒc †Kvb
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK e¨emvq cwiPvjbv K‡i Z‡e wnmve I cÖvß gybvdv †m †diZ w`‡Z eva¨ _v‡K|
6. ÿgZvmxgvi g‡a¨ Kvh© m¤úv`b t Askx`vi‡`i `vwqZ¡ n‡jv Pzw³ I AvB‡b ewY©Z ÿgZv mxgvi g‡a¨ †_‡K Kvh©
m¤úv`b Kiv| Gi evB‡i wKQz Kiv n‡j Ges Zvi Rb¨ e¨emv‡qi ÿwZ n‡j D³ Askx`vi Zv c~i‡Y eva¨
7. cÖZviYvi Rb¨ `vq t †Kvb Askx`vi cÖZviYvi AvkÖq MÖnY Ki‡j Ges Zvi Rb¨ e¨emvq ev Askx`viMY ÿwZMÖ¯Í
n‡j D³ Askx`vi Zv c~i‡Y eva¨ _v‡K|

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab ej‡Z e¨emv‡qi welq-m¤cwË I †`bv cvIbvi mvwe©K wb®cwˇK †evSvq|
Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 39 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mKj Askx`v‡ii ga¨Kvi Askx`vwi m¤c‡K©i wejyw߇K Askx`vwi
e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab e‡j| wb‡P Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmva‡bi c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. Pzw³ Abymv‡i we‡jvcmvab: Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 40 aviv Abymv‡i mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g ev Askx`vi‡`i
ga¨Kvi m¤cvw`Z Pzw³ Abymv‡i G e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i|
2. eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab: Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 41 aviv Abymv‡i wb‡”i `yÕwU Ae¯’vq Askx`vwi e¨emvq
eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab N‡U|
(K) mKj Askx`vi ev GKRb e¨ZxZ mKj Askx`vi GK mv‡_ †`Dwjqv e‡j †NvwlZ n‡j; ev
(L) †Kv‡bv NUbv Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq Pvjbv A‰ea n‡q co‡j|
3. we‡kl NUbv mv‡c‡ÿ we‡jvcmvab: Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 42 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Askx`vi‡`i ga¨Kvi Pzw³
mv‡c‡ÿ wb‡”i †h †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq Giƒc e¨emv‡qi we‡jvc NU‡Z cv‡i:

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 63

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

(K) wbw`©ó †gqv‡`i Rb¨ e¨emvq MwVZ n‡q _vK‡j Ges D³ mgq DËxY© n‡j;
(L) c~e© wba©vwiZ e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ c~iY n‡q †M‡j;
(M) †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii g„Zy¨ n‡j;
(N) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi †`Dwjqv e‡j †NvwlZ n‡j|
4. weÁwßi Øviv we‡jvcmvab: Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 43 aviv Abymv‡i B”Qvaxb Askx`vwii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv Askx`vi
Ab¨vb¨ mKj Askx`vi‡K wjwLZ weÁwßi Øviv e¨emv‡qi we‡jv‡ci B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡j Giƒc e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab
NU‡e|
5. Av`vjZ KZ©…K we‡jvcmvab: Av`vj‡Z e¨emvq ev Askx`v‡ii wel‡q †Kv‡bv gvgjv Kiv n‡j ev e¨emvq f‡½i
Av‡e`b Ki‡j Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 44 aviv Abymv‡i wb‡”i †h †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Av`vj‡Z e¨emvq f‡½i wb‡`©k w`‡Z
cv‡i:
(K) †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ NU‡j;
(L) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi KZ©e¨ cvj‡b wPiZ‡i Amvg_¨© we‡ewPZ n‡j;
(M) †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii Am`vPiY Øviv e¨emvq ÿwZmvab n‡e e‡j g‡b n‡j;
(N) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi B”QvK…Zfv‡e Pzw³ kZ© f½ Ki‡j;
(O) †Kv‡bv Askx`vi e¨emv‡qi Zuvi c~Y© Ask Z…Zxq c‡ÿi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡j|
Dc‡i DwjøwLZ KviY¸‡jv QvovI Av`vjZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv hyw³hy³ I b¨vqm½Z Kvi‡Y Askx`vwi e¨emvq
we‡jvcmva‡bi Av‡`k w`‡Z cv‡i|

nvbœvb, gvbœvb I Av`bvb mgcwigvY g~jab w`‡q GKwU Askx`vwi e¨emvq M‡o
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) †Zv‡j| cvwievwiK †`bvi Rb¨ Av`bvb Av`vjZ KZ…©K †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ nIqvq
/wkÿv_©xi KvR e¨emvqwUi Aemvqb N‡U| wKš‘ cvwievwiK `vq cwi‡kv‡a ïay nvbœv‡bi e¨w³MZ
m¤úwË †µvK Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î nvbœvb †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vi Ges wKfv‡e
e¨emvqwU we‡jvcmvab NU‡e Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc

Askx`vwi e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab ej‡Z e¨emv‡qi welq-m¤cwË I †`bv cvIbvi mvwe©K wb®cwˇK †evSvq|

Askx`vwi e¨emvq Pzw³ Abymv‡i, eva¨Zvg~jK, we‡kl NUbv mv‡c‡ÿ, weÁwß Øviv, Av`vjZ KZ…©K
we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|

Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 40 aviv Abymv‡i mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g ev Askx`vi‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤cvw`Z Pzw³
Abymv‡i G e¨emvq we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i|

Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 41 aviv Abymv‡i mKj Askx`vi ev GKRb e¨wZZ mKj Askx`vi †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ n‡j;
ev †Kv‡bv NUbv Øviv Askx`vwi e¨emvq cwiPvjbv A‰ea n‡q co‡j|

Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 42 avivq we‡kl NUbv mv‡ÿ‡c Askx`vwi e¨emvq we‡jvc NU‡Z cv‡i|

Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 43 aviv Abymv‡i B”Qvaxb Askx`vwii †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Ab¨vb¨ mKj Askx`vi‡K
wjwLZ weÁwßi Øviv e¨emv‡qi we‡jv‡ci B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡j Giƒc e¨emv‡qi we‡jvcmvab NU‡e|

Av`vj‡Z e¨emvq ev Askx`v‡ii wel‡q †Kv‡bv gvgjv Kiv n‡j ev e¨emvq f‡½i Av‡e`b Ki‡j Askx`vwi
AvB‡bi 44 aviv Abymv‡i Zv we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 64

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1. mvaviYZ Askx`vwi e¨emvq KZfv‡e we‡jvcmvab NU‡Z cv‡i?

(K) 3 (L) 4
(M) 5 (N) 6
2. weÁwß Øviv we‡jvcmvab n‡q _v‡K †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q?
(K) Hw”QK (L) mxwgZ `vq
(M) wbw`©ó †gqvw` (N) wbw`©ó cÿ †Kw›`ªK
3. †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q †¯^”Qvq we‡jvcmvab N‡U?
(K) Hw”QK Askx`vwi (L) we‡kl Askx`vwi
(M) mxgve× Askx`vwi (N) mvaviY Askx`vwi
4. Askx`vwi AvB‡bi KZ avivq we‡jvcmvab D‡jøL Av‡Q?
(K) 39 (L) 40
(M) 41 (N) 42
5. Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 40 avivq †Kvb ai‡bi we‡ivcmvab eY©bv Av‡Q?
(K) Av`vjZ KZ…©K (L) weÁwß Øviv
(M) Pzw³ Abymv‡i (N) eva¨Zvg~jK
6. †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii gw¯Í¯‹ weK…wZ n‡j †Kvb ai‡bi Aemvqb N‡U?
(K) weÁwß Øviv (L) Av`vjZ KZ…©K
(M) Pzw³ Abymv‡i (N) we‡kl NUbv mv‡c‡ÿ

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 65

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cvV-4.9 †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi aviYv,ˆewkó¨ myweav I Amyweav

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi myweav I Amyweav D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi aviYv

†hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq msMVb ev †Kv¤cvwb n‡jv AvBbm„ó K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix Ggb GK ai‡bi
e„n`vqZb e¨emvq msMVb hv A`„k¨, wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix: hv wb‡Ri bvg I wmj Øviv cwiwPZ I cwiPvwjZ
nq, †hLv‡b gvwjKvbv mxwgZ `vqwewkó †kqvi msL¨v Øviv wba©vwiZ| †Kv¤cvwbi wewfbœ w`K AšÍf©z³ K‡i 1882
mv‡j cÖ_g fviZxq †Kv¤cvwb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| c‡i Gi e¨vcK cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I ms‡kvab Kiv nq 1913
mv‡j| Avevi cwieZ©b I cwiea©b K‡i 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvBb cÖewZ©Z nq, hv AvRI Kvh©Ki i‡q‡Q|
†hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨
†hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq, ZvB Giƒc msMV‡bi wKQz ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨
i‡q‡Q| wb‡” ˆewkó¨mg~n we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:-
1. AvBb Øviv m„wó: †Kv¤cvwb GKwU AvBb m„ó msMVb ev cÖwZôvb| 1994 mv‡ji AvBb Øviv A_ev miKv‡ii we‡kl
Aa¨v‡`k e‡j G e¨emvq MwVZ nq| AvBb m„ó nIqvi Rb¨ MVb cÖwµqv †ek RwUj|
2. K…wÎg e¨w³mËv: K…wËg e¨w³mËv ej‡Z Ggb GK cÖKvi mËv‡K †evSvq hv †Kv‡bv e¨w³ bv n‡qI AvBbMZfv‡e
e¨w³i gh©v`v jvf K‡i| AvBb Øviv m„ó e‡j †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq Zvi †kqvi gvwjK †_‡K Avjv`v Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤cbœ
K…wÎg e¨w³mËv wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
3. wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ:¡ †Kv¤cvwb AvBb m„ó cÖwZôvb Ges †m myev‡` K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix nIqvq Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡
we‡jv‡ci †ÿ‡ÎI AvBbMZ w`K Abymib Ki‡Z nq| mKj †kqvi gvwjK I e¨emv‡qi Kg©Pvwiiv †`Dwjqv ev
g„Zy¨eiY Ki‡jI †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejyß nq bv|
4. mxgve× `vq: †Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq mxgve× _v‡K| GLv‡b µqK…Z †kqvi gvwjKiv `vqe× _v‡Kb|
D`vniY¯^iƒc †KD hw` 100 UvKv g~‡j¨i 100wU †kqvi µq K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi `vq (10 × 100) = 1000 UvKv
ch©šÍ mxgve× _vK‡e|
5. wbR¯^ wmj‡gvni: †Kv¤cvwb K…wÎg e¨w³mËv nIqvi d‡j Zvi wbR bv‡g wmj‡gvni _v‡K| †Kv¤cvwbi mv‡_
Z…Zxq c‡ÿi †jb‡`‡bi mgq GB wmj‡gvni e¨envi Kiv nq Ges †Kv¤cvwbi mKj bw_c‡Î wmj e¨envi Kiv
eva¨Zvg~jK|
6. †kqvi g~jab: †Kv¤cvwbi †gvU g~jab‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª mgvb As‡k fvM Kiv nq, G‡K †kqvi e‡j| †kqvi gvwjK
Zvi wbR As‡ki †kqvi Ab¨ c‡ÿi Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7. m`m¨ msL¨v: †Kv¤cvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v AvBb Øviv wbw`©ó _v‡K| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwbi me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges
m‡e©v”P 50 Rb m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ mxgve×| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwbi †ÿ‡Î me©wbgœ 7 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P
¯§viKwjwc‡Z ewY©Z †kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve× _v‡K|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 66

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ ˆewk󨸇jvi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emvq‡K Òe¨emvqx RM‡Zi KvÛvwiÓ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
Kiv nq|

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi myweav

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi myweavmg~n wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv t
1. mxwgZ `vq: †Kv¤úvwb e¨emv‡qi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv mxgve×| G Kvi‡Y RbMY webvwØavq G
msMV‡b wewb‡qvM K‡i|
2. AwaK cyuwR: G RvZxq msMVb RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi I wW‡fÂvi weµq K‡i ch©vß cwigvY cyuwR msMÖn Ki‡Z
cv‡i hv Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bi c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq|
3. wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡: AvBb m„ó K…wµg e¨w³mËv †Kv¤úwb‡K wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Q| ZvB †Kvb m`‡m¨i g„Zz¨ ev
†`Dwjqv‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y Gi wejywß N‡U bv|
4.¯^vaxb mËv: K…wÎg e¨w³mËvi Kvi‡Y G msMVb wbR¯^ bvg I wmj‡gvni e¨envi K‡i Z…Zxq c‡ÿi mv‡_ Pzw³ ev
†jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi †hvM¨Zv: cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi †h †KD †h †Kvb mgq µq Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †kqvi
†nvìvi B”Qv Ki‡j †h †Kvb mgq †kqvi A‡b¨i wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6. e„n`vqZb e¨emv‡qi myweav: AwaK cyuwR wb‡q MwVZ nq e‡j G msMVb e„n`vKvi e¨emv‡qi myweav; †hgb-GK
mv‡_ AwaK cwigvY cY¨ µq I weµq, Kg Li‡P AwaK cwigvY cY¨ Drcv`b, ; `ÿ Kg©Pvwi wb‡qvM, wewfbœ ‡ÿ‡Î
wgZe¨vwqZv AR©b BZ¨vw` myweav †fvM K‡i|
7. †kqv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`: †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi †kqvi wewfbœ ai‡bi nIqvq RbMY Zv‡`i cQ›` gZ †kqvi µq Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
8. `ÿ cwiPvjbv: G msMV‡bi cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci my`ÿ cwiPvjbv †ev‡W©i Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K| ZvQvov,
Avw_©K msMwZ _vKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b AwaKZi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ e¨e¯’vcK‡`i G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡qvM †`qv hvq| Gi d‡j
†Kv¤úvwbi e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbv AZ¨šÍ `ÿ nq|
9. AvKl©Yxq wewb‡qvM †ÿÎ: wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡, mxwgZ `vq, AvBbvbyM wbqš¿K, ¯^í g~‡j¨ †kqvi µ‡qi my‡hvM,
†kqv‡ii mnR n¯ÍvšÍi BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y mKj ai‡bi wewb‡qvM Kvixi wbKUB GUv AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq wewb‡qvM †ÿÎ
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
10. F‡Yi my‡hvM: ¯^vaxb mËv, wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡, Rb Av¯’v BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y Giƒc e¨emvq mn‡RB wewfbœ Drm †_‡K
FY msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†Kv¤úvwbi e¨emvq msMV‡bi Amyweav

