DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTISENSORY MIRROR

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering degree in

Electronics and Communication Engineering

By

SUNDARA SANDEEP TEJA (3613565)

SOMA NIROOP RAHUL (3613553)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC

JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI,

CHENNAI – 600119. TAMILNADU.

MARCH 2020

1
 SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC

JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI – 600119. TAMILNADU.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of SUNDARA
SANDEEP TEJA (3613565) and SOMA NIROOP RAHUL (3613553) who carried out

the project entitled “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTISENSORY

MIRROR ” under our supervision from October 2019 to March 2020.

Internal Guide

Ms.T.GOMATHI M.Tech., (Ph.D)

Head of the Department

Submitted for Viva voice Examination held on

Dr. T. RAVI M.E., Ph.D

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 DECLARATION

We, SUNDARA SANDEEPTEJA (3613565) and SOMU NIROOP RAHUL(3613553)

hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

OF MULTISENSORY MIRROR” done by us under the guidance of Ms.T.GOMATHI

M.Tech., (Ph.D) is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

DATE : SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

1.

PLACE : 2.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Board of Management of

SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for
completing it successfully. I am grateful to them.
I convey my thanks to Dr. N. M. NANDHITHA M.E., (Ph.D), Dean, School of
Electrical and Electronics and Dr. T. RAVI M.E., (Ph.D), Head of the
Department, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing
me necessary support and details at the right time during the progressive
reviews.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my Project

Guide Ms. T.Gomathi M.Tech., (Ph.D),for her valuable guidance, suggestions
and constant encouragement paved way for the successful completion of my
project work.

We greatly thank our panel members Dr. T. Vinod M.E., (Ph.D)., and Dr. Z.
Mary Livinsa M.E., (Ph.D)., for the important advices in the development and
completion of the project at every stage.

I wish to express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of

the Department of Electronics and Communication who were helpful in many
ways for the completion of the project.

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 ABSTRACT

Power saving is one of the main challenge in our day to day life.Power saving can be
done only when the power consumed by the load is monitored.Once the load is monitored
suitable control methods can be adopted to operate the load in optimized way to save
power.Even though there are lot of technologies and solutions available to effectively monitor,
control and save power consumption of load in a house or an industry, a smart energy meter is
proposed based on Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed smart energy meter controls and
calculates the energy consumption using ESP 8266 12E, a Wi-Fi module and uploads it to the
cloud from where the consumer or producer can view the reading.

Therefore, energy analyzation by the consumer becomes much easier and controllable.
This system also helps in detecting power theft. Thus, this smart meter helps in home
automation using IoT and enabling wireless communication which is a great step towards
Digital India.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter No. Title Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL 9

1.2 ARDUINO 9

1.2.1 WHAT IS ACTUALLY ARDUINO 9

1.3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 10

1.3.1 HARDWARE 10

DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL EQUIPMENT

1.3.2 11

BREADBOARD
1.3.2.1 11

1.3.2.2 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE) 12

1.3.3 SOFTWARE 13

INSTALLATION
1.3.3.1 13

1.3.3.1.1 INSTALLATION AND SET UP OF THE ARDUINO 13

SOFTWARE

6
 INSTALLATION OF THE USB DRIVER
1.3.2.1.2 15

1.4 PROGRAMMING 16
1.4.1 BASIC STRUCTURE OF SKETCH 18
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 21
AIM AND SCOPE OF A PRESENT
3 23
INVESTIGATION
EXISTING SYSTEM
3.1 23

EXISTING BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.1.1 23

3.1.2 DISADVANTAGES 24
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 24
3.2.1 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM 24
3.2.2 ADVANTAGES 25
3.3 HARDWARE REQUIRED 25
EXPERIMENTAL OR MATERIAL AND METHODS
4 26

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 26

4.2 POWER SUPPLY 27
4.2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 28
4.2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE 28
4.2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 28
4.2.4 TRANFORMER 29
4.2.5 RECEIVER 29
4.2.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER 29

7
4.2.7 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 31
4.3 LCD DISPLAY 34
4.3.1 LCD PINCONFIGURATION 35
4.3.2 HARDWARE REQUIRED 36
4.3.3 CIRCUIT 36
4.4 SMART GRID 38
4.5 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS 40
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CURRENT
4.5.1 41
TRANSFORMER
4.5.2 APPLICATIONS OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER 43
4.6 ADVANTAGES 43
4.7 APPLICATIONS 43
4.8 SOFTWARE REQUIRED 43
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 46

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1GENERAL
Smart grid is one of the features of smart city model. It is energy consumption
monitoring and management system. Smart grids are based on communication between
the provider and consumer. One of the main issues with today’s outdated grid deal with
efficiency.The grid become overloaded during peak times or seasons. It is also possible
to hack the system, and basically, take free electricity.
By using smart grid consumer and owner get daily electricity consumption
reading and owner can cut electricity supply remotely through internet if bill is not
paid.One more thing, the data collected from the smart meters should not be accessed
by any unauthorized entities. In case meter tempering is happened then owner and

8
 consumer get message and then owner take the action accordingly.
Fitting the circuit on customer’s energy meter, from that energy consumption
data can be acquired. After acquiring of data, that data can be updated on cloud service,
so that consumer and provider can access that data through internet.

