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Fluids and Fluid Properties PDF

Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids in motion or at rest and their effects on boundaries. It satisfies conservation laws and theoretical analysis is possible for simple geometries but difficult for complex ones. Fluids are distinguished from solids by their inability to resist shear stress. There are two classes of fluids - liquids, which retain their volume, and gases, which expand to fill their container. Key fluid properties include density, specific weight, compressibility, viscosity, surface tension, and vapor pressure.

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103 views8 pages

Fluids and Fluid Properties PDF

Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids in motion or at rest and their effects on boundaries. It satisfies conservation laws and theoretical analysis is possible for simple geometries but difficult for complex ones. Fluids are distinguished from solids by their inability to resist shear stress. There are two classes of fluids - liquids, which retain their volume, and gases, which expand to fill their container. Key fluid properties include density, specific weight, compressibility, viscosity, surface tension, and vapor pressure.

Uploaded by

John cena
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MM 222 Fluid Mechanics

Fluids and Fluid Properties

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids either in motion


(fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) and the
subsequent effects of the fluid on the boundaries, which
may be either solid surfaces or other fluids. Both gases
and liquids are classified as fluids, and the number of
fluids engineering applications is enormous: breathing,
blood flow, swimming, pumps, fans, turbines, valves,
airplanes, ships, rivers, windmills, pipes, missiles,
icebergs, engines, filters, jets and sprinklers, to name a
few. Almost everything on this planet is a fluid or
moves with respect to a fluid.

Since fluid flow is a branch of mechanics, it satisfies


basic conservation laws, and thus theoretical analysis to
a good extent is possible. The two chief obstacles to a
workable theory are geometry and viscosity. For simple
geometries, theoretical solutions are possible, but for
complex geometries, it is difficult. The second obstacle
to a workable theory is the action of viscosity, which
can be neglected only in certain idealized flows.

From the point of view of fluid mechanics, all matter


consists of only two states, fluid and solid. The
technical distinction between the two lies with the

Fluid and Fluid Properties Page 1


MM 222 Fluid Mechanics

reaction of the two to an applied shear or tangential


stress. A solid can resist a shear stress by a static
deformation; a fluid cannot. Any shear stress applied to
a fluid, no matter how small, will result in motion of
that fluid.

The fluid moves and deforms continuously as long as


the shear stress is applied. As a corollary, we can say
that a fluid at rest must be in a state of zero shear stress,
a state often called the hydrostatic stress condition in
structural analysis.

There are two classes of fluids: liquids and gases. Again


the distinction is a technical one concerning the effect
of cohesive forces. A liquid, being composed of
relatively close-packed molecules with strong cohesive
forces, tends to retain its volume and will form a free
surface in a gravitational field if unconfined from
above.

Since gas molecules are widely spaced with negligible


cohesive forces, a gas is free to expand until it
encounters confining walls. A gas has no definite
volume, and when left to itself without confinement, a
gas forms an atmosphere which is essentially
hydrostatic. Gases cannot form a free surface, and thus
gas flows are rarely concerned with gravitational effects
other than buoyancy.

Fluid and Fluid Properties Page 2


MM 222 Fluid Mechanics

Density: The density of a fluid is its mass per unit


volume. Density is highly variable in gases and
increases nearly proportionally to the pressure level.
Density in liquids is nearly constant; the density of
water increases only 1% if the pressure increases by a
factor of 220. Thus most liquid flows are treated
analytically as nearly incompressible.

  m
V

Specific Weight: The specific weight of a fluid (γ) is its


weight per unit volume. The density and specific weight
are related by gravity.
γ=ρg

Specific Gravity: Specific gravity is the ratio of fluid


density to a standard reference fluid, water (for liquids)
and air (for gases):

Fluid and Fluid Properties Page 3


MM 222 Fluid Mechanics

Compressibility of Fluids
All real substances are compressible to some greater or
lesser extent; that is, when you squeeze or press on
them, their density will change. This is particularly true
of gases, much less so for liquids, and virtually
unnoticeable for solids. The amount by which a
substance can be compressed is given by a specific
property of the substance called the compressibility,
defined below.

Consider a small element of fluid of volume v, as


sketched in the figure below. The pressure exerted on
the sides of the element is p.

Definition of compressibility

Assume the pressure is now increased by an


infinitesimal amount dp. The volume of the element
will change by a corresponding amount dv; here, the
Fluid and Fluid Properties Page 4
MM 222 Fluid Mechanics

volume will decrease; hence, dv shown in the figure is a


negative quantity. By definition, the compressibility [
of the fluid is

[   1v dv
dp

Physically, the compressibility is the fractional change


in volume of the fluid element per unit change in
pressure.

Another property that is commonly used to characterize


compressibility is the bulk modulus, Ev, defined as
Ev  - dp
dv v

where dp is the differential change in pressure needed


to create a differential change in volume, dv of a
volume v. The –ve sign indicates that an increase in
pressure will cause a decrease in volume. The above
equation can also be expressed as

Ev  dp
d

The bulk modulus has dimensions of pressure

Fluid and Fluid Properties Page 5


MM 222 Fluid Mechanics

Viscosity

The property of a fluid by virtue of which it resists its


own motion is called viscosity. It represents the internal
resistance to motion.

Newtonian Fluids

The rate of deformation of a fluid element is equivalent


to the velocity gradient. Fluids for which the rate of
deformation is proportional to the shear stress are called
Newtonian fluids.

Most common fluids such as water, air, gasoline, and


oils are Newtonian fluids. Blood and liquid plastics are
examples of non Newtonian fluids. In one dimensional
flow, the shear stress is given by

Fluid and Fluid Properties Page 6


MM 222 Fluid Mechanics

Where constant of proportionality is called the


coefficient of viscosity or the dynamic viscosity of the
fluid (the unit is kg/m·s)

Surface Tension

Consider two liquid molecules, one at the surface and


one deep within the liquid. The attractive forces applied
on the interior molecule by the surrounding molecules
balance each other because of symmetry. But the
attractive forces acting on the surface molecule are not
symmetric and the forces applied by the gas molecules
above are usually very small. Therefore, there is a net
attractive force acting on the molecule at the surface of
the liquid, which tends to pull the molecules on the
surface towards the interior of the liquid.

Fluid and Fluid Properties Page 7


MM 222 Fluid Mechanics

This force is balanced by the repulsive forces from the


molecules below the surface that are being compressed.
The resulting compression effect causes the liquid to
minimize its surface area. This is the reason for the
tendency of the liquid droplets to attain a spherical
shape, which has the minimum surface area for a given
volume. The surface of the liquid in such cases acts like
a stretched elastic membrane under tension. The pulling
force that causes this tension acts parallel to the surface
and is due to the attractive forces between the
molecules of the liquid. The magnitude of this force per
unit length is called surface tension and is usually
expressed in N/m.

Vapour Pressure

Vapor Pressure Pv is defined as the pressure exerted by


its vapor in phase equilibrium with its liquid at a given
temperature

Fluid and Fluid Properties Page 8

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