A

Project Report
On
“Automatic Sensor Based Streetlight Control System Using Arduino”

In the partial fulfillment of

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By
1) Chaudhari Sayali Liladhar - 2216990176
2) Jangale Siddhesh Nilesh - 2216990179
3) Dahale Neha Pravin - 2216990169

Guided By
Mrs. V.N.Sapkale
Department of Electrical Engineering
KCES’s COEM, Jalgaon (1699)

2024-25
 KCES’s COEM, JALGAON (1699)
Department of Electrical Engineeing

Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled

“Microcontroller based Tachometer”

Submitted by

Chaudhari Sayali Liladhar

Jangale Siddhesh Nilesh
Dahale Neha Pravin
In the partial fulfillment of

Diploma in Electrical Engineering

Has been satisfactory completed under my guidance as per requirement of

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE) Mumbai.

Mrs.V.N,Sapkale Mr. J. R. Patil

Guide H.O.D

External Examiner Mr. J. R. Patil Dr. S. R. Sugandhi

Coordinator Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While bringing out this report to its final form, we came across a number of people whose
contributions in various ways helped our field of research and they deserve special thanks. It is a
pleasure to convey our gratitude to all of them.
We would like to express sincere appreciation to Principal Dr. S.R.Sugandhi, who spends his
precious time to give some ideas and suggestion towards this project.
We would like to acknowledge and extend sincere thanks to Mr.J.R.Patil, Coordinator for
their valuable support during my project work.
We are grateful to H.O.D. Mr.J.R.Patil, for his valuable suggestions and encouragements
during our project stage.
Also we would like to extend our gratitude to our guide Mrs.V.N.Sapkale , who supported us
with his experience, encouragement, guidance and valuable suggestions throughout the completion
of this report and all other faculties of the department for their valuable support during development
of my work.
Last but not least we are thankful to our parents for their support and encouragement during
the tenure of this project.

Chaudhari Sayali Liladhar - 2216990176

Jangale Siddhesh Nilesh - 2216990179
Dahale Neha Pravin - 2216990169
 ABSTRACT

The rapid growth of urban infrastructure has increased the need for efficient and
intelligent energy management systems. This project presents the design and
implementation of an Automatic Sensor Based Streetlight Control System
Using Arduino, aimed at reducing energy consumption and enhancing automation
in public lighting. The system utilizes Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) to detect
ambient light levels and Infrared (IR) sensors to sense pedestrian or vehicular
movement. When natural light diminishes below a certain threshold, the streetlights
are automatically activated. Furthermore, individual lights are turned on only when
motion is detected in their vicinity, ensuring power is used only when necessary. The
core of the system is an Arduino microcontroller, which processes sensor inputs and
controls the lighting accordingly. This approach offers a cost-effective, energy-
efficient, and environmentally friendly solution for smart cities and urban areas.
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig NO Name of Figure Page No

2.1 Voltage Regulator 6

2.1.2 I/P And O/P waveform of rectifire 7

2.5 Filter circuit of capacitor 8

2.6 Capacitor charges and discharges 8

2.7 Pin diagram 11

2.8 Block diagram of atmega 13

2.9 Push button 16

2.10 IN40007 17

2.11 Step down transformer 26

5.1 Block diagram 32

5.4 Flowchart 33

6.1 Model 35

6.2 Working 36

LIST OF CHARTS
Table no Name of table Page no
3.1 Estimation and costing 28
 CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Problem statement 2

1.3 Objective 3

1.4 Organization of report 3

2. 5
RAW MATERIAL, CONSUMABLES, UTILITIES AND
MARKET SURVERY

2.1 Component details 6

2.1.1 Microcontroller 7

2.1.2 LDR 14

2.1.3 Step down transformer 17

2.1.4 LED’s 26
 2.2 Market Survey 29

3. ESTIMATION AND COSTING 27

4. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 31

4.1 Block diagram 32

4.2 Programming 33

4.4.1 Flowchart 33

5. TESTING AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 34

6. CONCLUSIONS 37

6.1 Conclusions 38

6.2. Advantages 38

6.3 Application 38

6.4 Future scope 39

7. REFERENCE 40
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Chapter.
1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In today's world, the efficient use of electrical energy has become a major concern due to the rising
demand for power and increasing environmental awareness. One significant area where energy is
often wasted is in the operation of public streetlights, which traditionally remain on throughout the

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night regardless of the actual need for illumination. This not only leads to unnecessary power
consumption but also increases maintenance and operational costs.

