aaa ia iak F SA ;Collins HarperCollins Publishers The News Building 1 London Bridge Street London SEI 9GF First edition 2011 1098 larperCollins Publishers 2011 ISBN 978-0-00-742324-8 Collins @ is a registered trademark of HarperCollins Publishers Limited ‘wwwecollinselt.com ogue record for this book is avaitable from the Typeset in India by Aptara Printed by RR Donnelley APS Al rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted » any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, opying, recording ar atherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publisher, This book is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which itis published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. or any other website mentioned in ths ttle will be defects wil be corrected, or that the website or the server that makes it available are free of viruses or bugs, ‘ar ful terms and conditions please refer to the site terms provided on the website ‘ About the author ‘Anneti Williams has taught English far academic purposes at university level in the UK for over 15 years, developing extensive experience assessing and preparing candidates for the IELTS examination. Anneli is also the author af Vocabulary for IELTS (Collins, 201 Author's acknowledgements The author would like to thank her editors Katerina Mestheneou, Tasia Vassilalou and Howard Middle for their valuable input and Louis Harrison for his advice and support Photo credits: AlLimages are from Shutterstock Cover: Warren Goldswain; p8: Bla) Gabriel; p16 Dustin Dennis, PhotoHouse, Layland Masuda, Mike Flippo, Monkey Business Images; p32: Paul Aniszewski, MartinsL Anna Omelchenko, Wilm Ihlenfeld, Viadimir Wrangel, Winthrop Brookhouse; p40: Andresr: pé®: jean schweitzer Pressmaster, Stephen Coburn, Andresr, bikeridertondon; 5b: stock, Kzenon; p64: Kravtsav Sergey, Zurijeta, Monkey Business Images, GW Halina Yakushevich; p80: Alexey Lysenko, byggarn.siContents Uc 7 foie Introduction Gender roles Family matters Diet & Health and fitness nutrition Educational Education goals Biodiversity Nature and the environment Globat L juage and English communication Science and technology The internet Consumer Employment and spending finances parents Anageing People and places. population Fame Culture and modern society The car Holidays and travel Practice test Additional model essays ‘Answer key Exam focus Understanding visual prompts; Analysing the question Describing a line graph; Generating ideas for an essay; Presenting arguments Describing a chart Selecting and organising id Comparing contrasting quantities and numbers Describing a process; Signposting a sequence of events Writing an introduction and Describing a diagram Interpreting a table; Signposting main points Modifying statements Working with two v Makin ual promp! orting examples; Writing the conclusion Using cohesive devices; Using punctuation effectively; Writing topic sentences Using appropriate vocabulary; Avoiding repetition by use of synonyms. Learning how to correct errors; Practising proofreading oes 4 16 80 88 % 8 110Introduction Who is this book for? Writing for IELTS will prepare you for the IELTS Academic Writing test whether you are taking the test for the first time, or re-sitting the test. It has been written for learners with band score 5-5.5 who are trying to achieve band score 6 or higher. The structured approach, comprehensive answer key and model answers have been designed 50 that you can use the materials to study on your own. However, the book can also be used as a supplementary writing skills course for IELTS preparation classes. The book provides enough material for approximately 50 hours of classroom activity. Content meet in the IELTS exam. This helps you to build up a bank of vocabulary and ideas related to a variety of the topics. ing for IELTS is divided into 12 units. Each unit focuses on a topic area t Units 1-11 cover the key stages of the writing process: everything from analysing the task to proof-reading a completed response. Every exercise is relevant to the test. The aims listed at the start of each unit specify the key skills, techniques and language covered in the unit. You work towards Unit 12, which provides a final practice IELTS Writing test. Additionally, the book provides examination strategies telling you what to expect and how best to succeed in the test. Exam information is presented in clear, easy-to-read chunks. ‘Exam tips’ in each unit highlight essential exam techniques and can be rapidly reviewed at a glance. Unit structure Each of the first 11 units is divided into 3 parts academic words and expressions needed for the writing functions covered in the unit. A range of exercises gives you the opportunity to use the vocabulary ~ clearly and effectively - in a variety of contexts. The vocabulary is presented using Collins COBUILD dictionary definitions. Part 2 provides step-by-step exercises and guidance on the key stages of the writing process. Both writing Task 1 and Task 2 are covered in each unit. There are guided questions and worked examples to show you what an effective IELTS response looks like. Useful expressions and grammatical forms are highlighted, and there are exercises to help you to develop good range and accuracy in your writing, You are encouraged to apply what you have learnt while at the same time writing your own responses to task questions. Part 3 provides exam practice questions for Task 1 and Task 2 in a format that follows the actual exam. You can use this as a means of assessing your readiness for the actual exam,Answer key ‘Acomprehensive answer key is provided for all sections of the book including recommended answers and explanations for more open-ended writing tasks. There are model answers for all of the writing questions. For one of the practice exam questions in each unit, two model answers are given - one of them annotated. This shows you that a variety of approaches to each writing task can be taken Using the book for self-study Ifyou are new to IELTS, we recommend that you work systematically through the 12 units in order to benefit from its progressive structure. If you are a more experienced learner, you can use the aims listed at the start of each unit to select the most useful exercises. Each unit contains between three and four hours of study material. Having access to someone who can provide informed feedback on writing practice exercises is an advantage. However, you can still learn a lot working atone or with a study partner willing to give and receive peer feedback. Ideally, you should begin each unit by working through the Part 1 vocabulary exercises. Try to answer the questions without looking at a dictionary in order to develop the skitl of inferring the meaning of unfamiliar words from context. This is important because dictionaries cannot be used during the actual exam. Avoid writing the answers to vocabulary exercises directly into the book so that you can try the exercises agai ed the unit Work through the Part 2 writing exercises from beginning to end, It is important to study the examples given in order to become familiar with the type of writing required. Doing this will also help you become a perceptive ~ and critical ~ reader of your own work. The grami points covered should be thoroughly mastered so that during the actual exam you can focus on the higher order skills of planning and effectively communicating your response. All learners, including those who are working on their own, should attempt the writing tasks as writing is a itd ai skill that can only be improved through extensive practice, At the same time, you st to become well-informed about a wide variety of subjects, not just those covered in the book. educated person. Part 3 contains exam practice with timed questions. This gives you the opportunity to practise writing to a time limit. If you find this difficult at first, you could focus first on writing a high- quality response of the correct length, Then you could start to reduce the time allowed gradually until you are able to write an acceptable answer within the time limit. You should become familiar enough with your own hand writing so that you can accurately estimate the number of words you have written at a glance. Model answers should be studied to identify the underlying approach and effect on the reader. Try not to memorise essays or reports or to attempt to fit a pre-existing response around another exam question. If you work systematically through the book, you should develop the skills and language to effectively express your own responses to unseen exam questions on the day.The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Test IELTS is jointly managed by the British Council, Cambridge ESOL Examinations and IDP Education, Australia. There are two versions of the test * Academic * General Training Academic is for students wishing to study at und. environment, raduate or postgraduate levels in an English-medium General Training is for people who wish to migrate to an English-speaking count This book is primarily for students taking the Academic version The Test There are four Listening Writing Speaking Timetabling Scoring modut r sheet 30 minutes, plus 10 minutes for transferring answers to the answ NB: the audio is heard only once. Approx. 10 questions per section Section 1: two speakers discuss a social situation Section 2: one speaker talks about a non-academic topic Section 3: up to four speakers discu cational proje Section 4: one speaker gives a talk of genera 40 minutes 3 texts, taken from authentic sources, on general, academic topics. They n diagrams, charts, etc. 40 questions: may include multiple choice, sentence completion, completing a diagram, graph or chart, choosing headings, yes/no, true/false questions, classification and matching exercise: Task 1: 20 minutes: description of a table, chart, graph or diagram (150 words minimum) Task 2: 40 minutes: an essay in response to an argument or probtem (250 words mini 11-14 minutes A three-part face-to-face oral interview with an examiner contain Part 6 {4-5 mins! Part 2: individual long turn [3-4 mins) - the candidate is given a task, has one minute to prepare, then talks for 1-2 minutes, with some questions from the examiner. Part 3: two-way discussion {4-5 mins]: the examiner asks further questions on the topic from Part 2, and gives the candidate the opportunity to discuss more abstract issues or ideas. Listening, Reading and Writing must be taken on the same day, and in the order listed above. Speaking can be taken up to 7 days before or after the other modules. Each section is given a band score. The average of the four scores produces the Overall Band Score. You do not pass or fail IELTS; you receive a score. IELTS and the Common European Framework of Reference The CEFR shows the level of the learner and is used for many English as a Foreign Language examinations. The table below shows the approximate CEFR level and the equivalent IELTS Overall Band Score: aes Proficient user c2 9 (Advanced) cr 18 Independent user B2 5-45 LIntermediate ~ Upper Intermediate} 81 45This table contains the general descriptors for the band scores 1-9. eer) cea 9 Expertuser Has fully operational command of the language: appropriate, accurate and fluent with complete understanding 8 — Verygood user ——_Has fully operational command of the language, with only occasional unsystematic inaccuracies and inappropriacies, Misunderstandings may occur in unfamiliar situations. Handles complex detailed argumentation well Good user Has operational command ofthe language, though with occasional inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings in some situations. Generally handles complex language well and understands detailed reasoning 6 Competent user Has generally effective command of the Language despite some inaccuracies, inappropriacies and misunderstandings. Can use and understand fairly complex language, particularly in familiar situations. 5 Modest user Has partial command of the language, coping with overall meaning in most situations, though is likely to make many mistakes. Should be able to handle basic 4 Limited user Basic competence is limited to familar situations. Has frequent problems in understanding and expression. Is not able to use complex language. 3 Extremely limited _Conveys and understands anly general meaning in very familiar situations. user Frequent breakdowns in communication occur 2 Intermittent user No reat communication is possible except forthe most basic information using Non user Essentially has no ability to use the language beyond possibly afew isolated words © —_Didnotattempt No assessable information provided th Marking The Listening and Reading papers hav each worth one mark if correctly answered. Here are ples of how mark anslated into ban 30 out of 40 correct answers: band score 7 Reading 15 out of 40 correct answers: band score 5 23 out of 40 correct answers: band score 6 30 out of 40 correct answers: band score 7 Writing and Speaking are marked according to performance descriptors. Writing: examiners r each of four areas with equal weighting + Task achievement (Task 1 + Task response (Task 2] * Coherence and cohesion * Lexical resource and grammatical range and accuracy Speaking: examiners award a band score for each of four areas with equal weighting arda + Fluency and coherence * Lexicat resource * Grammatical range * Accuracy and pronunciation For full details of how the examination is scored and marked, go to: www.ielts.orgCSC Bue a Rent Cea ur meee ea cd Overview of the writing task and process | Analysing the question Part 1: Vocabulary Many people believe that men and women are different in fi amental ways. Decide whic! which words with women. a aggressive e gentle b authoritative f strong © competitive 9 vulnerable A knowledge of abstract nouns is essential for academic writing. Complete the sentences 1-6 with the noun form (singular or plural) of the adjectives in brackets. imple: Aggression is commonly considered a masculi sive) \ believe that men and women have different 2 is not an exclusively feminine characteristic. (gentle) 3 Many men have difficulty showing {vulnerable} 5 Women are often praised for _, whereas men are praised for leadership. compliant} 6 There is some evidence that girls are better at cooperation when they are in __wit vhile boys are happier er. {competitiv In IELTS Writing Task 1, you have to summarise information which is usually presented ina visual form. Match the figures 1~6 with the headings a-f. Then complete the descriptions with the words i-ix. The first one has been done for you. a. bar chart € flow chart e pie chart b diagram a tine graph f table i comparisons iv trends vii segment axis V_ percentage Viii features columns vi vertical ix stage 8 Writing for iELTS aa SSS...| 500" i960” 2000 Edesines a This type of figure can be These figures are useful You can use a figure like this to used to show (7]_iv_.The for illustrating (10) _ show how a whole is composed horizontal (8) ____ often between items or categories of parts. Here, each (11) indicates time, and the of items. This one compares indicates a (12) of the (9] axis often shows men and women. whole. what changes over time. [4 You should present data like This type of figure is useful for Figures like this are also used this if you need to give precise representing a process. Each _to represent a process, They numbers. This example box represents one (14) can also illustrate the contains four rows and five _in the process (15] ____ of an object. (13) __. for holding these opinions, Complete the Task 2 essay questions 1-5 with the e. a agree b consider feel d see e view 1 Many people think that boys and girls learn better when they are educated separately. How do you ____ about this view? 2 Inyour __., what should be done to promote equality of opportunity for men and women? 3 Doyou— boys to be naturally more aggressive than girls? 4 Many people argue that governments should intervene in the labour market to ensure that more women are promoted to positions of power. To what extent do you with this practice? 5 What do you ___as the main reasons for gender inequality in the workplace? Gender roles 9Part 2: Practice exercises: Task 1 ° g 3 2 i In IELTS Writing Task 1, you have to summarise information which is usually presented in the form of a table, a pie chart, a line graph, a bar chart, a diagram, or a flow diagram. Read the Task 1 instructions below and answer the questions 1-4, WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. studying six The rt below shows rs of mal female science-related subjects at a UK university in 2009. ‘Surmarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. nu Write at least 150 words. 250 How long should you spend on this ta: How many words do you need to write? Will you score higher marks if you include all the information i Rona you expected to give your opinion about the information? 2 Your answer to Task 1 should include a brief introductory paragraph, 1-3 body paragraphs and, if you wish, a brief concluding paragraph. Read the sample answer on page 11 and answer the questions 1-6 below. 11 What information does the introduction contain? 2 3 4 5 6 10 — Writing for IELTS What is the main focus of the first body paragraph? What is the main focus of the second body paragraph? What is the purpose of the first sentence in each of the body paragraphs? What is the purpose of the second and third sentences in each body paragraph? What is the purpose of the conclusion?The bar chart shows the gender distribution of students doing scientific research across a range of disciplines at a UK university in 2009. in five of the six disciplines, males outnumbered females, Male students made up a particularly large proportion of the student group in subjects related to the study of inanimate objects and materials: physics, astronomy, and geology. The gender gap was particularly large in the field of physics, where there were five times as many male students as female students. Men and women were more equally represented in subjects related to the study of living things: biology, medicine, and veterinary medicine. In biology, there were nearly as many women [approximately 200) as men {approximately 240]. This was also true of medicine. Veterinary medicine was the only discipline in which women outnumbered men (roughly 110 women vs. 90 men] Overall, the chart shows that at this university, science-related subjects continue to nha el medicine and the life sciences. 3 Study the pie chart and read the sample answer below. Underline and correct the mistakes the writer has made. Average weekday activities ‘of women in paid employment Mealtimes 2 hours Sleeping 8 hours Paid employment 7 hours The pie chart shows the numbers of hours devoted to various activities in the average working woman's day. Women spend the largest proportion of their waking day working in paid employment (seven hours] and doing domestic chores (five hours}. Women have on average relatively little time for themselves; only two per cent of their day is devoted to leisure activities and two per cent to mealtimes. Overall, the chart shows that working men are busy every day of the week. Exam tip: Always look carefully at what figures represent. If they represent percentages, you must use expressions such as a large/small/higher/lower percentage of men... If the figures give numbers, you can write many/more/most/tew/fewer men... Gender roles 11Part 2: Practice exercises: Task 2 ms ee Ne ne eEe aE aTEa Tee © Examintormation: In IELTS Writing Task 2, you have to write an essay of 4-6 paragraphs in answer to a question. The question will ask you to evaluate or present an idea or solution to a problem. Your aim should be to present a strong argument supported by evidence. Read the Task 2 instructions below and complete the statements 1~4 by circling a or b. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task Write about the folloy in spite of the many advances women have made in education a continue to be at a disadvantage when it comes to pay and promotion. In your view, what should be done to promote equality of opportunity for men and women in the workplace? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your experie knowledg Write at least 250 words. You should spend a more time on Task 2 than on Task 1 b_ the same amount of time on Task 2 and Task 1 2. Inyour response you should mainly eo To support your opinion, you should a. give reasons and examples b give reasons or examples. 4 You have to write a more than 250 words. b fewer than 250 words. Read the sample answer on page 13 and the explanatory comments in the boxes. Complete the boxes 1-5 by adding the comments a-e. Then answer questions 1-5, a anexample summary of your main points a better solution an acknowledgement that there are difficulties advantage of this solution b c qd e 12 Writing for IELTSdescription of -In many parts of the world, there is now greater the situation and | equality between working men and women. problem Nevertheless, women still tend to earn less and enjoy fewer promotions than men. [ an opposing -Some would argue that this situation will correct. | -—______ opinion itself over time. However, in my view, there is | your opinion much that can be done to address the problem andplan | constructively. = | one possible but not ideal solution One possible approach would be for——— governments to force employers to promote the same numbers of men and women and to pa} — them the same salaries. This would certainly | an advantage of tackle the problem quickly. However, measures. this solution of | ike this would probably be seen as excessive A__| and difficult to enforce. A more feasible approach would be for governments themselves to take the lead by ensuring that their male and female employees earn the same for equivalent work and that ‘women are promoted fairly. This would help to———| an advantage c establish gender equality as a norm and set this solution a good example for companies in the private OO sector. Countries, such as Sweden and Iceland, which have done this are often regarded by others as socially-advanced models. her solution }—To further encourage equality, companies anoth L could he required to publish figures on the rank and average earnings of men and women in ‘force. Evidence of targe inequalities would create a bad impression. In order to avoid bad publicity, companies might consider it worthwhile to pay fairer wages and promote more women to management positions. 