PETROLEUM CHEMI

STRY PYAESONETUN

B.
Sc(
Indus
tri
alChemi
stry)

ORGANI
CCHEMI
STRY

Pet
rol
eum I
ndus
tryandPet
rochemi
cal
s

CrudeOi
landot
herFos
silFuel
s

Fuel

Fueli
sas
ubs
tancet
hatcanbeconveni
ent
lyus
edasas
ourceofenergy.

Ther
ear
ethr
eemaj
orf
oss
ilf
uel
s.Theyar
e(1)c
oal(2)
crudeoi
l(3)
nat
uralgas
.

Fos
silf
uel
swer
efor
medi
ntheEar
th'
scr
ustf
rom mat
eri
alt
hatwasonc
eli
ving.

Coalc
omesf
rom f
oss
ilpl
antmat
eri
al.

Cr
udeoi
landnat
uralgasar
efor
medf
rom t
hebodi
esofmar
inemi
croor
gani
sms.

Theformati
onofthesef
uelstookpl
aceovergeol
ogi
calperi
odsoft
ime( manymi
ll
ion
ofyear
s).Thes
efuel
sarether
eforenon-
renewabl
eandfini
teres
ources
.

CrudeOi
l

TheFormat
ionofCrudeOi
l

Crudeoi li
soneoft heear
th'smaj ornaturalresources
.Theoi listheresul
tofa
processthatbeganupt o400mi lli
onyear sago.Prehist
oricmar i
nec reatur
esdiedand
sanktot hes ea-bedandwer ec overedands urroundedbymud.Thec hangeint
o
crudeoilandnat uralgaswasbr oughtaboutbyhi ghpressure,hight emperat
ureand
bacter
ialacti
ngovermi l
li
onsofyear s.Theor i
ginalorganicmaterialbrokedowni nt
o
hydrocarbons.

Compressionoft hemudabovet hehydr ocarbonmi xturet r

ans formedi tint
o
shale.Thengeologic almovement sandpr essurec hangedthiss halei ntohar derr oc
ks,
squeezingoutt heoi landgas. Theoi landgasmovedupwar dst hr ought heporous
rocks ,movi ng f r
om hi gh -pr
es suret ol ow pr essurec onditions .
Somet imes they
reachedt hesurface,butof tentheybec amet rappedbyal ayersofnon- porousrock
.Reservoirsofoi landgaswer ec reated.Theseoc c
urwer et her ockl ayer sform an
antic
lineoratthej unc ti
onofaf aul t.
Thes ereservoirsarenotl akesofoi lorpoc ket
sof
gas.Instead,theoi lorgasi sspreadt hroughoutt hepor esi nc oar ser ockss uchas
sandstoneorlimes tone,r at
heraswat erisheldinas ponge.

Oilfi
eldsandgasf ieldsar edetec t
edbyas er
iesofgeol ogi c
als ear ches. Surveys
from aer oplanesands atellitesc anpr ovidedet ai
ledpi ct
ur esofs urfacef eatur es.These
givec luesaboutt heunder l
yi ngr ocks.Var i
ationi ngravityandmagnet i
cf ieldc analso
givec lues.Finally,as eis
mi cs urveysi scarriedout. Thesec anbec arriedoutbot hat
sea and on l and . Shoc k wavesi nt he ground ar e produc ed by s etti
ng of fs mal l
expl osions.Ats ea,c ompr es sedai rgunsar eus ed.Detailedi nformat ionont her ock
for mationsinanar eac anbef oundbyt rackingandt imingt hes hoc kwaves. Pr omising
ar eas ar ethen dr i
lled . Thes e dr i
lling can s imply be t o gai n mor e geol ogic
al
inf ormation.Buti foi lorgasi sfound,t heyc anbeus edtos eehow ext ens ivet heoil-
fieldorgas- fiel
di s.Onc eaf ieldi sest
abl is
hed,t henpr oduc ti
onoi l-rigsc anbes etup.
Page-
1
PETROLEUM CHEMI
STRY PYAESONETUN

