REF 1.

Lebanese International University

School of Engineering

Department of Biomedical, electrical and mechanical engineering

EENG301L— Electric Circuits Lab
Section ID: I

Report ID: Report 1

Project Title: Applying the Resistor color code theory and implementing 4 different electrical
laws.
(5 points)

Submitted by: Dana Hadid

Sally Salam - Jamil Jabak

Lab Instructor: Ms. Lidia Mehyeddine

Date: 22/10/2018

(5 points)
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I. Objectives of the Experiment (20 points)

The aim of the four experiments is to:

1. Measure the values of different resistors using resistor color code method and verify if it's in
the accepted range.
2.Simulate Ohm's law using p-spice.
3. Verify voltage divider and current divider laws by p-spice.
4. Test the exponential behavior of capacitors during Charging and Discharging processes using
p-spice.

II. Equipment used in this Experiment (10 Points)

1. Resistors: 1*100Ω - 1*650Ω - 5*1kΩ - 2*2kΩ - 2*3kΩ - 1*47kΩ - 1*22kΩ to control the
flow of current in a circuit.
2.Multimeter in the ohm's mode to measure the resistance of each resistor.
3. DC Power source: 3*5V - 1*6V to generate a constant voltage.
4. Ground *4 to determine the reference point in the circuits.
5. Connecting wires to connect the components of the circuit.
6. Capacitor 1*1000uF to store electrical energy and give the energy again to the circuit (to be
charged and discharged).
7.Switch *3: to open and close the circuit at a given time.
8. P-spice to simulate circuits and extract key voltages and currents.
9. PC to use p-spice.

III. Experiment I: Resistor color code (10 Points)

A. Description of Experiment I

Resistors are coded with colors to identify their values.

The four-band color code is the most common variation. These resistors have two bands for the
resistance value, one multiplier and one tolerance band. In the example on the left these bands
are green, blue, red and gold. By using the color code chart, one finds that green stands for 5 and
blue for 6. The value is thus 56·100 =5600 Ω. The golden band means that the resistor has a
tolerance of 5%.  The resistance value lies therefore between 5320 and 5880 Ω.

If the tolerance band would be left blank, the result is a 3-band resistor. This means that the
resistance value remains the same, but the tolerance is 20%.
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Figure 1.1

In this experiment we will measure the values of different resistors using resistor color code
method and verify if it's in the accepted range.

B. Procedure of Experiment I

1. Calculate the resistance of each resistor using resistor color code method.
2. Connect each resistor to a multimeter in the Ohm’s mode to measure Rm of each
resistor.
3. Complete the table.
4. Compare the % difference with the tolerance to check if the resistor is accepted or
not.
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C. Results

Resistors Rn Rm d Rmin Rmax % diff tolerance

Brw-Blk-Brw 10*10Ω 101.6 Ω 0.016 98.4 101.6 1.6 % + or – 5%
Bl-Gr- Brw 65*10Ω 669 Ω 0.029 631.15 668.85 2.9 % + or – 5%
Yel-Vio-Org 47*103 Ω 46 kΩ 0.021 46 013 47 987 2.1 % + or – 5%
Red-Red-Org 22*103 Ω 21.7 kΩ 0.014 21 692 22 308 1.4 % + or – 5%

After doing the calculations, we can remark that all the tested resistors are accepted since they
are in the accepted range of tolerance for each resistor.

IV. Experiment II: Ohm's law (10 Points)

A. Description of Experiment II

Ohm’s law is a mathematical relationship between the voltage, current, and resistor (V = I*R). In
this experiment we are going to implement Ohm’s law is using p-spice software.

D. Procedure of Experiment II

Figure 2.1
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1. Open P-spice software

2. Place a DC power supply, a resistor and a ground reference.
3. Add ground to the circuit
4. Set the value of the DC power supply at 5V.
5. Give the resistor a value of: 1kΩ.
6. Connect the circuit using connecting wires (by the wire drawer)
7. Stimulate to get the values of voltages and currents.