4 |_Itis true that the problem of gender inequality a in the workplace will probably not be solved | restatement of quickly. However, that is not a reason to avoid — your opinion taking action, Governments can encourage eee pheies e ourers ois ens | advantage of the need for companies to present themselves as fair and reasonable. How long is the introduction? How many body paragraphs are th How many main points are there? In what order are solutions discussed: from strongest to weakest or from weakest to strongest? 5 Whats the main purpose of the conclusion? re? Rene Gender roles 13© Examinformatio There are four types of Task 2 questions {ad below). The question type will determine} how you plan and write your essay. Each type requires you to do something different Cress Cine ees { $ 5 i ‘a Propose one or more This type of question either contains the word should or it can be 5 ; § solutions to a problem —_rephrased with should. Example: How can the problem of inequality in the workplace best be addressed? = How should we solve the problem of inequality? b Evaluate one or more You will recognise this type of question in the same way as a ) solutions toa problem above. 5 Example: Many people believe that boys and girls learn better 2 when they are educated separately. What is your view on this § practice? = Should boys and girls be educated separately? : 5 Present your ideas about This type of question usually requires you to make a prediction o atopic write about causes and/or effects Example: What do you see as the main reasons for gender 5 inequality in the workplace? = What are the causes of gender 3 inequality in the workpla ; d Evaluate an idea about This type of question asks you to cons th value of 5 a topic prediction, explanation or statement a Example: Many people maintain that boys are naturally more 4 4 aggressive than girls. To what extent do you agree with this ) r view? = Consider the truth value of the statement that boys are ; naturally more aggressive than girls $ $ ) 11 Why do you think women generally hold fewer positions of power? 2 Inmany parts of the world, unemployment among men is rising whilst the number of positions in jobs traditionally held by women is increasing. Do you think that women will overtake men as the main wage earners? 3. To what extent should governments intervene in the labo: ket to ensure that men and women are paid the same amount for equivalent work? 4 Although there has been a large increase in the numbers of women who go out to work women continue to do a disproportionate amount of housework and chil What can be done to promote great equality between men and women within the home? 5 Some people believe that boys and girls behave differently only because society teaches them that they are different, What is your view? Exam tip: You should spend 6-7 minutes on the first 3 stages of writing: analysing the question, thinking of ideas, and making a plan. You should spend about 30 minutes writing your essay, and 3-4 minutes checking your essay for mistakes 14 — Writing for IELTS TT eee ==Part 3: Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The chart shows the percentage of male and female teachers in six different types of educational setting in the UK in 2010. Summarise the information by selecting ai make comparisons where relevant. { reporting the main features, and Write at least 150 words. 100 4 % | | ZA Prmany Seedy Univesiy school aol ining institate WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Women and men are commonly seen as having different strengths and weaknesses. Is it right to exclude males or females from certain professions because of their gender? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Gender roles 15DTU WR nee nese Mee ey Cee EUR eC ee oe a Cease te Tea) Part 1: Vocabulary Match the expressions 1-9 with the correct definitions a-i 1 organic food a ph ness resulting fi 2 dietary supplement b fruit and vegetables available at particular times of the year 3. obesity food thal s little preparation and can be used at any time f condition of being very overweight 7 convenience food g tablets or foods taken to improve nutrition 8 malnutrition h food g without artificial fertilizers or pesticides 9 vegetarianism i food that can be obtained quickly from a restaurant The verbs a-h can all be used to describe line graphs. Match each expression with the part of the graph it best describes. Average household expenditure arise (rose, risen] b fall (fell, fallen) peak (-ed, -ed) d_ reach (-ed, -ed) its lo e ke led) off f dip {-ped, -ped) 9 h remain (-ed, -ed] the same fluctuate (-d, -d) poeta aieeonee meee iment : * 1996 19820002002 2004-—«2006 «2008-2010 16 — Writing for IELTSThere be + noun (+ in} can also be used to describe trends. Example: There was a rise in fast food consumption. Write the noun form of the verbs 1-7 Example: rose rise 1 increased 5 fell 2 peaked 6 dropped & dip The adjectives a-g can be used to describe the degree of change represented in a line graph. Adjectives are placed before the noun. Example: There was a sharp rise in fast food consumption. Match each adjective with the line that it best describes. | a gradual b moderate © modest d= sharp e dran / f sligh / The sentences 1-5 on the left describe trends using there be + adjective + noun. Complete the sentences on the right using the corresponding verb + adverb. d increased steeply. Example: There was a steep increase in _ Sales of convenience f sales of convenience food. 1 There was a dramatic decrease inthe The use of dietary supplements use of dietary supplements. neous There was a modest dip in levels of Levels of obesity obesity 3 There was a slight fall in the production The production of genetically modified food of genetically modified food 4 There was a significant drop in levels of Levels of malnutrition malnutrition. There was moderate fluctuation in the The availability of seasonal produce availability of seasonal produce. : Diet & nutrition 17Part 2: Practice exercise Task 1 In order to describe a line graph, you need to understand the time frame and dj draw a solid line {__} correct tense. Study the graph below. Then read the passage a under examples of the past tense, a dotted line (.......] under examples of the preser perfect tense, and circle the expre which ¢ e. Then answer questions 1-4. Consumption of fresh fruit and p Average consumption of fesh pro vegetables rose steadily from '970 to 1990, and then levelled off a dip in the early and ‘ mid 1990s, and then a further rise \ j ee ee een \ 1 consumptio! luctuated. Over the next ten years, consumption is Daa aaa expected to fall steadily. Bet 2020 and 2030, itis also projected / to dectine, but more gradually. i When should you use the present perfect tense 3 What other expressions can you use for future tre 4 When would you use the present tense? ' nplete the passage below using verbs, adverbs, adje: nd A w : 04 | 4 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 The percentage of malnourished elderly people in the EU fell gradually between 1970 and 1978. Over the following seven years, it {1] (2) . until 1990, when it (3) _at 16 per cent. After falling slightly, the rate of malnutrition (a) for a decade. Since 2000, there (5) a (6) ___ fall. Over the next ten years, it is (7) to (8) —_— 19 18 — Writing for IELTSWhen describing a line graph, you should also indicate precisely the time you are referring to. Use the expressions a-e to complete the passage below. % Use of itary sopplemen by chien a over the next... /for the following... 20 b thereafter 1s] € from... to/between.... and y a until ein (x2) 5 Se Months The percentage of children using supplements is at its highest level (1) 1 falls sharply and fluctuates (2 two month January March. It th Supplement use continues to fall gradually (3) it reach owest poir (4) _____ August. [5] __, it increases gradually during the autumn months. and more sharply (7] December. Exam tip: You can also use from... to to describe the amount of change. Example: The percentage of children taking dietary supplements f n 21 per cent in January to 6 per cent in March. Notice that the start and end points are indicated by in fin January... in March). If you find this word order confusing, put the time frame at the start of the sentence and the amount of change at the end. Example: Between January and March, the percentage of children taking dietary supplements fell from 21 per cent to 8 per cent you find. Description 1 The percentage of obese adults rose steadily from 8 per cent in 1950 to 15 per cent in 1970. There ‘was a slight dip, and then there was a gradual rise until 1990. It rose steeply forthe next ten years, and then it levelled off Ithas risen even more sharply, and it is projected to peak at 35 per cent in 2010 and then it wll teve of Description 2 The percentage of obese adults rose steady from 8 per cent in 1950 to 15 per cent in 1970. There was a slight dip, followed by @ graduat rise untit 1990, After rising steeply for the next ten years, itlevelled oft Since then, it has risen even more sharply. Its projected to peak at 35 per cent in 2010, and level off thereafter. Now use the expressions: followed by...., after + -ing and since then to rewrite the description below. Remove any unnecessary words. Between 1996 and 1999, expenditure on convenience foods fell gradually from approximately £25 per week to half that amount. It rose sharply over the next three years and then levelled off at £30 per week. It remained the same for over two years. It dipped briefly and then rose slightly. Between 2005 and 2007 it fluctuated. It rose sharply and peaked at nearly £50 per week in 2008 and then staried to fall. Diet & nutrition 19 EEEPart Practice exercises: Task 2 Once you have analysed the title, you need to generate ideas. It helps to begin by identifying how you feel about the topic. Look at the statements 1-5 betow and mark them according to how closely they represent your opinion. SA (Strongly agreel, A (agree), D Kisogreel, SD [strongly disagree) 1 ld return to more natural method: 4 st fo lly of food production, such as organic farming, unhealthy, governments should even if this means that we produce food less regulate the fast food industry in efficiently. the same way that they regulate 2. In order to improve public health, governments the alcohol and tobacco industries. should require food manufacturers to add 5 Convenience food will become nutrients to their products increasingly prevalent and eventually replace traditional paris of the world is mainly due to people's lack of knowledge about food and nutrition foods and traditional methods of food preparation When you write your essay, you must give reasons for your opinions. You should also show that you have ‘tested’ your opinion by comparing it with at least one other opinion and examined the reasoning behind it. Look at the two opinions below and the reasons a-g. Indicate which reasons support each opinion by writing letters a-g in the spaces provided. The first one has been done for you 1 Some people strongly agree that we should return to more natural methods of food production, such as organic farming, even if this means that we produce food less, efficiently. They believe this because:_¢_ 2. Other people strongly disagree that we should return to more natura efficiently. They believe this because Reasons a More people will need to be employed on farms, and fewer people will be available to do work that will help the country develop economically. b_ Producing food less efficiently could lead to food shortages. ¢ tis better for the environment to produce food using fewer chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides. Organically produced food is no more nutritious than food produced using pesticides and artificial fertilisers. e Naturally produced food tastes better than food produced using more artificial methods. f Food that has been produced without preservatives is less likely to stay fresh, so more food may be wasted. g Man-made chemicals used in modern methods of food production could be harmful to human health. Exam tip: Templates are useful for training yourseli to think of a range of points quickly and write about them in an organised way. However, during the actual exams, you should spend only 3-4 minutes on this siage, so you will probably have to do your preparation in your head rather than on paper. 20 — Writing for ELTSTemplates A and B below can be used for essay questions that involve writing about solutions to problems. Read the essay questions 1 and 2 and complete Templates A and B with the missing information a-h below. 1 What can governments do to encourage children to eat a healthier diet? es rei ue ee en eee etree) the possible | canbe taken? Cees solutions? 1 Regulate the — Require food { his would be unpopular food industry. producers to fortify & expensive for food their products with vitamins 2 Regulate 2 Chil ot stop school meals. least 1 healthy meal per children from bringing day unhealthy packed lunches or going out for lunch to fast food outlets. Require schools to Children can take pride 4 each children ir cook healthy food a Schools may not have the facilities to teach cooking b Children would eat healthier food without having to change their hat ¢ Require schools to provide only healthy food and drink at lunch time Educate children about healthy eating Pecan etme What are the possible | What specific action can | Positive ero ECs betaken? Coe ee Solution inthe question: Restrict opening hours. Senda clear signal This would not stop Regulate the fastfood Restrict location, e.g. _that fast food is bad_people cooking & industry like drug, alcohol not near schools. for health, eating unhealthy food & tobacco industries. Seca at home. 6 a Other possible solution: television advertising Help people change People could ignore public health campaign showing long-term their eating habits — government advice. explaining the dangers of consequences of jamentally. © 8_ eating too much fast food unhealthy diet e Reduces people's to unhealthy foods f Effectiveness of public health campaigns can be difficult to measure. 9 Allows freedom of choice. h Too much government interference is unpopular with business & bad for the economy Diet & nutrition 21 EE ewSimilar templates can be used for Task 2 essay questions that requir ideas. However, instead of listing ‘positive consequences’ and ‘drawbi evidence for the idea’ and “evidence against Read the essay questions 1 and 2 nplete Ter information. 1 Dieting to lose weight has become increasingly prevalent ks’, you W the developed we Why do you think people nowadays are so concerned with body shape and size ee eae ens Se or oer 1 Advertisements encourage people to lim figa 2 People associate slimness with positive character traits. 2. The probl eating. To what ex! Advertisements often show desirable consumer models People who do not eat too much are seen as having good self-control Advertisers wouldn't use slim models unless the public of them 1 eople diet too n may become mal nainly due to people's lack of knowledge about healthy nt do you agree with the statement above Idea in the question: Obesity is due to lack of knowledge about healthy eating, Other possible idea: 6 22 — Writing for IELTS elPart 3: Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The graph shows the percentage of UK adolescents following a vegetarian diet Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features. Write at least 150 words. UK adolescens following a vegetarian diet 1960 1970 980 1990 WRITING TASK 2 Write about the following topic: Convenience foods will become increasingly prevalent and eventually replace traditional foods and traditional methods of food preparation. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience, Write at least 250 words. Diet & nutrition 23 onl:PaCS ners sou RCL Re TE CEU rd Comparing and contrasting quantities and numbers Selecting and organising ideas | Writing a basic argument outline Vocabulary Match the school subjects a-h with the pictures 1-8 above. d Artand Design h Computing Each adjective in column 1 commonly collocates with one of the nouns in column 2. Complete the sentences 1-6 with one adjective and one noun. Adjectiv ote critical highe academic continuous learning formal thinking educational examinal Example: Cheating in examinations is one form of academic dishonesty. 24 © Writing for IELTS1 Ifyou need to memorise large amounts of information, —__ probably a good method to use 2. Ifyou need to evaluate information, you need skills 3 Inmany countries, students sit - in order to graduate 4 Access to_____ is often determined by performance in uni entrance examinations. 5 In some countries, progress is measured by instead of b end-of-term examinations. 6 Some people worry that without examinations, will decline. The expressions i-vi are useful for describing quant Match them with the percentages a-f below. nearly hatt a 85% i the vast majority _ b 75% iii a small minority c hb% iv three quarter d 31% y just under a third __ e 2% vi roughly one in fou f 15% The bar chart below shows the results of a survey of how people felt about examinations. Complete the sentences 1-6, which describe the chart, using the expres Exercise 3. 1 of thos surveyed said they found the challenge exciting. of respondents said they felt anxious. said they felt more competitive. of those surveyed replied that they felt more focused, indicated that examinations made them lose interest in their studies. ean on of those who responded said they felt motivated to work harder. Education goats 25 EEEPart 2: Practice exercises: Task 1 The bar chart below shows the numbers of students sitting examinations in eight different subjects and the percentage of students gaining top marks. For this type of data, you are expected not just to describe, but also to compare and contrast the information. You can use comparative forms to compare two or more items: * more/fewer/less + noun + than Overall, more students sat examinations in science-related subjects than in arts-related subjects. * adjectives of one syllable: -er + than A higher percentage of students gained top marks in Mathematics than in Cher * more/less + adjective of two or more syllables + than Science-related subjects were more popular than arts-related sut You can use superlative forms to compare one item with the remainder of the group: * the most/least + adjective The most popular subject was Mathematics. © adjectives of more than one syllable: -est The highest percentage of students gaining top marks was in Mathematics. You can use as + adjective + as to express similarity: Art and Design was nearly as popular as Chemi Complete the sentences 1-6 with a comparative or superlative form. Mathematics Biology Chemistry Media, Film +TV : vO ESE aegis Health + Food Technology J] 144 Ty Nie te - Perentage awarded Computing J —]1er aoe : nL 4 whose 1 Nearly many students sat the Art and Design exam did the Chemistry exam, 2 The percentage of students gaining top marks in Art and Design was slightly than the percentage of students achieving top marks in Chemistry. 3 The popular subjects were Physical Education, Health and Food Technology, and Computing. 4 The HFT examination was taken by. students than the PE examination. 5 However, a percentage of students taking the HFT exam gained top marks. 6 The —_ percentage of students gaining top marks was in Media, Film and Television Studies. 26 — Writing for 1ELTS oeUse adverbs to make your comparisons more exact. To emphasise a difference, you can use: many, much, far, and significantly. Many more students sat examinations in science subjects. Science-related subjects were much more popular than arts-related subjects For small differences you can use: slightly or nearly as... as The percentage of students gaining top marks in Chemistry wa percentage of students gaining top marks in Art and Design. Nearly as many students sat the Art and Design exam as did the Chemistry exam. Lightly higher than the You can use expressions such as in contrast to express difference, or the same to express similarity. Read the sentences 1-4 below. Write S if the sentence expresses similarity and Dif it expresses difference. Underline the words which helped you decide. 1 The percentage of top marks was quite high in subjects such as Mathematics, which are traditionally regarded as difficult. On the other F ind, the percentage of top was relatively low in subjects such as HFT, which are commonly regarded as ‘soft 2. Whereas 45 per cent of Mathematics candidates gained top marks, only 12 per cent of Media, Film and Television candidates gained top marks 3. Similar numbers of students sat examinations in Art and Design and in Chemistry. 4. Sixteen per cent of students gained top marks in both Physical E Computi ation and To do well in IELTS Writing Tasks, you must show that you can use a range of expressions and structures for functions like comparing and contrasting. Re-write the sentences 1-5 using the words in brackets. 