To address this issue, automation and intelligent control systems can play a crucial role. The
Automatic Sensor-Based Streetlight Control System Using Arduino is a modern solution aimed at
optimizing streetlight usage through smart sensing technology. By using sensors like Light
Dependent Resistors (LDRs) to monitor ambient light and Infrared (IR) sensors to detect movement,
the system ensures that streetlights are switched on only when required—during darkness and in the
presence of vehicles or pedestrians.

The Arduino microcontroller serves as the brain of the system, processing real-time sensor data and
controlling the lights accordingly. This not only helps in conserving energy but also contributes to
the development of smarter and more sustainable urban environments. Such systems are easy to
implement, cost-effective, and scalable, making them suitable for both small communities and large
metropolitan areas.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Traditional streetlight systems operate on a fixed schedule or are manually controlled, causing them
to remain switched on even when there is no need for illumination—such as during daylight hours or
when there is no movement on the road at night. This results in significant energy wastage, increased
electricity costs, and unnecessary strain on the power grid. Additionally, manual operation and
maintenance of such systems are inefficient and prone to human error.

There is a growing need for an intelligent, automated lighting system that can optimize energy usage
by responding dynamically to environmental conditions and real-time activity on the streets. The
challenge lies in developing a cost-effective, reliable solution that can automatically control
streetlights based on the presence of natural light and motion in the surrounding area.

This project aims to solve these issues by designing and implementing an Automatic Sensor-Based
Streetlight Control System using an Arduino microcontroller. The system will use LDRs to
detect ambient light and IR sensors to detect movement, ensuring that streetlights operate only
when needed—thereby reducing energy consumption, improving efficiency, and promoting smarter
urban infrastructure.

1.3 OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this project is to design and implement an Automatic Sensor-Based
Streetlight Control System using Arduino to improve energy efficiency and reduce power wastage in
public lighting. The system aims to automatically control streetlights based on ambient light levels
and the detection of movement, using Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) and Infrared (IR) sensors.
By integrating these sensors with an Arduino microcontroller, the system can intelligently decide
when to switch streetlights on or off, ensuring they operate only when necessary. This not only helps
in conserving electricity but also minimizes the need for manual intervention, thereby reducing
operational costs and human error. Additionally, the project seeks to develop a cost-effective and

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scalable solution that can be implemented in both urban and rural settings, contributing to the
advancement of smart city infrastructure and promoting safer, more sustainable communities.

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT

Chapter 1.Introduction

In this chapter, the introduction of password based circuit breaker and information about different
components of system is given.

Chapter 2. Raw Material Consumables and Utilities

This chapter contains information about the raw material used in the system.

Chapter 3.Estimation
This chapter contains all the quantity of materials required o build the system.

Chapter 4.Literature Survey

This chapter contains the literature work about existing systems in the market.

Chapter 5.System Design and Development

This chapter contains the development of system. It includes, block diagram description, system
operation, hardware design and implementation.

Chapter 6.Testing and Performance Analysis

In this chapter, the information about testing and troubleshooting is given.

Chapter 7. Conclusion
In this chapter the conclusion, advantages, application and future scope of system are given.

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Chapter.
2

RAW MATERIAL, CONSUMABLES AND UTILITIES

2. RAW MATERIAL, CONSUMABLES AND UTILITIES

2.1 Component details
Hardware Component:

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2.1.1 Voltage Regulator 7805:

Features:
1) Output Current up to 1A.
2) Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
3) Thermal Overload Protection.
4) Short Circuit Protection.
5) Output Transistor Safe Operating Area

Fig 2.1Voltage Regulator 7805

Description:

The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-
220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide range of
applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver
over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be
used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

2.1.2 Rectifier Input Output Waveform:

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Fig 2.2Input Waveform of Bridge Rectifier

Fig 2.3Bridge Rectifier

Fig 2.4 Output Waveform of Bridge Rectifier

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a process known as
rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors
of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves,
and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into

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pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier
is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. In positive half cycle only
two diodes (1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct, in negative half cycle remaining two diodes will
conduct and they will conduct only in forward bias only.