1.2ARDUINO
The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board
computer that has gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market.
The Arduino is open-source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and
development software is free. This guide is for students in ME 2011, or students
anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for the first time. For advanced Arduino
users, prowl the web; there are lots of resources. The Arduino project was started in
Italy to develop low cost hardware for interaction design.

1.2.1WHAT IS ACTUALLY ARDUINO?

Arduino is an Open-source-electronic-prototyping-base for simple used hardware and
software in the field of microcontrolling. It is suitable to realize fascinating projects in a short
time. It is mostly used by artists, designer or tinkers to realize creative ideas. But Arduino is
also increasingly used by universities and schools to teach an interesting and simple beginning
to the world of microcontrolling.

1.3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

The term “Arduino” isn’t mostly used for both components. The hardware (Arduino
Boards)
and the corresponding software (Arduino).

1.3.1 HARDWARE
The Arduino hardware is a so-called microcontrolling board (Following called
“board”). Basically it is a circuit board with many electronic parts around the actual
microcontroller. On the edge of the board are many pins with whom it is possible to connect
different components. Some of them are for example: Switches, LED's, Ultrasonic sensors,
temperature sensors, displays, stepper, etc.. There are different kind of boards, that can be used

9
with the Arduino sofware. Different sized “official” boards, with the official “Aduino” name
on it, but also many, mostly cheaper, but equivalent Arduino “fitting” boards. Typical official
boards are called Arduino UNO, Arduino MEGA, Arduino Mini, etc. Arduino compatible
boards are for example Funduino UNO, Funduino MEGA, Freeduino, Seeduino, Sainsmart
UNO etc..

1.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL EQUIPMENT

Beside sensors and actuators you need, as a base for quick and flexible experimental setups,
jumper cable combined with a breadboard. This way you won't need to solder. Furthermore,
the LEDs are useful to check the signal output of the board.

1.3.2.1 BREADBOARD

10
A Breadboard is a helpful tool to build circuits without any soldering. Certain contacts are
connected with each other. Therefore, it is possible to connect many cables with each other
without soldering or screwing them together. This image below shows in color which contacts
are connected.

1.3.2.2 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

With LEDs it is possible to check the results of projects real quick. Because of that they're
useful for almost every Arduino project. On the internet are many information about LEDs.
The most important information: The electricity can only get through the LED in one
direction. So the LED has to be connected the right way to work. There is a longer and a
shorter contact at the LED. The longer one is the positive (+) and the shorter one is the
negative (–) contact.

The LED is only designed for a specific voltage. If there isn't enough voltage the LED won't
shine as bright as it should. If there's too much voltage for the LED, it will get really hot
(ATTENTION) and burn out. Typical voltage data for the different colors of LEDs: blue:
3,1V, white: 3,3V, green: 3,7V, yellow: 2,2V, red: 2,1V. The voltage on the microcontroller
boards is 5V. So the LED shouldn't be connected to the board directly, but with a resistor
between it in the circuit. Non-committal recommendation for resistors at different LEDs
(while connecting to the

11
5V pins on the microcontroller boards):

LED: white, red,yellow, green ,blue

IRresistor:100 Ohm ,200 Ohm ,200 Ohm,100 Ohm,100 Ohm ,100 Ohm

1.3.3 SOFTWARE

The software that is used to program the microcontroller, is open-source-software and can be
downloaded for free on www.arduino.cc. With this “Arduino software” you can write little
programs witch the microcontroller should perform. This programs are called “Sketch”. In the
end the sketches are transferred to the microcontroller by USB cable. More on that later on the
subject “programing”.

1.3.3.1 INSTALLATION

Now one after another the Arduino software and the USB driver for the board have to be
installed.

1.3.3.1.1INSTALLATION AND SET UP OF THE ARDUINO SOFTWARE

1. Download the Arduino software on www.arduino.cc and install it on the computer

(The microcontroller NOT connected to the PC). After that you open the software file
and start
the program named arduino.exe.

Two set ups on the program are important and should be considered.

a) The board that you want to connect, has to be selected on the arduino software.
The “Funduino Uno” is here known as “Arduino / Genuino Uno”.

12
b) You have to choose the right “Serial-Port”, to let the Computer know to which
port the
board has been connected. That is only possible if the USB driver has been installed
correctly. It can be checked this way: At the moment the Arduino isn't connected to
the PC. If you now choose “Port”, under the field “Tool”, you will already see one
or more ports here (COM1/ COM2/ COM3…). The quantity of the shown ports
doesn't depend on the quantity of the USB ports on the computer. When the board
gets connected to the computer, YOU WILL FIND ONE MORE PORT.

