LESSSON 1 presentation through graphs, charts, and

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH uses tables possible and for better

scientifically collected and statistically conveyance and interpretation
analyzed data to investigate observable 4. FASTER DATA ANALYSIS. The use of
phenomena. A phenomenon is any a statistical tools give way for a less time
existing or observable fact or consuming data analysis.
situation that we want to unearth 5. GENERALIZED DATA. Data taken
further or understand. It is scientific from a sample can be applied to the
for the fact that it uses a scientific population if sampling is done
method in designing and collecting accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and
numerical data. Once data is collected, it random samples were taken.
will undergo statistical analysis like 6. FAST DATA COLLECTION.
Pearson's r, t-test and Analysis of Depending on the type of data needed,
Variance (ANOVA) for analysis Since data collection can be quick and easy.
is analyzed statistically, it is imperative Quantitative research uses standardized
that the data obtained must be research instruments that allow the
numerical and quantifiable, hence its researcher to collect data from a large
name quantitative research sample size efficiently. For instance, a
single survey form can be administered
Strengths of Quantitative Research simultaneously to collect various
1. Quantitative research can be measurable characteristics like age,
replicated or repeated. gender, socio-economic status, etc.
2. Findings are generalizable to the 7. RELIABLE DATA. Data is taken and
population. analyzed objectively from a sample as a
3. Conclusive establishment of cause and representative of the population, making
effect it more credible and reliable for
4. Numerical and quantifiable data can policymaking and decision making.
be used to predict outcomes 8. REPLICATION. The Quantitative
5. Fast and easy data analysis using method can be repeated to verify
statistical software. findings enhancing its validity, free from
6. Fast and easy data gathering false or immature conclusions.
7. Very objective
8. Validity and reliability can be Kinds of Quantitative Research
established 1. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN is used to
describe a particular phenomenon by
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research observing it as it occurs in nature. There
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore is no experimental manipulation and the
a problem or concept in depth. researcher does not start with a
2. It does not provide comprehensive hypothesis. The goal of descriptive
explanation of human experiences. research is only to describe the person or
3. Some information cannot be object of the m study. An example of
described by numerical data such as descriptive research design is "the
feelings, and beliefs. determination of the different kinds of
4. The research design is rigid and not physical activities and how often high
very flexible school students do it during the
5. The participants are limited to choose quarantine period."
only from the given responses. 2. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN identifies
6. The respondents may tend to provide the relationship between variables. Data
inaccurate responses. is collected by observation since it does
7. A large sample size makes data not consider the cause and effect for
collection more costly. example, the relationship between the
amount of physical activity done and
student academic achievement.
3. EX POST FACTO DESIGN is used to
Characteristics of Quantitative Research investigate a possible relationship
1. LARGE SAMPLE SIZE. To obtain between previous events and present
more meaningful statistical result, the conditions. The term "Ex post facto"
date must come from a large sample means 'after the fact,' that is, it looks at
size. the possible causes of an already
2. OBJECTIVE. Data gathering and occurring phenomenon. Just like the first
analysis of results are done accurately, two, there is no experimental
objectively, and are unaffected by the manipulation in this design. An example
researcher's intuition and personal of this is "how does the parent's
guesses. academic achievement affect their
3. VISUAL RESULT PRESENTATION. children's obesity?"
Data is numerical, which makes
4. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN is
used to establish the cause and effect
relationship of variables. Although it TYPES
resembles the experimental design, the 1. Independent Variable- it is a
quasi-experimental has lesser validity variable that is being manipulated in an
due to the absence of random selection
experiment in order to examine the
and assignment of subjects. Here, the
effect this has on a dependent variable.
independent variable is identified but not
manipulated. The researcher does not 2. Dependent Variable- is simply a
modify pre-existing groups of subjects. variable that is dependent on an
The group exposed to treatment independent variable(s).
(experimental) is compared to the group
unexposed to treatment (control): 3. Control Variable- is an extraneous
example, the effects of unemployment variable that an investigators does not
on attitude towards following safety wish to examine the study
protocol in ECQ declared areas.
5. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN like quasi- 4. Confounding Variable- is a variable
experimental is used to establish the that makes vague the effects of another
cause and effect relationship of two or variable.
more variables. This design provides a
more conclusive result because it uses
random assignment of subjects and Numerical data have two levels of
experimental manipulations. For measurement, namely:
example, a comparison of the effects of
various blended learning to the reading A. Intervals are quantitative variables
comprehension of elementary pupils. where the interval or differences
between consecutive values are equal
and meaningful, but the numbers are
LESSON 2
arbitrary.
Quantitative Variables, also called
B. Ratio type of data is similar to
merical variables, are the type of
interval. The only difference is the
variables used in quantitative research
presence of a true zero value. The zero
because they are numeric and can be
point in this scale indicates the absence
measured. Under this category are
of the quantity being measured.
discrete and continuous variables.
Examples are age, height, weight, and
A. Discrete variables are countable distance.
whole numbers. It does not take negative
values or values between fixed points.