2. The same number of boys and girls achieved a passing grade in Mathematics. (as... as} 3. Boys did well in Technology; girls, in contrast, did well in tanguage-related subjects. (whereas) __ 4 The number of passes in Religious Studies was higher for girls than for boys. (lower] Education goats 27 eePractice exercises: Task 2 Part 2 in teams How can team! educational setting Once you have analysed the question, taken a position and generated some need to decide which of your ideas to include and in what order to include them. You can Ideas SET pets 1 require students assign group © motivating for students * difficult to assess work on group research project students would learn t vidual studen work on group search pro ents woul nts school group project could be done partly in school, partly outside school monitoring + student self assessment of local history ask students to periodically present work in progress’ in class throughout the project students would make more friends teacher could monitor students’ work more ly it's better for students to be in by teacher and students + some projects would be poor quality + some teachers wouldn't be goc at this * time large worked ha Essay outline Introduction: importance of training students in teamwork Body paragraph 1: Solution 1: require students to work on group projects outside of school Specific action: assign group research project investigating aspect of local history Positive consequences: motivating for students; students would learn to work as a team independently Drawback: difficult to assess ind Body paragraph 2: Solution 2: group project could be done partly in school, partly outside of school Specific action: ask students to periodically present ‘work in progress’ in class Positive consequences: teacher could monitor students’ work more easily Drawback: time-consuming for large classes. vidual student's contribution to team effort 28 — writing for IELTS rnsBody paragraph Solution 3: in addition to some teacher monitoring, students assess own progress Specific action: students write a learning journal throughout the project Positive consequences: burden of monitoring and assessing progress shared by teacher and students Conclusion: teamwork can be taught and assessed but nee fo be done in the right way 1 What type of question is this: A: propose a solution, B: evaluate a solution, C: present an idea or D: evaluate an idea? 2 Which of her ideas has the writer omitted from body paragraphs one and two? Why? 3. Whyhas th osen to list her main ideas in this order? & Why has the writer included drawbacks in body paragraphs one and two but not in three? Read the Task 2 question below and complete the table with your own ideas. Take a position, Then select the most appropriate ideas and write an outline using the headings given. Success in formal ‘pen and pape' lige sign of ir measure intelligence? Ideas itu Tee eee eee eed Mire ee ie Idea inthe question: People who dowell in exams often Pen & paper exams are often to measure different abilities. oo Other possible idea: Some people express themselves 3 There are probably much better verbally than in writing different types of 2 — — intelligence - these can —__ only be measured in different ways, Essay outline Introduction: Body paragraph 1: Evidence for: Evidence against: Body paragraph 2: Evidence against: Evidence for Conclusion: Education goals 29 SS5 @ Examintormation: ' Ifyou are aiming for an IELTS band 6.0, itis probably sufficient simply to list your main points along with reasons and examples (Firstly, ... Secondly, ... Thirdly... If you are aiming for a band 6.5 or above, you are more likely to achieve this score if you demonstrate some critical thinking skills. This means discussing the advantages and disadvantages of different solutions and ideas. Read the Task 2 question below and complete the table with your own ideas. Take a position, select the most appropriate ideas, and write In many countries, students attend private ‘cram schools’ for extra coaching i Ideas ee manure med What are the possible Positive consequence(s} Drawbackls} solutions? Solution in the question: Other possible solution: Essay outline Introduction: Body paragraph 2: Conclusi Look at Template C ‘Discuss your ideas’ in Unit 2. Draw type of question eadings for an outline for th Introduction: Body paragraph 1: Body paragraph 2: Conclusion: 30 — Writing for IELTS eePart Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The graph compares the percentage of international and the percentage of UK students gaining sec lass degi a versity. ‘Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features. Write at least 150 words. UK and international students gaining second % class degrees or better (2009) Nurs Sociology LJ UK students [1 international students WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Many people believe that formal ‘pen and paper’ examinations are not the best method of assessing educational achievement. What is your view of examinations? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Education goats 31 aaaDescribing a process | Using the active and passive voice SD eet eee eu een Rac Ur cr See eu ad CYC ucereT cues Part 1: Vocabulary pill 99) grazin b intensive farming acid rain 9 global warming strip mining 2 _ causes damage to forests as w: imestone monument: Indi nal f tropicat hardwoods has cor d to the destruction of rainforest 4 of grasslands by cattle and sheep is associated with soil erosion and desertification 5 Off-sho frequently result in damage to mangrove swamps and th unique species th 6 The thinning of the arctic icecap has been attributed to - 7 for minerals near river banks is linked to goil erosion and degrada of estuaries. 32. Writing for IELTS ae3 Look again at sentences 1-7 in exercise 2 and answer the questions 1-3. 1 Which sentences express a cause-and-effect relationship? 2. Which sentences express an association (possibly, but not necessarily, cause-and-effect)? 3. Howis contribute to different from cause? 4, Cause-and-effect relationships can also be expressed using a number of different words and expressions: because + dependant clause Because mangrove swamps have been damaged, many unique species are now endangered. Many unique species are now endangered because mangrove swamps have been damaged. because of + noun phrase Because of damage to mangrove swamps, many unique species are now endang due to Many unique sp therefore/consequently/as a result + clause Mangrove swamps have been damaged; therefore, many unique species are now endangered. so Mangrove swamps have been damaged, so many unique species are now endangered. s0+ that + clause ‘Mangrove swamps have been so damaged that many unique species are now endangered. Re-write the sentences 1-4 below using the words in brackets. Make any other changes necessary. 1. Land has been farmed so intensively that there has been a significant decline in biodiversity. (contributed to} 3° Because there are fewer insects, the small animals that feed on them have moved elsewhere. (so) There are 4 The disappearance of prey species has resulted in a marked reduction in numbers of predators such as wild cats and owls. {because of] There has been Each pair of words or phrases in italics in the sentences 1-5 below expresses a similar meaning. Underline the word which makes the sentence more moderate. 1. Acid rain has damaged/destroyed acres of forest. 2. Asa result, many woodland species have become extinct/are endangered. 3. The loss/disappearance of predator species has caused an increase in numbers of prey species. 4 Many forests can no longer be used/exploited for commercial purposes. 5 Governments should ban/limit the burning of fossil fuels, which causes acid rain Biodiversity 33 a34 nce the trees have been extracted, th e removed. The stems are ‘bucked gs are ther the land is prepared for future harvests. The remaining scrut nered in pil 1 Forest re-growth ne flowchart illustrates the process of forest re-growih following a f f widespree deforestation The fi ants to grow are ‘pioneer’ plants, which can survive in harsh conditions. They provide shade, gather moisture, and return organic maierial to the soil. They therefore create the In the second phase of re-growt! shrubs emerge. They quickly cover th the pioneers. However, they too eventually die off as young trees push through the brush. Within s, trees finally take over, preventing light from reaching the forest floor Writing for IELTS eeNow look at options i and ii and decide in each case whether you would normally use the active or the passive voice. i when the process is natural ii when there is a human agent The descriptions on page 34 contain examples of how several stages of a process can be combined in one sentence. Read the descriptions again and notice how the groups of sentences 1-5 below have been combined. Study the examples and then join each gr of sentences without looking at the model texts. The first one has been done for you Example: The first plants to grow are pioneer plants. Pioneer plants can survive in harsh conditions. The first plants to grow are pioneer plants, which can survi 1 Pioneer plants provide shade. Pioneer plants gather moisture. Pioneer plants return organic material to the soil. 2 Shrubs quickly cover the ground. Shrubs crowd out the pioneers 3. However, shrubs too eventually die off. Young trees push through the brush. 4 The logs are sorted by size. The logs are loaded onto logging trucks. They are transported to the sawmill, 5 The trees have been extracted. The trees are processed by chain saw. mark the stages of the process. Find exampies from the texts in Exercise 1 that signpost the following stages: beginning stages: Firstly middle stages: end stages: Exam tip: Do not overuse signposting expressions. One signposting expression at } the start, one or two in the middle and one at the end are sufficient in most cases. | In process descriptions, the most frequently used signpost is the adverb then. It is normally placed between the subject and verb (Precipitation then increases) or between the auxiliary verb and the main verb (The trees are then extracted) Biodiversity 35 NNThe process diagram below includes both man-made and natural phenomena. Complete the sentences 1-10 using an active or passive verb form. The first one has been done for you. 1 Adam is constructed at the river head. [unainungaeneal 2 The flow of water down. x : 3 Flooding less frequent. : 4 Asand bar across the estuary. =e le 5 The quantity of nutrients on land declines | Hloodis and agricultural output __ 6 Salinity in the estuary —___ St _ 7 The human population . |) dectine in | | 8 Fewer fish jm || "ares | 9 Mangrove trees t Vt : 10 Mangrove cover in the estuary l * ] me \ J sale | catches in| Join each pair of sentence: below using the structure, word or expression in brackets hat you think are suitable. signposting expressions from Exercise he river head, stowing t a 1 and (-ing clause] Example: A dam is constructed at water. b 3and5 (because) = ____ - 4and 6 [asa result] 6 and 8 [as} 7, Band 9 (due to} > oa 9 and 10 fonce} 36 — Writing for IELTS mePart 2: Practice exercises: Task 2 6 — Compare the introductions and first body paragraphs of two responses to the Task 2 question below. Underline the differences and then answer questions 1-2. Many species of plants and animals have come and gone throughout the history of the Earth. From this perspective, extinction can be seen as part of a natural process. Some people have argued that we should not, therefore, make heroic efforts to preserve the natural habitats of endangered plants and animats when doing so would conflict with human interests. To what extent do you agree with this view? Response 1 it you took at it that way, i's true that humans and animals have conflicting interests, People have always exploited animals for food and clothing, and farmers have brought bigger and bigger areas of land under cuttivation, But should we keep on doing this? In regions of the world where the population is growing, and there aren't enough resources, the conflict between humans and animals is really bad. If you go to Africa, for example, you can see large nature reserves alongside really poor human settlements. | love the idea of elephants and tions tiving in the wild. But often its the poor farmer living nearby who's got to pay the cost in terms of land and lost earnings Response 2 Looked at from a broad historical perspective, it is true that humans and animals have conflicting interests. People have always exploited animals for food and clothing, whilst farmers have brought ever-increasing areas of tand under cultivation Whether this process should continue is a question that requires careful consideration, ln regions of the worid where the population is growing, and resources are scarce, the conflict between humans and animals is particularly problematic. This can be seen in parts of Africa for example, where large nature reserves sit alongside very poor human settlements. People living thousands of miles away may value the idea of elephants and lions living in the wild, However, pay the cost in terms of land and lost earnings. 1 What is the main difference between these two responses? 2 What are the main characteristics of the style of the second response? 7 The table on page 38 outlines four characteristics of academic style. Complete the table with examples from the texts in Exercise 6. Exam tip: If writing in an academic style is new to you, make sure that you do not write in an overly complicated way, Above all, your writing should be clear and easy to read. Avoid writing more than one subordinate clause in each complex sentence. Do not write ina way that is so impersonal that your message is obscured. Do not use a lot of words | to express an idea when a few words would be sufficient Biodiversity 37 EEECharacteristics of academic style Rites Informal style fetes Academic style is impersonal. Avoid overusing Ifyou look at it that Looked at from a broad personal pronouns (e.g. |, you, wel and addressing way, historical perspective, the reader directly Academic style is not emotional. Avoid absolute bad problematic statements and exaggeration (e.g. totally, perfect emotive words (e.g. terrible, adore) and words that express value judgments (e.g. immoral) Academic style uses fewer conjunctions (and, but) and farmers whilst farmers and more subordinators (whereas, because] and sentence linkers {nevertheless, therefore]. Academic style uses different vocabulary. Avoid its fis colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs fe.g. take p, break out, rel, contacted forms fe.g. isn’t, won't] and the words get, alot of and realy. fe comparative {e.g. more and Re-write the second half of the essay below in the academic style. But if you think plants, the advantages of more apparent. You have to remember that wild plants aren't just things of beauty; they're also a really valuabl resource. Wild plants have been used throughout history to make medicines. Take aspirin, for example. And if certain varieties of crops are prone to disease, you are lots of pl ight be useful for nts that we haven iscovered plants to develop new varieties. The yet, so you never know what they Allin all, I'd say th trying to preserve natural habitats b plants are really special and they could be life savers. Bu /e've got to remember thal unnecessary words and divide ong sentences if required. Example: The desirability of avoiding environmental degradation is an idea that most people probably agree with Most people do not want to damage the environment. 1 It could be argued, though the opposite view might be equally true, that the tendency that many people have to acquire riches and material wealth is one of several possible factors that may encourage people to exploit the natural ment excessively. 2. Itis possible that some people may believe that environmental degradation is a process that cannot be avoided in the long term because the countries of the world do not have a way or means of enforcing environmental agreements which their leaders may have committed themselves to, possibly for the wrong reasons, for instance simply to create a favourable impression in the mass media and television 38 = Writing for IELTS nlPart 3: Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The flow chart illustrates the consequences of deforestation. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features. Write at least 150 words. “Clear ‘cutting of forats | me = a > {heavy logging equipment ] [fewer roots hold | f tases plants return | | compresses the soil] | thetop soil inpace | | deliberate oracidental) |_| tess moisture oa | ad pone te sol becomes [ amttsane, |] | epstenie | | [er pespiction | — : 7 ¥ | rain water rns of \ petiworzanisns | | increased drought = fees | flooding ee f * 1 WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: The importance of biodiversity is being more widely recognised as increasing numbers of species come under threat. What can be done to maintain biodiversity? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Biodiversity 39 TToyu Part The expressions a- Use each expression once to complete the sentences 1-8. a bilingual ¢ lingua franca minority tanguages 1. The majority of people Australia, and New Zealand sp 2 English is a(n) scribing a diagram | Writing an introductior Vocabulary mother tongue no off 9 fh standard form ving in the US, the UK, Canada, Oey below are all related to language. (language k English as their and the Philippines 3. English is the m 4 Because English 5. The ratio o three to one 7 There are mi ost widely taug is used by so many people around the world for so many purposes, it dasa speakers to native speakers of English is rought different varieties of English spoken thr re is no single hout the wor n fact, 8 Many people fear that the spread of English as a global language will contribute to the death of Match the types of words and expressions 1-7 below with the e: 1 aloanword 2 acolloquialism 3 a dialect of English 4 a technical term 5 an obsolete term 6 asaying 7 text speak 40 — Writing for IELTS ples a-g. tol thou calé There's more than one way to skin a cat. Geordie wanna [= ‘want to’) refraction arenaIn IELTS Writing Task 2, you are often required to express more than one point of view. You can use reporting verbs to do this. In English, there is a wide variety of reporting verbs, which can be used: * to express beliefs: believe, maintain, suspect, think + in discussion: argue, assert, claim, insist, say + toshow agreement: accept, acknowledge, admit, advocate, agree, concede, support «to show disagreement: challenge, deny, disagree, dismiss, doubt, object, question, refute * to give suggestions: imply, suggest, urge Reporting verbs can be tentative (e.g. suspect, suggest], neutral (e.g. say, agreel, or emphatic (e.g. assert, dismiss). Look at the sentences 1-7 below and underline the stronger of the two reporting verbs. Many people insist/argue that there is one ‘best' variety of Engli However, | question/refute the idea that one variety of the languag is better than another, Some peopie doubt/deny the value of a bilingual education hers accept/advocate the ide | would urge/suggest that educational authorities do all they can t languages, 6 Some people suspect/maintain that within a century, there will only be two or three languages spoken in the world 7 Other people of a bilingual education, arena promote minority will die out bt the idea that all but two or three 4. Different reporting verbs are followed by different structures: + that + clause: Some people argue that governments shoul * whether + clause: Others question whether gover * reporting verb + + preposition + noun/noun phrase: | object to the policy of government st + noun/noun phrase: Most people support the idea of subsidising gerund: Educate si + object + infinitive verb: / wou ibsidise ts should s reporting verbs can be followe * question + + whether + clause: Others question whether schools should promote + noun phrase: Others question the feasibility of promoting Re-write the sentences 1-4 below using the phrases a-d. Make any changes necessary for a more academic style. a Some people insist © concede... b Teachers recommend d_ Irefute the idea... 1 Maybe making English a mandatory subject in primary schools isn’t such a good idea. 2 The world definitely needs one common language for trade. 3. ILis highly unlikely that everyone in the world will speak the same language at any point in the future, 4 You should practise 2 foreign language outside the classroom if you want to become really fluent in it. Global English 41 as2: Practice exercises: Task 1 sometimes IELTS Writing Task 1 requires you to describe a diagram. Read the response ;elow, which describes a diagram showing the relationship between a number of ifferent languages. Sketch the diagram to see how well you understood the description The diagram shows the languages of Europe, Iran, and the Indian subcontinent and how they are related through a common Indo-European root language There are seven main branches: three represent the languages spoken throughout Western Europe, and four represent the languages spoken further to the east. The Western European branches include the Celtic, Germanic, and Italic languages. Some of these languages, such as Scots or Welsh, are spoken by relatively few people, but others, including German and English (from the Germanic branch] and French and Spanish {Italic branch} are among the most widely spoken languages in the world. The eastern Indo-European branches include the languages spoken in Iran, the Indian Subcontinent, Greece, and the Slavic countries. The Indian branch comprises several languages including Hindi, Urdu and Bengali. The Slavic branch covers languages spoken in Eastern Europe, such as Russian and Polish, as well as Czech Overall, the diagram shows that languages that are commonly regarded as very different are, in fact, related. ok at the diagram below and the text on page 43 which describes it. Put the paragraphs -d in the correct order. Then answer the questions 1-4, ENGLISH MERICAN ENGLISH BRANCH BRITISH ENGLISH BRANCI am ry | _| ues | xo | 1 r rT] I PAKISTAN \ 1] Agave ann Mi Conan Canada| fing Be f qj Nort | fue | Et, eth Sool Tt sitpines | = = | ea Ins — Amsicin | Souter | | ce | _ AFRICA AUSTRALASIA Rio | | Wet tat Asta New nce ca Zand Aelopooe jfor IELTS va in in b In Se © Th ar a Th Br co 5p ta an 1 wi th 2 He 3 Dc 4 wi wt Look questi ena = B cccIn IELTS Writing Task 2, you are often required to express more than one point of view. You can use reporting verbs to do this. In English, there is a wide variety of reporting verbs, which can be used: * toexpress beliefs: believe, maintain, suspect, think * in discussion: argue, assert, claim, insist, say * to show agreement: accept, acknowledge, admit, advocate, agree, concede, support * to show disagreement: challenge, deny, disagree, dismiss, doubt, abject, question, refute * to give suggestions: imply, suggest, urge Reporting verbs can be tentative [e.g. suspect, suggest), neutral (e.g. say, agreel, or emphatic (e.g. assert, dismiss). Look at the sentences 1-7 below and underline the stronger of the two reporting verbs. Many people insist/argue that there is one ‘best’ variety of English However, | question/refute the idea that one variety of the language is better than another. Some people doubi/deny the value of a bilingual education. Others accept/advocate | would urge/suggest that educational authorities do alt they cai languages, & Some people suspect/maintain that within a century, there will only be two or three languages spoken in the world 7 Other people di oubt the idea that all but tw ea of a bilingual education, even for very young ct arene to promote mino e languages will di 4. Different reporting verbs are followed by different structures: * that + clause: Some people argue that government + whether + clause: Others question whether governments * reporting verb + + preposition + noun/noun phrase: | abject to the policy of government subsidies * noun/noun phrase: Most people support the idea of subsidising gerund: Educator + object + infinitive verb: ! would urge * question + + whether + clause: Others question whether schools should promote + noun phrase: Others question the feasibility of promoting Re-write the sentences 1~4 below using the phrases a-d. Make any changes necessary for a more academic style. a Some people insist I concede b Teachers recommend d_ [refute the idea .. 