B.
Sc(
Indus
tri
alChemi
stry)

Fract
ionalDi
sti
llat
ion

Crudeoili sami xtureofmanydi ff

er enthydr ocarbonsmol ec ules .Mos toft he oi li s
usedasf uel.About10% i sus edasf eeds toc
ksorr aw mat eriali nc hemi cali ndus try.
Beforeitc anbeus ed,t hevar ioushydr ocarbonmol eculesar es epar atedbyr efining
.Atar efi
ner y,c rudeoi liss epar atedi nt odifferentf ractions.Fr ac tionsar egroupof
hydrocarbonst hathavedi f
fer entboi lingpoi nt s
.Theboi li
ngpoi nt sar er elatedt ot he
numberofc arbonat omsi nt hehydr oc arbon.Separ ationoft hehydr oc arbonst akes
placeinaf rac ti
onaldi st
ill
ationc olumn,orf rac t
ionat i
ngt ower.Att hes t
artoft he
reci
ningpr oc ess,c rudeoi lispr eheat edt oat emper at ureof350- 400' Candpumpedi n
atthebas eoft het ower. Asi tboi l
s,thevapourpas sesupt het ower. I
tpas s
est hrougha
seri
esofbubbl ec apsand c ool sasi tr i
sesf urtherup t hec olumn .Thedi fferent
temperatur es ,and t herefore atdi f f
er enthei ght si nt he c olumn . The f ractions
condensingatt hedi fferentlevel sar ec ollect
edont rays. Fractionsf rom t het opoft he
towerar ec alled' li
ght 'andt hos ef rom t hebot tom ' heavy'. Eac hf ractionc ontainsa
numberofdi fferenthydr ocar bons .Thei ndividuals inglehydr oc arbonsc ant henbe
obtai
nedbyf ur therdi sti
ll
ation.

Fract
ionaldi
sti
llat
ion

At echni
quet oseparateintodi f
ferentf
racti
onswi t
hdi f
ferentboil
ingpointsis
cal
led fract
ional dis
till
ati
on. Crude oil contai
ns many hydrocarbons wi th
dif
ferentboil
ingpoints.Thefracti
onsmaybes eparatedbyfract
ionaldi
sti
llat
ion.

Page-
2
 PETROLEUM CHEMI
STRY PYAESONETUN

B.
Sc(
Indus
tri
alChemi
stry)

Vari
ousCrudeOi
lFract
ion

Fr
act
ion Approximate Appr
oxi
mat
eboi
li
ngr
ange('
C)
numberofc arbon
at
omsi n
hydr
oc arbons

Ref
iner
ygas 1-4 C1 -C4 Bel
ow 25 b.pandvis
cos
ity
incr
easi
ng
Pet
rol 4-12 C4 -C12 40-100

Napht
ha 7-14 C7-C14 90-150

Par
aff
in 9-16 C9 -C16 150-240

Di
eseloi
l 15-25 C15-C25 220-250

Lubr
icat
ingoi
l 20-70 C20-C70 255-350

Bi
tumenr
esi
due Over70 >C70 above350

UK USA

Cr
udeOi
l Pet
rol
eum

Pet
rol Gas
oli
ne

Par
aff
in Ker
osene

Page-
3
PETROLEUM CHEMI
STRY PYAESONETUN

B.
Sc(
Indus
tri
alChemi
stry)

Gas
oli
nef
rom met
hanol

New Zel andhasl argereservesofnaturalgas(mainlymet hane)butver yli

ttl
ecrude
oil
.Thepr oblem ofpr oducingpet
r olhasbeent ransf
ormedbyac at
alystknownas
zeolit
eZSM- 5( A zeoli
tei soneofal argegroup ofalumi no-s i
li
catesofs odi
um ,
potassium ,calc
ium and bar i
um ).Met hane i
sf i
rstconverted i
nto methanol.The
met hanolproduc edist
hent urnedintohydrocarbonsusingtheZSM-5catalys
t:

met
hanol ZSM-
5 hydr
ocar
bons+wat
er

nCH 3OH ZSM-

5 (CH 2)n +H 2O

ZSM-
5isanart
ifi
cialzeol
it
ec omposedofaluminium ,s
ili
conandoxygen.
Itwasf
irs
t
madebytwoc
hemi stsworkingforUSMobilOilCompany.

