Korean J. Chem. Eng.

, 18(1), 67-74 (2001)

The Interpretation of DST Data for Donghae-1 Gas Field, Block VI-1, Korea
Won Mo Sung†, Sang Soo Ryou*, Seung Hun Ra** and Sun Il Kwon

Geosystem & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang Univ., Seoul 133-179, Korea

*Gas Development Project Department, Korea National Oil Corporation, AnYang 431-065, Korea
**Construction Technology Institute, LG Engineering & Construction Co., Seoul 110-035, Korea
(Received 31 May 2000 • accepted 20 December 2000)

Abstract− − Donghae-1 gas field is located in Ulleung basin at offshore Ulsan, Korea, and its recoverable reserve is
expected to be 170 to 200 BCF (Billion cubic feet). The field was confirmed to have potential gas and condensate re-
serves from an exploration well in 1998 and two appraisal wells in 1999. This field consists of five zones, with an
average reservoir depth of about 7,000 to 8,000 ft. In this study, we have performed an analysis of Gorae V DST
(Drillstem test) #2 for testing B4 zone which has the biggest reserves and Gorae V-1 DST #2 for testing B3 and B4
zones simultaneously among DST data achieved in a total of 11 zones at three wells. The pressure and flow rate re-
corded from two tested zones were used to obtain the reservoir characteristics and the well productivity. For pressure
transient test data, we carried out the analysis of reservoir permeability, skin factor, wellbore storage effect and bar-
rier effect by using the Horner plot and type curve matching methods. Also, with the deliverability test data, we es-
timated the absolute open flow which is the maximum flow rate of the gas well, and extracted the correlations re-
presenting production rate with reservoir pressure. According to the analysis, Gorae V DST #2 of B4 zone has a per-
meability and skin factor of 37 md (Millidarcy), 4.54, and Gorae V-1 DST #2 of B3 and B4 zones has 23 md and 21.0,
respectively. It was also found that the wellbore storage effect was not significant for the two wells tested. From the
deliverability test analysis, the AOF (Absolute open flow) of the Gorae V DST #2 is 152.8 MMSCFD (Million standard
cubic feet per day), and that of the Gorae V-1 DST #2 is calculated to be 68.2 MMSCFD.
Key words: DST, Donghae-1 Gas Field, Pressure Transient Test, Deliverability Test, AOF

INTRODUCTION

Offshore exploration activities for oil and gas in Korea were be-
gun in 1969, and since then, KNOC (Korea national oil corpora-
tion) has found some gas and condensate. However, Donghae-1 gas
field is the first commercial gas reservoir, which is located at 60 km
away from Ulleung basin to Ulsan. This field has been confirmed
to have GIIP (gas initial in place) of 250 to 300 BCF, and recover-
able reserve is expected to be 170 to 200 BCF.
The Donghae-1 gas field is located at the southwest margin of
the Ulleung basin as shown in Fig. 1, and its water depth is about
150 m. It is connected to Korean straits toward the southwest, and
close to the continental slope in the north. The oceanic floor around
the drilling point is quite flat with small variation of water depth
and topography, but the maximum water depth is 190 m near the
drilling location in the westerly direction.
The structure of Donghae-1 gas field is one of enechelon fold
accompanied by major strike-slip fault running NE-SW in the mid-
dle of the Ulleung basin. The structure is open toward the strike-
slip fault; however, thick canyon-fill shale of 10.5 Ma (Million
years) plays a major role of a seal to the southeast.
Referring to the timing of the structure formation of the Late Mi-
ocene, gas migration into the structure probably occurred around
5.5 Ma. As shown in Fig. 2, Donghae-1 reservoir is subdivided into
several reservoir zones by intervening shale layers. These shale lay-
ers are relatively thick and continuous, and deposited in shallow

†
To whom correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: wmsung@pnge.hanyang.ac.kr Fig. 1. Location map of Block VI-1.
67
68 W. M. Sung et al.