13
1.3.2.1.2INSTALLATION OF THE USB DRIVER

How it should be:

1. You connect the board to the computer.

2. The Computer recognizes the board and suggests to install a driver automatically.

ATTENTION: Wait a second! Most of the time the computer can't find the driver
automatically to install it. You might choose the driver by your own to install it. It can be
found in the Arduino file under “Drivers”.

Control: At the control panel of the Computer you can find the “Device manager”. If the board
has been installed successfully, it should appear here. When the installation has failed, there is
either nothing special to find or you will find an unknown USB device with a yellow
exclamation mark. In this case: Click on the unknown device and choose “update USB driver”.
Now you can start over with the manual installation.

14
 1.4PROGRAMMING

Now we can start properly. Without too much theoretical information we start directly with
programming. Learning by doing. On the left side you can find the “sketches”, on the right the
accompanying explanation for the commands in grey. If you work through the tutorials with
this system, you will soon understand the code and be able to use it by yourself. Later on you
can familiarize yourself with other features. These tutorials are only meant as first steps to the
Arduino world. All possible program features and codes are referred on www.arduino.cc under
reference .
First of all, a short explanation for possible error reports that can appear while working with
the Arduino software. The two most common ones are:

1) The board is not installed right or the wrong board is selected. After uploading the
sketch, there will appear an error report underneath the sketch. It looks like the one in
the picture on the right. The note “not in sync” shows up in the error report.

15
16
1.4.1Basic structure of a sketch:

A sketch can be divided in three parts.

1. Name variable

In the first part elements of the program are named (This will be explained in program)

17
 2. Setup (absolutely necessary for the program)

The setup will be performed only once. Here you are telling the program for example what Pin
(slot for cables) should be an input and what should be an output on the boards. Defined as
Output: The pin should put out a voltage. For example: With this pin a LED is meant to light
up.

Defined as an Input: The board should read out a voltage. For example: A switch is
actuated. The board recognized this, because it gets a voltage on the Input pin.

3. Loop (absolutely necessary for the program)

This loop part will be continuously repeated by the board. It assimilates the sketch from
beginning to end and starts again from the beginning and so on see example below.

void setup() //The setup begins here

{ //A program part begins here
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); //Pin 13 is supposed to be an ouput.

18
} //A program part is ending here.
void loop() //The main part of the program begins here
{ //program part begins here
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); //Turn on the voltage on pin 13 (LED on)
delay(1000); //Wait for 1000 milliseconds (one second)
digitalWrite(13, LOW); //Turn off the voltage on pin 13 (LED off)
delay(1000); //Wait for 1000 milliseconds (one second)
} //Program ends here

19
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
SN TECHNI FUTURE DRAWBAC
TITLE YEAR AUTHOR CONCEPT
O QUE SCOPE KS

Traditional power grids

are being transformed
into Smart Grids (SGs) to
address the issues in
existing power systemdue
IoT-aided SG is the future
to uni-directional
SG system grid which
Internet of information flflow,
which solves the
Things- energy wastage, growing
supports and problems of uni
aided smart energy demand,reliability Resource
improves
Grid:Techn and security. SGs offer directional Constrained,
various
ologies,Arc bi-directional energy information
Yasir flow between service Authentication
hitectures, network flow, energy
Saleem providers and consumers, and
1. Application 2019 functions at wastage,growin
involving power the power g energy Authorization
s,pototypes
and Future generation, transmission, generation, demand, Data Integrity
Research distribution and transmission, reliability and
Directions utilization systems. SGs distribution, security in the
employ various devices and traditional
for the monitoring, utilization. power grid.
analysis and control of
the grid, deployed at
power plants, distribution
centers and in consumers’
premises in a very large
number.

2. Internet of 2016 Exposure of

Things critical
Mitali Smart grid is one of the Smart grid is More efficient infrastructure due
(IOT) Mahadev features of smart city energy transmission of to connectivity
Based Raut, model. It is energy consumption electricity, reasons.
Smart Grid consumption,monitoring monitoring
Ruchira and management system. and Time saving
RajeshSable, Smart grids are based on technology,
communication between management
Shrutika Control on

20
 the provider and
consumer. The grid
become overloaded
during peak times or
season.By using smart
Rajendra Meter
grid consumer and owner system.
Toraskar tempering.
get daily electricity
consumption reading and
owner can cut electricity
supply remotely through
internet if bill is not paid.

Smart meter is a
progressive energy meter
that processes
Smart grids The SMS based
consumption of electrical
give electricity
energy and provides extra
electricity energy meter
information compared to Further be
request from billing system
a conventional energy developed to
Design of the brought using GSM
meter. Incorporation of measure more
Smartmeter together and modem was
smart meters into complex and high
usingAtmel disseminated implemented,
Govinda.K electricity grid includes voltage systems
89S52 era stations to let the
3. 2015 execution of a variety of which consume a
Microcontr to the clients consumer
high load of
oller techniques and software, through
know electricity
depending on the features
transmission electricity bill
that the state demands. and energy.
and has reached a
Outline of a smart meter
circulation certain
relies on upon the
technologies. threshold.
necessities of the service
organization and the
client.