1 Maybe making English a mandatory subject in primary schools isn’t such a good idea. 2. The world definitely needs one common language for trade. Itis highly unlikely that everyone in the world will speak the same language at any point in the future. room if you want to become 4, You should practise a foreign language outside the really fluent in it. GlobalEnglish 41 —EEEEEEE——S aePart 2: Practice exercises: Task 1 Sometimes IELTS Writing Task 1 requires you to describe a diagram. Read the response below, which describes a diagram showing the relationship between a number of different languages. Sketch the diagram to see how well you understood the description. The diagram shows the languages of Europe, Iran, and the Indian subcontinent and how they are related through a common Indo-European root language. There are seven main branches: three represent the languages spoken throughout Western Europe, and four represent the languages spoken further to the east. The Western European branches include the Celtic, Germanic, and Italic languages. Some of these languages, such as Scots or Welsh, are spoken by relatively few people, but others, including German and English {from the Germanic branch] and French and Spanish {Italic branch} are among the most widely spoken languages in the world The eastern Indo-European branches include the languages spoken in Iran, the Indian Subcontinent, Greece, and the Slavic countries. The Indian branch comprises several languages including Hindi, Urdu and Bengali. The Slavic branch covers languages spoken in Eastern Europe, such as Russian and Polish, as well as Czech, Overall, the diagram shows that languages that are commonly regarded as very different are, in fact, related, Look at the diagram below and the text on page 43 which describes it. Put the paragraphs a-d in the correct order. Then answer the questions 1-4. ENGLISH MERICAN ENGLISH BRANC I] LT Towle] | Ist rr i mr I | a] | mec | | | ar ne J an | fm | | \ | | North- | Chinese Tle |e | vets sna) TET | | English ‘american | Sithen Sos AFRICAN AUSTRALASIA ne ie 4+ aoe mm TT in New a Zealand Anglophone 42 — Writing for 1ELTS aea The American branch is largely restricted to the American continent. It comprises the varieties of English spoken in the different regions of the United States itself, as well as in Canada. Beyond the continent, the extent of its influence is limited to the Philippines in the Far East and American Samoa in the Pacific. b_ Inbrief, the diagram shows that, like the economic and political influence of the Anglo- Saxon countries, the reach of English has extended to virtually every region of the world. ¢ The diagram shows the varieties of English spoken throughout the world and how they are related d_ There are two main branches of English: British English and American English. The British English Branch is geographically wide-spread. It extends across several continents from the West Indies, through the British Isles themselves, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, the Far East and Australasia. !n addition to the four varieties of English spoken in the British Istes (ie, in Ireland, Wales, Scotland and England], it includes a large number of other varieties, for instance Jamaican English, South African English, and Australian English. 1. Which paragraphs refer to the whole diagram and which paragraphs refer to parts of the diagrarn? How is the introduction different from the conclusion? Do the body paragraphs give general information first and then specific information, or vice versa? 4 Which expressions from the text would you learn because they will be useful when writing about categories and classifications? 3 Look at the Task 1 instructions below. Then read the sentences a-d and answer the questions 1-3. The diagram shows the percentage of the world population that speaks minority, mid-sized, and dominant languages. b The diagram shows the number of languages classified as minority, mid-sized, or dominant, and the proportion of people in the world that speak them ¢ The diagram shows that although many languages are spoken throughout the world, the size of their respective speech communities varies enormously. d_ The diagram shows that a very small number of languages {approximately 100} hold a dominant position, whereas more than half of the world’s languages are spoken by a very small percentage of the world population (0.2%) Which of the sentences a-d would work well as an introduction? Which would work well as a conclusion? What is the problem with sentence a? RON = Why might you not want to use sentence d as an introduction or conclusion? Global English 43 Se eeeExam tip: Do not copy the exact words of the task instructions, Re-phrasing the instructions in your own words shows that you have range and flexibil your response a clear beginning by stating the kind of i a clear ending by summarising the overa formation the figure shows, and "message" conveyed by ne figure. Complete the introductory and the concluding sentences for the figure below. Percentage serodny Sel Pap Leagan 100 Bs Fj = Gm | | YA e 20 WY ; i Yy iG : Z BZ m7 1. Introduction 2 Conclusion bar chart shows in summary, 44 — Writing for IELTS enPart 2: Practice exercises: Task 2 In introductions to academic essays, writers often: a state the topic of the essay: This essay is about b write something about the general context: In recent years ¢ explain why the topic is interesting, relevant or important: X is interesting/relevant/ important because present a viewpoint that they go on to challenge: Some people believe that present their own viewpoint: In my view, state the purpose of the essay: The aim of this essay is to outline the structure of the essay: This essay will firstly. .., secondly... thirdly erea Read the Task 2 question below and the introduction that follows. For each section of the introduction, indicate which of the functions a-g above is being addressed. Then answer the questions 1-2. As the English language becomes more widespread, some speakers of other languages fear that English loanwords are gradually replacing perfectly adequate native words, nt do you believe that peopl their language from the influence of English? There is no doubt that English is becoming increasingly important as a language of | 1___ | international communication in the fields of science, trade, entertainment, and international relations. Not surprisingly, English words have appeared in many other languages throughout }2 the worid irom Ja prompted some people to seek to defend their languages from this type of change. | would argue however, that these efforts are likely to prove futile. to French. This has —e—] 1 How would you describe the overall organisation of the introductory paragraph? Does it begin with the writer's opinion and then explain the context, or vice versa? 2. Why has the writer presented his/her own view last? o Read the Task 2 question below and the sentences 1-5 on page 46. For each sentence, indicate its function a-g, listed in Exercise 5 above. Then arrange the sentences in the most effective order. With regard to foreign language learning, the effectiveness of out-of-class learning is well-established. What are the best ways of learning a foreign language outside of a classroom situation? Global English 45 STOO1 [believe the success of out-of-class le: needs to be classroom-based. ing suggests that not all language learning 2. However, in many cases, additional languages are learned not in the classroom, but through exposure to a language in day-to-day activities. 3. Around the world, people who speak only their mother tongue are probably outnumbered by those who speak one or more additional languages. __ 4 In this essay, | will outline what | believe to be the three most effective ways of independent language learning. a Many people assume that the classroom is the best place to learn a foreign language. Exam tip: Academic writing values modesty and tolerance of others’ views. Therefore, when expressing your opinion, it is often more effective to use the more tentative or neutral reporting verbs. Rather than writing: | insist that governments c minority tanguages, write: | believe that governments should do more .... Use the more emphatic verbs for expressing viewpoints that you wish to challenge: Some people insist that there can only be one officially recognised variety of a language. I would argue, however, that no single variety should be favoured. nore to protec Complete the introduction below with the expressions a-f Many education systems throughout the world recognise the value of learning a foreign language and are seeking to improve the way foreign languages are taught. What in your view is the best way of teaching a foreign language in schools and universities? aright approach the world becomes c_ therefore f twill outline As [1] __ more integrated, the ability to speak a foreign language is becoming (2) __, not just for individuals, but also for nations. The teaching of foreign tanguages is labour- intensive and (3] __ costly, so itis important that the (4) is taken. In this essay, (5) ____ what I consider to be [6] __ of language teaching in a classroom context. Write introductions for the Task 2 questions below. 1. As English becomes more widespread as a lingua franca, there is concern that the values and culture of the English-speaking world will displace native values and cultures. To what extent is this fear justified? 2. Sometimes misunderstandings occur among people from different cultures, even those who can communicate in a common language. What factors can contribute to the breakdown of cross-cultural communication? 46 — Writing for 1ELTS eePart 3: Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The diagram shows the main systems of writing used throughout the world. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features. Write at least 150 words. | wriminc | on com ‘eansonan | sou ce | | vesiabie Sing ee Notes Fi Dewaen "| | Nar Ba femtewdy | | ac || eee | cmc | wines pronunciation | i | WRITING TASK 2 Write about the following topic: As languages such as English, Spanish and Mandarin become more widely spoken, there is a fear that many minority languages may die out. Some countries have taken steps to protect minority tanguages. What is your view of this practice? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Global English 47 ETOAims: _ Interpreting a table | Making effective main points | ‘Signposting’ main points EU eRe Cn Umm seo images 1-6 above a accessing the news d_ online banking b downloading films e searching for information ¢ Internet shopping f social networking In used to do this. Match them with the correct definitions i-vi Writing Tasks, it is important to highlight key points. The words a-f b a distinctive i affecting many people or places b main ii, easy to see noticeable iii i d_ significant iv most important e underlying v nd basic but not obvious f widespread vi unique, special or characteristic 48 — Writing for IELTS eeComplete the sentences 1-5 with the best adjective from Exercise 2. Notice how they form common collocations with the nouns in italics. Example: There was a significant correlation between age and number of hours spent gaming online. 1 Atfirst glance, the most change was in the growing popularity of social networking; however, on closer examination, it is clear that other changes were more fundamental. a 2 The graph shows that the spread of wireless technology has a____ regional ology generally. pattern. in fact, this pattern is characteristic of the spread of new te 3 While there was some variation in the use of online auction site: trend has been upward. 4, Although price is undoubtedly a factor, the 1 mobile devices is because of their wide rang. 5 The distribution of towns in that region made investmen telecommunications infrastructure worthwhile. Less populated regions attracted less investment. 4 — The words in italics in the passage below are useful for writing about science- and technology-related topics. Read the text and match the words in italics a-f with the definitions 1-6. 4 arrival 4 make possible 2 development 5 speeded/sped up 3. gradual change 6 tools Itis often said that the technological a] advance that had the greatest impact on everyday life in the early twentieth century was the telephone, This is not surprising given the effect {b] devices, such as the telephone, have had on social relationships. business; however within a few decades, it was being increasingly used to meet people's emotional and social needs. This (c} trend has (d) accelerated with the {e} advent of a new generation of wireless devices, which [f) enable users to stay in touch with friends and family virtually twenty-four hours a day. The paragraph below comes from an essay written in response to the Task 2 question: Which new technology of the last fifty years has had the greatest impact on daily life? Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in italics a-f in Exercise 4. Although there have been many important technological (1) over the last five decades, the (2} _____ of the Internet has probably had the most significant effect on everyday life. The Internet (3) people to access more information than ever before. This (4) ___is {5} as whole libraries are heing made available online, Moreover, with instant messaging and social networking, it is cheaper and more convenient to communicate with others via the Internet. Within the next decade, the Internet will probably replace the older generation of telecommunication (6) _ such as the telephone. The Internet 49 rrrPart 2: Practice exercises: Task 1 Study the table below which shows the percentage of time Internet users spent on the eight most popular online activities in 2007 and 2009. Compare the two responses and answer the questions 1-3. 11 Which response do you think is more satisfactory? Why? 2 Which sentences in the two res} Underline the signposting ponses contain main points? How are these signposted? 3 Ineach response, where is the detailed information in relation to the general statements? ' = Siriaas ent Social networking Watching videos i0 "i 3 E-mailing 16 3 4 Instant messaging " 6 5 Downloading music 4 5 6 Searching for information 4 4 7 Ontine banking 3 3 8 Accessing news 2 2 Other 36 36 Response 1 Response 2 The table shows that there were significant changes in how Internet users spent their time line over two-year period, The percentag ‘of time spent on social fourteen per cent to twenty-four per cent. The proportion of time devoted to watching videos also increased, but only by a small amount {from ten per cent to eleven per cent]. There was also a twenty per cent increase in time spent downloading music. The time spent on email, on the other hand, dipped significantly sixteen per cent to nine per centl. This was also true of instant messaging, which fell from eleven per cent to six per cent. The other activities Uisted (searching for information, online banking, and accessing the news! all remained constant at four, three, and two per cent respectively. Overall, the way that users spent their time on the Internet varied significantly, with some activities, such as social networking, becoming ‘more popular and others becoming less popular 50 — Writing for IELTS The table shows that the changes in how Internet us ere significant their time The most significant change was in the way networking increased significantly from fourteen per cent ta twenty-four per cent. However, this appears tobe at the expense of other forms of online communication, namely email and instant messaging, which both dectined sharply to only nine per cent and six per cent respectively of total activity ‘Another noticeable trend was the relatively ‘small increase in entertainment-related activites, such as watching videos and downloading music, with each climbing one percentage point. ther activities, which can be seen as more practical, such {as searching for information, online banking, and accessing the news remained constant ata relatively low four, three, and two per cent respectively. Overall, in 2009 users continued to spend a large share of their time online interacting with others {nearly forty per cent in totall; however, their preferred way of doing so had changed.Exam tip: To find patterns in the data more easily, try grouping similar items together and looking for associated trends. If you can't see a pattern immediately, switch your focus. In the second response above, the writer started by grouping online activities into themes: communication, entertainmer needs. Alt he ce have started by grouping items according to type of change {positive, negative, or neutral) and then looked for other connections within each group. Study the table below and follow steps 1-4. 1. Focus on the bottom row. What general points can you make from the data shown? Which figure seems to be the most important? 2. Now focus on the regi listed in the first column, How might you g into different categories? Think about developed and developing regions 3. Switch your focus to the p {ages listed in the third column. Which regions ha the largest percentages of Internet users? Which regions have the smallest? How does this information relate to the categories of regions you have identified 4, Switch your focus again to the last column. Notice the biggest and smallest changes. How does this information relate to the information in column 3? cctions can you make? World re Number of Internet | Internet users as % of | Growth in Internet use. Peete Ponca) Ea) 2 Africa 109 10% 21% Asia 921 24% 602% Middle East 59 30% 1,785% Europe 473 59% 353% Latin America 199 33% 1.123% Australia 20 60% 181% TOTAL 2,052 29% 455% atements, i.e. introduce them with Exam tip: You should ‘signpost’ general expressions such as The table/pie chart/graph/etc. shows... The most significant change Another noticeable trend ... Overall... You must also support general statements with detailed information from the table/graph/ete Write three general statements about the information in the table above. Then develop each of your general statements with one or two supporting details. Example: The table shows that over the last ten years there has been an exponential increase in Internet use worldwide. The number of Internet users expanded nearly five-fold, with the proportion of the world’s population enjoying Internet access now standing at nearly thirty per cent. The Internet 51 EO —————VPart 2: Practice exercises: Task 2 Study the Task 2 essay question and essay plan below. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this plan? To what extent does the Internet increase social cohesion? Essay outline Introduction: Internet very important in modern life; two sides to this debate 1. Internet can increase social isolation a. Shy teens always surfing net ~ losing social skills & real friends? b Couple addicted to online gaming, arrested for child neglect ¢ Atwork spend all morning reading emails, no time for meeting ~ bad for teamwork? 2 However, Internet can also bring people closer together d_ Stuck at home with injury, used net to keep in touch with friends Used net to stay in touch with family when studying abroad - phon too expensive f Through social networking can meet friends of friends 9 Email & instant messaging more useful than phone for collaboration if written record needed Conclusion: Internet can create more togetherness if used in right way notes. Then indicate where you would place the supporting points a-g from Exercise 4 above. What are the advantages of this plan? Essay outline Introduction: Internet can affect how relate to family, friends, and colleagues in both good & bad ways 1 The Internet has the potential to diminish family life but also to enhance it Supporting points: b, 2. Similarly, the internet can ... friends; however, it can also Supporting points: a,__,__, 3... work Supporting points: _, Conclusion: Internet can create more togetherness if used appropriately 52 — Writing for IELTS aeRead the sentences below and answer questions 1-2. Excessive Internet use leads to social isolation. Excessive Inter 1 Which of these sentences is more appropriate for an academic context? Why? 2. Inwhat other ways could you modify the first sentence to make t less sweeping Exam tip: tis important not to make absolute or swe} by using a range of modifiers and ‘softer’ vocabulary. ments. You can do this, Quantifiers: Verbs: Frequency adverbs: some appear sometimes many seem often most tend rarely Expression: Modal verbs: Probability adverbs: Itis said that can possibl Itis possible could probab! In some circums! may perhaps Exampl Rapid tect Rapid technological change can weaken traditional values. Modify the statements 1-6 so that they are more appropriate. 