Fig. 2. Sectional view of Donghae-1 gas field.

marine environment.
The Donghae-1 gas field was confirmed to have a potential for Fig. 3. Pressure and flow rate for Gorae V DST #2.
gas and condensate from an exploration well in 1998, and two ap-
praisal wells were drilled to the same structure in 1999. Gorae V-1
appraisal well is located at 1,100 m toward the southwest from the
Gorae V and its total depth is 2,650 m. Gorae V-2 well is located
at 880 m toward the northeast from the Gorae V and its total depth
is 2,700 m.
A drillstem test was conducted over 11 zones of three wells for
the Donghae-1 gas field as shown in Fig. 2, and gas was produced
from seven zones among them (Table 1). In this study, we have an-
alyzed two zones: Gorae V DST #2 and Gorae V-1 DST #2 [Sung
et al., 2000].

DATA ACQUISITION AND METHODOLOGY

Summarizing the data of 7 DSTs, gas was produced mainly from

B2, B3 and B4 zones, and net pay thickness is proven to be 48 ft,
28.3 ft and 100 ft, respectively. Because the boundaries between
the B3 and B4 zones were uncertain from the seismic and logging
data, the B3 and B4 zones were perforated simultaneously to iden-
tify a communication between the two zones. Fig. 4. Pressure and flow rate for Gorae V-1 DST #2.
The DSTs were conducted by main drawdown (DD) and main
buildup (BU) after one or two short cycles of DD and BU at the 11 hours, and the main BU for 30 hours as shown in Fig. 3. After
beginning. After the pressure transient test was completed, an ad- the transient test, the flow after flow test was conducted by produc-
ditional flow after flow test or modified isochronal test was con- ing 5.838, 19.849, 30.423 and 37.545 MMSCFD for 5, 2, 1 and 2
ducted. hours, respectively. For Gorae V-1 DST #2, the testing process is
In the case of Gorae V (DST #2), the pressure transient test con- similar to Gorae V DST#2, i.e., the main DD produced 9.268
sists of the main DD period, which produces 12.188 MMSCFD for MMSCFD for 10 hours and the main BU for 24 hours as pre-

Table 1. Summary of DST for Donghae-1 gas field

DST no. V #2 V #3 V-1 #2 V-1 #3 V-2 #1 V-2 #2 V-2 #3
Layer B4 B2 B3, 4 B2 B4 B3 B2
Gauge depth (ft) 8366.1 7685.8 7868.4 7781.3 8014.1 7923.9 7843.4
Gauge no. 10613 10613 10019 10019 10851 10851 10722
Net pay (ft) 103.7 51.7 137.4 48.4 92.7 28.3 42.3
Test interval (ft) 7890-8366 7708-7907 7909-8448 7822-7995 8058-8242 7968-8123 7889-8038
Date 18-07-98 23-07-98 08-04-99 14-04-99 21-05-99 27-05-99 02-06-99

January, 2001
 The Interpretation of DST Data for Donghae-1 Gas Field, Block VI-1, Korea 69

Table 2. The recorded pressure and production rate

Gorae V DST #2 Gorae V-1 DST #2
P (psi) ∆t (hrs) ∑ ∆t (hrs) Q (MMSCFD) P (psi) ∆t (hrs) ∑ ∆t (hrs) Q (MMSCFD)
DD 3191.71 0.30 0.30 DD 3422.41 0.31 0.31
3591.54 3373.38
BU 3591.54 2.00 2.30 0.0 BU 3373.38 2.01 2.32 0.0
3610.83 3595.44
DD 3490.77 3.16 5.46 DD 3327.25 4.26 6.58
3221.79 2634.95
DD 3221.79 10.81 16.27 12.188 DD 2634.95 10.21 16.79 9.268
3514.81 3387.06
BU 3514.81 29.99 46.27 0.0 BU 3387.06 23.50 40.29 0.0
3609.08 3604.56
DD 3316.26 1.62 47.89 DD 3169.52 13.13 53.42 6.957
3592.31 3464.85
DD 3592.31 4.95 52.84 5.838 DD 3464.85 2.17 55.59 21.731
3567.14 3054.90
DD 3493.55 1.47 54.31 19.849 DD 3054.90 2.21 57.80 29.58
3427.84 2796.68
DD 3427.84 1.02 55.33 30.423 DD 2796.68 2.03 59.83 36.815
3314.98 2568.97
DD 3314.98 2.09 57.42 37.545
3236.62
DD: Pressure drawdown period, BU: Pressure buildup period.

