Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Properties

 The order of differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary constants in the
given relation.
 The differential equation is consistent with the relation.
 The differential equation is free from arbitrary constants.

Example
Eliminate the arbitrary constants c1 and c2 from the relation .

Solution

→ equation (1)

→ equation (2)

→ equation (3)

3 × equation (1) + equation (2)

→ equation (4)

3 × equation (2) + equation (3)

→ equation (5)

2 × equation (4) - equation (5)

answer

Note: The methods of elimination vary with the way in which the constants enter the given
relation.

Problem 01
Solution 01

Divide by 3x

answer

Problem 02

Solution 02

answer

Problem 03

Solution 03

→ equation (1)

Divide by dx
Substitute c to equation (1)

Multiply by dx

answer

Another Solution

okay

Problem 04

Problem 04

→ equation (1)
Substitute c to equation (1)

answer

Another Solution

Divide by y2
Multiply by y3

okay

Separation of Variables | Equations of Order

One
Given the differential equation

Equation (1)

where and may be functions of both and . If the above equation can be transformed into
the form

Equation (2)

where is a function of alone and is a function of alone, equation (1) is called

variables separable.

To find the general solution of equation (1), simply equate the integral of equation (2) to a
constant . Thus, the general solution is

Problem 01

, when ,

Solution 01
when ,

then,

answer

Problem 02
, when , .

Solution 2
when ,

then,

answer

Problem 03
, when , .

Solution 03
when ,

then,

answer

Problem 04
, when , .

Solution 04
Therefore,

when x = 2, y = 1

Thus,

answer

Problem 05
, when , .

Solution 05

From Solution 04,

when x = -2, y = 1

Thus,

answer

Problem 06
, when , .

Solution 06

From Solution 04,

when x = 2, y = -1

Thus,
 answer

Problem 07
, when , .

Solution 07

when x = 0, y = 0

thus,
 answer

Problem 08
, when , .

Solution 08

For
Let
,

,
Then,

when x → ∞, y → ½

Thus,

answer

Problem 09
, when , .

Solution 09
when θ = 0, r = a

Thus,
 answer

Problem 10
, when , .

Solution 10

when x = xo, v = vo

thus,

answer

Problem 11

Solution 11
 answer

Problem 12

Solution 12

answer
Problem 13

Solution 13

answer

Problem 14

Solution 14

answer

Problem 15
Solution 15

answer

Problem 16

Solution 16

answer
Problem 17

Solution 17

answer

Problem 18

Solution 18
 answer

Problem 19

Solution 19

answer

Problem 20

Solution 20
 answer

Problem 21

Solution 21

By long division

Thus,
 answer

Problem 22

Solution 22

By long division

Thus,

answer
Problem 23

Solution 23

answer

Homogeneous Functions | Equations of

Order One
If the function f(x, y) remains unchanged after replacing x by kx and y by ky, where k is a
constant term, then f(x, y) is called a homogeneous function. A differential equation

Equation (1)

is homogeneous in x and y if M and N are homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and y.

To solve for Equation (1) let

or

The substitution above will lead to variables separable differential equation.

Problem 01

Solution 01

Let

Substitute,

Divide by x2,
From

Thus,

answer

Problem 02

Solution 02

Let

Substitute,
From

answer

Problem 03

Solution 03

Let
From

Thus,
 answer

Problem 04

Solution 04

Let
From

Thus,

answer

Exact Equations | Equations of Order One

The differential equation

is an exact equation if

Steps in Solving an Exact Equation

1. Let .
2. Write the equation in Step 1 into the form

and integrate it partially in terms of x holding y as constant.

3. Differentiate partially in terms of y the result in Step 2 holding x as constant.

 4. Equate the result in Step 3 to N and collect similar terms.
5. Integrate the result in Step 4 with respect to y, holding x as constant.
6. Substitute the result in Step 5 to the result in Step 2 and equate the result to a constant c.

Problem 01

Solution 01

Test for exactness

; thus, exact!

Step 1: Let

Step 2: Integrate partially with respect to x, holding y as constant

→ Equation (1)
Step 3: Differentiate Equation (1) partially with respect to y, holding x as constant

Step 4: Equate the result of Step 3 to N and collect similar terms. Let

Step 5: Integrate partially the result in Step 4 with respect to y, holding x as constant

Step 6: Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Equate F to ½c

answer

Problem 02

Solution 02
Test for exactness

Exact!

Let

Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant

→ Equation (1)

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant

Let

Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Equate F to c

answer

Problem 03

Solution 03

Test for exactness

Exact!

Let
Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant

→ Equation (1)

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant

Let

Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Equate F to c

answer

Problem 04

Solution 04
Test for exactness

Exact!

Let

Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant

→ Equation (1)

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant

Let
Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Equate F to c

answer

Linear Equations | Equations of Order One

Linear Equations of Order One
Linear equation of order one is in the form

The general solution of equation in this form is

Derivation

Use as integrating factor.

Multiply both sides of the equation by dx

Let

Thus,

But . Thus,

Problem 01

Solution 01

→ linear in y
Hence,

Integrating factor:

Thus,

Multiply by 2x3
answer

Problem 02

Solution 02
 → linear in y

Hence,

Integrating factor:

Thus,
Mulitply by (x + 2)-4
answer

Problem 03

Solution 03

→ linear in y

Hence,

Integrating factor:

Thus,

Using integration by parts

,

,
Multiply by 4e-2x
answer

Problem 04

Solution 04

→ linear in x

Hence,

Integrating factor:
Thus,

Using integration by parts

,

Multiply 20(y + 1)-4

answer

Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

This section will use the following four exact differentials that occurs frequently.

