X 1. 2. •• 1- 2 2.

_
---~ ~~
t2o/.
~-- ---- -
---~ ---- .:= :.!: :... ..:= --= --~ ---- ~-=
t_~ 2.. 2. = 2.3-28 Int .~

SC3

~~-------------------

:..~-------------------
 \

EX.AMPLE 3 General Solution

- dy 6
Solve x - - 4y == x ex.
• dx

SOLUTION Dividing by x, the standard form of the given DE is

dy 4 5 X
(6)
---y==xe .
dx x .,

5
From this form we identify P(x) == -4/x andf(x) == x ex and further observe that P
and fare continuous on (0, oo ). Hence t~e jntegrating factor is
,,,.,., r'~1r.. ·, • ..-.
\• ,. , ... . i , L.\i.,
!-~!t .:.
Y;
dt, ,,,,,1..:~,,.\!' l=·)
·"<I'·''' " · ·'! .. :,,,,,•. \"•.
y! ·,~n'·~-• .. {)

e-4Jdx/x == e-~-~nx == elnx-➔ == X-4.

..._,
.

4
Here we have used the basic identity b10g,,N == N, N > 0. Nov., \Ve multiply ({j) by x-
and rewrite
d
~4 dy - 4x-sy == xe as -dLt [x- ....--,_.,. == xer •
_:( dx

It follows from integration by parts that the general solution defined on the interval
(0 rx) is x- 4y == xex - ex + c or ,, _:·· .l.-.~<' • •
'
1 •
.> y •
=: • (
f
ering why the
Htant in Example 3, ►
Except in the case in which the lead Cf •L i·1·:._-ient is J, the recasting of equation U1iDJ»v "' i
.nd the paragraph (1) into the standard form (2) requires d, v 1., ion by a 1(x). Values of x for which
a,(x) = 0 are called singular points of --,1l. equation. Singular points are poten-
ir(,{Ui
tially troublesome. Specifically, in (2 ;, ii" nt r) ( formed by dividing ao(~) by a 1(x))
is discontinuous at a point. the discontinuity may carry over to solutions of the
 - EXAMPLE 1 Solving a Linear Equation

dy
Solve dx - 3y = 0.

- .
arat1on of variable
.
• 1 ed by sep (2) we 1de
SOLUTION This linear equation can b~ so v d in standard fonn ' . t
Alternatively, since the differential equation 1~ al~~\>r == e-3x. We then mu1Up1Y
tify P(x) = -3, and so the integrating factor 1s e
given equation by this factor and recognize that
.d I
.!:_. [e-3x y] = 0.
e-3x _l - 3e-3x y = e-3x • 0 is the same as dx
dx
Integration of the last equation,

f!ce-3xy]:dx= IOdx •

then yields e- 3xy = Cory == ce3X, - 00 <X< 00 •

--

EXAMPLE 2 Solving aLi~ear Equation

dy ...
Solve - - 3y = 6.
dx

SOLUTION This linear equation, like the.~ne in Example 1, is already in standw

form with P(x) = -3. Thus the integrating factor is again e- 3x. This time multipl
L uation by this factor gives

d
and so _ [e-3x y]
dx
= 6e-3x•
t equation,

~ dx ·= 6 Ie- 3x dx . .
gives e-3x y = -6( e -3x)
3 +_ c,
I
' -oo < X < 00.

and g in (1) are constants, the differe~tial equation is autonomous

tan ~e~fy from the normal fonn dy / dx = 3(y + 2) that· - 2 is
at ~t 18 unstable (a repeller). Thus a solution curve witb a
 3(1 + ce6x)
3(1 + ce6x) or Y = 2x + - 1 - ce
6x •
u=
i - ce6x

Finally, applying the initial condition y(O) = 0 to the las~ _equahtio

. . . . f hing utthty, s ows
c = -1. Figure 2.5.1, obtained with the aid o a grap
. . 3( I · t:'" I . alon with the graphs o

FIGURE 2.5.1 Solutions of DE in

the particular solution _, ~-=- 2x +· --·-7,:--
I -r e
10 dark blue, .g -
Example 3 some other members of the family of solutions (6).

begin on page ANS-

Answers to selected odd-numbered problems •
EXERCISES 2.5
Each DE in Problems 15-22 is a Bernoulli equation.
Each DE in Problems I - 14 is honiogeneous.
In Problems 15-20 solve the given differential equation b
In. Problems 1-10 solve the given diffe~enti~l equation by
using an appropriate substitution.
us~ng an appropriate substitution.