tp + ∆t
Ψws = Ψ* − m log  -------------
sented in Fig. 4. Also, the flow after flow test produced 6.957, (3)
21.731, 29.580 and 36.815 MMSCFD for 13, 2, 2 and 2 hours, re-  ∆t 
spectively. Since the recorded data are enormous, we summarized
1.632 × 10 qsc T
6
the representative pressures and flow rates of each period (Table 2). m = ----------------------------------
- (4)
kh
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
When Eq. (3) is plotted on semi-log paper with Ψws vs. (tp+∆t)/∆t, a
straight line appears with a slope of m and an intersection of Ψ*.
1. Pressure Transient Analysis Using the above equations and input data of Table 3 [Chair et
The solution of an appropriate flow equation for the target reser- al., 1989; Park and Kim, 1993], the analysis of Gorae V DST #2 is
voir is essential for the pressure transient analysis. In this study, a performed by the transient pressure test data of section A in Fig. 3,
homogeneous, infinite acting system is assumed, and its analytical and the data is plotted on Ψws vs. log(tp+∆t)/∆t in Fig. 5. From the
solution in dimensionless form for the gas flow equation is written straightline section of 0.1056 hours to 1.9667 hours, the slope is
as Eq. (1) [Govier, 1975]: 3.440×106 psi2/cp/one-log-cycle and the resulting permeability is
2

∆ΨD (rD, tD ) = − ---Ei ------

1 rD 
- (1)
2  4tD Table 3. Input data for DST analysis
where Ψ is a pseudo-pressure introduced by Al-Hussainy, Ramey Gorae V DST #2 Gorae V-1 DST #2
and Crawford [1966] to linearize the non-linear gas flow equation, Gas gravity 0.658 0.630
p p
and it is defined by Kirchhoff integral transform, that is, 2 ∫ ------ dp. Gas compressibility 2.33e-4 psi−1 2.36e-4 psi−1
µz
CO2 concent 1.5% vol. 2.0% vol.
The Horner method is based on an approximate solution of Eq.
Gas viscosity 0.020 cp 0.020 cp
(1) for a transient period, namely, tD <0.25 rD2:
Gas z-factor 0.935 0.943
1 Pay thickness 103.77 ft 137.40 ft
∆ΨD = ---( lntD + 0.80907 ) (2)
2 Water saturation 34.00% 32.10%
Generally, DST consists of two periods of BU and DD, and Eq. Wellbore radius 0.51 ft 0.51 ft
(2) can be applied by using the principle of superposition. The re- Total compressibility 1.59e-4 psi−1 1.65e-4 psi−1
sulting equation in dimensional form is the following [Govier, Porosity 14.40% 14.62%
1975]: Temperature 680.7 oR 676.1 oR

Korean J. Chem. Eng.(Vol. 18, No. 1)

70 W. M. Sung et al.

Fig. 5. Horner plot analysis for Gorae V DST #2.