wb‡P †Kv¤úvwbi e¨emvq msMV‡bi Amyweav mg~n eY©bv Kiv njt
1. RwUj MVb cÖYvjx: †Kv¤úvwb GKwU AvBb m„ó e¨emvq cÖwZôvb| Gi MVb †ek mgq mv‡c‡ÿ, AvbyôvwbKZv c~Y©
I e¨q eûj| G R‡b¨ A‡b‡KB Giƒc e¨emvq MV‡b wbiærmvwnZ nq|
2. A`ÿ cwiPvjbv: Giƒc e¨emv‡qi e¨e¯’vcbvi Zvi †eZbf~³ Z…Zxq c‡ÿi Ici b¨¯Í _vKvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨
e¨w³MZ Drmv‡n A‡bK NvUwZ †`Lv †`q| d‡j A‡bK mgqB A`ÿZv weivR K‡i|
3. cwiPvj‡Ki ¯^v_© wmw× t cwiPvjKMY †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`I c‡ÿ m‡e©v”P ÿgZvi AwaKvix nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zviv
A‡bK mgq mw¤§wjZ fv‡e wb‡R‡`I ¯^v‡_© KvR K‡i| G‡Z e¨emvq I †kqvi gvwjKMY ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 67

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

4. GK‡PwUqv e¨emvq m„wó: e„n`vqZb cÖK…wZ‡Z G ai‡bi e¨emvq M‡o IVvq Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq GK‡PwUqv e¨emvq
m„wói cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G‡Z e¨emv‡qi ¯^vfvweK Dbœq‡bi c_ eÜ nq Ges mgvR ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq|
5. ¯^RbcÖxwZ: †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKMY †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvwi wb‡qvM, c‡`vbœwZ, c`Pz¨wZ BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i A‡bK mgq
†hvM¨Zvi †P‡q A‡hvM¨Zv ev ¯^RbcÖxwZi DciB †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|
6. cwiPvjbv e¨‡qi AvwaK¨: G e¨emv‡q wewfbœ mfv Abyôvb, Abyôvbvw` cvjb, `wjj I LvZvcÎ msiÿY, wnmve
wbixÿv, †kqvi I FY Bmy¨ BZ¨vw`| wewfbœ Kv‡R h‡_ó Dcwi LiP nq| d‡j A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB gybvdvi cwigvY n«vm
cvq|
7. †K›`ªxf~Z ÿgZv: †Kv¤úvwb msMVb MYZvwš¿K bxwZi wfwˇZ cwiPvwjZ n‡jI ev¯Í‡e Gi g~j ÿgZv K‡qK
e¨w³i nv‡ZB mxgveÜ _v‡K| d‡j cwiPvjK‡`i ¯^v‡_©I Kv‡Q mvaviY †kqvi †nvìvi‡`i ¯^v_© D‡cwÿZ nq|
8. mxwgZ Kvh©‡ÿÎ: G †Kv¤úvwb ¯§viK wjwc‡Z D‡jøL †bB Ggb †Kvb KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Gi
Kg©cwiwa wbw`ó Mwfi g‡a¨ mxgve× n‡q c‡o|
9. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^: G msMV‡b e¨emvq msµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î eû AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq e‡j
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^ N‡U|
10. †MvcbxqZvi Afve: AvBb Abyhvqx G msMV‡bi wnmve cÎ I wbixÿv wi‡cvU©, evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`bmn eû `wjjcÎ
I weeiY †kqvi †nvìvi, †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜK‡K Rbmg‡ÿ †ck Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z e¨emv‡qi †MvcbxqZv n«vm cvq|

`kwU †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq msMVb ev cÖwZôv‡bi bvg wjLyb|

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc

1994 mv‡j †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Øviv G e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|

AvBb m„ó nIqvq G e¨emvq msMVb MVb Kiv †ek RwUj|

G e¨emvq †Kv‡bv e¨w³ bv n‡qI AvBbMZfv‡e e¨w³i gh©v`v jvf K‡i|

†Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq mxgve× _v‡K|

†Kv¤cvwb K…wÎg e¨w³mËv nIqvi d‡j Zvi wbR bv‡g wmj‡gvni _v‡K|

†Kv¤cvwbi †gvU g~jab‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª mgvb As‡k fvM Kiv nq, G‡K †kqvi e‡j|

†kqvi gvwjK Zvi wbR As‡ki †kqvi Ab¨ c‡ÿi Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†Kv¤cvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v AvBb Øviv wbw`©ó _v‡K|

