Research Paper 4.

Numerical Data – Data are in the form of

(Quantitative Research) numbers and statistics, often organized
and presented using tables, charts,
Research graphs and figures that consolidate large
number of data to show trends,
• The word research was coined from the relationships, or differences among
French word “cerhier” which means seek. variables.
The prefix “re” means to repeat. Literally,
research is to repeat looking for 5. Large Sample Size – To arrive at a more
something. reliable data analysis, a normal population
• Research signifies finding the truth again distribution is preferred. This requires a
about ideas and problems which were in large sample size, depending on how the
existence before in different perspectives. characteristics of population are vary.

Quantitative Research 6. Replication – Reliable quantitative

studies can be repeated to verify or
1. Is an objective, systematic empirical confirm the correctness of the results in
investigation of observable phenomena another setting.
through the use of computational
techniques. It highlights numerical 7. Future Outcomes – By using complex
analysis of data hoping that the numbers mathematical calculations and with the
yield unbiased result s that can be aids of computers, if then scenarios may
generalized to some larger population and be formulated thus predicting future result.
explain a particular observation.
2. Simply, quantitative research is Strengths of Quantitative Research
concerned with numbers and relationship
with events. 1. It is objective. Since it provides numerical
data.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research 2. The use of statistical techniques facilitates
sophisticated analysis and allows you to
1. Objective – Seeks accurate comprehend a huge amount of vital
measurement and analysis target characteristics of data
concepts. It is not based on mere 3. The numerical data can be analyzed in a
intuitions and guesses. Data are gathered quick and easy way.
before proposing a conclusion or solution 4. Quantitative studies are replicable.
to a problem.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
2. Clearly Defined Research Questions –
The researchers now in advance what 1. Requires a large number of respondents.
they are looking for. The research It is assumed that the larger the sample
questions are well defined for which the is, the more statistically accurate the
objective answers are sough. findings are.
2. It is costly.
3. Structured Research Instruments – 3. The information contextual factors to help
Data are normally gathered using interpret the results or to explain
structured research questionnaires to variations are usually ignored
collect measurable characteristics of the 4. Many information are different to gather
population like age, socio economic using structured research instruments.
status, number of children, among others.

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 5. If not done seriously and correctly, data Variables - Is a central concept in research. It is
from questionnaires may be incomplete a measurable characteristic that changes the
and inaccurate. value.

Kinds of Quantitative Research

Types of Variables
1. Descriptive Research – This design is
concerned with describing the nature, 1. Continuous Variable – A variable that
characteristics and components of the can take infinite number on the value that
population or a phenomenon. can occur within a population. A
continuous variable can be further
2. Correlational Research – It is systematic categorized as either interval or ratio
investigation of the nature of relationships, variables:
or associations between and among 1. Interval Variable – is a measurement
variables without necessarily investigating where the difference between two
into causal reasons underlying them. values does have meaning.
2. Ratio Variable – possesses the
3. Evaluation Research – This kind of properties of interval variable and has
research aims to assess the effects, a clear definition of zero, indication
impacts or outcomes of practices, policies that there is none of that variable.
or programs. 2. Discrete Variable –also known as
categorical or classificatory variable. Any
4. Survey Research – Used to gather variable that has limited number of distinct
information from groups of people by values and which cannot be divided into
selecting and studying samples chosen fractions. A discrete variable can be
from a population. further categorized as nominal and
ordinal:
1. Cross-sectional – information is 1. Nominal Variable – is a variable with
collected from a sample in just a no quantitative value. It has two or
simple point of time. more categories but does not imply
ordering of cases.
2. Longitudinal – information is collected 2. Ordinal Variable – is a variable that
from the same object over a period of has two or more categories which can
time, lasting many years. be ranked.
• Dependent Variable –also called
5. Causal Comparative Research – It is outcome variable is the result or effect of
also known as ex post facto (after the the changes brought about by another
fact) research. This kind of research variable (usually Independent variable).
derives conclusion from observations and • Independent Variable – the cause
manifestations that already occurred in variable or the responsible for the
the past and now compared to some conditions that act on something else to
dependent variables. It discusses why bring about the changes.
and how a phenomenon occurs.
CONTENTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
6. Experimental Research – this research
utilizes scientific method to test cause and
effect relationships under conditions CHAPTER 1: The Problem and Its
controlled by the researcher. Background
 Introduction
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  Statement of the Problem
 Hypothesis
 Significance of the Study
 Scope and Delimitation
 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER 2: Review of Related Literature

 Foreign Literature
 Local Literature
 Foreign Studies
 Local Studies
 Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
 Research Paradigm

CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology

 Research Design
 Research Setting
 Research Subject
 Research Instrument
 Validation of Instrument
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Statistical Treatment

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and

Interpretation of Data
 Presentation of Data
 Analysis of Data
 Interpretation of Data
 Discussion

CHAPTER 5: Summary, Conclusion, and

Recommendations
 Summary of Findings
 Conclusion
 Recommendation

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