21
 CHAPTER 3

AIM AND SCOPE OF A PRESENT INVESTIGATION

AIM:To design a prototype model of an IoT based smart grid that is used for Load Monitoring
and Load Controlling
3.1EXISTING SYSTEM
 In existing system,The SMS based electricity energy meter billing system using GSM
modem was implemented, to let the consumer know electricity bill has reached a certain
threshold.
 It informs the customer through a SMS sent on the mobile through the GSM modem
attached to it.
 The system consists of the electricity meter which measures the electricity bill and
informs the consumer about the number of units consumed and associated costs with it.
 The microcontroller 8051/AT89S52 coordinates the whole system with the help of its
different components connected to it.
3.1.1 EXISTING BLOCK DIAGRAM

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3.1.2DISADVANTAGES
 High cost due to replacement of analog meters by more sophisticated electronic meters.
 Lack of regulatory norms for standards for technologies smart grid.
 Lack of official technology docuentation

3.2PROPOSED SYSTEM
 Proposed Smart Energy Grid System is based on ATMEGA family controller which
controls the various activities of the system.

 This project aims to solve this problem using IOT as the means of communication. Which
helps to Monitor the Load in Real time and Control so Save energy Smartly.

 The system communicates over internet by using Wi-Fi technology.

 Load Management helps to reduce the Unwanted Energy Consumption.

3.2.1 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

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3.2.2ADVANTAGES

 Energy Saving

 Load Control and Management

 Over load Protection

3.3HARDWARE REQUIRED

 ATmega328P AVR MC

 Optocoupler

 Current Sensor

 Energy Meter

 ESP8266 Wifi Module

 LCD’s

 Capacitors

24
 Cables & Connectors

 PCB

 Transformer/Adapter

CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL OR MATERIALS AND METHODS;ALGORITHMS

4.1BLOCK DIAGRAM:

VEHICLE 1

Transmitter:

25
 Fig4.1:Transmitter Blockdiagram

VEHICLE 2:

Receiver:

26
 Fig4.2:Receiver Blockdiagram

4.2 POWER SUPPLY:

What is really desired is to convert the pulsating output of the rectifier to a constant DC
supply.  Thus we would like to ‘filter’ the pulsating input signal.  We can do this by splitting
the input waveform into AC (high frequency) and the DC components (very low frequency)
and by then ‘rejecting’ the high frequency components.

From our filtering experiments we have seen that the simplest kind of filter that can perform
the filtering task just described is a capacitor.  Thus, if we connect a capacitor directly across
the output of a rectifier, the AC components will ‘see’ a low impedance path to ground and
will not, therefore appear in the output. The smoothing capacitor converts the full-wave
rippled output of the rectifier into a smooth DC output voltage. The smoothing capacitor acts
as a tank.

Assuming a finite capacitor is connected, since a new charging pulse occurs every half cycle
the capacitor charges and discharges very frequently. We can observe that smaller the Vpp, the
more the waveform will resemble a pure dc voltage. The variable portion is known as ‘ripple’
and the value Vpp is known as the ripple voltage. Further the ratio of the ripple voltage to the
DC or average voltage is known as the ripple factor.

4.2.1CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

27
 Fig 4.3Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

4.2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The AC voltage, typically 220 rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac
voltage down to the level of the desired DC output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-
wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc
voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value
even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes.

4.2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

IC
REGULAT
RECTIFIER FILTER LOAD
TRANSFORMER OR

Fig 4.4 Block Diagram of power supply

4.2.4 TRANSFORMER:

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V) level.

28
Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier,
which is constructed with the help of op-amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it
will give peak voltage output as DC; rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

4.2.5 RECTIFIER:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current or at

least to current with only positive value, a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are used
as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals.

4.2.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

When four diodes are connected as shown in the circuit diagram, is called Bridge rectifier. The
input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output
is taken from the remaining two corners.

Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at
point A and a negative potential at point B. The positive potential at point A will forward bias
D3 and reverse bias D4.

The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3
and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are
reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3,
through the secondary of the transformer back to point B, this path is indicated by solid

29
arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.

One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse, forward
biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from point A
through D4, up through RL, through D2; through the waveforms and can be observed across
D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the same direction.

In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown

waveform. Since current flows through the load during both half cycles of the applied voltage,
this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a
given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the
conventional full-wave circuit.

This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A
and B. Assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage developed
between points X and Y is 1000volts in both circuits. In the conventional full-wave circuit
shown-in view A, the peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts.

Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that can be
rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never exceeds
500 volts, as a result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge rectifier shown
in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage, which is
1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts.
With both circuits using the same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher
output voltage than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

4.2.7 VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all
in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative
voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load

30
currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings
form milliwatts to ten watt.

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, V i, applied

to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo , from a second terminal, with the
third terminal connected to ground.

The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.
Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

So we see that, a capacitor-input filter will charge and discharge such that it fills in the “gaps”
between each peak. This reduces variations of voltage. As we have seen, the remaining voltage
variation is called ripple voltage.