2.1.3 Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is
maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. Voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is
very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for cathode-
ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply. This filter is also
used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can be relatively high.
Below figure can show how the capacitor charges anddischarges.

Fig 2.5 Filter circuit of Capacitor

Fig 2.6Capacitor charges and Discharges

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2.1.4 ATmega328P
ATMEL 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER WITH 32KBYTES IN-SYSTEM PROGRAMMABLE
FLASH
Features
• High Performance, Low Power Atmel®AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller Family Advanced
RISC Architecture
̶ 131 Powerful Instructions
– Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
̶ 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
̶ Fully Static Operation ̶ Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20MHz
̶ On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
̶ 4/8/16/32KBytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory
̶ 256/512/512/1KBytes EEPROM
̶ 512/1K/1K/2KBytes Internal SRAM
̶ Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM C(1) C/100 years at 25 ̶ Data
retention: 20 years at 85
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
o In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program o
True Read-While-Write Operation
̶ Programming Lock for Software Security
• Atmel® QTouch® library support
̶ Capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels
̶ QTouch and QMatrix® acquisition
̶ Up to 64 sense channels
Peripheral Features
̶ Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
̶ One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
̶ Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
̶ Six PWM Channels
̶ 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
o Temperature Measurement

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̶ 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package o

Temperature Measurement

̶ Programmable Serial USART ̶ Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

̶ Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2 C compatible
̶ Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

̶ On-chip Analog Comparator ̶ Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

Special Microcontroller Features
̶ Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
̶ Internal Calibrated Oscillator
̶ External and Internal Interrupt Sources
̶ Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby,
and Extended Standby I/O and Packages
̶ 23 Programmable I/O Lines
̶ 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF
Operating Voltage:
̶ 1.8 - 5.5V
Temperature Range:
-40C C to 85
Speed Grade:
̶ 0 - 4MHz@1.8 - 5.5V, 0 - 10MHz@2.7 - 5.5.V, 0 - 20MHz @ 4.5 - 5.5V
Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25
̶ Active Mode: 0.2mA
̶ Power-down Mode: 0.1µA
̶ Power-save Mode: 0.75µA (Including 32 kHz RTC)

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Pin Configurations

Fig 2.7 Pin Diagram

Pin Description VCC

Digital supply voltage
GND
Ground
Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port
B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port B pins are tristated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection
fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal
Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7...6 is used as TOSC2...1 input for the
Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set
Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The PC5...0
output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are

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activated. The Port C pins are tristated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running
PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical characteristics
of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is
used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate
a Reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in Table 29-11 on page
305. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
Port D (PD7:0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port
D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port D pins are tristated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be externally
connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC
through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6...4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.
AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter
ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)
In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins
are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels
Overview
The ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on
the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/P achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz
allowing the system designed to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

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Photo 2.1Atmega 328P

Block Diagram

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Fig 2.8 Block Diagram of Atmega

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All
the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent
registers to be accessed.023i1n one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting
architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional
CISC microcontrollers.
Atmel® offers the QTouch® library for embedding capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels
functionality into AVR® microcontrollers. The patented charge-transfer signal acquisition offers robust
sensing and includes fully denounced reporting of touch keys and includes Adjacent
Key Suppression® (AKS™) technology for unambiguous detection of key events. The easy-to-use
QTouch0 Suite toolchain allows you to explore, develop and debug your own touch applications
Resources
A comprehensive set of development tools, application notes and datasheets are available for
download on http://www.atmel.com/avr.
Data Retention
Reliability Qualification results show that the projected data retention failure rate is much less
than 1 PPM over 20 years at 85°C or 100 years at 25°C.
About Code Examples
This documentation contains simple code examples that briefly show how to use various parts
of the device. These code examples assume that the part specific header file is included before
compilation. Be aware that not all C compiler vendors include bit definitions in the header files and
interrupt handling in C is compiler dependent. Please confirm with the C compiler documentation for
more details. For I/O Registers located in extended I/O map, “IN”, “OUT”, “SBIS”, “SBIC”, “CBI”,
and “SBI” instructions must be replaced with instructions that allow access to extended I/O.
Typically “LDS” and “STS” combined with “SBRS”, “SBRC”, “SBR”, and “CBR”.
Capacitive Touch Sensing
TheAtmel® QTouch® Library provides a simple to use solution to realize touch sensitive
interfaces on most Atmel AVR® microcontrollers. The QTouch Library includes support for the Atmel
QTouch and Atmel QMatrix® acquisition methods. Touch sensing can be added to any application by
linking the appropriate Atmel QTouch Library for the AVR Microcontroller. This is done by using a
simple set of APIs to define the touch channels and sensors, and then calling the touch sensing APIs to
retrieve the channel information and determine the touch sensor states. The QTouch Library is FREE