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwbi me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 50 Rb m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ mxgve×|

cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwbi †ÿ‡Î me©wbgœ 7 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ewY©Z †kqvi msL¨v Øviv
mxgve× _v‡K|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 68

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.9
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. AvB‡bi Øviv m„ó e¨emvq n‡jv-
(K) Askx`vwi (L) †hŠ_g~jabx
(M) GK gvwjKvbv (N) AvBb e¨emvq
2. wPišÍb Aw¯ÍZ¡m¤úbœ e¨emvq n‡jv-
(K) mgevh mwgwZ (L) ivóªxq e¨emvq
(M) †hŠ_g~jabx (N) GK gvwjKvbv
3. mn‡RB gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv hvq †Kvb e¨emvq?
(K) †hŠ_g~jabx (L) ivóªxq
(M) Askx`vwi (N) GK gvwjKvbv
4. me©cÖ_g †Kvb mv‡j †hŠ_g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq?
(K) 1757 (L) 1882
(M) 1913 (N) 1994
5. cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) 2 Rb (L) 3 Rb
(M) 5 Rb (N) 7 Rb
6. cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) 2 Rb (L) 7 Rb
(M) 9 Rb (N) 11 Rb
7. cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v n‡jv-
(K) cÂvk Rb (L) GKvbœ Rb
(M) GKkZ Rb (N) ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ewY©Z †kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve×

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 69

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cvV-4.10 †hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi MVb cÖYvjx, cÖKvi‡f` I cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
• †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi MVb cÖYvjx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
• †hŠ_g~jabx e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
• cvewjK I cÖvD‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi MVb cÖYvjx

†hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq ev †Kv¤cvwb msMVb n‡jv AvBb m„ó e¨emvq msMVb; hv MwVZ nq GKwU avivevwnK
ch©v‡qi ga¨ w`‡q| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvBb Abymv‡i Giƒc e¨emvq MV‡b †h mKj ch©vq AwZµg Ki‡Z nq
Zv wb‡” eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. D‡`¨vM MÖnY ch©vq: D‡`¨vM MÖnY ej‡Z †Kv¤cvwbi MV‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨v³v ev cÖeZ©KM‡Yi AbymÜvb, hvPvB I
msMwVZ nIqv‡K †evSvq| G ch©v‡q D‡`¨v³vMY †ÿÎ wPwýZKiY, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, cÖKí Aby‡gv`b, Avw_©K
cwiKíbv, bvg wbe©vPb I bv‡gi QvocÎ msMÖn BZ¨vw` Kvh© m¤c~Y© K‡i _v‡K|
2. `wjjcÎ cÖYqb ch©vq: G ch©v‡q †Kv¤cvwbi cwiPvjKMY me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `yÕwU `wjj cÖbqb K‡i| h_v: (K)
¯§viKwjwc ev cwi‡gjeÜ I (L) msNwewa ev cwi‡gj wbqgvewj| ¯§viKwjwc †Kv¤cvwbi cÖavb `wjj ev msweavb ev
MVYZš¿ hv‡Z †Kv¤cvwbi bvg, wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨, †gvU g~jab BZ¨vw` D‡jøL _v‡K| Avi msNwewa‡Z †Kv¤cvwb
cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbqg-wewa †jLv _v‡K|
3. wbeÜbcÎ msMÖn ch©vq: G ch©v‡q †Kv¤cvwb wbe܇Ki Awdm n‡Z wbw`©ó wd w`‡q dig msMÖn K‡i Zv c~iYc~e©K
cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ I `wjj mshy³ K‡i wbe܇Ki wbKU Rgv †`qv nq| Av‡e`bcÎ I `wjj hvPvB, cixÿv-
wbixÿvi ci wbeÜK †Kv¤cvwbi bvg ZvwjKvfz³ K‡ib| Zvici cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z
cv‡i| wKš‘ cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb‡K KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
4. Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq: cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cÎ cvIqvi Rb¨ b¨~bZg g~jab msM„nxZ
n‡q‡Q G g‡g© †NvlYvcÎ I weeiYcÎ `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| D³ `wjjcÎ †c‡q wbeÜK mš‘ó n‡j Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ
cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zvici cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb Kvh©µg ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

wbeÜb, `vq, gvwjKvbv cÖf…wZ wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i †hŠ_g~jabx †Kv¤cvwb wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| wb‡” G‡`i
m¤c‡K© mswÿß aviYv †`Iqv n‡jv:
1. mb`cÖvß †Kv¤cvwb: ivRKxq mb` ev †NvlYv e‡j m„ó †Kv¤cvwb‡K mb`cÖvß †Kv¤cvwb e‡j| †hgb, PvUvW© e¨vsK
Ae Bsj¨vÛ|
2. wewae× †Kv¤cvwb: †`‡ki msm` ev ivóªcwZi Av‡`k Øviv MwVZ †Kv¤cvwb‡K wewae× †Kv¤cvwb e‡j| †hgb,
evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, wewcwWwe, ivRDK BZ¨vw`|
3. wbewÜZ †Kv¤cvwb: 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤cvwb AvBb Øviv MwVZ I wbewÜZ †Kv¤cvwbmg~n GB †kªwYi AšÍM©Z|
Giƒc †Kv¤cvwb‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 70