31
Procedure:

1. Construct the circuit as shown. Load Resistor = Open Circuit ( Infinite Resistance ), C1 =
100 uF.

2. Connect the bridge rectifier made in the previous experiment to the capacitor , give 220V,
50 Hz Sine wave in the function generator. 

3. Give 20 as the number of turns on the transformer.

4. Run the simulation and observe the waveform across the capacitor ( rectified waveform ).

5. Without any load, the capacitor once charged remains charged and therefore the ripple
factor becomes zero.

32
Construct the circuit as before – use Load Resistor =  1 K?, and disconnect the capacitor. Note
that since there is no capacitor ( C = 0 ), the time constant is zero, ie – this is same as a bridge
rectifier without the soothing capacitor. The resultant waveform across the load would be same
a the full wave rectifier done in the previous experiment

So, we have seen the two extremes. The desirable is the one with infinite capacitance. Since
for practical reasons, we cannot have a large capacitance, we would choose a smaller value to
keep the ripple factor within tolerable limits. As seen before, we would observe the output
waveform as below.

Construct the circuit as Load Resistor = 1 K?, C1 = 100 uF. Connect the bridge rectifier to the
capacitor and load. Run the simulation and observer the waveform across the load ( rectified
waveform ) in the oscilloscope. 

33
4.3 LCD DISPLAY

The LiquidCrystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are compatible with the
Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually tell them by
the 16-pin interface.

The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several
interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the following pins:

A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory you're writing data to. You
can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction
register, which is where the LCD's controller looks for instructions on what to do next.

A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode

An Enable pin that enables writing to the registers

8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are the bits that you're writing to a
register when you write, or the values you're reading when you read.

There's also a display constrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and Gnd) and LED
Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display
contrast, and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively.

The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that form the image of what
you want to display into the data registers, then putting instructions in the instruction register.
The LiquidCrystal Library simplifies this for you so you don't need to know the low-level
instructions.

The Hitachi-compatible LCDs can be controlled in two modes: 4-bit or 8-bit. The 4-bit mode
requires seven I/O pins from the Arduino, while the 8-bit mode requires 11 pins. For
displaying text on the screen, you can do most everything in 4-bit mode, so example shows

34
how to control a 2x16 LCD in 4-bit mode.

4.3.1 LCD PIN CONFIGURATION:

Fig4.5 LCD
8- data pins D7:D0
Bi-directional data/command pins. Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII format.

RS: Register Select

RS = 0 -> Command Register is selected RS = 1 -> Data Register is selected.
R/W: Read or Write
0 -> Write, 1 -> Read
E: Enable (Latch data)
Used to latch the data present on the data pins. A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the
data. The 8 data lines are connected to PORT 1 of 8051 microcontroller. The three control
lines (RS, RW and EN) are connected to PORT 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 respectively.

4.3.2Hardware Required

35
 1. Arduino or Genuino Board
2. LCD Screen (compatible with Hitachi HD44780 driver)
3. pin headers to solder to the LCD display pins
4. 10k ohm potentiometer
5. 220 ohm resistor
6. hook-up wires
7. breadboard

4.3.3Circuit

Before wiring the LCD screen to your Arduino or Genuino board we suggest to solder a pin
header strip to the 14 (or 16) pin count connector of the LCD screen, as you can see in the
image above.
To wire your LCD screen to your board, connect the following pins:

 LCD RS pin to digital pin 12

 LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11
 LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5
 LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4
 LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3
 LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2

Additionally, wire a 10k pot to +5V and GND, with it's wiper (output) to LCD screens VO pin
(pin3). A 220 ohm resistor is used to power the backlight of the display, usually on pin 15 and
16 of the LCD connector

36
 Fig 4.6:Arduino and LCD interfaing

SCHEMATIC

37
4.4 SMART GRID

The SG has been promoted as a promising solution for minimizing the wastage of electrical
energy and as a means to solve the problems of traditional power grids, making possible
advances in effificiency, effectiveness, reliability, security, stability, and increasing demand of
electrical energy. The main SG attributes are that it offers self-healing, improved electricity
quality, distributed generation and demand response, mutual operation and user participation,
and effective asset management.

As presented, the SG completely revolutionizes the energy generation, transmission,

distribution and consumption in four sub-systems. It is comprised of three types of networks,
a Home Area Network (HAN), a Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and a Wide Area
Network (WAN).HAN is the fifirst layer; it manages the consumers’ on-demandpower
requirements and consists of smart devices, home appliances (including washing machines,
televisions, air conditioners, refrigerators and ovens), electrical vehicles, as well as renewable
energy sources (such as solar panels).

HAN is deployed within residential units, in industrial plants and in commercial buildings and
connects electrical appliances with smart meters. NAN, also known as Field Area Network
(FAN), is the second layer of an SG and consists of smart meters belonging to multiple HANs.
NAN supports communication between distribution substations and fifield electrical devices
for power distribution systems.

