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Contribution of Paleogene and Neogene Sediments to the Petroleum System in

the Banyumas Sub-Basin, Southern Central Java, Indonesia

Conference Paper · October 2008

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 AAPG International Conference & Exhibition; October 26-29, 2008; Cape Town, South Africa

Contribution of Paleogene and Neogene Sediments to the Petroleum System in

the Banyumas Sub-Basin, Southern Central Java, Indonesia

Eddy A. Subroto, Dept. of Geology, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Indonesia,

subroto@gc.itb.ac.id, Anditya Ibrahim, Eddy Hermanto, BPMIGAS (Executive Agency for
Upstream Oil and Gas Business Activities) Jakarta, and Dardji Noeradi, Dept. of Geology,
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Indonesia

INTRODUCTION

Banyumas Sub-basin is a relatively small basin in southern part of Central Java, Indonesia
(Figure 1). The existing of petroleum system in the sub-basin has been proven. Several oil
seepages have been found in the area. However, hydrocarbon source in the sub-basin remains a
mystery. The main problem is the lack of exploration wells that penetrated the suspected source
rock(s). In 2007, an exploration well, namely Jati-1, has been drilled in the area. A series of
cuttings samples from 2,040 ft to 14,740 ft, mostly belong to the Middle to Late Miocene
Panosogan Formation, has been studied. Screening geochemistry has been performed to 213
cuttings and a detailed geochemistry analysis that includes gas chromatography (GC), GC with
mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and carbon isotope has been performed to some selected samples

It has been speculated that the suspected source rock(s) within the sub-basin could be from
Neogene and/or Paleogene sediments. A series of sediment samples comprising Paleogene and
Neogene intervals, therefore, have been collected during this study. Detailed geochemical
analyses have also been performed to some selected sediments. The characters of the sediments
from both intervals have been defined.

Four oil samples (one from DST and three seepages) are available for this study. Two of the
seepages have experienced mild biodegradation. Biomarkers study indicates that the oils display
a more fluviodeltaic character rather than a marine feature. The biomarker distributions also
reveal that, in general, all of the oils can be grouped into one family. The results indicate that
both Paleogene and Neogene intervals are possible to be the hydrocarbon sources in the sub-
basin. This study is a continuation of our previous one (Subroto et al., 2007).

GEOLOGICAL SETTING

Data from oil and gas exploration (onshore and offshore) of East Java indicate that two rift basin
systems developed during Eo-Oligocene time (Sribudiyani et al., 2003, Figure 2). The first rift
system striking NE-SW follows the Meratus structural trend and the second system trending in E-
W direction is parallel with the RMK (Rembang-Madura-Kangean) structural trend. Both
systems are prolific hydrocarbon basins. Sribudiyani et al. (2003) compiled surface and
subsurface data in the eastern part of East Java. The results indicate that the NE-SW structural
trend is still present in the middle of the island and prolong to the southern part. The fact may
imply that the Paleogene rift basin observed in the offshore of East Java is also present in middle
and southern part of Java Island following the NE-SW structural trend.

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AAPG International Conference & Exhibition; October 26-29, 2008; Cape Town, South Africa

Figure 1. Index map of the study area.

Figure 2. Paleogene and Neogene structural trend in Central and East Java area (after
Sribudiyani et al., 2003).

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 AAPG International Conference & Exhibition; October 26-29, 2008; Cape Town, South Africa

The Neogene basin is another system. The main controlling factor of basin development during
this period was the emplacement of Java magmatic arc that is striking in E-W direction. In East
Java region this structural trend overprinted the RMK lineament. Kendeng deep was one of E-W
deep basin that developed in the back arc setting during this period (Smyth et al., 2003).

As the results of the most recent study by Subroto et al. (2007), two basin reconstructions on the
basis of Paleogene structural trend and stratigraphy have been proposed. The first reconstruction
is that the Paleogene basin in the northern part of East Java follows the RMK structural trend (E-
W), going to the south in the Kendeng zone then it curves to S-W direction. The interpretation is
based on the gravity map of Kendeng zone that is segmented by NE-SW lineaments (Figure 3).
Two lineaments are apparent and they coincide with the Paleogene outcrops. Moreover,
Kulonprogo and Bayat areas support this interpretation. The form of Paleogene basin in this
model resembles a horsetail structure related to sinistral strike slip of RMK zone.

The second reconstruction indicates that the Paleogene basin in the Southern Mountain, as seen
on the stratigraphic data of the Southern Mountain, is the prolongation of the NE-SW Meratus
trend that is observed clearly in the offshore area (Figure 4). Two lineaments are also found to
coincide with Paleogene outcrops in the southern part of Java (Luk Ulo and Bayat). The
Paleogene stratigraphy of Bayat is very similar to that of the Bawean area, but the Paleogene
stratigraphy of Luk Ulo is different to the Muria trough. The two scenarios are possible and
regardless whichever model is used, it is most likely that the Paleogene basin must exist below
the Kendeng zone.