1. (x - y) dx + x dy = 0 2. (x + y) dx + x dy = 0
dy
x-
dx
+y =?
l
y-
16. f- y = e'y2
3. x· dx + (y - 2x) dy = 0 4. y dx· = 2(x + y) dy dy • 2

@ ·dy
. dx = y (xy3 - 1)
18. x dx - (1 + x)y = xy
5. (y 2 + yx) dx - x 2 dy = 0
6. (y 2 + yx) dx + x 2 dy = 0 ~ t2 dy + y2
~ dt
= ty 20. 3(1 + t2) di = 2ty(y3 - 1

1. dy =y - x
dx y +x In Problems 21 and 22 solve the given initial-value- problem

=x =~
8. dy
dx
:t- 3y
3x +y ~ x2 ~: - 2xy =.3y4, y(l)

9. -y dx + (x + Vxy) dy = 0 '22. yl/2 ~: + y3l2 = 1, y(O) = 4

10. x dy =y + vx2 - y 2, x >o Each DE in Problems 23-30 is of the form given in (5).
dx
In _Problems 23-28 solve the given differential equatioi1
In Problems 11 -14 solve the given initial-value problem.
USing an appropriate substitution.

/ dy ,, 2 /dy
~1. xy 2 d- = y·1 - x', y(I) = '-l3. :_ = (x + y + 1)2 24. d y = l - x - y
X dx dx x +y
x1 + 2).,2) tj_!_ == xy, y(- I) =I dy dy
12• ( • dv
25. - = tan 2 (x + y·) 26. - = sin(x + y)
., dx • dx
.jiJ. (x + veY'·') dx - xerlx dy = 0, y(l) = 0 27 dv ,-----·
28. dy = 1 + e.v-x+s
• d~ = 2 + v'y - 2x + 3
14. \' dx + x(ln x - In)' - 1) dy = 0, y( I) = e dx
 I ,
< I

page ANS-2.
•

Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on

EXERCISES 2.4
l 19. (4t 3y - 15t2 y) dt + (t4 + 3y2 - t) dy = 0
Problems 1-20 determine whether the given differentia
-

uation is exact. If it is exact, solve it.

t. (2x --- l) dx + (3y + 7) dy = 0 20. (! + .!. -
t t2
y ) dt
t2+y 2
+ (ye'.+ t2+y 2 ) dy, = 0 _
.
1

- .
2. (2x + y) dx - (x + 6y) dy = 0 '
In Problems 21-2 6 solve the given initia1-va1ue probl
em.
I
. ;
,

3. (5x + 4y) dx + (4x - 8y dy = 0 21. (x + y ) 2 dx + (2xy + x - 1) dy = O; y( 1) = 1

2
3

'
4. (sin y ....'.. y sin x) dx + (cos x + x cosy - y) dy =0
22. (ex + y) dx + (2 + x + yeY) dy = 0, y(0) = I
5. (2xy2 - 3) dx + (2x 2y + 4) dy =0 23. (4y + 2t- 5)dt + (6y + 4t- 1)dy = 0, y(-1 ) =·2
1 • ) dy y . 2 _ _
6. ( 2y - - + cos 3x -dx + 2 - 4x3 + 3y sin 3x =0 24. (
3y -
y5
t2) dy
- +-
t
- 0, y(l) - 1
x- x - dt 2y 4

7. (x2 - y 2) dx + (x
2 - 2xy) dy =0 25. (y2 cos x - 3x2y - 2x) dx
. + (2y sin ~ - x
3
+ In y) dy = 0, y(0) = e .. -:

J
.