It collects the service and metering information from multiple HANs and transmits it to the
data collectors which connect NANs to a WAN. WAN is the third layer of an SG and it serves
as a backbone for communication between network gateways or aggregation points. It
facilitates the communication among power transmission systems, bulk generation systems,
renewable energy sources and control centers.

Additionally, video cameras have been used in SG management to build video surveillance
system for assets safety, fifire alarm and safe operations. Zhang and Huo developed a video
surveillance system to assist safety operations in smart substation. They developed integrated

38
SCADA system with video cameras embedded in supervisory graph for improving the
effificiency.

The authors fifirst developed a system and layered communication architectures. Secondly, for
software reuse, they present component-based software development. Finally, they present the
communication protocol between SCADA system and video surveillance system. EVs are of
paramount importance when we talk about SG.

EVs are considered as an effective tool for reducing the gas emissions and oil demands, as
well as for increasing the energy conversion.The emergence of SG has opened new
opportunity for EVs. Now EVs are used to exchange energy with the power grid.

They not only consume energy from the power grid, in fact through their bidirectional charger,
they also distribute the energy back to the power grid. There are three main emerging concepts
which are based on the capability of charging/discharging of EVs: Vehicle-toGrid (V2G),
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) .

In V2G, EVs are connected to the power grid.They can obtain energy, as well as deliver
energy back to the power grid. One way of earning money is to buy energy during off-peak
hours at low price from the grid. Then during on-peak hours, the EV can deliver the energy
back to the grid at higher price. In V2V, EVs distribute energy among other EVs. Using
bidirectional chargers, the EVs fifirst transfer their energy using a local grid, and
subsequently, by using a controller (also known as aggregator), the energy is distributed
among EVs. In V2H, the EVs supply energy to the homes. The EVs charge their batteries
during off-peak hours at low price from the grid. Then at on-peak hours, when the energy
price is higher, the houses consumes energy from EV batteries fulfifilling the whole or partial
demand of the house and avoids buying the expensive energy during on-peak hours.

39
 Fig4.7:Smart Grid Architecture

4.5 Current Transformers

Current transformers can be defined as the type of instrumental transformers which are
used to convert very high currents which can burn or cause damage to measuring instruments
like ammeters or other small devices like relays, into lower current values, which are in direct
proportion to their higher, primary current values.

In this way, current can be easily measured through the device, and as it is directly
proportional to the original high current, the true and precise values of current can also be
found without damaging the instrument.The secondary current differs in the phase angle from
the primary current in a very small value which can almost be approximated to zero if the
direction of the connections are appropriate.

40
 On the basis of the output supply, the current transformers can be classified into two
categories:

1. Measuring Type Current Transformers

2. Protection Type Current Transformers

1. Measuring Type Current Transformers

If the output of the current transformer is used to provide protection to measuring

devices, electric meters and other such instruments, then the transformer is known as the
measuring type current transformer.

2. Protection type Current Transformer

If the output of the current transformer is used to provide the signal to protective relays
and other such devices for their correct operations under steady state and transient conditions,
then the transformer is known as protection type current transformer.

Depending upon the range of current that a current transformer can measure, they are
of 3 types:

1. Ring Core Current Transformers: Can be used to measure current from 50

Amperes to 5000 Amperes.

2. Split Core Current Transformers: Can be used to measure current from 100
Amperes to 5000 Amperes.

3. Wound Primary Current Transformers: Can be used to measure current from 1

Ampere to 100 Amperes.

41
4.5.1 Construction and Working Principle of a Current Transformer

Like the conventional transformers, a current transformer also consists of three basic
parts that are the Primary winding, a magnetic core and the secondary winding. The basics of
the working principle are also the same, i.e, when current is supplies to the primary winding, it
produces an alternating flux in the core, due to which an alternating current is also induced in
the secondary coil.

The thing that is different from conventional transformers is that in case of a current
transformer, the primary winding consists of only one or very few turns of the coil, which can
be wrapped around the core or just a wire passing through its center. But the secondary
winding consists of several turns and is wrapped around the core in this way:

42
The core is chosen of a low loss magnetic material on which the secondary winding is wound,
so that the flux density is low and the current can easily be stepped down to the required level.

The secondary winding is then connected to the output measuring device or any other device
to which we had to supply the output.

This connection is made as shown in the figure below:

4.5.2 Applications of a Current transformer

1. Current transformers are used for measuring and monitoring currents, usually of very high
values.

2. On buildings whose meters have to measure currents higher than 200 amperes, these current
transformers are used there to drive their

43
electrical watt meters.

3. These are also used to keep track of the current readings on power grid stations.

4. These are used in relays for their driving and proper operation of the circuit.

4.6 ADVANTAGES

 Energy Saving

 Load Control and Management

 Over load Protection

4.7 APPLICATIONS

 All commercial undertakings like malls

 Power utilities/power distribution companies and substations

 Small scale industries – manufacturing or otherwise

 Medium and large manufacturing industries

 Educational institutions

4.8 SOFTWARE REQUIRED

 IOT Cloud

 Arduino Compiler

 MC Programming Language: C

CHAPTER 5

44
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS:

45
 Fig5.1:Experimental setup

Below figure shows the output values for different input values applied to the smart grid.

