PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1: Sampling in Qualitative Research

v Describe sampling procedure and

sampling;

v Come up with a sampling plan for

their proposed study.
v Continue to read UNIT IIII of the book
Practical Research by Cristobal and
Cristobal.

vInterview people about how to select sample

and gather data for qualitative research or
visit the library and look for a qualitative
study and familiarize data collection
methods.
v Each group will select TWO
SAMPLING METHODS.
vACT OUT the chosen methods based
on your own understanding.
 Sampling is the process of
selecting units (e.g., people,
organizations) from a population
of interest so that by studying the
sample we may generalize the
results back to the population from
which they were chosen.
Let’s define some terms…
POPULATION is a group of persons or objects that
possess some common characteristics that are of
interest to the researcher and about which, the
researcher wants to learn more.

The TARGET POPULATION is composed of the entire

group of people or objects to which the research wish
to generalize the findings of the study

A SAMPLE is a group of individuals that represents the

characteristics of the population. The process of
choosing samples from a population is called
SAMPLING.
 Probability Non-probability
A type of sampling in A process of selecting res-
which all members of an pondents in which not all
entire population have a members of the entire popu-
chance of being selected. lation are given a chance of
It is also called scientific being selected as samples.
sampling. This involves Also called non-scientific
random selection. sampling. This does not
involve random selection.
Commonly used in qualitative
research.
A. Simple Random Sampling
it is an unbiased way of selection,
as samples are drawn by chance.
There are various ways of obtaining
samples. These include the roulette
wheel, fishbowl method, and the use of
a table random numbers.
B. Stratified Random Sampling
the population is first divided into
different strata, and then, the sampling
follows. Age, gender, and educational
qualifications are some possible criteria
used to divide a population into strata.
Example: A researcher will study the common effects
of smoking on high school students. The researcher
decides to select equal number of students from
freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior levels.
C. Cluster Sampling
is used in large-scale studies, where
the population is geographically spread
out. Sampling procedures may be difficult
and time-consuming.
Example: A researcher wants to interview 100 teachers
across the country. It will be difficult and expensive on
their part to have respondents in 100 different cities or
provinces. Cluster sampling is helpful for the
researcher who randomly selects the regions (first
cluster), then selects the schools (second cluster) and
then the number of teachers.
D. Systematic Sampling
is a method of selecting
every nth element of a
population; e.g., every fifth,
ninth, or eleventh element until
the desired sample size is
reached.
A.Convenience Sampling
it is also called accidental or incidental sampling.
Convenience sampling is defined as a group of
individuals believed to be representative of the
population from which it is selected, but chosen
because it is close at hand rather than being
randomly selected. Selection of the sample is at the
convenience of the researcher.
Example: When you simply ask any patient in your
clinic who is willing to participate.
B. Purposive Sampling
involves handpicking subjects,
usually to suit very specific intentions.
This is intentionally selecting specific
individuals due to their traits. Samples
of participants are thoughtfully,
purposefully recruited in order to fully
answer the research question.
v Modal Instance Sampling
- we are sampling the most frequent case
or “typical case”
Example: If we are conducting a study about
voters, we could determine the modal or
typical voter based on average age,
educational level, and income. These are
typical indicators of a person qualified to
vote. It’s not clear though that using these
averages is the fairest.
v Snowball Sampling
- initially contact a few potential respondents
and then asks them whether they know of anybody
with the same characteristics that you are looking for
in your research.
Example: After interviewing homeless
respondents, you then ask them if they know other
homeless people.
v Expert Sampling
- involves the assembling of a sample of
persons with known or demonstrable
experience and expertise in some area
We use expert sampling for two reasons:

1. Best way to elicit the views of persons

who have specific expertise

2. To provide evidence for the validity of

another sampling approach you’ve chosen
v Heterogeneity Sampling
we use this approach when we
want to include all opinions or views,
and we aren’t concerned about
representing these views
proportionately. What we would want
to be sampling is not people but ideas.
Simply put, this approach is the
complete opposite of modal sampling.
C. Quota Sampling
- we use this approach when we
select people in a nonrandom manner
according to some fixed quota
- this method has two kinds:
1. Proportional
2. Non-proportional
v Proportional Quota Sampling
- represents the major characteristics of the
population by sampling a proportional amount of each
Example:
If you know the population has 40% women and 60%
men and that you want a total sample size of 100, you
will continue sampling until you get those percentages
and then you will stop. So, if you already have 40
women for your sample, but not the sixty men, you will
continue to sample men but even if legitimate women
respondents come along, you will not sample them
because you have already "met your quota."
v Non-proportional Quota Sampling
- is a bit less restrictive
- In this method, you specify the minimum
number of sampled units you want in each
category
- here, you're not concerned with having
numbers that match the proportions in the
population. Instead, you simply want to
have enough to assure that you will be
able to talk about even small groups in the
population
 Recall concepts and images
that you remember from the
discussion and the points you
found easy and difficult.
 Go to your groups and discuss sampling
procedures which you deem suitable to your
study.

Make sure to write the sampling procedure/s

you wish to use on a size 2 sheet of paper.

Submit your group output before the class

ends.
v Continue to read UNIT IIII of the book
Practical Research by Cristobal and
Cristobal.

vInterview people about how to select sample

and gather data for qualitative research or
visit the library and look for a qualitative
study and familiarize data collection
methods.
CLAYGO TIME!