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and downloadable from the Atmel website at the following location: www.atmel.com/qtouchlibrary.
For implementation details and other information, refer to the Atmel QTouch Library User Guide - also
available for download from Atmel website.
1 Push Buttons:

Photo2.2 Push Buttons

A push button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for
controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material,
usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or
hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, though even many
un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to their un-pushed state.
Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and
punch.

Uses:
In industrial and commercial applications push buttons can be linked together by a mechanical
linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be released. In this way, a stop
button can "force" a start button to be released. This method of linkage is used in simple manual
operations in which the machine or process have no electrical circuits for control.
Pushbuttons are often color-coded to associate them with their function so that the operator
will not push the wrong button in error. Commonly used colors are red for stopping the machine or
process and green for starting the machine or process.
Red pushbuttons can also have large heads (mushroom shaped) for easy operation and to
facilitate the stopping of a machine. These pushbuttons are called emergency stop buttons and are
mandated by the electrical code in many jurisdictions for increased safety. This large mushroom shape
can also be found in buttons for use with operators who need to wear gloves for their work and could
not actuate a regular flush-mounted push button. As an aid for operators and users in industrial or
commercial applications, a pilot light is commonly added to draw the attention of the user and to

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provide feedback if the button is pushed. Typically this light is includedinto the center of the pushbutton
and a lens replaces the pushbutton hard center disk.
The source of the energy to illuminate the light is not directly tied to the contacts on the back
of the pushbutton but to the action the pushbutton controls. In this way a start button when pushed will
cause the process or machine operation to be started and a secondary contact designed into the
operation or process will close to turn on the pilot light and signify the action of pushing the button
caused the resultant process or action to start.
In popular culture, the phrase "the button" refers to a (usually fictional) button that a military
or government leader could press to launch nuclear weapons.

Push to ON button:

Fig 2.9 Push on button

Initially the two contacts of the button are open. When the button is pressed they become
connected. This makes the switching operation using the push button.

2 Diode1N4007:

Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave
rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
1. Maximum forward current capacity.
2. Maximum reverses voltage capacity.
3. Maximum forward voltage capacity.

FEATURES:
1. Low forward voltage drop
2. Low leakage current
3. High forward surge capability
4. Solder dip 275 °C max. 10 s, per JESD 22-B106

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5. Compliant to RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC and in accordance to WEEE 2002/96/EC

Photo 2.31N4007 Diodes

The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market are
as follows:
Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have
maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 Amp.
Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more capacity can
be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used in place of diode of
high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but IN4001 or IN4002
cannot be used in place of IN4007.The diode BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of diode
from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN4004 to 4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to
diode IN4007.

PN Junction Operation:
Now that you are familiar with P-type and N-type materials, how these materials are joined
together to form a diode, and the function of the diode, let us continue our discussion with the operation
of the PN junction. But before we can understand how the PN junction works, we must first consider
current flow in the materials that make up the junction and what happens initially within the junction
when these two materials are joined together.

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Photo 2.4 PN Junction Diode

Current Flow in the N-Type Material:

Conduction in the N-type semiconductor, or crystal, is similar to conduction in a copper wire.
That is, with voltage applied across the material, electrons will move through the crystal just as current
would flow in a copper wire. This is shown in figure 1-15. The positive potential of the battery will
attract the free electrons in the crystal. These electrons will leave the crystal and flow into the positive
terminal of the battery. As an electron leaves the crystal, an electron from the negative terminal of the
battery will enter the crystal, thus completing the current path. Therefore, the majority current carriers
in the N-type material (electrons) are repelled by the negative side of the battery and move through the
crystal toward the positive side of the battery.

