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AA200A Applied Aerodynamics: Chapter 1 - Introduction To Fluid Flow

This document is from the Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and introduces concepts of fluid flow and compressible aerodynamics. It discusses conservation of mass, momentum, and energy as applied to fluid mechanics. Key topics covered include the continuity equation, streamlines and particle paths, the substantial derivative, Newtonian fluids, and the coordinate-independent forms of conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy.

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35 views42 pages

AA200A Applied Aerodynamics: Chapter 1 - Introduction To Fluid Flow

This document is from the Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and introduces concepts of fluid flow and compressible aerodynamics. It discusses conservation of mass, momentum, and energy as applied to fluid mechanics. Key topics covered include the continuity equation, streamlines and particle paths, the substantial derivative, Newtonian fluids, and the coordinate-independent forms of conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy.

Uploaded by

Bajaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AA200A
Applied Aerodynamics

Chapter 1 - Introduction to fluid flow


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.1 Introduction
Compressible flows play a crucial role in a vast
variety of man-made and natural phenomena.

Propulsion and power systems

High speed flight

Star formation, evolution and death

Geysers and geothermal vents

Earth meteor and comet impacts

Gas processing and pipeline transfer

Sound formation and propagation


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.2 Conservation of mass


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Divide through by the volume of the control volume.

1.2.1 Conservation of mass - Incompressible flow


If the density is constant the continuity equation reduces to

Note that this equation applies to both steady and


unsteady incompressible flow
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1.2.2 Index notation and the Einstein convention
Make the following replacements

Using index notation the continuity equation is

Einstein recognized that such sums from vector calculus always involve a
repeated index. For convenience he dropped the summation symbol.

Coordinate independent form


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.3 Particle paths and streamlines in


2-D steady flow
The figure below shows the streamlines over a 2-D airfoil.

The flow is irrotational and incompressible


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Streamlines Streaklines
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

A vector field that satisfies can always be

represented as the gradient of a scalar potential

or

If the vector potential is substituted into the continuity


equation the result is Laplaces equation.
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

A weakly compressible example - flow over a wing flap.


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

The figure below shows the trajectory in space of a fluid element


moving under the action of a two-dimensional steady velocity field

The equations that determine the trajectory are:


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Formally, these equations are solved by integrating the


velocity field in time.

Along a particle path


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Eliminate time between the functions F and G to produce


a family of lines. These are the streamlines observed in
the figures shown earlier.

The value of a particular streamline is determined by


the initial conditions.
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

This situation is depicted schematically below.


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

The streamfunction can also be determined by solving the first-order


ODE generated by eliminating dt from the particle path equations.

The total differential of the streamfunction is


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Replace the differentials dx and dy.

The stream function, can be determined as the solution of a


linear, first order PDE.

This equation is the mathematical expression of the statement


that streamlines are parallel to the velocity vector field.
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

The first-order ODE governing the stream function can be


written as

1.3.1 The integrating factor

On a streamline

What is the relationship between these two equations ?


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

To be a perfect differential the functions U and V have to satisfy


the integrability condition

For general functions U and V this condition is not satisfied. The


equation must be multiplied by an
integrating factor in order to convert it to a perfect differential.

It was shown by the German mathematician Johann Pfaff in


the early 1800’s that an integrating factor M(x,y) always exists.

and the partial derivatives are


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.3.2 Incompressible flow in 2 dimensions


The flow of an incompressible fluid in 2-D is constrained
by the continuity equation

This is exactly the integrability condition . Continuity is satisfied


identically by the introduction of the stream function,

In this case -Vdx+Udy is guaranteed to be a perfect


differential and one can write.

1.3.3 Incompressible, irrotational flow in 2 dimensions

The Cauchy-Reimann
conditions
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.3.4 Compressible flow in 2 dimensions

The continuity equation for the steady flow of a


compressible fluid in two dimensions is

In this case the required integrating factor is the


density and we can write.

The stream function in a compressible flow is


proportional to the mass flux and the convergence and
divergence of lines in the flow over the flap shown
earlier is a reflection of variations of mass flux over
different parts of the flow field.
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.4 Particle paths in three dimensions

The figure above shows the trajectory in space traced out


by a particle under the action of a general three-
dimensional unsteady flow,
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

The equations governing the motion of the particle are:

Formally, these equations are solved by integrating the velocity field.


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.5 The substantial derivative


The acceleration of a particle is

Insert the velocities. The result is called the


substantial or material derivative and is usually
denoted by

The time derivative of any flow variable evaluated on a fluid


element is given by a similar formula. For example the rate
of change of density following a fluid particle is
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1.5.1 Frames of reference

Transformation of position and velocity

Transformation of momentum
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Transformation of kinetic energy

Thermodynamic properties such as density, temperature and


pressure do not depend on the frame of reference.
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.6 Momentum transport due to convection


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Divide through by the volume

x - component

In the y and z directions


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

In index notation the momentum conservation equation is

Rearrange

In words,
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.7 Momentum transport due to molecular motion


1.7.1 Pressure
1.7.2 Viscous friction - Plane Couette Flow

Force/Stress needed to maintain the motion of the upper plate


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.7.3 A question of signs

1.7.4 Newtonian fluids

1.7.5 Forces acting on a fluid element


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Pressure-viscous-stress force components

Momentum balance in the x-direction


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Divide by the volume

x - component

In the y and z directions


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

In index notation the equation for conservation of momentum is

Coordinate independent form


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.7 Conservation of energy


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.8.1 Pressure and viscous work

Fully written out this relation is


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

The previous equation can be rearranged to read in


terms of energy fluxes.
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Energy balance.
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

In index notation the equation for conservation of energy is

Coordinate independent form


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

1.9 Summary - the equations of motion


Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Stanford University Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

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