8. ( 1 + In x + dx = (1 - In x) dy 1
26. ( 2
+ cos x - 2xy) ddy = y(y + sin x), y(O) = 1
; ..
. I+y , X
9. (x - y + y sin x) dx 3 2 = (3xy 2 + 2y cos x) dy
' given .
In Problems 27 and 28 find the value of k so _that the
10. (x + y dx + 3xy dy = 0
3
2 3

differential equation is exact.

)

(1 )
I

..
11. (y In y - e-XJ') dx + - + x In y dy
y
=0 27. (y 3 + kxy - 2x) dx + (3xyZ + 20x y ) dy = 0
4 2 3

• i.

28. (6xy 3 +cos y) dx + ·(2kx2y

2 -' i sin y) dy = 0 ,~ •
12._ (3x y + eY) dx + (x3' + xeY - 2y) dy
2 =0
ential
dy, . • In Problems 29 and 30 verify that tl,e given differ
n differ entia l equa-
13. x - = 2xe - y + 6x2 equation is not exact. Multiply the _,give
that
dx • tion by the ind~cated integrating factbr µ(x, y) and verify
3 ) dy • 3 . the new equation is exact. Solve. !
14. ( 1 - -· + x. - + y = - - 1 '
y dx - : x 29. (-xy sin x + 2y cos x) dx + 2x cos x dy = O;
• .
µ,(x, y) = xy .•.
,

15. t~,•- 1• ) ~ ~ w =0 = O;
\ 1+9 x2d y 2
30. (x + 2xy - y
2

) dx + (y + 2xy - x 2
2

) dy
µ(x, y) , (x + y)-2 •

ion by
In Problems 31-3 6 solve the given diffe~en~ial equat
in~tegrat~ng· factor.
finding,' as in Example 4, an appropriate
31. (2y
2
+ 3x) dx + 2xy dy = 0 -

32. y(x + y + I) dx + (x + 2y) dy = 0

 ! . ' • ' • • , ~:: f,:/ ·:~ ; , ~ i
t.,. ~ ,,. '-'" .,-.",>,,,• :!.-.-...%:-e~,-~~ ___,.,....,._,__~ ~i).~.J:..~.-~-M»:__: ~ ~ A f ;~,..,c~:...,_,y.~

EXERCISES 2.3 Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-2.

1o··Problems 1-24 find the general solution of the given dif-

18. cos 2x sin x dy + (cos3x)y = 1
ferential equation. Give the largest interval / over which the dx
general soluti_on is defined. Determine whether there are any dy .
transient tenns in the general solution. • 19. (x + 1) - + (x + 2)y = 2xe-x
dx
·dy - ~ , + 2xy = x 3- 20. (x + 2)2 : : =5 - ;y -- 4xy
· • -dx =
1. 5y
• dy-. •. . dy . • dr
. .3. -dx + .,V = e.3x ~ dx + 2y = 0 21. -
dfJ
+ r sec 0 = cos 0
dy •
+ 3x 2y . x2 dP
5. y' 6. 3 dx + 12y. = 4 22. - -:- 2tP = P -+- 4t - 2
. . dt •-
'
dy -: •.•
! •

2
1. x y' + xy = I 8. x dx + 2y = 3 '2· 3.. x dx
dy + (3x + 1)Y =
•
e- 3.r
dy .-
9. x -· - y = x 2 sin x - 10: y' = 2y +..___x 2 + 5 ~/ ·d.
dx ~- (x 2 •-- 1) -2 + 2v- = (x +- 1):!
V. . . . dy . . . , d.r
•
d '· ! •

11. xd· + 4y = x 3 - x 12. (1 + x)- - xy = x + x~

x dx
1
In Problems 25-36 solve the given init~al-value problem.
'I •• • .. • ,I "

13. x2y'. + x(x + 2)y =ex· • ..