1 People over the age of fifty cannot grasp new technology 3. Children are corrupted by the Internet. 4 People do not like new technology because they do not understand it 5 Too much technology makes people lazy. 6 The world’s problems will be solved by advances in science and technology. TheInternet 53 EE eooOLook at the Task 2 essay question and essay plan below. The candidate has written the introductory paragraph and notes (a-i] for the question To what extent has information technology reduced social inequality? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Complete the body of the essay by following steps 1-3 Step 1: Write G next to the notes which can be expanded to form general statements ai next to those that give specific supporting information Step 2: Put the notes in a logical order. Think about the best sequen of general tements and make sure t porting each is followed by one ort + Expand the notes into sentences. * Add ‘signposting’ expressions to emphasise important points. * If necessary, add modifiers or use ‘softer’ vocabulary to make statements less sweeping. People who live in highly developed countries often take access to information technology for granted. They find it hard to imagine a world in which this technology does not bring greater prosperity. However, as the IT revolution moves forward in some parts of the world, in other parts of the world the poor are falling further and further behind. Indeed there are many oarriers to wider IT access and its potential benefits. Electricity supply irregular Government censorship of Internet widespread Even where IT access available, governments fearful of well-informed public Broadband access only in major cities \Witeracy a major obstacle ze re an Basic infrastructure inadequate Women & the poor especially likely to be illiterate 54 — Writing for IELTS EEOPart 3: Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table shows the average length of video advertisements on the Internet and the average length of lime viewers spend watching them. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. ‘Average ontine video ad tengttrand time viewed Dee ea ea Average length of advertisement | Average time viewed (seconds) eee) Public service ls 8 Jigs Automotive 212 \14.7 Travel 18.0 13.0 Entertainment lz | 108 Home furnis }173 | 10.0 Consumer electror )153 | 7. Pharmaceuticals |164 | 63 Clothing \14.6 | 60 Other re {21.0 | 45 WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: New technologies and ways of buying and selling are transforming the lives of consumers. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. 55Working with two visual prompts | Making correlations Peet Matec ace Part 1: Vocabulary Match the expressions a-h to the segments 1-8 of the pie chart below. dd hou: b_ transportation dining out ¢ clothing and footwear 9. utilities The words below can be paired to form common collocations, Complete the sentences 1-5 on page 57 by choosing one word from each list. 1 consumer, goods, disposable, personal, household 2. debt, expenditure, income, confidence, services 56 — Writing for 1ELTS NN EEEEeeeEeeEeeee1 is the amount of money left after you have paid for all of the things that you need. 2. Over the last two decades, many people spent more money than they earned, resulting in high levels of ___ — 3 Spending on and ____, such as clothing and financial advice has slowed down because of the economic crisis. 4 When people feel more secure in their jobs, — begin to spend money more freely. grows and people 5 ____is another way of saying the amount of money each domestic unit spends, Replace the words in italics in the sentences 1-6 with the more precise expressions a-f. a_ their necessities d_ products b their possessions e take action € aspects of f advantages 1. People often buy things, even when they do not need them. _ 2 One oft! misumer beha jour is th ational 3. People can do things to avoid getting into debt. __ 4. One of the good things about shopping online is the convenience. 5 Often people’s income barely covers the cost of the things that they need & People are often very attached to the things that they own. The following paragraph comes from an essay written in response to the Task 2 question: a oncredit behaviour b quantity f saved financial 9 costly d criteria Learning by example is one important method. From their early years, children can observe how their parents make (1]_____ decisions. They may notice, for example, whether money is (2] ___ for (3] ______ purchases, or whether purchases are bought (4) ____. Children can also see what kinds of (5] ______ parents use when choosing what to buy, for instance, whether quality or (6) _______ is more important. It is important, therefore, that parents model sensible purchasing (7) _____ and explain what they are doing and why. However, in many circumstances, this may not be sufficient. Consumer spending 57Part Practice exercises: Task 1 : Exam information: ) 5 IELTS Writing Task 1 sometimes requires you to describe two figures. Before writing { 9 ye rT your response, it is important to ask yourself the following: : : 11 What do both figures relate to? { } 2. What kind of relationship is evident? ; a asimilarity ¢ a cause and effect relationship ; } b adifference d some other type of relationship , ) Once you have answered these questions, you are then in a better position to answer} } questions 3 and 4: § 5 3. Which aspects of each figure should be highlighted? : 4 a Should the figures be described in separate paragraphs or b, should diffe ) ; aspects of the figures be compared within a series of paragraphs? : d ) Seer eer CeCe Answer the questions 1~4 in the box above in relation to the two figures below. Ehweek Disposable income by age 250 200 150 4. + rr pats ile 2000 Ol 02 03 04 OS 06 07 08 09 2010 65-14 ——is-4 Percentage increase or decrease in sales I T T To 1 } 2001 | 2004 1% | 5% 2 om 0% | -1%6 1% | 4% Children’s toys 5% | 8% | ~8% 58 — Writing for IELTS neRead the response below and answer questions 1-6. The line graph shows average disposable income for three different age groups from 2000 to 2010. The table gives the percentage increase in sales for six different products at three-year intervals from 2001 to 2010, Seen together, the figures suggest a link between the disposable income of different age groups and how well certain products sell The disposable income of young people in the UK between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four peaked in 2004 and reached another high point in 2007 before falling sharply. Sales of products typically enjoyed by young people, trainers and video games, showed a similar pattern with sales of both products increasing sharply by 2004 (5% and 6% respectively) The disposable income of the 35-44 age group peaked in 2008 after reaching its second highest point in 2004. Sales of business suits, books and children’s toys - all items that people of this age group might b iso peaked in the third quarter of the decade, with particularly strong growth in sales of toys (8%) ected to buy - For people aged 65-74, disposable income remained roughly constant. Not surprisingly, sales of reading glasses also remained steady throughout the period. Overall, the figures show that the sales performance of different types of products may be influenced by the disposable income available to different sectors of the population. 1 Look at the three sentences of the introduction, What information is given in each of them? 2. What type of relationship between the two figures is identified and how is this expressed? 3 Howis each of the three body paragraphs structured? 4 What specif chosen to highlight? Why? 5 What expressions has the writer used to highlight the similarities in the trends represented? 6 What expression is used in the conclusion to express the relationship between the two figures? Exam tip: If you are presented with two figures which appear to show a cause and > effect relationship, itis helpful to take note of this. It will enable you to highlight the information more effectively. However, you should be cautious about expressing a cause and effect relationship too directly. This is because IELTS Writing Task 1 does not ask you to interpret the table or refer to anything outside of it. If you use a cause and effect expression (e.g. causes, leads to], use a hedging expression to make the claim less sweeping, (e.g. appears to cause, may lead to), or use one of the expressions in Exercise 3. b Consumer spending 59 SSE>a Look at the two figures below. The two italicized expressions in sentences 1-2 can be used to describe relationships between data sets. Indicate what each of them means by rephrasing the sentence. 1. The two figures show that there is a positive correlation between the availability o cheap credit and levels of consumer spending 2. The two figures show that the rate of taxation correlates negatively with levels of consumer spending Percentage change in taxation ‘Consumer spending UK and consumer credit 6 3 a a ee a, iG ‘Ty | | Aa | if] A} | Ipaldinaldllle ~ HALL A | VA : : a 1950 1995" 200020082010 199095 2000 05 2010 [rood House hold appliances ZI Clothing Now rephrase each sentence in three different ways using the expressions a-f below. a_ inversely proportional a arto b proportional e the more ¢when...rises, ... also appear to f the more ... the more a descri ion of the two figures in Exercise 3 using the following prompts. + State what figure 1 shows. + State what figure 2 shows. Body paragraph 1: * Describe the overall relationship between the availability of credit and consumer spending using one of the phrases from Exercise 3. © Give a more detailed description of the trends. Body paragraph 2: * Describe the overall relationship between taxation and consumer spending using one of the phrases from Exercise 3. * Give a more detailed description of the trends. Conclusios + Rephrase the relationship between credit, taxation and spending. 60 — Writing for IELTS rrrPart 2: Practice exercises: Task 2 Study the Writing Task 2 question below, Compare the two responses and answer the questions 1-5. What influences our purchasing decisions? Oo we mainly buy things because we need them, or are other factors involved? Response 1 Sometimes people are more likely to buy products because celebrities have been employed to advertise ther, The famous people used in these advertisements make these products more attractive, so people want lo purchase them, Therefore, th luence of celebrities can be a powerful reason for some Response 2 Sometimes people are more likely to buy products because celebrities have been employed to advertise them. in buying the product, the consumer may feet ‘closer’ to ape ¥y admire. An example of this is when famous sportsmen or women endorse a particular brand of trainer or sportswear. Indeed, the powerful influence ofthis type of advertising on consumer behaviour is reflected in the large sums of money such celebrities are often paid for their advertising work. purchasing decisions. Which response do you think is more satisfactory? Why? What is the purpose of the first sentence in Responses 1 and 2? What is the purpose of each of the remai ing sentences in Response 2? What expression is used to signal that the writer is giving an example? man ena What expression is used to signal that the wr evidence? fer is supporting the main poi an example to illustrate your point: Famous sportsmen and women, for example/for instance, may endorse a particular brand of trainer or sportswear. + An example/Another good example of this is when famous sportsmen and women endorse a particular brand of trainer or sportswear. And to signal that you are supporting your point with evidence + Indeed/In fact the powerful influence of this type of advertising on consumer behaviour is reflected in the large sums of money such celebrities are often paid for their advertising work The experienced academic reader will normally assume that successive sentences ina passage support or illustrate the points made. For this reason, it is not necessary to use many of these particular signpost expressions to make your passage clear. Two or three in your response will be sufficient in most cases. Consumer spending 61Complete the text below with signpost expressions. Itis often the case that consumers buy products on impulse simply because of the way they are displayed. In supermarkets, (1) , snacks are often situated by the checkout to tempt those who are tired and bored with queuing. (2} is when necessities such as clothes are displayed with matching accessories, such as jewellery. (3] ____ shopp are often surprised at how much more they spend than they had intended. When thinking about developing a body paragraph, it is useful to ask yourself the following questions: a What main point do | want to make? b Have | seen, heard, or experienced something that makes me want to say this? How can | express this as an example to illustrate my main point? If someone were to disagree with me, what could | s is valid? What evidence can | give to support my main poi Develop each statement 1-3 below into a paragraph by giving examples and supporting evidence: 1 Some people buy products that they do not really need because they feel empty and unhappy. 2. People often buy products they do not really need because they want to status or wealth. lay their 3 Sometimes people buy products they do not really need because they want to use ther in a positive way to make their lives more enjoyable or interesting. Look at the IELTS Writing Task 2 question below and write a body paragraph explaining how financial institutions may be responsible for high levels of indebtedness. Remember to make a main point and to give examples to illustrate and support your idea. The increased availability of consumer credit in some countries has contributed to the problem of debt. Who is responsible for high levels of indebtedness: the financial institutions that lend money or the individuals who borrow money? 62 Writing for IELTS aePart 3 Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The figures give information about economic growth and household expenditure across a range of categories. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. Figure 1: Economic Growth Figure 2; Breakdown of Household Expe 0 Foon Dx ating Kea xing Entertsinment / F® Entrainment 4 Travel $A Travel be ae vowing [Ot = e i995 2000 ood Ac testament Entertainment — (NEF tavet { F Travel 19952000005. 2010 \ Jowe/ \. Torte Houing <_| sowing [89 2005 2010 WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Learning to manage money is one of the key aspects of adult life. How in your view can individuals best learn to manage their money? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Consumer spending 63 ciDeveloping and linking supporting examples | Reviewing verb forms PRUE ey Vocabulary All of the words listed above ai What is the difference be hem are rights and which are a be entitled to b havea duty te 2 authorized tc be obliged to h be permitted to be empowered to i be required to e be committed to j be held accountable for 64 — Writing for IELTS am3. Underline the verb in each of the sentences 1-5 which expresses the right or responsibility more emphatically. 2. Adolescents generally appreciate being allowed/empowered to make their own | 1. The children were forced/obliged to sit sti throughout the lesson, | I decisions | 3. Insome companies, once employees reach the age of sixty-five, they are compelled/ required to retire. Parents are committed to doing/have a duty to do their best for their childre! an The young men were required to join/coerced into joining the army. The sentences 1-8 all contain common set expressions requiring one or more prepositions. Complete the sentences using the prepositions a-h below. a for ob from ¢ in d into e of fon g < h_ with 1 Parents sometimes want to exercise too much control their children, 2. Young people often perceive their parents as interfering too much their lives. 3 Itis often better to negotiate responsibilities adolescents than to impose responsibilities ther 4 Children must learn to cooperate others in order to achieve goals. In some countries such as Scotland, the age criminal responsibility is as as ten, 6 When setting standards behaviour, the child's level of maturity needs to be taken account. 7 inorder for children to distinguish right wrong, they need to be held accountable their actions, > Complete the sentences 1-5 below with expressions from Exercise 4. 1 Itis unethical if professionals do not act__ their clients. 2. Ifachild has a disability, this has to be ___ when deciding on a programme of education. 3. If you are applying for a job which requires teamwork, you need to demonstrate that, you are able to 4 When governments impose too many rules and regulations, people often complain that the state is 5 lf managers ___ their employees, workers may never develop the abil to take initiative. Children and parents 65 ——————————————Part 2: Practice exercises: Task 1 Study the table below, which shows the results of a survey of 200 adolescents and their parents. Compare the two responses and answer questions 1-4. 11 Which response do you think is more satisfactory? Why? 2. Why do you think the writer of Response 2 ha hosen to include certain supporting detail: d not others? 3 How are supporting details in Response 2 signposted and linked with the rest of the text? 4 Are any supporting details supplied without being explicitly signposted? Parents and Adolescents’ Views of Parental Restrictions on Adolescent Decision-Making SaaS how adolescents spend their free time what subject(s] they study 68% how they spend money they have earned 34% what occupation they pursue 55% what friends they make 76% Response 1 The table shows the results of a survey of 200 adolescents and their parents in which they were asked whether parents should exercise some control over a range of adolescent life saliceeronteson- setenepennel adolescents surveyed. For some decisions, the difference in opinion was quite large. In addition, fathers reported wanting more control than mothers aver all except one of the choices. Boys were also prepared to accept more parental control than girls in four of the six choices. 