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(K) †kqvi Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤cvwb: GB ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwbi `vq Zvi †kqvi g~‡j¨i AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv `vq enb Ki‡Z
nq bv| Avevi Giƒc †Kv¤cvwb‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
(i) cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb: G ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wbgœ 7 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v †kqvi
Øviv mxgve× _v‡K| G ai‡bi cÖwZôvb RbM‡Yi wbKU †kqvi wewµ K‡i g~jab msMÖn K‡i| Gi gvwjKvbv Aev‡a
n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨|
(ii) cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤cvwb: G ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 50 Rb| G cÖwZôvb
RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †kqvi wewµ Ges gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
(iii) miKvwi †Kv¤cvwb: †h me †Kv¤cvwbi Av`vqK…Z g~ja‡bi Kgc‡ÿ 51% gvwjKvbv miKv‡ii nv‡Z _v‡K
†m¸‡jv‡K miKvwi †Kv¤cvwb ejv nq|
(iv) †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb: hw` †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi kZKiv 50% fv‡Mi †ewk †kqv‡ii gvwjK nq
ev †gvU †fvU`vb ÿgZvi kZKiv 50 fv‡Mi AwZwi³ †fvU`vb ÿgZv †fvM K‡i A_ev cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e
AwaKvsk cwiPvjK wb‡qvM Kivi ÿgZvi AwaKvix nq, Z‡e H †Kv¤úvwb‡K †nvwìs ev wbqš¿YKvix †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
(v) mvewmwWqvwi †Kv¤úvwb: †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 2 (2) aviv †gvZv‡eK, †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi 50% Gi †ewk †kqvi ev
†fvU`v‡bi ÿgZv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi Aax‡b _vK‡j ev msL¨vMwiô cwiPvjK wb‡qv‡Mi cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ ÿgZv
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi Aax‡b _vK‡j Zv‡K mvewmwWqvwi ev Aaxb¯’ †Kv¤úvwb e‡j|
(L) cÖwZkÖæwZ Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤cvwb: G ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi gvwjKiv wb‡R‡`i †kqv‡ii g~‡j¨i AwZwi³
cwigvb A_© †Kv¤cvwb wejywßi mgq cwi‡kva Kivi cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
(M) Amxg `vqe× †Kv¤cvwb: †h †Kv¤cvwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡`i `vq mxgvnxb Zv‡K Amxg `vqe× †Kv¤cvwb e‡j|
mvaviYZ G ai‡bi †Kv¤cvwb †`Lv hvq bv|

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ wewfbœ wel‡q wKQz wgj _vK‡jI Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ cv_©K¨ jÿ Kiv
hvq| wb‡¤œ Dfq †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ mg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jvt
cv_©‡K¨i welq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb
1. msMVb G †Kv¤úvwb MV‡b Kg AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb GUv MV‡b †ewk AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z
Ki‡Z nq weavq Gi MVb Zzjbvg~jK nq e‡j Gi MVb Zzjbvg~jK †ewk RwUj|
mnR|
2. m`m¨ msL¨v me©wb¤œ m`m¨ msL¨v 2 Ges m‡ev©”P msL¨v me©wb¤œ msL¨v 7Rb Ges m‡ev©”P mxgv
50 Rb| †kqv‡ii msL¨v Øviv mxgve×|
3. Kvh©vi¤¢ weÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci
cv‡i| Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
4. †kqvi weµq Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU †kqvi weµ‡qi Avnevb †kqvi weµ‡ii Rb¨ Rb mvavi‡Yi wbKU
Rvbv‡Z cv‡i bv| Av‡e`b Rvbv‡Z cv‡i|
5. weeiY cÎ G‡ÿ‡Î weeiYcÎ ev weKí wee„wZ ˆZwii G‡ÿ‡Î weeiYcÎ ev weKí wee„wZ ˆZwi
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| K‡i wbe܇Ki wbKU Rgv w`‡Z nq|
6. †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi Gi †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi †hvM¨ bq| G †Kv¤úbxi †kqvi Aev‡a n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨|
7. g~jab I AvqZb m`m¨ msL¨v Kg nIqvi g~jabI Kg nq| m`m¨ msL¨v †ewk nIqvq AwaK g~jab
G‡Z AvqZb Zzjbvg~jK †QvU nq| msMÖn nq| G‡Z AvqZb e„n`vKvi nq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 71