Figure 3. Possible
southward
prolongation of
Paleogene basin.
Evidence from
gravity map
lineament (after
Subroto et al.,
2007).

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 AAPG International Conference & Exhibition; October 26-29, 2008; Cape Town, South Africa

Figure 4.
Reconstruction of
the Paleogene
basin in Central
Java based on
structural trend
that is parallel with
the Meratus trend
(after Subroto et
al., 2007).

GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Samples
As mentioned in the Introduction, this study is a continuation of the previous one done in 2007.
In the previous study a series of sedimentary rocks representing some formations, i.e. Halang,
Rambatan, Pemali, Lawak, Totogan, and Karangsambung from Paleogene and Neogene intervals
have been collected. One of the conclusions of the previous study was that based on correlation
study it has been suggested that the crude oils found as seeps in the Central Java might be derived
from source rock whose biomarker characters like that in the Halang Formation, but with higher
maturation. It should be noted that the Karangsambung sediments analyzed during the study were
mainly from the deeper marine environment. During this study a set of samples, mainly from
Miocene Panosogan Formation of the Jati-1 well and some equivalent Eocene Karangsambung
from shallower marine have been geochemically analyzed. Most of them are generally lean with
poor gas-prone source potential. Occasionally, organic carbon content exceeds 1% TOC, but low
hydrogen indices and a kerogen type strongly dominated by vitrinite suggest modest gas-prone
source potential only.

Source Rock to Oil Correlation

Correlation between source rocks and crude oils for this study was mainly based on biomarkers
distribution. The four oil samples studied can be grouped into one oil family with minor
differences. Biomarkers that have been used to correlate between crude oils and sediments are
steranes and triterpanes. Figure 5 shows a comparison of triterpanes distribution in the crude oil
(represented by Jati-1 DST-1) and in some source rocks based on mass chromatograms of m/z
191. It is apparent that the deeper marine Karangsambung and Panosogan sediments contain
relatively low oleanane and resins indicating that they were derived from marine environment.
The crude oil, on the other hand contains higher concentrations of oleanane and resins compared
with these sediments. The DST-1 oil seems to be more fluviodeltaic than the Panosogan
sediments. Another thing is that maturity of the Panosogan sediments is relatively low. The

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 AAPG International Conference & Exhibition; October 26-29, 2008; Cape Town, South Africa

highest maturity of the interval is just mature. However, the bioamarkers distribution (tricyclic
and pentacyclic triterpanes) of the equivalent Karangsambung sediment (from shallower marine)
shows relatively identical with that of the crude oil indicating that they have a good correlation.

CONCLUSIONS

Correlation study suggests that the crude oils found as seeps and a DST sample in the Banyumas
Sub-basin might be derived from equivalent Eocene Karangsambung Formation (Paleogene)
whose depositional environment was shallow marine. Other formation that could also be
hydrocarbon source in the area is Neogene sediments older than Panosogan Formation from off
structure.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to acknowledge the management of BPMIGAS for financial support and
permission to publish this work.

REFERENCES CITED

Smyth, H., Hall, R., Hamilton, J., and Kinny, P., 2005, East Java: Cenozoic basins, volcanoes and
ancient basin. Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association 30th Annual Convention &
Exhibition. Soft file: IPA05-G-045.

Sribudiyani, Muchsin, N., Ryacudu, R., Kunto, T., Astono, P., Prasetya, I., Sapiie, B., Asikin, S.,
Harsolumakso, A.H., and Yulianto, I., 2003, The collision of the East Java microplate and its
implication for hydrocarbon occurrences in the East Java Basin. Proceedings Indonesian
Petroleum Association 30th Annual Convention & Exhibition. Soft file: IPA03-G-085.

Subroto, E.A., Noeradi, D., Priyono, A., Wahono, H.E., Hermanto, E., Praptisih, and Santoso K.,
2007, Paleogene basin within the Kendeng Zone, Central Java Island, and its implication to
hydrocarbon prospectivity.

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 AAPG International Conference & Exhibition; October 26-29, 2008; Cape Town, South Africa

m/z 191
30-Hopane
30-Hopane

Miocene Panosogan Oleanane

Formation
29-Hopane

Tricyclic terpanes

Eocene Karangsambung
Formation
(deeper marine)
Intensity

Equiv. Eocene Karangsambung

Formation
(shalower marine)

Jati-1 DST-1 oil

Retention time
Figure 5. Partial mass chromatogram m/z 191 showing distribution of tricyclic and pentacyclic
terpanes in sediments and a crude oil collected from Banyumas Sub-basin.

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