Di
esel

High- s
peeddi eselengi nesi nc ars,busesandt rucksus efuel(DERV-Di eselEngi ne
Road Vehi cl
e) cont aini
ng hydr ocarbon mol eculesc onsis
ting ofbetween 9 and 20
carbonatomspermol ecule.Sl
ower- speeddi eselenginesforships,etc.,useas l
ightly
heavier fuel. Dies elengines ar ec ompr essi
on i gnit
ion engines (t
he fueli gnites
spontaneouslywi t houtas park) .
Dieselenginesar emor eeffic
ientthanpetrolengi nes
and pr oduce muc h lessc arbon monoxi de . However ,bec auset hei
r wor king
temperaturei shi gher,t heypr oducedmor eoxi desofni t
rogen.Themaj orpr oblems
aresmokeandodour.

Di
sadvant
ageofDi
eselengi
nes

Di
eselengi
nesar
edi
ffi
cul
ttos
tar
t.

Di
eselengi
nespr
oduc
eoxi
desofni
trogenduet
othehi
ghoper
ati
ngt
emper
atur
e.

Maj
orpr
obl
emsofdi
eselengi
nesar
esmokeandodour
.

Di
eselengi
nesar
eus
ual
lys
low s
peedengi
nes
.

Advant
ageofDi
eselengi
nes

Di
eselengi
nesar
emor
eef
fic
ientt
hangas
oli
neengi
ne.

Di
eselengi
nespr
oduc
emuc
hles
scar
bonmonoxi
de.

Knoc
kingwi
llnotbeobs
ervedi
ndi
eselengi
nes
.

Page-
4
PETROLEUM CHEMI
STRY PYAESONETUN

B.
Sc(
Indus
tri
alChemi
stry)

Bi
odi
esel

Pl
ant
sandani
mal
soi
lmays
erveast
hes
our
ceofbi
odi
esel
.

Trans
est
eri
ficat
ion

Theplantoranimaloilhastobec
onver
ted t
obi
odi
eselbyt
hec
hemi
calpr
oces
s
knownasTrans
ester
ifi
cat
ion.

Theconvers
ioni
nvol
vesf
ours
tages.

Fi
rsts
tagei
sthepr
epar
ati
onofnear
ly100% pur
emet
hanoloret
hanol.

Second s
tage i
st headdi
ti
on ofpotass
ium hydr
oxi
deors
odi
um hydr
oxi
debas
ic
cat
alys
ttotheprepar
edpuremethanoloret
hanol.

Thi
rds tageisthetreatmentoftheseedoilwit
ht hepreparedbasiccatal
yti
csll
uti
on
and t
hes ol
ution heated t
o60'C whic
hist hetransest
eri
ficat
ion pr
ocessproduci
ng
methylorethyles
terastheproduct(bi
odi
esel)ofthereact
ion.

Fourths tagei
sther emovalofglycer
ineandsodi
um orpotas
sium s
altoff
att
yacids
(soap)from the r
eac t
ion mixt
ure by washi
ng wit
h waterand pure bi
odi
eselis
separat
edoutbyus i
ngt hebiodi
eselproc
ess
or.

Us
esofBi
odi
eseli
nMyanmar

Atpr es
entin Myanmar,biodieselisusedtopowert r
ac t
orengines,petr
o-diesel
enginesandelect
ric
all
ygenerati
ngengi nes.
Iti
sthepot enti
alsubst
itut
eforpetr
o-
dies
elsinc
ethesourceoft
hebiodieseli
sverymuchcos
teffecti
ve.

LPG(
Liqui
dpet
rol
eum gas
)

Li
qui
dpet
rol
eum gad(
LPG)i
scompos
edofpr
opaneandbut
ane.

CNG(
Compres
sednat
uralgas)

Compr
ess
ednat
uralgas(
CNG)i
s90% met
hane.

Al
lthet
axi
sinJ
apanus
eLPG.The
irus
ere
qui
respr
ess
uri
zedt
anksf
oron-
boar
dst
orage
.

I
nMyanmar,mos tofthet
axis
,bus
esandvehic
lesuseCNG si
ncewehaveabundant
s
uppl
yofnat
uralgasfr
om Yet
agunandYadanaOff
shor
eNatur
alGasOi
lEnte
rpri
ses.

LPGhasbeenutil
ize
dinmostMyanmarhousehol
ds,
res
taur
ant
s,hot
elsandmot
elsf
or
cooki
ngandfr
yingandforot
herhe
ati
ngsys
tems.