46
 Fig5.2:Output values

47
 CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6.1 SUMMARY
The main motivation of discussing these communication technologies for SG is to
provide some guidelines for the selection of communication technologies of SG based on the
requirements. For this purpose, we have discussed which communication technologies are
preferred for which scenarios, along with their characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages.Furthermore, it is important to note that there is no overall the best technology,
but certain ones are more suitable to particular SG applications than others.The IoT echnology
provides connectivity anywhere and anytime. It helps SG by providing smart devices or IoT
devices (such as sensors, actuators and smart meters) for the monitoring, analysis and
controlling the grid

6.2 CONCLUSION

Proposed Smart Energy Grid System is based on ATMEGA family controller which
controls the various activities of the system.This project aims to solve this problem using IOT
as the means of communication. Which helps to Monitor the Load in Real time and Control so
Save energy Smartly.The system communicates over internet by using Wi-Fi technology.Load
Management helps to reduce the Unwanted Energy Consumption.

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 ATmega328P AVR MC

The high-performance Microchip picoPower 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller

combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1024B EEPROM, 2KB

SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible

timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable

USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit A/D

converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with

internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates

between 1.8-5.5 volts.

By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves

throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing

speed.

Optocoupler:
we can provide electrical isolation between an input source and an output
load using just light by using a very common and valuable electronic
component called an Optocoupler.
The basic design of an optocoupler, also known as an Opto-isolator,
consists of an LED that produces infra-red light and a semiconductor photo-
sensitive device that is used to detect the emitted infra-red beam. Both the
LED and photo-sensitive device are enclosed in a light-tight body or
package with metal legs for the electrical connections as shown.
An optocoupler or opto-isolator consists of a light emitter, the LED and a
light sensitive receiver which can be a single photo-diode, photo-transistor,

49
photo-resistor, photo-SCR, or a photo-TRIAC with the basic operation of an
optocoupler being very simple to understand.
Optocouplers are available in four general types, each one having an infra-
red LED source but with different photo-sensitive devices. The four
optocouplers are called the: Photo-transistor, Photo-darlington, Photo-
SCR and Photo-triac as shown below.

Optocoupler Types

 
The photo-transistor and photo-darlington devices are mainly for use in DC
circuits while the photo-SCR and photo-triac allow AC powered circuits to be
controlled. There are many other kinds of source-sensor combinations, such
as LED-photodiode, LED-LASER, lamp-photoresistor pairs, reflective and
slotted optocouplers.
Current sensors

The flow of charge is known as Current. Different devices need a

different amount of current based on their functional requirements. Some
devices are so sensitive that they get damaged when a high amount of
current is delivered to them. So, to save such a situation and monitor the
amount of current required or being used in an application, measurement of

50
current necessary. This is where the Current Sensor comes into play. One
such sensor is the ACS712 Current Sensor.

Current flowing through a conductor causes a voltage drop. The

relation between current and voltage is given by Ohm’s law. In electronic
devices, an increase in the amount of current above its requirement leads to
overload and can damage the device.

Measurement of current is necessary for the proper working of devices.

Measurement of voltage is Passive task and it can be done without affecting
the system. Whereas measurement of current is an Intrusive task which
cannot be detected directly as voltage.

ACS712

51
For measuring current in a circuit, a sensor is required. ACS712 Current
Sensor is the sensor that can be used to measure and calculate the amount
of current applied to the conductor without affecting the performance of the
system.

Working Principle
Current Sensor detects the current in a wire or conductor and generates a
signal proportional to the detected current either in the form of analog
voltage or digital output.

Energy Meter
Definition: The meter which is used for measuring the energy utilises by the electric load is
known as the energy meter. The energy is the total power consumed and utilised by the load
at a particular interval of time. It is used in domestic and industrial AC circuit for measuring
the power consumption. The meter is less expensive and accurate.

Construction of Energy Meter

The construction of the single phase energy meter is shown in the figure below.

52
 The energy meter has four main parts. They are the

1. Driving System
2. Moving System
3. Braking System
4. Registering System

The detail explanation of their parts is written below.

1. Driving System – The electromagnet is the main component of the driving

system. It is the temporary magnet which is excited by the current flow through
their coil. The core of the electromagnet is made up of silicon steel lamination.
The driving system has two electromagnets. The upper one is called the shunt
electromagnet, and the lower one is called series electromagnet.

53
The series electromagnet is excited by the load current flow through the current
coil. The coil of the shunt electromagnet is directly connected with the supply and
hence carry the current proportional to the shunt voltage. This coil is called the
pressure coil.

The centre limb of the magnet has the copper band. These bands are adjustable.
The main function of the copper band is to align the flux produced by the shunt
magnet in such a way that it is exactly perpendicular to the supplied voltage.