E. Results

Figure2.2

Simulation shows that Ohm’s law was applied: The current passing through the resistor is equal
to V/R= 5V/1kΩ = 5mA

V. Experiment III: Voltage divider and current divider (10 Points)

A. Description of Experiment III

The electrical current in a parallel circuit divides. The circuit divider rule explains the way in
which the current at any node divides among the different branches.

Current Divider Formula

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Let's consider an electrical circuit which contains a single current source and two parallel
resistors. The current It enters the node. A parallel circuit has the same voltage across all
components, but current always divide into parallel components. We are interested to find the
current flowing through resistor Rx. The formula for current divider law is now:

While the voltage divider formula allows you to calculate the voltage drop across any resistor
without having to first solve for the current. The voltage divider formula is:

 VX = voltage dropped across selected resistor

 RX = selected resistor’s value

 RT = total series circuit resistance

 VS = source or applied voltage

In this experiment, we are going to implement the voltage divider law and current divider law.

F. Procedure of Experiment III

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Figure 3.1

Voltage divider:
1. Open p-spice Software.
2. Place a DC power supply, 3 resistors in series, and a ground reference.
3. Set the value of the DC power supply at 5V.
4. Give the resistors values of: 1kΩ, 2kΩ and 3kΩ.
5. Connect the circuit using connecting wires (by the wire drawer)
6. Simulate to get the values of voltages

Figure 3.2
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Current Divider:
1. Open p-spice Software.
2. Place a DC power supply, 3 resistors in parallel, and a ground reference.
3. Set the value of the DC power supply at 5V.
4. Give the resistors values of: 1kΩ, 2kΩ and 3kΩ.
5. Connect the circuit using connecting wires (by the wire drawer).
6. Simulate to get the values of currents.

G. Results

Voltage divider:

Figure 3.3

Current Divider:
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Figure 3.4

The P-spice was able to verify the Current divider and the voltage divider laws.

Plus, we were able to find the voltage of each resistor:

 V(R1) = 0.8333V.
 V(R2) = 1.667V.
 V(R3) = 2.5V.

VI. Experiment IV: Charging and discharging of a capacitor (10 Points)

A. Description of Experiment IV

When a Capacitor is connected to a circuit with Direct Voltage (DC) source, two processes occur
which are called "charging" and "discharging" the Capacitor, that happen in specific conditions.

Time constant t = RC, after 3t: the capacitor will be charged to rise to 63% of its final value that
will be reached at 5t.

So, in this experiment we are going to prove the exponential charging and discharging of the
capacitor.

H. Procedure of Experiment IV
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Figure 4.1

1. Open p-spice.
2. Place a DC power supply, two resistors, a capacitor, three switches (2 close and 1 open)
and a ground reference.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 4.1.
4. Set the value of the DC power supply at 6V.
5. Give the resistors values of: 1kΩ each.
6. Give the capacitor a value of 1000uF.
7. Give the closed switches values of: 0s and 8.2s.
8. Give the open switch value of: 8s.
9. Set the final time of the transient at 20s.
10. Skip initial transient solution.
11. Place a voltage marker on the capacitor to get the graph.
12. Simulate to get the graph of Vcapacitor as a function of time.

I. Results
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Figure 4.2

As shown in the graph the charging and discharging of the capacitor is an exponential function
with respect to time, after 1t (=1s) the capacitor charged 63% (V=3.78V), then after 5t the
capacitor was fully charged. At t=8.2s, the capacitor started discharging. (at t=8.2052, V=5.96V),
it will be 37% discharged after 1t and completely discharged after 5t.
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Figure 4.3
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Figure 4.4

VII. Conclusion (20 Points)

 From exp1, we can conclude that all tested resistors were in the accepted tolerance range.
 From exp2, we can conclude that Ohm’s law was verified using p-spice software.
 From exp3, we can conclude that voltage and current divider laws were implemented
using p-spice.
 From exp4, we can conclude that p-spice was able to show us the exponential behavior
of capacitors during Charging and Discharging processes.
 Power banks are an application of capacitor in our daily life.

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