Rapes
eedoi
l

Thepotent
ialf
oraddingplantoilstodieself
uelisbeinginves t
igat
edwor l
dwi de
.Suchfueliswidelyused in China.Thef utureus eofthesef uelswi l
ldepend on
economicfact
ors
.Somec ountri
esgr ow oi
l-producingcrops,suchasr apeseedplant,
sunfl
owerplant,
palm oi
lplantetcbutdonothavet heirownr eservesofcrudeoil
.
Page-
5
PETROLEUM CHEMI
STRY PYAESONETUN

B.
Sc(
Indus
tri
alChemi
stry)

Coal

Di
fferentt
ypesofcoal

(
1)Peat(notc
oal
)(2)
li
gni
te(
brownc
oal)(
3)Bi
tumi
nousc
oal(
sof
tcoal
)(4)
Ant
hrac
ite
(
hardc oal
)

Coalisourmostabundantf
oss
ilfuel.Manyoftheorgani
cchemical
swenow
makefrom oilc
anal
sobemadef r
om coal.Itmaywel
lbethatcoalagai
nbecomean
i
mportantsourc
eofc
hemicalr
aw mat
erial
s.

Coalisnotas ingl
esubstance.
Itiscompl exmixt
ureofcompoundst hatoc cur
naturall
yinvar yi
nggr ades
.Ithastheapproximatecomposi
ti
onformulaC135 H 96 O 9
NS.Ther eareseveraldif
fer
enttypesofcoaldependi
ngonthegeologi
calpr
oc es
singof
thedepos i
t.

Peati
sthef i
rsts
tepinthecoal-
formingproces
s,butitisnotit
selfacoal.With
heatandpr essur
eoveral ongtimescal
e,itfir
stforms'l
ignit
e'(orbrownc oal),and
thenthehar dertypesofcoal.
Anthraci
teisthehardestc
oal,withthehighestcar
bon
content.

Thefutureuseofcoalwi
llneedtobecleaner.I
tmustbevis
ibl
ycleaner(
les
s
dus
tandsoot),andmustal
sopr
oduceloweramountsofac
idi
cgas
es(SO2andNOx) .

Thes
echemi
cal
scanbeobt
ainedf
rom coal:

(
1)ammoni
a(of
tent
urnedi
ntoammoni
um s
ulphat
e)-f
orf
ert
il
izer
s,

(2)
coalgas(mai
nlyhydr
ogenandc
arbonmonoxi
de)-f
ori
ndus
tri
alheat
ing,

(
3)c
oalt
ar(s
epar
atedi
ntovar
iousf
rac
tionsl
ikec
rudeoi
l)-f
orpai
nt,dyes,

(
4)c
oke(
fori
ronands
teelmaki
ngandf
orhomeandi
ndus
tri
alheat
ing.
)

Bi
ogas

Methanegasisformednat
ural
lyunderanumberofdifferentci
rcumstanc
es.
Anaerobi
cbac t
eri
ahelpeddec
omposeorgani
cmat
terundergeologic
alcondi
ti
onst o
producenatur
algas.

Methaneaccumulat
esincoal-
mines,whereitc
anc auseexpl
osi
ons.Mar shgas
,whichbubblesupthr
ought hest
agnantwaterofmar
shes,s wampsandr i
cepaddy-
fi
eld,i
salsomethane.Methaneproducedi
nt hi
swayc ontr
ibutest
othe'greenhouse
eff
ect'
.

Methane i
sproduced f
rom or ganicwas te(bi
omass)when i tdecaysint he
absenceofai r
.Thiscanbeexploit
edasas ourceofener
gy. I
ndevelopingcountri
es
suchasI ndiaandChina,bi
omassdi gest
ersar eimport
antsourcesoffuelf
orvil
lages.
Themet hanei susef
ulforheati
ngandc ooking,andthesoli
dr esi
duei susedasa
fer
til
izer.