2. Moving System – The moving system is the aluminium disc mounted on the
shaft of the alloy. The disc is placed in the air gap of the two electromagnets. The
eddy current is induced in the disc because of the change of the magnetic field.
This eddy current is cut by the magnetic flux. The interaction of the flux and the
disc induces the deflecting torque.

When the devices consume power, the aluminium disc starts rotating, and after
some number of rotations, the disc displays the unit used by the load. The
number of rotations of the disc is counted at particular interval of time. The disc
measured the power consumption in kilowatt hours.

3. Braking system – The permanent magnet is used for reducing the rotation of
the aluminium disc. The aluminium disc induces the eddy current because of their
rotation. The eddy current cut the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet and
hence produces the braking torque.

This braking torque opposes the movement of the disc, thus reduces their speed.
The permanent magnet is adjustable due to which the braking torque is also
adjusted by shifting the magnet to the other radial position.

4. Registration (Counting Mechanism) – The main function of the registration

or counting mechanism is to record the number of rotations of the aluminium
disc. Their rotation is directly proportional to the energy consumed by the loads
in the kilowatt hour.

The rotation of the disc is transmitted to the pointers of the different dial for
recording the different readings. The reading in kWh is obtained by multiply the
number of rotations of the disc with the meter constant. The figure of the dial is
shown below.

54
55
Working of the Energy Meter
The energy meter has the aluminium disc whose rotation determines the power
consumption of the load. The disc is placed between the air gap of the series and
shunt electromagnet. The shunt magnet has the pressure coil, and the series
magnet has the current coil.

The pressure coil creates the magnetic field because of the supply voltage, and
the current coil produces it because of the current.

The field induces by the voltage coil is lagging by 90º on the magnetic field of the
current coil because of which eddy current induced in the disc. The interaction of
the eddy current and the magnetic field causes torque, which exerts a force on
the disc. Thus, the disc starts rotating.

The force on the disc is proportional to the current and voltage of the coil. The
permanent magnet controls Their rotation. The permanent magnet opposes the
movement of the disc and equalises it on the power consumption. The cyclometer
counts the rotation of the disc.

 ESP8266 Wifi Module

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can
give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting
an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.

56
Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set firmware, meaning, you
can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and get about as much WiFi-ability as a WiFi
Shield offers (and that's just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective
board with a huge, and ever growing, community.
This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that allows it to
be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with
minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip
integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed to
occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-
existance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating
conditions, and requires no external RF parts.
There is an almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which has
been provided by amazing community support. In the Documents section below you will find many
resources to aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to transforming this module
into an IoT (Internet of Things) solution

PCB
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electrical or electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet
layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both
electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They are also used in
some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes.
Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once popular but now
rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and
assembly can be automated. Electronic computer-aided design software is available to do much
of the work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other
wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs
can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout only has to be done once. PCBs can also be
made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits.
PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of
one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of
substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density, because circuit traces on
the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in
popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper
planes was concurrent with the adoption of surface mount technology. However, multilayer PCBs
make repair, analysis, and field modification of circuits much more difficult and usually impractical.

 Transformer/Adapter

57
A plug adapter is usually small, inexpensive, and straightforward: it basically makes your
American plug fit into the socket of the country you are visiting, the idea being that there is already
a built-in converter or transformer in your electrical appliance, or that you will be using a separate
converter or transformer with the adapter.

Converters and transformers convert or transform the voltage of electricity from the plug into
whatever the proper level is for the plugged-in appliance. The difference between the two lies in
how the device actually converts the voltage current. To reduce 220V to 110V, for example, a
converter chops the “sine waves” (the shape of the AC power bursts) in half, whereas a
transformer alters the length of the sine waves.

External power supplies are used both with equipment with no other source of power and
with battery-powered equipment, where the supply, when plugged in, can sometimes charge the
battery in addition to powering the equipment.
Use of an external power supply allows portability of equipment powered either by mains or
battery without the added bulk of internal power components, and makes it unnecessary to
produce equipment for use only with a specified power source; the same device can be powered
from 120 VAC or 230 VAC mains, vehicle or aircraft battery by using a different adapter. Another
advantage of these designs can be increased safety; since the hazardous 120 or 240 volt mains
power is transformed to a lower, safer voltage at the wall outlet and the appliance that is handled
by the user is powered by this lower voltage.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Vojdani, Smart Integration, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, vol.6, p. 71 – 79, Nov.
2008.

[2] D.G Hart, Using AMI to realize the smart grid,” Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Society
General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of

58
Electrical Energy, Pittsburgh, PA, July 2008, p. 1 – 2.

[3] R. Gerwen, S. Jaarsma, and R. Wilhite, Smart metering, [Online]. Available:

http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webfm_ send/435

[4] S.S. Depuru, L. Wang, and V. Devabhaktuni, A conceptual design using harmonics to
reduce pilfering of electricity, IEEE PES General

Meeting, Minneapolis, MA, July 2010.

[5] M. Chebbo, EU smart grids framework: electricity networks of the future 2020 and
beyond, Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General

Meeting, Tampa, FL, June 2007, p.1 – 8.

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