Qualitative Variables also referred to as
For example: number of students in a
Categorical Variables are not expressed
class, group size and frequency.
in numbers but are descriptions or
B. Continuous variables take fractional categories. It can be further divided into
(non-whole number) values that can dichotomous, nominal or ordinal.
either be a positive or a negative.
A. Dichotomous variable consists of
Example: height, temperature.
only two distinct categories or values, for
Variables play a significant role in example, a response to a question either
quantitative research. When you intend be a yes or no.
to accomplish something through
B. Nominal variable simply defines
research, the boundaries of your goal
groups of subjects. In here, you may
must be defined first to direct your focus
have more than 2 categories of
into a specific characteristic or condition
equivalent magnitude.
through identifying the variables of your
research study. Doing such eliminates C. Ordinal variable, from the name
complexities and elaborate work itself, denotes that a variable is ranked in
especially for a senior high school a certain order. This variable can have a
student like you. Knowing the different qualitative or quantitative attribute.
kinds of research variables also aids in
LESSON 3
smooth data collection and analysis.
• Research Framework is the
Variable is any parameter in the
structure or blueprint of the research
experiment that can change. It is
plan and helps the researcher formulate
something that you measure, can relevant research questions.
manipulate and control.
• Theoretical framework is used for It focuses on probing research in a
studies which anchor on time-tested specified field throughout a chronological
theories that relate the findings of the order, which usually starts from the
investigation to the underpinning farthest period of time going to the most
relevant theory of knowledge. recent studies.
• Conceptual framework is the actual • Integrative review is a common type
ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories that of literature review in which the
specifically support the study. researcher introduces and summarizes
• Concept map is a visual the recent knowledge of the study. It
representation of information that helps emphasizes the agreements and
show the relationship between ideas. disagreements of knowledge among
• The Input-Process-Output Model various previous researches.
(IPO) is a conceptual paradigm which • Methodological review is a
indicates the inputs, required process, specialized type of literature review in
and the output. which the researcher gathers and
• DEFINITION OF TERMS ALSO CALLED compares and contrast other studies to
OPERATIONAL OF VARIABLES (ODV) the current research. It basically
• Conceptual definition is the summarizes and evaluates the strengths
meaning of the term that is based on and gaps in methodological aspects of
how it is define in the dictionary or various studies.
encyclopedia. • Self-study review is a literature
• Operational definition is the review in which the researcher
meaning of the term based on how it demonstrates his or her understanding of
was used in the study. a specific body of knowledge. It contains
• Hypothesis is an assumption about existing proof associated to a clearly
the relationship between two or more stated research questions and uses
variables. There are seven basic types standardized methods to determine and
of hypothesis; these are Simple, evaluate relevant research.
Complex, Empirical, Logical, Statistical, • Theoretical review is a literature
Null, and Alternative. review in which the researcher
• Directional hypothesis relates introduces several theories or concepts
relationship between the variables and that are focused on a specific topic. It is
can also predict its nature. It illustrates particular on the theories and concepts
the direct association of the impact of being highlighted on other researches
the independent variable to the and compare them to the current study.
dependent variable whether it is • General references are sources in
positively or negatively affected. The which a researcher refers to tract down
direction of the statement should be other sources.
clear and justified according to the • Primary sources are publications in
findings of the study. which a researcher accounts the findings
• Non-directional hypothesis is used of his or her investigations. Most primary
when there is no principle involved. It is a sources are found in journal articles.
premise that the direction of the effect is • Secondary sources are publications
not specifically determined. It is a in which a researcher considers the work
statement that reflects the association of of others.
the independent variable to the • Books convey many forms of
dependent variable without predicting information containing a collection of
the exact nature of direction of the research materials and articles. Citation
relationship. information can be found in them such as
• Review of related literature is a the title, author, date, and publisher in
compilation of studies related to a the catalog system.
specific area of research. It evaluates, • Scholarly journals are also be
classifies, and summarizes all the referred to as academic journals or peer-
relevant previous studies conducted on a reviewed journals. Articles are written by
specified topic. a scholar in the field and the researcher
• Context review is primarily focused is always identified.
on the content or contextual aspect of • Dissertation is a final requirement for
research. Usually it is a type of review in the degree of doctor of philosophy
which the researcher relates his or her (Ph.D.) in which the student or
study to a larger body of knowledge. researcher has to complete a work of
• Historical reviews a specialized type original research.
of literature review in which the • Government documents are usually
researcher organizes the related kept at the government and some school
researches according to the period of libraries. These documents are rarely
time it was conducted. found in the catalog system.
• Policy reports are also a source of
information in literature review. Policy
papers are not like the typical research
papers. Usually they are discussed to
non-academic readers.
• Periodicals are findings of the study
which can be seen in newspapers, in
popular magazines, on television or radio
broadcasts, and in Internet news
summaries. They are the chosen edited
summaries done by journalists for the
general readers.
• In-text citation is a reference made
within the body of text in the paper. It
leads the reader to a source where
particular information has been taken of.
• References typically include only the
sources that you have mentioned or cited
in-text in your paper.
• Bibliography is generally a list of
all the sources you used to generate
your ideas about your research even if
you have not mentioned or cited them in
your paper.