1.

2.

3.

4.
Problem 01

Solution 01

Divide by y2

Multiply by y

answer

Problem 02

Solution 02
Divide by y3

answer

Problem 03

Solution 03

Divide by x both sides

 answer

Problem 04

Solution 04
Multiply by s2t2
answer

Problem 05

Problem 05

answer
Problem 06

Solution 06

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

answer

Problem 07

Solution 07 - Another Solution for Problem 06

Divide by xy(y2 + 1)
Resolve into partial fraction

Set y = 0, A = -1

Equate coefficients of y2
1=A+B
1 = -1 + B
B=2

Equate coefficients of y
0=0+C
C=0

Hence,

Thus,
 answer - okay

Problem 11

Solution 11

answer

The Determination of Integrating Factor

From the differential equation

Rule 1

If , a function of x alone, then is the integrating

factor.
 Rule 2

If , a function of y alone, then is the

integrating factor.

Note that the above criteria is of no use if the equation does not have an integrating factor that is
a function of x or y alone.

Steps

1. Take the coefficient of dx as M and the coefficient of dy as N.

2. Evaluate ∂M/∂y and ∂N/∂x.
3. Take the difference ∂M/∂y - ∂N/∂x.
4. Divide the result of Step 3 by N. If the quotient is a function of x alone, use the integrating factor
defined in Rule 1 above and proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of x alone,
proceed to Step 5.
5. Divide the result of Step 3 by M. If the quotient is a function of y alone, use the integrating
factor defined in Rule 2 above and proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of y alone,
look for another method of solving the equation.
6. Multiply both sides of the given equation by the integrating factor u, the new equation which is
uM dx + uN dy = 0 should be exact.
7. Solve the result of Step 6 by exact equation or by inspection.

Problem 01

Solution 01
 → a function of x alone

Integrating factor

Thus,
 answer

Problem 02

Solution 02
 → a function of x alone

Integrating factor

Thus,

answer

Problem 03

Solution 03
 → neither a function of x alone nor y alone

→ a function of y alone

Integrating factor
Thus,

answer

Problem 04

Solution 04
 → neither a function of x alone nor y alone

→ a function y alone

Integrating factor

Thus,
 answer

Substitution Suggested by the Equation |

Bernoulli's Equation
Substitution Suggested by the Equation
Example 1

The quantity (2x - y) appears twice in the equation. Let

Substitute,

then continue solving.

Example 2

The quantity (-sin y dy) is the exact derivative of cos y. Let

 Substitute,

then continue solving.

Bernoulli's Equation
Bernoulli's equation is in the form

If x is the dependent variable, Bernoulli's equation can be recognized in the

form .

If n = 1, the variables are separable.

If n = 0, the equation is linear.
If n ≠ 1, Bernoulli's equation.

Steps in solving Bernoulli's equation

1. Write the equation into the form .

2. Identify , , and .

3. Write the quantity and let .

4. Determine the integrating factor .

5. The solution is defined by .

6. Bring the result back to the original variable.

Problem 01

Solution 01

Let

Thus,

→ variables separable

Divide by ½(5z + 11)

 answer

Problem 02

Solution 02

Let

Hence,
→ homogeneous equation

Let
Divide by vx3(3 + v)

Consider

Set v = 0, A = 2/3
Set v = -3, B = -2/3

Thus,
 From

But

answer

Problem 03
Solution 03

Let

But
 answer

Problem 04

Solution 04

→ Bernoulli's equation

From which

Integrating factor,

Thus,
 answer

Problem 05

Solution 05

Let
 answer

Newton's Law of Cooling

Newton's Law of Cooling states that the temperature of a body changes at a rate proportional to
the difference in temperature between its own temperature and the temperature of its
surroundings.

We can therefore write

where,
T = temperature of the body at any time, t
Ts = temperature of the surroundings (also called ambient temperature)
To = initial temperature of the body
k = constant of proportionality
when t = 0, T = To

Thus,

The formula above need not be memorized, it is more useful if you understand how we arrive on
that formula.

Problem 01
A thermometer which has been at the reading of 70°F inside a house is placed outside where the
air temperature is 10°F. Three minutes later it is found that the thermometer reading is 25°F.
Find the thermometer reading after 6 minutes.

Solution 01

According to Newton’s Law of cooling, the time rate of change of temperature is proportional to
the temperature difference.

When t = 0, T = 70°F
Hence,

When t = 3 min, T = 25°F

Thus,

After 6 minutes, t = 6

answer

Simple Chemical Conversion

From the results of chemical experimentation of substance converted into another substance, it
was found that the rate of change of unconverted substance is proportional to the amount of
unconverted substance.

If x is the amount of unconverted substance, then

with a condition that x = xo when t = 0.

From the initial condition of x = xo when t = 0

Thus,

Problem 01
Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the quantity of radium present. Suppose it is found
that in 25 years approximately 1.1% of certain quantity of radium has decomposed. Determine
how long (in years) it will take for one-half of the original amount of radium to decompose.

Solution 01

When t = 25 yrs., x = (100% - 1.1%)xo = 0.989xo

Thus,

When x = 0.5xo
 answer

Problem 02
A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of 38 hour. Find how long it takes for 90% of the
radioactivity to be dissipated.

Solution 02

When t = 38 hr, x = 0.5xo

Hence,

When 90% are dissipated, x = 0.1xo

answer