Give ihe largest intervaJ / over which the solution is defined.
14. xy'. + (1 + x)y= e-x sin 2x
'
. '
dr •
15. ydx·- 4(x + y 6 ) dy = 0 25. ....:...
./\.
= x + 5y, y(O) = 3
I. .

= (yeY - 2x) dy. dy

., • i •
26. ~ = 2x - 3y, y(O) = }
-LDltlUUII'
!!l_ + (sin x)y :::; 1 f

dx
52 • CHAPTER 2 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUAT IONS
ti
dy . 40. d
26. d( + 2y = 1, y(O) =;
ti
dy = 0,
V3 41. d
27. -Vl - y2 dx - -Vl - x2 Y_(O) = 2
d
28. (1 + x 4
) dy + x(l + 4y 2 ) dx • 0, y(l) =0 42. d
In Problem s 29 ·and 30 proceed as in Examp le 5 and find an
43. E
explici t solution of the given initial-value pFoblem. •
1S
dy ?
a1
29. - = ye-x-, y(4) = 1
dx tl1
dy y~
}O. dx = y 2 sin x2 , y(-2) =~ u1
gt
In .Problems 31-34 find an explici t solutio n of the given
initial-value problem. Determine the exact interva l/ of defi-
G
nition by analytical methods. Use a graphing utility to plot 44. (a
the graph of the solution.

31. dy 2x + l
y, y(-2 )=-l
dx 2

32. (2)' - 2) dy = 3x2 + 4x + 2, y(l) = -2

dx
33. eYdx - e-xdy == 0, y(O) = 0
34. sin x dx + )ldy == 0, y(O) = 1
35~ (a) • Find a solution of the initial-value problem consist- (b
ing of the differential equation in Example 3 and
eacl1 of the initial-conditions~ y(O)·= 2, y(O) = -2,
and y(!) = 1.
(b) Find the solution of. the differen tial equati~ n in
 • 1 - .,{y
~ . ,, /
,I./, :ff ,,

As you work your way through the next several sections, bear in mind tifat'famifat;r.
lies of solutions may be equivalent in the sense that one family may be obtaine9
• from another by either relabeling the constant or applying algebra· and trigo~om-
etry. See Problems 27 and 28 in Exercises
. 2.2.

Odition. s·
lid . l~
,,; 1n terfh
•118 0 EXERCISES 2.2 Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page Af.fS-2.
g an expi,;
In Problems 1-22 solve the given differential equation by dN
separation of variables: 15. dS == kS 16. dt + N = Nte 1+ 2
dr

D. dy .
Mvl. - = sin 5x
I dx
2 exy dy = e-y +
• dx
e-2x-y '71. dPdt = P _ p . 2 18. dQ
dt
= k(Q - 70)

' dy
3. dx + e3xdy == 0 4. -. + 2xy 2 == 0 dy xy + 3x - y - 3
19 - == ----=------ 20. (e +
dy
= y2
di • dx xy - 2x + 4y - 8
e-x) -
dx
2
dy-
5. x- = 4y 6. -dy _- (·2y + 3)
s anti deriva· dx • • dx 4x + 5 _1t-\. dy dy xy + 2y - X - 2
"21. dx = x-v'l - y2 22. -d
dy d . . ~ X xy - 3y + X - 3
~7. - = e3x+2y 8. d: = (x + 1)2
dx
In Problems 23-28 find an explicit solution of the gtven
- == (y +
9. y ln xdx
dy X
1) 2
.1.0. dy - (y - 1) 2dx == 0 initial-value problem.

1i3. ~: = 4(x2 + I), • x(~ = 1 --

~~11. csc y dx + sec 2x dy == 0
· 'f)2. x(l + y 2 ) " 2 dx = yp + x 2 ) " 2 dy dy y2 - 1
24. - = -2 - , y(2) = -2
13. (~Y + I) 2e-y dx + (ex + I) 3e-x dy == 0 dx x - l .

14. sin 3x dx + 2y cos 33x dy == 0 25. x 2 !: = y - xy, y(-.1) == -1