Fig. 6. Investigation of wellbore storage effect for Gorae V DST
#2.
37.96 md by using Eq. (4). If shut-in time ∆t is much greater than
the producing time tp, then (tp+∆t)/∆t is close to 1.0. Therefore, the
original static pressure Ψ* can be obtained with an x-axis value of significant. In order to prove this, we calculated the wellbore stor-
1.0 by extrapolating the straightline section. In the case of Gorae V age effect timerm (twb) by using Eq. (7) [Govier, 1975].
DST #2, Ψ* is 833.4×106 psi2/cp, which is converted to a pressure
36177µ Vwb cf
of 3608.79 psi. twb = --------------------------------- (7)
kh
Well testing data should theoretically have a straight line in the
semi-log graph, but the field data show a deviation at the early stage From the calculation, the wellbore storage effect disappears in the
of buildup due to the skin effect as well as wellbore storage effect. extremely short time at 0.0021 hour, and it can be negligible.
The additional drawdown of pressure by skin effect is caused by Since there is an uncertainty in choosing the straightline section
partial completion, mud infiltration during drilling, turbulent flow, from actual data in the Horner plot, various analysis methods are
liquid condensation, etc. However, each factor causing the skin ef- used in general, of which the type curve matching method is the
fect is not separable with the DST data, and hence, we used total most useful technique. The type curve is a graphical representation
skin or apparent skin. In the meantime, the wellbore storage effect of the analytical solution of an appropriate flow equation for the
is caused by fluid compressibility inside the tubing and also the vol- target reservoir. The main idea of type curve matching is drawing
ume of the wellbore itself. both the field data and the selected type curve on a log-log paper
In order to examine the skin effect for the early time data (before which has the same grid size and matching the two curves for the
shut-in time ∆t of 0.1056 hour) of Fig. 5, the equation used to cal- whole data including the early time section.
culate the skin factor by DST data is described at Eq (5) [Gringar- Because the solution of the type curve matching includes skin
ten et al., 1979], where Ψ1 hr represents the value at ∆t=1 hour on factor and wellbore storage as boundary conditions, these variables
straightline, that is, 829.6×106 psi2/cp. can also be calculated together with reservoir characteristics. Once
matching is completed, permeability is then estimated by using Eq.
Ψ1 hr − Ψ wf( ∆t = 0) tp + 1
- + log --------------------
- + log----------
s' = 1.1513 --------------------------------
k - +
(8) [Horne, 1995].
m tp φµ i (ct ) r2w 3.23 (5)
i
(∆Ψ )m kh
Apparent skin factor (s') was estimated as 4.64 with the permeabil- ( ∆ΨD )m = ----------------------------------
- (8)
1.417 × 10 qsc T
6
ity and slope of m obtained by Horner plot analysis. This positive
value of skin factor means that the formation near the wellbore is Meanwhile, we used the pressure derivative type curve with con-
damaged but not serious. ventional Ψ curve for a more precise analysis, which has (d∆Ψws/
Another reason for the deviation from straightline in the early d∆t) ∆t instead of ∆Ψws in the y-axis [Bourdet et al., 1989]. When
stage of the Horner plot in Fig. 5 is the wellbore storage effect, and this method is applied, the analysis is much more accurate because
its theoretical basis is as follows. This is a phenomenon that occurs the flow regime is clearly shown as illustrated in Fig. 7.
at the very early stage of buildup; its equation is presented in a log- Based on the aforementioned theory, the matching for the analy-
arithmic form as Eq. (6) [Horne, 1995]. sis of Gorae V DST #2 has been performed except the data after
1.9667 hours. In order to apply type curve matching for the build-
2357q sc T
log∆Ψ ws = log ∆t + log --------------------- (6) up data, equivalent shut-in time ∆te, namely, (tp ∆t)/(tp+∆t) was uti-
µ iC
lized, which is useful in analyzing the buildup data [Agarwal, 1980;
When Eq. (6) is plotted on log∆Ψws vs. log∆t, a straight line with Sabet, 1991]. In this analysis, type curve matching was performed
slope of 1.0 appears. Thus, the wellbore storage effect should be by non-linear regression with matching parameters of skin factor
considered seriously if the actual data show a slope of 1.0 [Ramey, and permeability neglecting the wellbore storage effect. The result-
1992]. As can be seen in Fig. 6, Gorae V DST #2 does not have a ing permeability and skin factor are 37.46 md and 4.50, respectively,
slope of 1.0, which means that the wellbore storage effect is not which is almost identical to the Horner analysis results.
January, 2001
 The Interpretation of DST Data for Donghae-1 Gas Field, Block VI-1, Korea 71

Fig. 7. Type curve matching analysis for Gorae V DST #2.