Industri
alizedc
ountr
iesproducel
argeamountsofwas
te,whi
chisdepos
itedin
l
andfi
llsi
tes.Biogasfor
msast herubbi
shdecays.
Thisgascanbeusedasafuelfor
l
ocali
ndustry.
Page-
6
PETROLEUM CHEMI
STRY PYAESONETUN

B.
Sc(
Indus
tri
alChemi
stry)

I
ns omepartsofMyanmar ,biogashasbeen generat
edfrom cow dung .The
generatedbi
ogashasbe enuti
li
zedt opowertheel
ectrici
tygene
rati
nge ngine
s. Many
vi
llagesinMyanmars uc
hasvi l
lagesinkyauks
etowns hi
phavee l
ect
ric
itysupplyfr
om
generati
ngengi
nespoweredbybiogas.

Whati
scat
alys
tcracki
ng?

Longchainhydrocarbonscanbebrokendowni nt
oshor
tc hainhydrocar
bonsbyus
ing
thes
uitabl
ecatal
ystsorheat.Thi
sproces
sisknownascatalyt
iccrac
king.

C10H 22 c
atal
yst
s,heat C8H 18 +C2H 4

dec
ane oc
tane + et
hene

Petrol(oct
ane )can be made i
nto et
hene .
Heatand cat
alystare needed t
o
produceethenef
rom petrol
.

C8H18 pressure,
cat
alyst,
heat 4C2H4+ H2

Whattwot
ypesofproduct
saregi
venbyal
lcracki
ngreact
ions?Ment
iont
hei
r
us
es.

Thec
rac
kingpr
oduc
tsar
eshor
tchai
nedal
kanesandhydr
ogenors
mal
lal
kene.

Us
es

Shor
tchai
nedal
kanesar
eus
edasf
uel
.

Al
kenesar
eus
edt
opr
oduc
epol
ymer
s(pl
ast
ics
),di
ffer
entc
hemi
cal
sands
olvent
s.

Fl
ashpoi
nt

Fl
ashpoi
nti
sthet
emper
atur
eatwhi
cht
hevapourwi
lli
gni
tei
nai
ratt
hepr
esenc
eof
afl
ame.

I
gni
tiont
emperat
ure

Theigni
ti
on t
emper
atur
eist
het
emper
atur
eatwhi
ch af
uel
-ai
rmi
xtur
eigni
tes
wit
houtafl
ame.

Wr
itedownt
hef
ourus
esofet
henef
rom oc
tanec
rac
king.

Us
esofet
hene

(
1)t
omanuf
act
ureet
hanol(
2)t
opr
oduc
epl
ast
ics(
e.gPE,
PVC,PS)

(
3)t
opr
oduc
echemi
cal
sands
olvent
s(4)
tor
ipef
rui
ts.

Page-
7
PETROLEUM CHEMI
STRY PYAESONETUN

B.
Sc(
Indus
tri
alChemi
stry)

Cat
alyt
icCracki
ng

Thedemandf orthevariousf ract

ionsfrom t
herefinerydoesnotnec es
sari
lymat ch
wit
ht hei
rs upplyf rom the oil.
Forl i
ghterf
ract
ionss uch asgasol
ine (
petrol)
,the
demandisgr eat
ert hanthes upply.Theopposi
teistrueforheavierf
racti
onss uchas
ker
osene(paraff
in)anddiesel.

Largermoleculesfrom thes
eheavi
erfract
ionscanbebrokenint
os maller,
more
valuabl
e,molecules.Thi
sproces
siscal
ledcatal
yti
ccracki
ng(
catcracki
ng).

Crac
kingt akesplaceinhugereactor.Int hi
sr eact
or,par ti
clesofcatal
yst(madeof
powder ed mineral
ss uch as si
li
ca, alumina and zeolites) are mixed witht he
hydrocarbon fract
ion at t
he temper ature around 500'C .The cracked vapours
cont
ainingsmallermolecul
esaresepar
at edbydi st
il
lat
ion.

OLDQUESTI
ONS

1.
Whati
sfuel?Whatar
ethet
hreemaj
orf
oss
ilf
uel
s?

2.How ar
ethef
oss
ilf
uel
sfor
med ?Ar
ethes
efuel
srenewabl
eornon r
enewabl
e
resour
ces
?

3.
Whati
scr
udeoi
l?Expl
aini
tsus
es.

4.
Wri
teanequat
iont
oindi
cat
ehow pet
rol
(oc
tane)c
anbemadei
ntoet
hane.

5.
Desc
ribet
hevar
iousc
rudeoi
lfr
act
ionsobt
ainedbyf
rac
tionaldi
sti
ll
ati
onofc
rude
oi
l.

6.
Expr
esst
heus
esofnapht
ha,
ker
osene,
dies
eloi
landf
ueloi
l.

7.
Givet
hedi
ffer
entt
ermsus
esi
nUKoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnames'
fas
oli
ne'
and'
ker
osene'
.

