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Aero 311

This document provides an introduction to aerodynamics, including: 1) It defines fluids and fluid dynamics, and distinguishes them from solid dynamics based on their response to applied shear stresses. 2) The objectives of aerodynamics are outlined as predicting forces on bodies moving through air, determining heat transfer, and analyzing ducted flow characteristics. 3) Key aerodynamic variables are introduced, including pressure, density, temperature, and flow velocity, which can vary at different points in a fluid.

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Hamza Ashraf
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76 views6 pages

Aero 311

This document provides an introduction to aerodynamics, including: 1) It defines fluids and fluid dynamics, and distinguishes them from solid dynamics based on their response to applied shear stresses. 2) The objectives of aerodynamics are outlined as predicting forces on bodies moving through air, determining heat transfer, and analyzing ducted flow characteristics. 3) Key aerodynamic variables are introduced, including pressure, density, temperature, and flow velocity, which can vary at different points in a fluid.

Uploaded by

Hamza Ashraf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aero 311

BASIC & APPLIED AERODYNAMICS


for 74TH E.C
Sqn Ldr Dr.Irtiza
Chapters 1,2,3,5: Text 1, John D Anderson, Fundamentals of
Aerodynamics,
5th Ed, McGrawHill, 2010

Lecture 1: Introduction to Aerodynamics


Chapter 1, Sections 1.2, 1.4

Introduction
Fluids
Either a liquid or a gas
If tangential force (shear) applied to solid surface, it will
undergo finite deformation & shear stress (tangential force
per unit area) is proportional to amount of deformation
(Hooks law). The study of solid motion is Dynamics (or rigid
body dynamics)
In contrast, when shear stress applied to fluid surface, it will
experience a continuously increasing deformation such that
stress is proportional to rate of change of deformation
(Hooks law is inapplicable). The study of fluid motion is Fluid
Dynamics

Fluid dynamics
Hydrodynamics: flow of liquids
Gas Dynamics: flow of gases
Aerodynamics: flow of air
2

Objectives of Aerodynamics
External Aerodynamics
1. Prediction of forces and moments on bodies
moving through a fluid (air)
E.g generation of lift, drag, moments on airfoils, wings
etc

2. Heat transfer to bodies moving through a fluid


(air)
E.g aerodynamic heating in supersonic, hypersonic or
planetary probe vehicles

Internal Aerodynamics
3. Determination of ducted flow characteristics
E.g flow conditions in wind tunnel test section, or through
engine
3

Aerodynamic Variables
Pressure: Normal force per unit area
Pressure at a point in fluid:

dA = elemental area at point B (infinitesimally small)


dF = force on one side of dA due to pressure
Pressure at point B: p = lim (dF/dA) where dA 0
It is a point property and could be different from one
point to another in a fluid

Density: Mass per unit volume


Density at a point in fluid (exactly like pressure):

dv = elemental volume at point B (infinitesimally small)


dm = mass of fluid inside dv
Denisty at point B: = lim (dm/dv) where dv 0
It is a point property and could be different from one
point to another in a fluid
4

Aerodynamic Variables
Temperature: average kinetic energy of the
molecules of fluid such that
KE= 3kT/2, where k = Boltzmann constant
Also a point property of fluid, like pressure and density

Flow velocity
If a solid body translates (moves linearly) at 30m/s, all
parts/particles of that body are moving at 30m/s
In fluids, different parts of points of the fluid may be
moving at different velocities, even if the average velocity
was 30m/s
We consider a small (infinitesimally small) element of fluid
mass , called fluid element. This fluid element is moving in
the fluid with changing speeds and/or directions
To define fluid velocity at a point consider a fixed point in
space in fluid as point B
5

Aerodynamic Variables
Flow velocity
Velocity of the fluid at point B is the velocity of a fluid
element as it passes through B
It is a point property (like p, & T)
Flow velocity is a vector and has both magnitude and
direction (p, & T were scalars)
Streamline
The path which a fluid element traces in space (defined
for steady flows, in which flow velocities do not
fluctuate with time)

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