66 — Writing for IELTS 67% 23% z= 60% 33% 45% 23% 12% 9% 78% 11% 19% Response 2 The table shows the results of a survey of 200, adolescents and their parents in which they were asked whether parents should exercise some control over a range of adolescent life Overall, parents said that th than did the adolescents surveyed. The areas where parents wanted most control were ‘how adolescents spend their free time’ and ‘what friends they make’. Roughly three out of four parents wanted to place restrictions on these areas, whereas only approximately one in five children fet this was needed. The biggest conflict of opinion concerned young people's choice of friends, with nearly 80 per cent of mothers believing they should exercise control and only 17 per cent of adolescent girls agreeing In addition, rae2 Expressions that are commonly used to signal supporting detail include: * superlatives: most control; the biggest conflict of opinion t * focusing expressions: particularly, in particular, especially * expressions indicating uniqueness: only, sole * expressions indicating example: for example, for instance. | Words used to link supporting detail to main clause include. * prepositions: with i * relative pronouns: where, in whic! Look again at the body paragraph in Response 2 on page 66 and at extracts 1-3 below, : which are from sample Task 1 responses from previous units. Underline examples of the ' features listed above. ; 1 Women predominated in schools for children. This was particularly true of schools for very young ch e were female. The situation was similarly one-sided in primary schools, where over | 90 per cent of teachers were women. | 2. In Arts and Social Science-related subjects, UK students tended to do better. The | biggest gap in performance was in International Law, where three-quarters of UK students gained a second-class degree or b international students attained this level. + than half of the r. In contrast, fev 3. There are four types of writing system in which characters represent sounds. The oldest of these is ‘Abjad’, in which each character represents a consonant sound Arabic, for instance, uses this type of system I 3 Complete the paragraph below with expressions from Exercise 2. For some gaps, there | may be more than one correct answer. Fathers generally reported wanting more control than mothers, the (1) cent of fathers, as opposed to 78 per cent of mothers, wanted a say. In addition to choice of friends, fathers were (3] _______keen to exercise control over how adolescents i spend their free time and what they studied, The (4] ____ gap between fathers’ and j mothers’ views was over how children spend their self-earned money. Over a third of fathers wanted to place restrictions on this area, whereas (5]____ 23 per cent of. mothers wanted to do so. Choose supporting detail from the table in Exercise 1 to complete the paragraph below. The adolescent boys surveyed also indicated a greater acceptance of parental control than did the adolescent girls | Children and parents 67 IPart Practice exercises: Task 2 In order to frame your ideas effectively, you need to use the correct verb forms. You have to choose the correct tense, the correct voice (active or passivel and, where appropriate, the right modal verb. Study the example Task 2 response below to the question: What can society do to ensure that the rights of young people are respected? Match the verb forms 1-9 in the text with the functions a-h below. Then answer questions 1-4. a verb form used when making a promise or prediction __ b conditional verb form used for describing the consequencels] of an action ¢ passive voice, often used to describe an action when the agent is unknown or indeterminate — modal verb used to indicate strong obligation or nece: hat the indicatin bitual, ge d e verb tens f modal verb used for making a suggestion and indicating that an action is possible 9 verb tense used for actions that occurred or were completed in the past h_ verb tense linking past and present used to express an experience or an ongoing situation i modal verb used for tentatively making a suggestion and indicating possibility In most countries around the world, children (1} are recognised as persons by law. However, because children (2] do nat have the same access to power as adults, they lack the means to defend their rights. It is therefore important that adults recognise the rights of young people. Some argue that this is uniquely the duty of parents. In my view, society as a whole [3] must bear some of this responsibility. In this essay | (4) will outline three measures that can be taken to safeguard the rights of young people. ure that its policies take the interests of children into account. i {6 young people are continuously represented in the halls of power. Secondly, local government and charities can ensure that young people have access ta independent confidential sources of help. Telephone help lines are just one example of what could be done. One such service in the UK, Childline, (8) answered over 700,000 calls last year, suggesting a strong need for this kind of help. ‘A third possible measure is to ensure that information about children’s rights is widely disseminated through schools, for example, and the mass media. Children who are well- informed about their rights are in a better position to seek help to defend ther. In short, society has an obligation to look after young people. Doing so can have benefits for all. Young people who (9) have felt valued by society are more likely to recognise the value of society and behave accordingly. Which verb tense is used most frequently in the text? How many examples of the passive voice are in the response? Which modal verb is used most frequently? Why? RONo Why would you use the modal verb should instead of must, and why would you use may? 68 = Writing for IELTS reExam tip: Make good use of modal verbs to frame your ideas. Use I * will to state your intention: in this essay / will outline three measures that can be i taken to safeguard the rights of children, + emphatic modal verbs such as must and should to express a necessity: In my view, society as a whole must bear some of this responsibility can and could to make suggestions: Firstly, the government can ensure that its policies take the interests of children into account * would to indicate the consequences of implementing a suggestion: This would ensure that young people are continuously represented in the halls of power. & Read the partially completed Task 2 response to the question: What can be done to encourage young people to become responsible members of society? Complete the text, by adding a modal verb to the gaps 1-10. In some cases more than one modal verb is possible - your choice will depend on how emphatic you wish to be. In many societies these days, people are concerned about deteriorating standards of behaviour among young people. Petty crime, misuse of drugs and alcohol and apparent lack of respect for others all seem to be on the rise. Some people maintain that the best way to address this problem is to reinstate firm discipline within homes and schos 1(1]_____ suggest that although this (2)____be ane solution, we (3} approach the task of encouraging responsible behaviour among young people in a variety of ways, One measure that both parents and teachers {4 __ take is to involve young people in making decisions about what is acceptable behaviour. In schools for example, teachers (5] ______ draw up a contract with the children in their class. It (6} _____need to be revised periodically as the children mature and are able to handle more freedom responsibly. Doing this {7} ____ discourage children from using misbehaviour as a means of express 9 their independence e taught le: skills by : Secondly, young people (8! a leader (9) __ probably have a better understanding of the difficulties involved. This (10]_____ encourage them to cooperate more easily with authority figures . | Exam tip: Make sure you complete your essay by writing a conclusion, even if this consists of only one sentence. If you are running short of time, itis better to shorten or omit one of your body paragraphs than to fail to complete the task 7 Inconclusions to academic essays, writers often: a_ restate their opinion summarise the main points make a recommendation make a prediction [often stating what may happen if the recommended action is or is not taken} ang Children and parents 69 SSLook at the three conclusions below and notice how the functions a-d have been used. a The writer gives A more effective approach is to educate the her opinion. public about the benefits of biodiversity. Money should be invested in the research and development of the world's biological resources. Once people understand that there are real benefits to exploiting natural resources —| ina sustainable way, they are more likely to make the short-term sacrifices necessary to eVvVcc—_———} preserve natural habitats. In brief, it is not possible to make recommendations regarding the supervision of adolescents that fit all contexts. The physical bHere environment, the cultural context, and the e er summarises the | personalities of those involved should all be | main points. considered. In short, there is little about today's celebrity culture that is fundamentally more harmful re than the types of celebrity children have ee - | encountered in the past, Provided chitdren ate recommen | given appropriate guidance, they are unlikely to — J be adversely affected Re-read the conclusion to the response ise 5 reproduced below, th questions 1-5 in short, society has an obligation to look after young people. Doing so can have benefits for al Young people who have fett valued by society are more likely to recognise the value of society and behave accordingly. What expression is used to signal that this is the conclusion? What other expressions can be used for this purpose? Which of the functions a-d above is evident in the first sentence? Which of the functions a-d above is evident in the second sentence? anena How would you summarise the main points of the essay in a single sentence? Complete the essay in Exercise 6 on page 69 by writing a conclusion. Write one sentence for each of the functions a-d listed in Exercise 7. 70 — Writing for IELTS raPart 3: Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The figure shows the results of a survey of 1000 adolescents in five different countries, The participants were asked at what age they believed certain rights and responsibilities should be granted to young people. cting and reporting the main fe ‘Summarise the information by Write at least 150 words. Age (years) person who commits a crime ean be WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: In many countries, young people are granted certain privileges and responsibilities at the age of sixteen. Clearly parents have a responsibility to both care for and prepare their children as they approach this important milestone. To what degree should parents intervene in the lives oftheir 14-15 year-old children? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Children and parents 71 — eaeAim: Peer cue oanesar tara Roe Part 1: Vocabulary ion (a or b) that the words in italics best corre: erpopulation relates not just to th 4 The 2001 cen (ed that F the population but ge of t nisl of population in elation Sea any people predict th or population growth will accelera nn leveling off at approximate > billion & The recent jump in the numbers o , oe Hn can be attributed to the boom in births Borer neni nedulaui dain a gradual rise phic data, including b rapid ri iformation about age, gende income, and employment status, 7 As the population ages, many tear that in order to plan effectively for the caring for the elderly will be too great a future burden for the y ger generation. a relating to population a. obligation b relating to politics b privilege 72 Writing for 1ELTS es2 Match the expressions 1-10 with the definitions a-j. 1 pension a aperson who looks after the elderly or sick 2. longevity b the ability to produce children 3. nursing home the middle point in a range of values 4 care-giver d serious, recurring and/or long lasting 5. toretire e long life 6 mortality fa regular payment made by government or former employer to a person who has stopped working 7 fertility 4g the control of the number of children in a family by use of contraceptives 8 median hy to give up work, especially on reaching pensionable aye 9 family planning i a hospital or home for people who are otd or itl 10. chronic j the number of deaths in a given period 3 The expressions a-h are either causes or consequences of population ageing. Decide which of them are causes and which are consequences. a increasing public health costs e growing pressure on care givers blower fertility rate f family ¢ decreasing mortality from infectious dwindling pension diseases h_ improved health care increasing incidence of chronic illnesses (e.g. arthritis) Complete the sentences 1-7 with expressions from Exercise 3. Make any changes 1. The increasing numbers of older people has put__, especially women in their 40s, who are also often responsible for looking after children 2 ______have been a cause for concern among governments, employers and financial institutions and led to calls for the working population to save more for retirement. 3 ____ has resulted not only in greater longevity but also in better health status among the elderly. such as cholera and polio has been a welcome development. ‘As the population ages, there has been an____ and type-two diabetes. Unless measures are taken to curb __, these will aimost certainly result in higher taxes. 7 _________measures have undoubtedly reduced birth rates in some countries. Anageing population 73 —- -—_—Part 2: Practice exercises: Task 1 In IELTS Writing Tasks, you need to write coherently, that is link points within a sentence and between sentences. Study the three short sentences a-c and the longer sentence which combines them. Notice the cohesive devices in italics. a Something can be seen from the diagram. b Population ageing results from decreasing birth rates. © Population ageing results from dectining mortality. As can be seen from the diagram, population ageing results from both decreasing birth rates and declining mortality Cohesive devices include: pronouns —_a Many people enjoy retirement. Many people enjoy retirement. b Many people find they have the time They find they have the time for for activities they enjoy. activities they enjoy. apposition a Over the last two decades, Over the last two decades, population ageing has accelerated —_population ageing, a common in the UK. trend throughout the developed b Population ageing isa common trend world, has accelerated in the UK. throughout the developed world. this[these+ a The population in urban areashas The population in urban areas summary grown particularly quickly. has grown particularly quickly. word b The population growth in urban This trend has put pressure on areas has put pressure on local local services. services coordinating a There are more job opportunities in There are more job opportunities conjunctions cities. in cities, so people migrate to s from rural them from rural areas. People migr areas subordinating a Couples are under pressure to work, Because couples are under conjunctions b Couples often delay starting a pressure to work, they often family. delay starting a family. relative a Lower mortality is due to increased Lower mortality is due to pronouns longevity. increased longevity, which b Increased longevity results from results from improved health improved health care. care. sentence a People want to enjoy retirement. People want to enjoy retirement; linkers b People do not always save enough however, they do not always for a comfortable retirement. save enough for a comfortable retirement. Read the remainder of the paragraph below and underline the cohesive devices. Decreasing birth rates can be attributed to two main factors, namely: availability of family planning and changes in how people feet about work and family. These changes include greater career aspirations among women, a tendency to delay marriage, and a preference for smaller families. Lower mortality, on the other hand, is due lo increased iongevity, which results from improved health care and better living conditions 74 — Writing for IELTS eae2 Good cohesion requires a good grasp of punctuation. Look again at the paragraph on page 74 and the longer sentences in the table in Exercise 1. Circle the punctuation marks. Then correct the text below by adding or changing the punctuation. The graph illustrates two trends. Namely the rise in the proportion of the world's population aged sixty-five and above and the decline in the proportion of those under five. As can be seen the proportion of elderly people has risen gradually from approximately 5 per cent in 1950 to roughly 7.5 per cent today. Over the next thirty years it is expected to more than double. The proportion of young children on the other hand has fal from approximately 14 per cent to 9 per cent, itis forecast to conti same rate over the next forty years. Combine each group of sentences 1-4 below into one sentence using a range of cohesive devices. Make any changes necessary and punctuate each sentence correctly. 1. The bar chart shows the percentage of people who were over the age of sixty-five in 2000. The bar chart shows the percentage of people expected to be over the age of sixty-five in 2030.The bar chart gives figures for seven different countries, 2. Korea, Mexico, and Turkey are all developing or newly industrialized countries. Korea, Mexico, and Turkey are all expected to experience large increases in the proportion of the population that is elderly. 3. The biggest increase is likely to occur in Korea, The proportion of pensioners in Korea is expected to increase from 10 per cent to 35 per cent. 4 The changes in all three countries will occur from a relatively low base. The predicted proportion of elderly residents wil still be lower than that expected in developed economies. 4 Using too many cohesive devices results in writing that is heavy and difficult to read. Improve the paragraph below by removing unnecessary cohesive devices, dividing sentences that are too complex, and correcting the punctuation. fact, the age group with the highest percentage of both men and women is 55 to 59. Moreover, roughly five per cent of the population is in this age group. In addition, the age groups with the next highest proportion of the population are 30 to 34 and 35 to 39. Also, itis interesting that until the age of fifty-nine, the proportion of males and females is roughly equal, however, thereafter, women make up a higher proportion of the elderly population and this trend is particularly evident in those aged eighty. For example, over four per cent of women fall into in this category, whereas only two per cent of men have reached this age Exam tip: Remember that readers will assume that each sentence in a paragraph logically develops or supports the preceding sentence unless they are told otherwise. This means that sentence connectors such as in addition and moreover should be used sparingly, if at all. On the other hand, logical relationships that are surprising or indicate a contrast of ideas normally require signposting expressions such as however. An ageing population 75. eePart 2 s: Task passage below and answer the question: As the population ages, people can expect to sp The quality of life among older peopie has, therefore, become a focus o One of the most important measures is to make sure people c orking age ar in aside enough fund: n they reti his could oni i iment cheme such as the nationat insuranc m in the UK, through y ns, hrough compulsory private pension plans. Saving sufficient sums of money would retirement for al A measure that should be tak invest properly in the health care ser o thal they are able pe with the demands of an increasingly frail section of the population hich key word has the writer repeated in order to make the organisation of th nain argument and that make the ds of expressions that you may need to epeat throughout your text ok at the Task 2 question below and the sample respo: word obligations has been repeated nonyms for the expressions younger family memb blank spaces in the response on page 7 What are the obligations of younger family members towards older reiations? 76 — Writing for 1ELTS esIn most societies, adults in their prime are expected to care for those who are becoming more frail due to old age. How one defines the specific responsibilities of younger family members towards older relations, however, depends on a number of factors, for example, the family's resources and the degree of state support available. Nevertheless, | would suggest a number of core obligations can be identified The most fundamental obligation that [younger family members] have towards (older relations} is to ensure that their physical needs are being met. It is particularly important that folder retations} have good nutrition, adequate healthcare and a safe and warm environment. Whether this is provided in the family home or in an institution such as a nursing home does not matter. Another core obligation is to ensure that (older relations) continue to feel a sense of love and belonging. Whenever possible, they should be included in family occasions such as birthdays, weddings and funerals. Their value to the family as a whole should be acknowledged even if they a le to contribute actively to the family, financially or otherwise. Finally, (younger family members} ___________ should ensure that [older relations) continue to have the opportunity to grow and develop as individuals. As the process of personal development is never complete, people continue to need stimulation in the form of activities and interests throughout their lives. Reading aloud, ing a film together or playing a board game are all things, that [younger family members}___________can do with their folder relations) —___ In short, Now look at the Task 2 questions below. For each question, circle a key word that you might want to repeat and underline any words or expressions which could be replaced with synonym productively for much tonger than in the past. What are the arguments for and against a mandatory retirement age? 3 What are the most significant consequences of population ageing? _ Exam tip: One of the most useful strategies for linking points between sentences is to use the demonstrative this or these. This {or these) can be used either on its own or followed by a summary word which captures the main point of the preceding sentence. Study the example below. In the past, many people believed that people over the age of sixty-five were too old to work. This view is no longer widely held, i | An ageing population 77Look at the essay extracts below from sample responses you have seen in previous units. Link the sentences by filling in the gaps with appropriate summary words. result from allowing men into female-dominated be! 1 The changes thal ray be subtle, but they are far-reaching. However, this , itis important not to identical ways. However, exams also have clear drawback n often perform, well in exams without having good underlying knowle dn the oth some te poorly in Se of an me teache and learners focus only on those aspects of the curriculum that are likely to be tested thus narrowing the educational experience for all. A number af measures should be taken to address these 3° Governments could promote greater understanding of plants and animals by investing However, this alone t under threat 4 Itis true that as the balance of power among groups of people throughout history has shifted, languages have arisen, changed, and died out. Even once widel spoken languages, such as Latin, have disappeared, To some extent, therefore, th Study the topic senten s which open the thre’ dbe Underline Exercise 6 (reprodu 1e word oF f a topic sentence. Circle the phrase that that expresses the main idea developed in the paragraph. snd belonging 3. Finally, younger family members should ensure that older relations continue to ha the opportunity to grow and develop as individuals. Now write topic sentences for three paragraphs in What nificant co nyms as appropriate, ¢ repetition and syn Expand the first topic sentence into a paragraph. Make your paragraph cohesive using this lor these] + a summary word. 78 — writing for IELTS aePart 3: Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The figure shows demographic trends in Scotland. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main feat Write at least 150 words. x Demographic Trends (Scotland) —— dirthrae [ ZEEE population growth rate death rato You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Longer life spans and improvements in the health of older people suggest that people over the age of sixty-five can continue to live full and active lives. In what ways can society benefit from the contribution that older people can make? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Anageing population 79 aDealing with words often confused | Using appropriate vocabulary Avoiding repetition by the use of synonyms accomplish g_ notorious impression When meeting someone for the first time, it is natural to want to make a When starting a new project, it is common to be full of hopes and ny people see celebrities as being all eople often migrate to ci 5 Although he is undoubted! 6 haracter is spired to 80 = Writing for IELTS eei I i | ‘Sometimes an idea can be expressed with greater or lesser degrees of strength by a group of words or phrases with similar meanings. For example: satisfactory good excellent. Arrange the groups of words below from left to right in terms of strength of meaning. 1 famous legendary well-known 3 like admire idolise 2 bad imperfect worthless 4 praise acclaim recognition The adverbs below can be placed at the beginning of a statement to show your attitude to what follows. Rewrite the sentences 1-7, beginning each sentence with an adverb that expresses the sentence in brackets. fortunately interestingly surprisingly importantly obviously unfortunately inevitably 1. Many people who achieve fame as children struggle to live a normal adult life. (This phenomenon is bound to happen.) 2. Many people who become famous as children struggle to live a normal life in adulthood. (This is not a good thing.) 3 Onlya small percentage of people become truly obsessed with celebrities. {This is a good thing.) 4. The vast majority of respondents were critical of the amount of celebrity coverage in the news. [I didn’t expect this.) 5 Fame can confer certain advantages. (This is clear] 7 Many children were critical of the bad behaviour of people in the public eye. (This idea is significant.) Some of the adverbs above can be modified by the use of: more, less, not, somewhat. Complete the sentences 1-4 below with an adverb and suitable modifier. 1 Fame can be stressful. (This is not as clear as the previous point.) 2. The majority of children said they did not want to emulate the bad behaviour of their idols. (This idea is more significant than the previous one.) 3° Peopie find notorious criminals quite fascinating. (This is to be expected.) 4 The children of famous people rarely seek fame themselves. [This is a bit surprising.) Fame 81Task 1 Part 2: Practice exercise: Sentences 1-8 describe information in the table below, which compares the results of | a survey of children’s career aspirations in 1980 and 2010. Each sentence contains two commonly confused words in italics. Underline the correct word —————————s 1 Sports star 2 Bcnasisiunan 2 Actor/Actress ie 3 Doctor/Nurse 8 Popular singer "1 4 Scientist 7 Astronaut 9 | 5 Lawyer 6 Lawyer 8 6 Vet 6 Businessman/woman 8 7 Sports star 5 Doctor/Nurse 6 8 Astronaut 4 Teacher 6 9 4 Chet 5 10 Archaeologist 3 Vet 4 1 Children today appear to have a greater interest in careers associated with celebrities than did children in the passed/past. 2 Surprisingly, the percentag. wanting to wor 3 There were changes in the rankings of all of the occupations accept/except that of lawyer: 4 The percentage of children choosing ‘sports star’ as one of their top ten careers rose/ raised, 5 In 2010, a higher proportion of children wanted to work in entertainment then/than ir 7 Incontrast/On the ry, a much higher star’, which occupies first position in the 2010 list. 8 Some professions that did not appear in the 1980 rankings, feature/future prominently in the 2010 list Now complete the sentences 9-13 below with some of the words in italics above. 9 The percentage of children wanting to be an astronaut 10 In 2010, a____ percentage of children wanted to be a vet. 11 Asmaller percentage of children today want to work in business and banking than did children in the in the 2010 list. 12 Not surprisingly, ‘banker’ did not 13 All of the professions in the 1980 list appeared in the 2010 list _____ scientist, astronaut and banker, 82 — Writing for IELTS etlThe paragraph below contains six informal expressions in italics. Replace them with more appropriate words or expressions. | There were (1) really big changes in the children’s career aspirations between 1980 and 2010. {2} Lots of traditional professions either declined in popularity or disappeared {3] Eg. in 1980, 14 per cent of respondents wanted to be teachers whereas thirty years later, only 4 per cent of those surveyed chose this profession. [4] Amazingly, scientist, ranked fourth in 1980, (5) didn’t even (6) show up in the top ten occupations of 2010, 1 - — 4 2 5 3 —_ The passage below contains some unnecessary repetition. Replace the words 1~6 in italics with synonyms from Exercise 1 on page 82. Make any other necessary changes to the words ‘A number of professions typically associated with celebrities, which were not in the 1980 list, appeared among the top ten in 2010. Acting and singing were particularly popular, ranking second and third respectively. Chef, chosen by five per cent } of respondents, also (1] appeared in the 2010 list. Other (2) professions increa: | significantly in popularity. The percentage of (3] respondents (4 choosing sports star and astronaut more than doubled. The only (5) profession that did not change in the rankings was lawyer, which (6) appeared in fith place in both 1980 and 201¢ | re a } 2 5 3 6 The words in italics in the extracts 1-7 from unit 2 below are too informal. Rewrite the sentences using more appropriate words and phrases. eties, 3. Although some people love traditional cooking practices and believe they will be around for a long time, 4 In more traditional societies, where famities tended to be big, it made economic sense for one person to give him/herself to time-consuming jobs at home such as growing and preparing food. Fame 83ge live in ever smaller family units 5 Nowadays, people 6 Ifeach family were to spend hours and hours growing and processing food, this would be a silly use of society's human resource. 7... the increase in the number of grown ups, especially women with kids, who work in jobs all day tong. fhe results of an opinion poll of media c The table below shov description and circle the most appropriate option in the items 1-7 in italics. Then underline the expressions the writer has used to avoid repeating the word respondents. Ponte see a Too little coverage of <== Celebrity gossip Good nes Political leaders, 1 Poverty/Homelessness War/Conffict 9 Environment 10 Crime 8 Education 9 The economy/recession 8 Health 8 Sports 5 International news 4 of a public opinion survey of media coverage The table presents the findings vs and sports, Dissatisfaction with the entertainment industry and politics, ‘bad’ ne Individuals in politics were also seen as (1] receiving/getting too much attention by ‘one in ten of those surveyed. A similar (2) number/percentage of respondents said the media focused too much on [3] awful/negative news stories, war and the recession, for example. At the other end of the scale, a [4] small/few percentage of people questioned said there was too much sports news. (5) On the contrary/On the other hand, respondents said that there (6] wasn t/was not enough coverage of good news, s international news. Nearly one in five of those who took part in the survey felt that there was not enough facus on good news. A relatively high percentage also felt that there was too little coverage of issues relating to quality of life: poverty, the environment, education and health. A small percentage (4 per cent] wanted more international news. In short, (7] there appears to be/you could say there was a mismatch between the types of news stories covered and the stated preferences of the survey respondents, 84 — Writing for IELTS EO eeem"Part 2: Practice exercises: Task 2 6 The language required for IELTS Writing Task 2 is often quite predictable. Listed below are ten common expressions. Write one or two words with a similar meaning for each. 1 advantage | 6 problem _ 2 disadvantage _ 7 solution —__ 3 opinion 8 important 4 however 9 issue 5 people a 10 situation 7 Study the four introductions a-d to an essay written in response to the question: in your view, why have celebrities become such an important feature of modern life? Answer questions 1-2. 1. Which is the best introduction? 2 What is the problem with each of the other three? a There are more and more television programmes, magazines, and newspaper ; articles about celebrities these days. The ‘cult of celebrity’ is one of the one of the things about modern pop culture that really stands out. S yt i because there have always been famous people around, this isn’t anything new. But | say that there's something different about fame today. b The number of television programmes, magazines, and newspaper articles focusing on the lives of celebrities has rocketed over the last few decades. Indeed, the ‘cult of celebrity’ is the defining feature of modern popular culture. People say that, because there have always been famous people, this is not a new phenomenon, However, | insist that fame today is unique to our times. ¢_ The number of television programmes, magazines, and newspaper articles focusing decades. indeed, the ‘cult of celebrity’ seems to be one of the defining features of modern popular culture. Some people insist that, because there have always been famous people, this is not a new phenomenon, However, | would suggest that there are aspects of fame today that are particular to our times. d_ The number of television programmes, magazines, and newspaper articles focusing on the lives of celebrities appears to have grown considerably over the last few decades. indeed, the ‘cult of celebrity’ seems to be one of the defining features of television programmes, magazines and newspapers. Some people insist that, because there have always been famous people, the ‘cult of celebrity’ is not a new phenomenon. However, | would suggest that there are aspects of the ‘cult of celebrity’ that are particular to our times. | & Read the first two body paragraphs of the essay on page 86. Improve the text by: 1. changing the informal expressions into more formal language. (The first one has been marked for you in italics.) 2. adding hedges to the statements 1-5 that are too sweeping. Use the hints to help you. i Fame 85, ETAdd a hedge to In the past, people (1) _ became i show that this is} famous for doing great things. Einstein, a generalisation Dickens, and Gandhi, for instance, were i —_ all celebrated for what they'd done for science, literature and public life. People Add a hedge to were interested in them [2] show that this because they were role models. One of _ _ | the reasons fame today is so different is | because celebrities (3) meeta | indicate that this | range of people’s emotional needs, not just | seems to be what | the need for role models. Lots of people in _| happens | the public eye today are famous simply for being famous. The public are (4) interested in them because, when news of ——[addahedgeto | scandals comes out into the open, they eee | ‘Add a hedge that | 15] ______get the satisfaction of feeling |S ofthetime, | indicates this isa | superior to people they've been encouraged (“°° SNNE._! possibility | toenvy. Read the third body paragraph and the conclusion to the essay below. Reduce the unnecessary repetition in the text by replacing repeated words with synonyms Another reason fame today is unique is the desire for ordinary people to explore the nature of fame itself. Many celebrities that have emerged from reality televisior programmes, for example, come from the same walks of life as ordinary people. Reading about or watching such celebrities allow ordinary people to imagine what it might be like to suddenly find themselves in the public eye. Celebrities may, therefore, allow o people to indulge in wish fulfilment fantasies without having to worry about whether they in modern life is the fact that commercial pressures encourage media organisations to focus on information that is immediately attractive to ordinary people. As we have seen, celebrities appear to tap into powerful emotional needs, the need to feel superior, the need to imagine oneself to be the centre of attention; therefore, news about celebrities sells. Exam tip: Remember that some repetition is acceptable and can even be effective as a means of signposting key ideas. If you do not know suitable synonyms for some key terms, it is better to repeat these words than to use expressions that are a poor match or inappropriate to the context. Read the concluding paragraph below. Make any changes to word choice and style that you think necessary. In brief, the nature of fame today is different from fame in the past. There's a greater need to denigrate, rather than celebrate the actions of people in the public eye, as well as huge interest in fame itself. Whether the public will eventually get tired of denigrating people in the public eye or of fame itself we'll never know. 86 — Writing for IELTS aePart 3: Exam practice WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. Its of a survey 0 The table shows the coverage. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant, RS oe ee Pee eee ed Paar sations 56 | televis Write at least 150 words. eae too much news coverage | 85 | news organ not enough news coverage | 6 | the public right amount of coverage | 7 | both | | WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic Many people believe that media coverage of celebrities is having a negative effect on children. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Fame 87VT Cee ag ccd Dee ie) Part 1: Vocabulary Match the phrases a-h with the road signs 1-8 above. a cycle route ahead road works aheat frail pedestrians likely ahead f end of motorway g_ bus lane at road junction ahead d_ traffic queues likely h speed cameras in the area bicycle is unlikely to increase. 2. Although — have been shown to reduce the frequency of road accidents, drivers dislike being under surveillance 3. Faulty traffic lights and inadequate road crossings put the lives of n 4 In spite of the government's expansion of the road network, drivers are still likely to experience during peak travel periods 5 _ make travelling long distances m er; however, many people feel they are a blight on the landscape. 6 The need to continually upgrade and repair the road network means that journeys are frequently delayed by 7 ‘The number of journeys by public transport increased when the government invested ine and the commuter rail network. 88 — Writing for IELTS eeFor IELTS Writing, you have to show not only that you have a wide vocabulary but also that you can use the right form of a word in the right context. Complete the table below with the correct word forms. a co: Oe reduction production convert maintain emission combust propel Sa Use words from Exercise 3 to complete the passage below. Make any changes necessary. : Electric cars are battery-powered vehicles (1]____by electric motors. Because electric cars are more efficient at (2} stored energy into (3 they have the potential to (4) __C02 emissions. The level of reduction depends on how the electricity is generated; however, it can be substantial. In the UK, for example, if vehicles, with internal (5) _ engines were replaced with electric vehicles, C02 (6) would decrease by 40 per cent. Moreover, because electric cars do not (7] exhaust fumes, they have the potential to reduce urban pollution. Another advantage of electric cars is their tow (8] _______ costs; because electric motors have fev r moving parts than petrol-powered engines, they are easier to maintain. One disadvantage, however, is that they (9]_______ less noise and can therefore be dangerous to pedestrians. Governments and manufacturers around the world are investing substantial sums in the development of state-of-the-art electric cars and batteries. Some have predicted that electric car (10) will increase substantially over the next decade and that by 2025, 12 per cent of cars on the road will be battery-powered Look again at the nouns in Exercise 3 and notice how they all end in: -tion, sion, or -ance. Write the noun form of the verbs a-g. Use -tion, -sion, -ance, or -ment and make any other changes necessary to the root form of the word. Then complete the sentences 1-7 with the correct noun form. achieve appear. € allow e involve g_ oppose _ d_ explain f provide 1 The local authority was unable to enforce the new parking restrictions because of significant public 2. For many people, learning to dive is a significant __ 3. Thetrain operator could not offer a coherent —__ for why the trains were frequently late 4 When purchasing a new car, people will often consider functionality, price and 5. The new public transport scheme is unlikely to go ahead unless there is substantial financial _____ from central government. & tis important that drivers make __for cyclists on busy roads. 7 Attempts to create pedestrian-only zones in city centres are unlikely to succeed without the _ of local businesses. Thecar 89 QsPart 2: Practice exercises: Task 1 Many of the most common errors in candidates’ Task 1 responses involve tense. Complete the sentences 1-6 by selecting the correct tense a, b, or c. 1 Between 2008 and 2009, there _a substantial decrease in petrol prices. a was b has been is 2. Petrol prices __ substantially since 4 Asageneral rule, car use positively with per capita income. a correlates bis correlating ¢ was correlating 5 The percentage of households in the UK 2009 with access to a car _ from 50 per cent a rose lo 73 per cent between 1975 and 2000. b have risen a is increasing © are rising b was increasing 3 The figure shows that if the price of © increased petrol __ to rise over the next five years, 6 fewer people will choose to drive. substantially when the oil crisis began. a will continue a already rose b continues b was already ri © is continuing < According to the graph, car use Another common difficulty with Task 1 responses is knowing when to use the active voice and when to use the passive voice. Underline the correct form in the sentences 1~6 below. 1. Sales of electric cars decreased/were decreased for approximately three years, 2 Over the next ten years, electric car sales expect/are expected to rise. 3. Petrol consumption correlates/is correlated negatively with population density. led per y tra Public transport accounted/was accou When they asked/were asked why they were reluctant to buy an electric car, the majority of respondents cited the following factors: cost, maintenance and reliability. ae Itis important to know when to use the infinitive, the infinitive without to, or the -ing form of a verb. For each sentence 1-6, write the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1 Three-quarters of the survey participants said that, whenever possible, they avoided ____ {drive} at peak times. 2. People below the age of twenty-five and over the age of fifty-five tended {use] public transport more regularly than those aged between twenty-six and fifty-four. 3. Consumers often postpone (purchasel a new car during periods of economic uncertainty. 4 Even significant discounts on new car models did not make prospective buyers (changel their minds. 5 Nearly half the respondents indicated that they would consider __ public transport if it were cheaper and more reliable, 6 Most people said that they intended _— {reduce} their car use in future. —{travell by 90 = Writing for IELTS eeExam tip: One of the most common errors is that of article use. Often it is difficult to correct because the rules of article use in English are complex. Most mistakes can be avoided by following a few basic guidelines + make generalisations using the plural noun without the: Cars cause pollution, * single countable nouns generally require an article. + use a if you mean one or any: Most people would buy a new car if they could afford one. + use the if you mean a specific one: The car th * use the with: + ordinals: The first car | ever bought + superlatives: The best car on the market + words such as only, sole, or same: The only electric car costing less than £20,000 + adjectives to represent a class of people: The wealthy could afford cars. 4 Study the Task 1 response below. Complete the text by adding prepositions and articles a and the. Where no article or preposition is needed write - . The bar chart gives information about (1) modes of transport used {2]______people living in rural areas and cities of [3] ______ different sizes. It shows the annual distance travelled by car, bus, train and (4) foot per person. Overall, the distance travelled is inversely proportional (5) ____ the size of conurbation. People living in (6) large cities (over, 50,000 inhabitants) travelled less than those living in cities (7) _ fewer than 50,000 people and considerably less than those living in rural areas. Inhabitants of (8) largest cities [over 500,000) travelled the fewest miles {approximately 5,500). In contrast, (9 people living in the countryside travelled nearly twice that distance forms o of the categories represei However, people living in (11) _ ed, cars considerably outweighed o _ rural area travelled nearly three times the ransport, distance (over 9,000 miles} by car as people living in (12) large city. In fact, car use correlated negatively with {13} ______ size of the conurbation. Other modes of transport, on the other hand, showed (14) ________ apposite tendency. The inhabitants of larger cities tended to travel more by train and bus and on foot than people in less populated areas. In short, city living appears to be more environmentally friendly, at least as far as distance and made of transport is concerned Exam tip: Make sure that you are familiar with the type of mistakes that you tend to make. Look at previous texts you have written and draw up a list af your four or five most common mistakes. Keep them in mind when you check your work. Thecar 91 eePart 2: Practice exercises: Task 2 Ten of the most common errors found in Task 2 responses involve problems with a~f betow. a subject-verb agreement f relative clauses i b articles: a/an/the g verb forms: modal ¢ countable vs. uncountable nouns h tenses d_ prepositions i run-on sentences @ part of speech J sentence fragments i The sentences 1-10 each contain one of the errors a- listed above. identify the lype of error in each sentence and correct it. 1 The evidence: 2 In fact wearing a i is most important safety measure that can be tak 3 The number of road accidents has declined last year. 4 Itis illegally to drive without a licence. 