8.Arr
angekeros
ene,pet
rolanddies
eloi
lint
hedecreas
ingor
deroft
hei
rboi
li
ngpoi
nt
ranges.
GiveONEexampl
eofuseforEACHofthem.

9.
Arrangethefol
lowingfrac
tionsofc r
udeoi laccor
dingtotheincreas
ingboi
li
ng
poi
ntsandvis
cosi
ti
es.
Wr kt
edownt hei
rus esgi
vinganexampl
eforeac
h.

10.
Stat
etheadvant
ageanddi
sadvant
ageofdi
eselengi
ne.

11.
Whatar
ethel
ongf
ormsofCNGandLPG?Andwr
itet
hei
rcompos
iti
on?

12.
Whatar
eus
esofLPGandCNGi
nMyanmar?

13.
Frac
tionaldi
sti
ll
ati
on

14.How wouldyous
epar
atet
hec
rudeoi
l?Whi
cht
ypeofappar
atusi
sus
edi
nthi
s
separat
ion?

15.
Des
cri
behow pet
rolobt
ainedf
rom c
rudeoi
l?

16.
Whati
scat
alys
tcr
acki
ng?Whatt
wot
ypesofpr
oduc
tsar
egi
venbyal
lcr
acki
ng

Page-
8
PETROLEUM CHEMI
STRY PYAESONETUN

B.
Sc(
Indus
tri
alChemi
stry)

r
eac
tion?Ment
iont
hei
rus
es.

17.
Namet
hec
hemi
cal
swhi
chc
anbeobt
ainedf
rom c
oalandment
iont
hei
rus
es.

18.
Whatar
ethes
our
cesofbi
odi
esel?Expl
aint
heus
eofbi
odi
eseli
nMyanmar.

19.
Whatar
ethes
our
cesofc
oalandc
rudeoi
l?

20.
Wri
tedownt
hef
ourus
esofet
henef
rom oc
tanec
rac
king.

21.
Whati
smeantbyFl
ashpoi
nt?

22.
Igni
ti
ont
emper
atur
e

23.
Stat
ethedi
ffer
enc
ebet
weent
hef
las
hpoi
ntandi
gni
ti
ont
emper
atur
e.

24.Pet
rol(oc
tane)
can be made i
nto et
hene .
Give t
wo c
ondi
ti
onsneeded f
ort
his
reacti
on.

25.
Wri
tedownt
hepr
oduc
tofAnt
hrac
ite(
har
dcoal)
from Peat(
notac
oal
)?

26.
Givet
het
ypesoff
ours
tepsi
nthec
oalf
ormi
ngpr
oces
s.

27.
Whatar
ethedi
ffer
entt
ypeofc
oal.

28.
Def
inet
het
ermt
rans
est
eri
fic
ati
on.

29.
Givethenameoft
heproces
swhichisus
edf
orc
onver
sionofbi
odi
eself
rom us
ed
oil
.Expl
aint
hethi
rds
tagec
onvers
ion.

30.
Therearef
ourst
agesi
nthec
onver
sionoff
atsoroi
lst
obi
odi
esel
.Expl
aint
hef
inal
st
ageofthi
sproc
ess
.

31.
How isbi
ogaspr
oduc
ed?Gi
vet
henameoft
hisr
eac
tionpr
oces
s.Whati
sbi
ogas
compos
edof?

32.
Whati
sbi
ogas?Expl
aint
heus
eofbi
ogasi
nMyanmar.

33.
Whati
szeol
it
e?

Expl
aint
het
erm ZSM-
5cat
alys
t?

Conver
tmet
hanolt
ogas
oli
ne(
hydr
ocar
bons
)us
ingzeol
it
e.(
ZSM-
5)

34.
Whati
smeantbyt
het
erm bi
odi
esel?

35.
Whati
smeantbi
omas
s?Gi
vet
heappr
oxi
mat
ecompos
iti
onf
ormul
aofc
oal.

36.
Whatar
ecarexhautf
umec
ompos
edof?

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9