Fig. 8. Extended Muskat analysis for Gorae V DST #2.
In the case of using the pseudo-pressure derivative curve, when
the effect of pressure drop during flow period reaches the reservoir
boundary it will cause the pressure behavior to be pseudo-steady or
steady state. After this time, the curve starts to deviate from straight-
line at the latter part of the pseudo-pressure derivative curve.
As shown in Fig. 7, the pseudo-pressure derivative curve of Gorae
V DST #2 tends to incline after 1.9667 hours. This indicates that it
is either the pressure behavior reaching the reservoir boundary or
other barrier effect within the system. Whether or not this appear-
ance is caused by reservoir boundary effect can be confirmed by
calculating the radius of investigation.
The radius of investigation means the area experiencing pres-
sure drop during the flow period and can be computed by Eq. (9)
[Horne, 1995].
Fig. 9. Horner plot analysis for Gorae V-1 DST #2.
kt
rinv. = 0.029 ---------- (9)
φµct
Gorae V well (B4 zone) has a distance of 1722.4 ft away from the
nearest outer boundary regardless of the inclination of the zone; this
distance is much greater than the radius of investigation of 853.92
ft which is calculated by Eq. (9). Therefore, the upward tendency
of the latter part in the pseudo-pressure derivative curve is consid-
ered to be a barrier effect within the system, rather than a boundary
effect. Furthermore, in order to re-examine the above, we applied
extended Muskat method, that is, a trial and error method to search
for the average reservoir pressure in a graphical manner at a re-
servoir reaching pseudo-steady state condition.
For this investigation, the pressure difference (pR−pws) vs. shut-in
time (∆t) was plotted on log-log paper by using original static pres-
sure (pR) calculated previously in Horner analysis (Fig. 8). If the
latter part shows a straight line, then the system is considered to
have reached pseudo-steady state. However, the data of Gorae V Fig. 10. Investigation of wellbore storage effect for Gorae V-1
DST #2 do not show a straight line, and thus the pressure effect is DST #2.
not experienced by the outer boundary, which is the same result in
the estimation of the radius of investigation. bore storage effect time twb was 0.0051 hour, which indicates that
The transient pressure data (section A of Fig. 4) of Gorae V-1 wellbore storage effect disappeared in a very short time. Thus, the
DST #2 were analyzed in a similar manner to Gorae V. As the re- deviation of the early stage of the buildup data is likely to be due
sult plotted on Fig. 9, permeability was 23.26 md, and original static to the effect of total skin, rather than the wellbore storage. On the
pressure was 3604.23 psi. For the investigation of wellbore storage other hand, unlike Gorae V, Gorae V-1 DST #2 has a considerable
effect, the early stage of buildup data appearing in Fig. 9 does not skin factor of 21.0, meaning that the flow was disturbed by well-
have a slope of 1.0 shown in Fig. 10. In addition, the calculated well- bore damage due to mud infiltration or liquid condensation.
Korean J. Chem. Eng.(Vol. 18, No. 1)
72 W. M. Sung et al.

Fig. 11. Type curve matching analysis for Gorae V-1 DST #2.
Fig. 13. Deliverability analysis of flow after flow testing data for
Gorae V DST #2.
In the case of applying the type curve matching method for Gorae
V-1, the estimated permeability and skin factor are 22.98 md and
21.0, respectively (refer to Fig. 11). Note that these values are very age reservoir pressurerm (pR) was used as original static pressure
similar to the Horner results. As shown in Fig. 11, the data also has of 3608.79 psi estimated by Horner method with the flowing bot-
a tendency to rise at the latter part of the derivative curve. As a re- tomhole pressure (pwf) which is the final pressure of each flow per-
sult of radius of investigation of 638.94 ft, which is shorter than the iod in the deliverability test (section B in Fig. 3). The calculated val-
distance of the outer boundary of 1886.5 ft, and showing no straight- ues of (p2R−p2wf) vs. flow rate for four stages were plotted on log-
line in extended Muskat plot, it is thus found to be the effect of the log graph shown in Fig. 13. Using four points on the plot, we ob-
impermeable barrier within the system, rather than boundary effect. tained a straight line called the stabilized deliverability line with a
2. Deliverability Test slope of 1/n. From this slope and Eq. (11), n is 0.865 andrm C' is
The analysis of deliverability test data is based on Eq. (10) [Dono- 0.000107. The value of n is closer to 1.0 (laminar flow), and hence
hue and Ertekin, 1986]. the tested flow rate is estimated to be proper to the reservoir ca-
− pacity. In addition, when sandface pressure (pwf) is 0 psi in Eq. (11),
0.703 × 10 kh (p R − p wf )
6 2 2