5 The cost of insurance depends of several factors including age, experience and type of car 6 Organ ions such as the AA can to provide assistance to motorists who break de 7 Many people which living in rural areas have no choice but to travel by car 8 Buying a second-hand car is sometimes risky, inexperienced buyers can be easily cheated. 9 There is numerous examples of illegal practices in the second-hand motor trade. 10 Because the industry is poorly regulated and buyers are not always well-informed. Correct use of relative clauses can demonstrate good control of complex sentence structure, Join the pairs of sentences 1-5 using a relative pronoun. N.B. There may be more than one way of joining the sentences. Choose the way that most effectively highlights the main point 1 Some people own cars. Cars undoubtedly have practical benefits for them, 2. Urban pollution can lead to respiratory problems such as asthma. Urban pollution is. largely caused by vehicle emissions. 3. Cars cause noise pollution, Noise pollution is another problem that can affect people's health 4 The vast majority of car journeys are for short distances. Short distances can be covered on foot 5. There is evidence that some people are less likely to know or interact with their neighbours. These people live on streets with high volumes of traffic. 92 — Writing for IELTS eeHaving good control of sentence structure also means having good control of punctuation, Correct the punctuation in the sentences 1-7. 1. Although most people say they would use other forms of transport for short journeys in fact most car journeys are for distances of less than two miles. 2 Most people are reluctant to buy electric cars because of three main factors, cost. maintenance and reliability. 3° Some of those surveyed said they ha travel before having to be recharged. 4 Electric cars are more expensive than conventional cars, however their maintenance costs are lower, 5 One major Japanese car manufacturer which produces some of the most fuel-efficient petrol-powered cars has recently announced that it plans to invest more heavily in electric car technology. By 2025 over 40 per cent of vehicles on the road are likely to be hybrid or electric cars. 7 Hybrid and electric cars produce fewer emissions but this may not result in a reduction f in overall emissions. Because the growth in car ownership over the next fifteen year likely to accelerate For IELTS Writing Task 2, itis important that you give reasons for your opinions. Connect the pairs of sentences 1-5 using the linking words given in brackets. 1 In many parts of the world, people now ha space afforded by suburban 3. There are more vehicles, often travelling at greater speed. The streets are less hospitable to pedestrians. (as a consequence] 1 nsport. People have less day-to with other members of their community. fas a result) 5 Most people are very dependent on their cars. Most people do not want to give up their cars. [since] Thecar 93 —————————— EE EEThe essay extract below contains three run-on sentences, two very short sentences and one sentence fragment. Repair the text by correcting the punctuation and choosing from the list of linking words below to connect the ideas. (N.B. there are more linking words than needed.) although since as therefore ' as a consequence whereas I because which however while In many parts of the world, people now have greater access to cars, they often have more choice over where they live and work. Cities have become more sprawiing, people have sought out the greater privacy and space afforded by suburban living. Th vehicles. Often travelling at greater speed. The streets are less hospitable to pedestrians, There has also been a decline in public transport, people have less day-to-day contact re are more nbers of their communily Exam tip: It is worthwhile learning how to effectively proofread your writing. Always check your work carefully and correct any mistakes you find. Read the following essay extract written in response to the question: What are the most significant negative consequences of the massive expansion of car ownership? Find and correct as many of the errors as you can but don’t be disappointed if you don't find all of them. One of the factor that distinguishes developed from developing economies is mass car ownership. Cars undoubtedly have practical benefits for the individuals which own them They allow for more flexible and autonomous travel. Like other consumer items, they can be used to expressing individual taste and identity, however, they also clearly have a fu numb rable conseq ences. ne of t ‘onsequences is deteriorate in peo largely causing by vehicle emissions. It can cause respiratory problems such as asthma, This health problems is more prevalent in cities, particularly arnong children and the elderly. Noise pollution caused by car is another problem that can affect on people's health Another consequences of car use is a decline in levels of physical activity and hence levels of fitness. Although this is partly a consequence of rising prosperity generally, there is evidence that car use is responsible to lower levels of cardiovascular fitness. The vast majority of car journeys are for less than two miles, that is, distances that can easily be covered on foot. In short, when people own the cars, they tend to walk less, thus removing a major means by which people maintain day-to-day fitness, Finally, widespread car use can have a negative effect on community life. There is evident that people who live on streets with high volumes of traffic are less likely to know or interact with their neighbours. This too can have a negative impact on people's sense of well-being These factors alone are unlikely to discourage people from buying cars. However, more could be done to make the public more aware of the disadvantages of car ownership. Provide alternative means of transport would enc heir cars less and enjoy some of the benefits of a car-free environment. 94 — Writing for IELTS eePart 3: Exam practice WRITING TASK 14 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table shows the percentage of journeys made by different forms of transport in four countries. The bar chart shows the results of a survey into caruse. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant Write at least 150 words. Car 90% [72% [68% | 47% % by car (USA) Bicycle 1% 2% | 2% — | 26% Publictransport | 3% | 12% | 18% 8% On foot 58 1% 411% | 198% WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this tas! Write about the following topic: There is a good deal of evidence that increasing car use is contributing to global warming and having other undesirable effects on people's health and well-being. What can be done to discourage people from using their cars? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. The car 9512 WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The figure gives information about smoking habits of the UK population by age. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and | make comparisons where relevant. | Write at least 150 words. a Yi, Y/), w4 Y | 04 Pereen! 304 2-4 w4 | { Bd ee i Newer mote sce Y vomere Bn 96 — Writing for IELTS eeWRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. | Write about the following topic: In recent years, there has been growing interest in the relationship between inequality and personal achievement. Some people believe that individuals can achieve more in more egalitarian societies. Others believe that high levels of personal achievement are possible only if individuals are free to succeed or fail according to their individual merits. What is your view of the relationship between equality and personal suc { Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. Practicetest 97 ——_ =~ SeAdditional model essays Bar charts are equently used to compare information. Notice how the writer makes comparisons throughout The writer makes reference to only four enough to illustrate points. Remember, you do not need to include all of the information in the visual prompt. The response meets the 150 word requirement but is not any longer than necessary. Remember, you should spend no more than twenty minutes on Task 1 98 — Writing for IELTS and support the main | Unit 1 - Task 1 | ———The chart compares the percentage of male and femal teachers in different educational settings from nursery school to university. Significant differences | between men and women are - evident. | percentages not mbers. The words percentage and proportion are used throughout the Women held nearly all of the teaching posts in nursery and primary schools and the majority of posts in secondary schools {approximately 56 per cent). They held the same percentage of posts as did men at college level However, a smaller proportion of women held teaching positions at training institutes, and, at universities, female lecturers were outnumbered by males by roughly | twotoone \s the reverse. Only 2 per: cent of 10 per cent of primary teachers were men. They were more equally represented at secondary and college level. However, a significantly higher percentage of university lecturers were male |——Iroughly 70 per cent}. The conclusion — hightights the main point but does not offer an explanation. You are not required to explain or | interpret the data. | Overall, the figure shows that gender is a significant factor in patterns of employment within the education sector. (151 words) eeThis ia wesponse F-Unit2~Task2 toa Type D One of the most significant advances in civilisation Evaluate an idea’ | is the development of modern methods of food essay qu production and preparation. Convenience foods Itasks the writer | have now become the norm in many societies. to consider the Although some people idealise traditional cooking —{ By acknowledging truth value of a practices and believe they will prevail indefinitely, there is another | prediction. | demographic trends suggest that this is unlikely point of view, the | to be the case. In fact, there are a number of | writer indicates feasons for believing that convenience foods are | ti.at she ha —/ likely to grow in popularity. i The writer structures her essay around reasons forher | opinion. Notice | how the word | | reason appears at the start of each body paragraph The first reason is the decline in family size and the increase in single-adult households. In more traditional societies, where families tended to be large, it made economic sense for one person to devote him/herself to time-consuming domestic tasks such as growing and preparing food. Nowadays, people tend to live in ever smaller family units. If each family were to spend large amounts of time growing and processing food, this would be a poor use of society's human resource. Another reason convenience foods are likely to become more popular is the increase in aerate Rees children, who work in full-time employment. in__ the UK, for example, working mothers significantly outnumber stay-at-home mothers. There is evidence that consumption of convenience foods rises with numbers of hours worked. As modern life increasingly demands that people are economically active, this trend is likely to continue. Examples to illustrate and support the argument are also given. Although many people still value traditional foods and methods of cooking, the trend towards smaller, dual-income households suggests that convenience foods are likely to continue to grow in popularity and may very well eventually The response replace traditional methods of food production and meets the preparation. 250-word requirement. {1261 words) Additional model essays 99 0 EEOUnit 3 Unit 3 - Task 1 The simple The bar chart shows the percentage of home and present tense | international students in the UK achieving at least lauantitie used when a second class degree in eight subjects in 2009. Quantities are |referredtoina | referring to what 2 | reer a | the figure shows. | For the UK students, over halfof the degrees [variety ofways. | ded were second class or better. The largest —r percentage of good passes was in Art History and Sociology (80 per cent) The towest was in | here and in the Information Technology (55 per cent), mainder of the | than two items, The writer uses | superlatives when | comparing more response because | For international students, the rates were similarly | the data refer high, though figures for individual subjects 2009. differed. In Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, four out of five degrees awarded to students from abroad were second class or better [versus fewer than two out of three for home students). However, the percentage gaining good degrees in subjects such as English Literature r (55 per cent} and Law (50 per cent] was lower than—} The writer use the corresponding rate for home students (roughly | comparativ 70 per cent) when compari subjects} two items, lin thi [ The cone |Hn brief, the chart shows that home students tended | case, international | | highlights the to do better in Arts and Social Science-related | and home | main idea bu s | subjects. whereas international students tended to | studer [not give reasons. | dobetterin technology related subjects. (163 words} 100 Writing for IELTS reUnit 4 This is a |_unit 4 ~ Task 2 response toa —_| In recent years there has been growing awareness Type A ‘Propose | of the importance of preserving the world's a solution toa biological diversity. As increasing numbers of problem’ essay unique, and potentially useful, plants and animals question. come under threat, people are beginning to ask whether more can be done to Tever: —— This is a less | = emotive and {One possible approach is to regulate agricultural | therefore more land industrial activity so that pollution and academic way _| | disruption to natural habitats is kept to a of saying are | minimum. People argue that economic prosperity destroyed. must be curtailed if it comes at the expense of - the environment. However, businesses affected ______| are unlikely to comply with such a strategy. It may [The writer begins | even generate hostility to conservation efforts ith his least nerally if the economic costs are p ed to be | favoured option. | too high. An alternative approach would be to protect and expand nature reserves so that complete ecosystems can be kept intact. This would ensure that a minimum number of wild plants and I | animals would survive. However, although such | piaces are indeed vaiuabie, experience shows that . from exploitation. In fact, as some species, tike contracted form | its | the tiger, become rarer, the more valuable they ! become to poachers and others who seek to benefit from their trade. ‘Amore effective approach is to educate the public about the benefits of biodiversity. Money should be invested in the research and development of the world’s biological resources. Once people understand that there are real benefits to exploiting natural resources in a sustainable way, they are more likely to make the short-term sacrifices necessary to preserve natural habitats. (253 words} hisisamore | academic way of saying more and | | more. ~The writer presents this idea impersonally | making people rather than / the subject of the | sentence. The writer concludes wil his preferred | option. This | makes the essay feel finished. Notice how the writer avoids using the | word /and keeps} his sentences | short and simple. Additional model essays 101 17Unit 5 - Task 1 The introduction |_The diagram gives information about the five indicates what the | principal writing systems used throughout the 1 sh world: the Logographic, Abjad, Abjuda, Alphabe and Syllabic. Four of these are similar in that charact represent sounds. The oldest is the Abja used in Arabic, for example, where each characters refer to a sound, either vowel or consonant. However, the relationship betweer pronunciation and spelling is sometim [anoth | ch epresents a consonant sound, [Another isused | Giatactat represents.2 consafiant | |_Another is the Abjuda, used in the Indiar second item in | Devanagari. Here, each character indicates a the list, Notice | Consonant plus vowel. The third system is the the remaining | Alphabetic, used in English, for instance, where | signposting xpressions ir approximate. Finally, in the Syllabic system, used in Japanese Kana for example, characters represent syllables. | this paragraph (The third system In addition to these four systems, there is also the Logographic system, which works on a different principle. Here, each character represent: meaning. Therefore, languages which are dille word sentence says share written forms. something about | the diagram as.a_| Overall, the diagram shows that most writing whole. The word | systemsare based on sounds. overall signal (167 words} 102 Writing for IELTS ee“ ——— | This is a response | _ynit 6 - Task 2 toa type D | ‘Evaluate an idea’ Fl way people shop. In some countries, buying and | introduction, the | essay question. selling products online has become commonplace. | writer describes [ian opposing —Enthusiasts claim that the Internet offers the context of the | consumers greater choice and flexibility. | point of view However, those who say that the Internet is— — The Internet has undoubtedly changed the —_in this part of the | | is given using the emphatic | reporting verb | claim | The writ \anatoring the lives of consumers are going too | | | | expresses his | | * [point of view by | ! Firstly, although online shopping appears to offer | —/ greater convenience, itis often rather risky and | | | This is the first generalisation, cumbersome in practice. Consumers cannot evaluate the quality of online products by handling made less them directly Instead, they must rely on sellers sweeping with the | to describe goods accurately in words and/or words often and | pictures. Mistakes can easily be made, leading [rather to the inconvenience of having to exchange goods or seek a refund. Products bought online also normally need to be delivered by post. The convenience of online shopping thus hinges in part on the efficiency of the postal service Secondly, in spite of the promise of lower prices, nopping seldor substantial savings. Ac etitive marketplace e iarge pric suppliers align themselves with one another. Also, | word seldom. the cost of postage is normally borne by the buyer. A product that appears to be a bargain on screen often turns out to be no cheaper than the same product bought in a shop. Not surprisingly, only one in ten purchases in the UK are made online. als rapidly disappear as The writer gives his opinion —For these reasons, Internet shopping is likely {without using ). | toremain a minority pursuit. The continuing popularity of shopping in the traditional way | The writer |—Suggests that consumers continue to value its | displays modesty | advantages: the opportunity to sample, compare by using the and buy products in a real as opposed to a virtual more tentative space, reporting verb | suagests. (265 words} Additional model essays 103 - 1.Unit 7 Unit 7 - Task 1 The introduction igures 1 and 2 show economic growth and | briefly patterns of household expenditure from 1995 untit summarises what | 2010. the figures show. | This paragraph In 1995, economic growth was approximately 1 per cent. The pie chart for that year shows that — inciudos spending on essentials such as food andhousing | informatio = accounted for approximately two-thirds of total | both figu household expenditure. Spending on less essential | 5)... items such as clothing, entertainment and travel was relatively modest at roughly 20 per cent. the following | paragraphs, | Five years later, growth had roughly doubled which are ——— and expenditure on essentials had shrunk as a quenced In contrast |_proportion of total spending. Spending on non- | chronologically | highlights | essentials, in contrast, had expanded. This trend difference was even more markedin 2005, when growth : 1 peaked at approximately 4.5 per cent and over —— 25 per cent of expenditure was devoted to non-essentials. The comparative | rm ( adjective because two | The writer } “However, the trend had reversed when in 2010 | | begins the | growth stood again at approximately 1 per cent | paragraph with a | following an economic contraction. The pattern of | in 1995, though the contraction in non-essential spending was even more pronounced. Overall, the figures suggest that economic growth — has an effect on patterns of household expenditure. | cautiously expresses a (169 words} cause-and-effect relationship between figures and 2 using the less emphatic reporting verb suggest. 104 Writing for IELTS eeUnit 8 This is a Unit 8 = Task 2 pea | No two families are alike. Therefore, the degree of —{ Thc writer states | seolution tos | control that itis appropriate for parents to exercise mopinian over their 14~15-year-old adolescent children is = [prablem’ question. | ita vary frorafamilyta family In this essay, | Thowitere F-will outline three key variables that | intention is should be considered when attempting tomakea | Shouldis used | | decision about what is suitable ina given context) to expressa | | expressed using | to express | | wil | fs variable is the family’s physical environment. necessity J Some environments clearly pose more dangers Each body than others. Parents in an inner-city area with This isa | paragraph | heavy traffic, a transient population and a high] supporting | begins witha | crime rate, forinstance, probably need to supervise |

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