Current Flow in the P-Type Material:

Current flow through the P-type material is illustrated. Conduction in the P material is by positive
holes, instead of negative electrons. A hole moves from the positive terminal of the P material to the
negative terminal. Electrons from the external circuit enter the negative terminal of the material and
fill holes in the vicinity of this terminal. At the positive terminal, electrons are removed from the
covalent bonds, thus creating new holes. This process continues as the steady stream of holes (hole
current) moves toward the negative terminal.

3 LED:
LEDs are semiconductor devices. Like transistors, and other diodes, LEDs are made out of silicon.
What makes an LED give off light are the small amounts of chemical impurities that are added to the

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silicon, such as gallium, arsenide, indium, and nitride. When current passes through the LED, it emits
photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until its white
hot. Because LEDs produce photons directly and not via heat, they are far more efficient than
incandescent bulbs. Not long ago LEDs were only bright enough to be used as indicators on dashboards
or electronic equipment. But recent advances have made LEDs bright enough to rival traditional
lighting Modern LEDs can replace incandescent bulbs in almost any application.

Photo 2.5LED
LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light. This effect is
called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. The LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2) with integrated optical components
to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.
LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching. However, they
are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than traditional light
sources.
Applications of LEDs are diverse. They are used as low-energy and also for replacements for
traditional light sources in well-established applications such as indicators and automotive lighting.
The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while
their high switching rates are useful in communications technology. So here the role of LED is to
indicate the status of the components like relays and power circuit etc…

4 Resistors:

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A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by

producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with
Ohm's law:

V = IR

Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely
commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and
films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).
The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they can dissipate.
Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is
critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current
flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials
constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by design. Resistors can be
integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and position of leads (or
terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to
overheat when dissipating their power.

Photo 2.6 Resistors

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A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic which implements electrical resistance as a

circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow
through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. The reciprocal of the constant of proportionality
is known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow
of current I as given by Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well
as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into
hybrid and printed circuits. The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance:
common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of magnitude.
When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may
require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific
application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision
applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must
exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern
in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may
require heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum
working voltage of the resistor.

The series inductance of a practical resistor causes its behavior to depart from ohms law; this
specification can be important in some high-frequency applications for smaller values of resistance. In
a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted
inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in
manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of
resistors manufactured using a particular technology.[1] A family of discrete resistors is also
characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and position of its leads (or
terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

Units:

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The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm
is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large
range of values, the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilo ohm (1 kΩ = 103
Ω), and mega ohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.
The reciprocal of resistance R is called conductance G = 1/R and is measured in Siemens (SI unit),
sometimes referred to as a mho. Thus a Siemens is the reciprocal of an ohm: S = Ω − 1. Although the
concept of conductance is often used in circuit analysis, practical resistors are always specified in terms
of their resistance (ohms) rather than conductance.

5 Capacitors:
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors.

Photo 2.7 Electrolyte Capacitor

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Photo 2.8 Ceramic Capacitor

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured
in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between
them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The
conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field
strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and quality
factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy
capacity in a high-power system, and many other important aspects. A capacitor (formerly known as
condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all
contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical
systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating
current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits
that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes.
A capacitor is a passive electronic consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric
(insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field
develops in the dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is
the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor;
hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early means of construction. In
practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an
electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce
an undesired inductance and resistance.
Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric
(orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance. A capacitor consists of two conductors
separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region is called the dielectric or sometimes
the dielectric medium. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical insulator. Examples of
dielectric mediums are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even a semi-conductor depletion region
chemically identical to the conductors.
A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no
influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their
facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of one farad

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means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device.
The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal
capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on
each conductor to the voltage V between them:

C=
Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary.
In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