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

cv_©‡K¨i welq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb

8. by¨bZg g~jab KvR ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ b~¨bZg g~jab msMÖn KvR ïiæi c~‡e© eva¨Zvg~jK fv‡e b~¨bZg
Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| g~jab msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
9. cwiPvj‡Ki Kgc‡ÿ 2Rb cwiPvjK _vK‡Z nq| Aek¨B wZbRb cwiPvjK _vK‡Z nq|
msL¨v
10. cwiPvjK cl©` cÖwZ ermi cwiPvjK cl©` MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZ ermi cwiPvjK cl©` cybM©Vb Ki‡Z
MVb nq bv| nq|

wb‡Pi DwjøwLZ cÖwZôvbmg~n †Kvb ai‡bi cÖwZôvb, Zv Dc‡ii Av‡jvwPZ cv‡Vi

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) Av‡jv‡K Avjv`v wk‡ivbv‡g wPwýZ K‡i D‡jøL Kiæb| evsjv‡`k wegvb, Iqvmv,
/wkÿv_©xi KvR iƒcvjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW, c~evjx e¨vsK wjwg‡UW, iwngAvd‡ivR, evsjv‡`k nvDm
wewìs dvBbvÝ K‡c©v‡ikb, PvUvW© e¨vsK Ae Bsj¨vÛ|

mvims‡ÿc

†hŠ_ g~jabx e¨emvq ev †Kv¤cvwb msMVb n‡jv AvBb m„ó e¨emvq msMVb; hv MwVZ nq GKwU avivevwnK
ch©v‡qi ga¨ w`‡q|

1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwbi AvBb Abyhvqx G e¨emvq msMVb m„ó nq|

Gi MVb cÖYvjx‡Z †h mKj ch©vq AwZµg Ki‡Z nq, Zv n‡jv: D‡`¨vM MÖnY, `wjjcÎ cÖYqb, wbeÜbcÎ
msMÖn Ges Kvh©vi¤¢|

D‡`¨vM MÖnY ej‡Z †Kv¤cvwbi MV‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨v³vM‡Yi AbymÜvb, hvPvB I msMwVZ nIqv‡K †evSvq|

`wjjcÎ cÖYqb ch©v‡q †Kv¤cvwbi cwiPvjKMY me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `yÕwU `wjj cÖYqb K‡ib|

cÖ_gwU ¯§viKwjwc Ges wØZxqwU msNwewa|

¯§viKwjwc †Kv¤cvwbi cÖavb `wjj hv‡Z †Kv¤cvwbi bvg, wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨, †gvU g~jab BZ¨vw` D‡jøL _v‡K|

Avi msNwewa‡Z †Kv¤cvwb cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbqg-wewa †jLv _v‡K|

wbeÜb ch©v‡q †Kv¤cvwb wbe܇Ki Awdm n‡Z wbw`©ó wd w`‡q dig msMÖn K‡i Zv c~iYc~e©K cÖ‡qvRbxq
KvMRcÎ I `wjj mshy³ K‡i wbe܇Ki wbKU Rgv †`qv nq|

Av‡e`bcÎ I `wjj hvPvB, cixÿv-wbixÿvi ci wbeÜK †Kv¤cvwbi bvg ZvwjKvfz³ K‡ib|

Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©v‡q cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ QvovB KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn K‡i KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.10
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b
1. †Kv¤úvwb MV‡bi cÖ_g KvRwU K‡ib?
(K) cÖeZ©KMY (L) †kqvi‡nvìvim
(M) cwiPvjKMY (N) PvUvW© GKvD‡U›U
2. †Kv¤úvwbi MVbZš¿ n‡jv-
(K) weeiYcÎ (L) ¯§viKwjwc
(M) msNwewa (N) wbeÜbcÎ

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 72

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixb cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ wbqgvewji weeiY _v‡K †Kvb `wj‡j-