qsc = ------------------------------------------------------
- (10) the flow is a maximum production rate which represents gas well
µTz ln ---o- − 0.75
r
potential. The AOF of Gorae V DST #2 was calculated as 152.8
 rw 
MMSCFD, whereas for Gorae V-1 DST #2 in Fig. 14, the values
Considering the turbulent flow effect, this can be written as of n and C' were 0.885 and 0.0000345, respectively, and AOF was
estimated as 68.2 MMSCFD.
qsc = C'( pR − pwf )
2 2 n
(11)

where n is ranging between 0.5 and 1.0 depending on turbulent or CONCLUSION

laminar flow. C' is a constant representing the properties of both
fluid and reservoir such as viscosity, permeability, temperature, and This study shows interpretation procedures and results of DST
net pay thickness. data of Gorae V and Gorae V-1 in Donghae-1 gas field, Korea. The
Flow after flow test data of Gorae V were first analyzed. Aver-

Fig. 14. Deliverability analysis of flow after flow testing data for
Fig. 12. Extended Muskat analysis Gorae V-1 DST #2. Gorae V-1 DST #2.
January, 2001
 The Interpretation of DST Data for Donghae-1 Gas Field, Block VI-1, Korea 73

transient pressure test data were interpreted by using a Horner plot φ : porosity
and type curve matching methods. The flow after flow test data were Ψ : pseudo-pressure [psi2/cp]
analyzed by drawing a stabilized deliverability line to obtain gas µ : viscosity [cp]
productivity as well as well potential. From the results, the follow- Ψ* : extrapolated pseudo-pressure [psi2/cp]
ing conclusions were drawn:
Subscripts
1. The formation permeabilities of the B4 zone calculated by Hor- D : dimensionless
ner method and type curve matching by using a pseudo-pressure e : equivalent
derivative curve of Gorae V DST #2 data are 37.96 and 37.46 md, f : fluid
respectively. The permeabilities of the B3/B4 zone from Gorae V- g : gas
1 DST #2 are 23.26 and 22.98 md, respectively. i : initial
2. Skin factor was estimated to be 4.50 for Gorae V and 21.0 for inv. : investigation
Gorae V-1. The reason for a substantially large value in Gorae V-1 m : matching point
is considered to be due to the wellbore damage by mud infiltration o : outer boundary
during drilling or liquid condensation which causes a disturbance p : producing
in the flow of gas. R : reservoir
3. From the analysis of the early stage of the buildup period, the sc : standard condition
wellbore storage effect and wellbore storage time were investigated. t : total
It is found that the wellbore storage effect is not significant in both w : wellbore
wells studied. The calculated wellbore storage times are 0.0025 and wb : wellbore storage
0.0051 hour for Gorae V and Gorae V-1, respectively, noting that wf : wellbore flowing
the wellbore storage effect disappears in a very short time. ws : wellbore shut in
4. In the analysis of the later stage of the buildup period for ex-
amining the slight increase in the pressure derivative curve, both SI Metric Conversion Factors
wells of Gorae V and Gorae V-1 did not experience it by the outer cp×1.0 E-03=Pa·s
boundary. Therefore, this phenomenon is considered to be a barrier ft×3.048 E-01=m
effect rather than a boundary effect. ft3×2.831685 E-02=m3
5. Finally, the interpretation of deliverability test data yields well md×9.869233 E-04=µm2
productivity and also absolute open flow of 152.8 and 68.2 psi×6.894757 E+00=kPa
MMSCFD for Gorae V and Gorae V-1, respectively. psi−1×1.450377 E-01=kPa−1
o
R×5/9 =K
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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January, 2001