C=
Energy storage:
Work must be done by an external influence to "move" charge between the conductors in a
capacitor. When the external influence is removed the charge separation persists in the electric field
and energy is stored to be released when the charge is allowed to return to its equilibrium position.
The work done in establishing the electric field, and hence the amount of energy stored, is given by:

.
Current-voltage relation:
The current i (t) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a
charge q(t) passing through it, but actual charges, electrons, cannot pass through the dielectric layer of
a capacitor, rather an electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive
plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal
and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus the charge on the electrodes is
equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage as discussed above. As with
any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage v (t 0). This is the
integral form of the capacitor equation,

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The dual of the capacitor is the inductor, which stores energy in the magnetic field rather than
the electric field. Its current-voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and voltage in the
capacitor equations and replacing C with the inductance L.

6. Relay Features
• Extremely low cost
• SPST-NO & SPDT configuration
• Subminiature, standard PCB layout
• Sealed IP67 and Flux proof types available

Photo 2.9 Volt relay

Step down transformer

It is a general purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 240V primary windings
and 12V secondary winding. The transformer has flying colored insulated connecting leads (Approx.
100 mm long). The Transformer act as step down transformer reducing AC - 240V to AC - 12V with a
maximum of 500mAmp current.

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Photo 2.11 0-12V Step down transformer

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Chapter.
3
ESTIMATION AND COSTING

3. ESTIMATION & COSTING 3. TABLE OF RAW MATERIALS REQUIRED

Name of Material Quantity

Stepdown Transformer 1

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Arduino 1

Relay Module 1

LED’S 5

PN Junction Diode 4

Capacitor 2

Voltage Regulator IC 1

Resistor 2

Mounting Sheet 1

LDR Sensor Module 1

PCB 1

Craft Paper 1 Packet

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Chapter.
4
MARKET SURVEY

4. MARKET SURVEY

To build the model of the Automatic Sensor-Based Streetlight Control System using Arduino, a
variety of easily accessible and affordable electronic components are required. A market survey was
conducted to evaluate the availability and pricing of these components in local electronics markets as
well as on online platforms such as Amazon, Flipkart, and Robu.in. The core of the system is the
Arduino Uno or Arduino Nano, which is available in the price range of ₹400 to ₹700. Light
Dependent Resistors (LDRs), used for detecting ambient light, are inexpensive and cost around ₹10
to ₹20 each. Infrared (IR) sensor modules, which detect motion, are priced between ₹30 and ₹70 per
unit. For streetlight simulation, high-brightness LEDs are used, costing about ₹3 to ₹5 each. Essential
supporting components such as resistors, jumper wires, and breadboards are also readily available,

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with resistors costing ₹1 to ₹5 each, jumper wires priced at ₹50 to ₹100 per pack, and breadboards
ranging from ₹80 to ₹150. A power supply, either in the form of a 9V or 12V adapter or a battery
pack, typically costs between ₹100 and ₹250. For more advanced control, a 5V relay module may be
used, which is available for ₹70 to ₹120. Additionally, a PCB or perfboard and a simple enclosure or
model base can be used for mounting the components, with costs ranging from ₹20 to ₹150
depending on the materials used. Overall, all required components are cost-effective, widely
available, and suitable for both prototyping and scaled-up models of the system.

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Chapter.
5
SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

5. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

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5.1Block Diagram

1. Arduino (Microcontroller):
The Arduino acts as the brain of the system. It receives input signals from the sensors (LDR and IR)
and processes this data to control the streetlights. Based on the programmed logic, the Arduino
decides when to turn the lights ON or OFF. It ensures that the lights only operate when the
surrounding light level is low (as detected by the LDR) and when motion is detected (via IR sensors,
if used). Arduino coordinates all operations and provides an automated, efficient control mechanism.

2. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

The LDR is used to detect ambient light levels. It is a variable resistor whose resistance changes
with the intensity of light falling on it. In bright conditions (daytime), its resistance is low, and in dark
conditions (nighttime), its resistance is high. This change in resistance is used by the Arduino to
determine whether it is day or night. If it's dark enough, the Arduino initiates the process to switch on
the streetlights.

3. Power Supply:
The power supply provides the necessary electrical energy for the entire system to operate.
Typically, a 9V or 12V DC adapter or battery is used to power the Arduino board and the connected
sensors and LEDs. A stable power source ensures that the system functions reliably without
interruptions.