(K) cwi‡gj eÜ (L) weeiYcÎ
(M) cwi‡gj wbqgvewj (N) wbeÜbcÎ
4. wbeÜbcÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib-
(K) cwiPvjK (L) wbixÿK
(M) mwjwmUi (N) wbeÜK
5. Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZ cvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-
(i) weeiYÎ;
(ii) cwiPvjK‡`i †hvM¨Zvm~PK †kqvi µ‡qi †NvlYvcÎ;
(iii) by¨bZg g~jab msMÖ‡ni cÖgvY|
6. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU coyb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b:
Kwig GKRb Mvwoi †gKvwbK| ivRkvnx‡Z Zvi GKwU Mvwo †givg‡Zi KviLvbv Av‡Q| Qq Rb Kg©Pvwi wb‡q
†m KviLvbvwU Pvjvq| Zvi KvR I e¨env‡i MÖvnKiv mš‘ó, d‡j A‡bK `~i`~ivšÍ n‡Z gvwjKiv Mvwo †givgZ
Av‡m| †m e¸ovq Av‡iv GKwU kvLv Ly‡j GKRb g¨v‡bRvi w`‡q Pvjvq| wKš‘ bZzb kvLvwU ivRkvnx kvLvi
g‡Zv mdjZv cv‡”Q bv|
(K) Amxg `vq Kx?
(L) GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
(M) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Kwi‡gi Mvwo †givgZ KviLvbvi bZzb kvLv †Lvjvi D‡Ïk¨ Kx wQj? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Kwi‡gi Mvwo †givgZ KviLvbvi e¸ov kvLvq mdjZv bv cvIqvi g~j KviY we‡kølY
Kiæb|
2. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU coyb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b:
wg. evBib GKRb PvU©vW© GKvD‡›UU| wZwb Zuvi eÜz Kwigmn Av‡iv 18 Rb eÜz wg‡j GKwU e¨emvq cÖwZôvb M‡o
†Zv‡jb| wg. evBib e‡jb, wZwb e¨emvq cwiPvjbvq Ask wb‡Z cvi‡eb bv Ges wewb‡qv‡Mi AwZwi³ `vq MÖnY
Ki‡eb bv| Z‡e eQi †k‡l cÖwZôv‡bi wnmve wbixÿv KvRwU Ki‡eb| me©m¤§wZµ‡g wg. Kwig‡K cÖwZôvb
cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| ciewZ©‡Z GKRb cÖfvekvjx †`bv`vi 50,000 UvKv bv †`qvq wg. Kwig Zv Av`v‡q
mg_© nb|
(K) Askx`vwi e¨emvq Kx?
(L) ÔAskx`vi‡`i Amxg `vqÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
(M) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vwi msMVb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wg. Kwig Kx Kvi‡Y cvIbv UvKv Av`v‡q mdj n‡qwQ‡jb? we‡kølY Kiæb|
3. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b:
2000 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi Zvwi‡L wg. myRb I Zuvi wZb eÜz mg‡SvZvi wfwˇZ GKwU e¨emvq ïiæ K‡ib| D³ e¨emv‡q
Zuv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wewb‡qvM 50,000 UvKv| cÖ_g eQi †k‡l e¨emv‡qi gybvdv m‡šÍvlRbK bv nIqvq, Zuviv ¯^bvgab¨
e¨emvqx wg. gwRei‡K e¨emv‡qi Askx`vi K‡ib| wg. gwRei e¨emv‡q †Kv‡bv g~jab mieivn K‡ib bv Ges
cwiPvjbvqI Ask †bb bv| wKš‘ Zvic‡iI cuvP eQi cÖwZôvbwU jvMvZvi †jvKmvb w`‡Z _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b Zuviv
cÖwZôvbwUi we‡jvcmva‡bi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Qb|
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 73
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

(K) Pzw³cÎ Kx?

(L) Askx`vwi e¨emv‡q SzuwK eÈb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wg. gwRei †Kvb ai‡bi Askx`vi?-e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖwZôvbwUi Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi we‡jvcmvab Dchy³? Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b|
4. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b:
wg. iwng Zuvi Av‡iv 49 Rb e¨emvqx eÜz wg‡j PQR bv‡g GKwU e¨emvq cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb
wbe܇Ki wbKU n‡Z wbeÜb jvf K‡i| cÖwZôvbwU e¨emv‡qi KvR ïiæ Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡Z †M‡j GKRb
GW‡fv‡KU m`m¨ Zv‡Z evav †`b| wZwb e‡jb Av‡iv GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq AvbyôvwbKZv ev` Av‡Q| Zuv‡`i e¨emvq
cÖwZôvbwU wZb eQi mvdj¨ †`Lv‡jI ciewZ© wZb-Pvi eQi †jvKmvb n‡Z _v‡K| GgZve¯’vq XYZ bv‡g Ab¨
GKwU e¨emvq cÖwZôvb PQR cÖwZôv‡bi 51% †kqvi wK‡b †bq Ges cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ †bq| GK eQ‡iB
cÖwZôvbwU nviv‡bv mybvg wd‡i cvq|
(K) †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜb Kx?
(L) †Kv¤úvwb msMVb‡K †Kb wPišÍb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix ejv nq?
(M) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z PQR e¨emvq cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb ai‡bi †Kv¤úvwb msMVb wn‡m‡e wbewÜZ nq?
gZvgZ w`b|
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ XYZ e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjbv wbqš¿Y cvIqvi hyw³ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.1 : 1. N 2. K 3. M 4. N 5. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.2 : 1. N 2. N 3. L 4. K 5. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.3 : 1. K 2. M 3. N 4. K 5. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.4 : 1. L 2. L 3. K 4. L 5. K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.5 : 1. L 2. K 3. M 4. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.6 : 1. K 2. L 3. M 4. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.7 : 1. K 2. L 3. M 4. M 5. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.8 : 1. M 2. K 3. N 4. K 5. M 6. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.9 : 1. L 2. M 3. K 4. L 5. K 6. L 7. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.10 : 1. K 2. L 3. M 4. N 5. N

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 74