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Aero Concepts

This document discusses applying fluid dynamics principles to aerodynamics. It covers external and internal flows, aerodynamic forces and moments on airfoils and wings, types of flow including incompressible and compressible, viscous and inviscid, and subsonic, transonic and supersonic. It provides an overview of the key tools and methods in aerodynamics including governing equations, potential flow, thin airfoil theory, and approaches for different flow regimes.

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Ruslan Abdulgani
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79 views11 pages

Aero Concepts

This document discusses applying fluid dynamics principles to aerodynamics. It covers external and internal flows, aerodynamic forces and moments on airfoils and wings, types of flow including incompressible and compressible, viscous and inviscid, and subsonic, transonic and supersonic. It provides an overview of the key tools and methods in aerodynamics including governing equations, potential flow, thin airfoil theory, and approaches for different flow regimes.

Uploaded by

Ruslan Abdulgani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2017/10/5

Application to Perfect fluid dynamics to AERODYNAMICS

Aerodynamics is an applied science to learn:


• External flow: the prediction of forces and moments on, and heat
transfer to, bodies moving through a fluid.

- Aerodynamic forces (lift, drag), moments and center of pressure on flying


objects (airfoil, airplanes, birds)
- Wind forces on wind turbine, building (bridge), sports (bicycle, baseball)
- Hydrodynamic forces on ships, submarines, torpedoes, swimmers.
- Aerodynamic heating of space vehicle, reentry of the space shuttle.

• Internal flow: determine flow moving internal through ducts.


- Jet engine inlets.
- Turbomachinery in air-breathing jet engines or turbine power generator.
- Exhaust nozzles and thrust of propulsion

AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS (I)

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AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS (II)


Forces:
On upper surface

On lower surface

Moments about leading edge:

Aerodynamic Coefficients (CL, CD, CM/ Cl, Cd, Cm)


For 3-D finite wing:

For 2-D airfoil:

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CENTER OF PRESSURE

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TYPES OF FLOW (I)

mean free path 


Kn 
Characteristic length L

Kn << 1

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Viscosity of Fluid
F du
shear stress    There is viscosity () of fluid
A dy

No-Slip Condition at the boundary: the fluid in direct contact


with the solid boundary has the same velocity of the boundary.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUTkqZeiMow

TYPES OF FLOW (II)

Viscous v.s. Inviscid Flow:

Reynolds number:
UL
Re 

• Re ->  => inviscid flow
• Geometry
Flow outside the boundary Thin boundary layer of viscous
flow adjacent to surface. Flow separation (viscous effect)
layer is inviscid.

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Aerodynamic Forces of Incompressible and Viscous Flow over


Thin Airfoil (θ<<1) with small Angle of Attack (α<<1)

L  N cos   A sin   N cos 


Lift force can be estimated very
good even assuming inviscid.
D  N sin   A cos   A cos 
Drag force can not get good estimation
by only assuming inviscid.

TYPES OF FLOW (II)


mean free path 
Kn 
Characteristic length L

Kn << 1

viscosity =0

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Incompressible v.s. Compressible Flow:


Mach number:
U ( velocity)
M
c ( sound speed)
M<0.3 Incompressible Flows
=> fluid is treated as incompressible

M>0.3 Compressible Flows


=> fluid is treated as compressible

Subsonic, Transonic and Supersonic Flows

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Supersonic Wind Tunnel

TYPES OF FLOW (III)

Kn << 1

viscosity =0
shear stress
M<0.3
du
  0
dy

0.3<M<0.8 0.8<M<1.2 1.2<M<5 M>5

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AERODYNAMIC FORCES AND MOMENTS of


Incompressible and Invicid Flow

ROADMAP FOR AERODYNAMICS

BASIC AERODYNAMICS TOOLS


(Basic Governing Equations)

SUBSONIC FLOW TRANSONIC/SUPERSONIC FLOW


(incompressible , inviscid flow) (compressible, inviscid flow)

Potential flow (irrotational flow) Normal/oblique shock (Prandtl-Meyer


function)
2D airfoil (thin airfoil theory) Supersonic airfoil (shock expansion method)
3D finite wing (lifting line theory) Method of characteristics

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