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5.4PROGRAMING
5.4.1 Flowchart

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Chapter.

TESTING AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

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6.1 : Model

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Fig 6.2 : Working

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Chapter.

CONCLUSIONS

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7. CONCLUSIONS

7.1 Conclusions

The development of the Automatic Sensor-Based Streetlight Control System using Arduino
demonstrates a practical and efficient approach to modernizing public lighting infrastructure. By
integrating sensors like LDRs to detect ambient light and, optionally, IR sensors to sense motion, the
system ensures that streetlights operate only when required—thereby significantly reducing energy
consumption and operational costs. The use of an Arduino microcontroller allows for easy
programming, flexibility, and effective control of the lighting system based on real-time
environmental inputs. This project not only promotes energy efficiency and automation but also
contributes to the concept of smart and sustainable urban development. The model is cost-effective,
scalable, and adaptable for real-world applications, making it a valuable solution for future smart city
implementations.

7.2 Advantages

Energy Efficiency
The system ensures that streetlights are turned on only when necessary, reducing unnecessary power
consumption and saving energy.

Cost-Effective Operation
Lower energy usage leads to reduced electricity bills and maintenance costs, making it an economical
solution for public lighting.

Automation
The system operates automatically without human intervention, minimizing the chances of human
error and reducing labor requirements.

Environmentally Friendly
By conserving electricity, the system helps reduce carbon emissions and supports environmental
sustainability efforts.

7.3 Applications

Smart City Infrastructure

The system can be integrated into smart city projects, where streetlights are part of a larger effort to
create energy-efficient, automated urban environments. This helps in optimizing energy consumption
and improving urban management.

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Public Street Lighting

The most direct application of the system is in street lighting. By automating streetlights to turn on
when it’s dark or when motion is detected, municipalities can save energy, reduce costs, and improve
the efficiency of public lighting.

Parking Lot Lighting

In public or private parking areas, this system can be used to automatically turn on lights when a car
or pedestrian enters the parking lot, ensuring safety while reducing energy consumption when the
area is not in use.

Residential Area Lighting

In housing societies or residential complexes, this system can be applied to streetlights to enhance
safety and ensure that lights are only on when needed, reducing electricity wastage.

7.4 Future Scope

The Automatic Sensor-Based Streetlight Control System using Arduino has significant potential for
future development and real-world implementation, particularly as smart city initiatives continue to
grow. One of the most promising areas for advancement is the integration of the system with the
Internet of Things (IoT), enabling remote monitoring, real-time data analysis, and centralized control
through mobile or web platforms. The use of more advanced sensors, such as ultrasonic or
highprecision ambient light sensors, can enhance the accuracy and responsiveness of the system.
Additionally, the incorporation of machine learning algorithms could allow the system to adapt
lighting schedules based on traffic patterns, weather conditions, or seasonal variations. Another
important direction is the use of solar-powered streetlights, which would make the system more
sustainable and reduce reliance on the power grid. Integration with smart grid technology can also
lead to better energy distribution and consumption monitoring. Wireless communication protocols
like Zigbee, LoRa, or 5G could be employed to eliminate complex wiring and improve scalability.
Furthermore, the system can be enhanced with automated fault detection features that alert
maintenance teams in case of component failures. As the cost of components continues to decrease,
the system will become increasingly affordable and scalable, making it suitable for deployment in
both urban and rural areas. Overall, the future scope of this project is broad and promising,
contributing to energy conservation, operational efficiency, and the evolution of intelligent public
infrastructure.

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CHAPTER
8
REFERENCE

8. REFERENCE

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[1] Real Time Keeper Sagar. G. Yadav, K. A. Narayanankutty Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, India.
[2] “A Versatile Carrier Board and Associated Timer Module Applications”R.Evans1 , A.Grippo1 ,
K.Jordan1 1 Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA. 23606, USA.
[3] “VERSATILE DIGITAL TIMER” By Narendra Sharma
[4]https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HomePage
[5] https://www. kcepoly.wordpress.com

Automatic Sensor Based Streetlight Control System Using Arduino