Chapter 3 Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

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 3.1 Describing Variation
Stem-and-Leaf Display

Easy to find percentiles of the data; see page 69

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 Plot of Data in Time Order
Marginal plot
produced by
MINITAB

Also called a run chart

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Histograms – Useful for large data sets

Group values of the variable into bins, then count the number
of observations that fall into each bin
Plot frequency (or relative frequency) versus the values of
the variable
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 10 bins

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 Additional Minitab Graphs
15 bins

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 Numerical Summary of Data
Sample average:

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 The Standard Deviation

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 The Box Plot
(or Box-and-Whisker Plot)
120.1 1
120.2 2
120.3 3
120.4 4
120.5 5
120.5 6
120.7 7
120.8 8
120.9 9
120.9 10
121.1 11
121.3 12

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 Comparative Box Plots

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 Probability Distributions

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 Sometimes called a Sometimes called a
probability mass function probability density function

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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 …. 25
0.01 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 …. 0.99

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 𝐷𝐷
= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐷𝐷
𝑥𝑥
𝐷𝐷!
=
𝑥𝑥! 𝐷𝐷−𝑥𝑥 !

x!=x(x−1)(x−2)(x−3)……1

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1st 2nd 3d p1 p2 p3 p p
0 3
P P P 0.99 0.99 0.99 (0.1) (0.99) 0.970299
1 2
P P F 0.99 0.99 0.01 (0.1) (0.99) 0.009801 p(0) 0.970299

1 2 p(1) 0.029403
P F P 0.99 0.01 0.99 (0.1) (0.99) 0.009801
1 2
p(2) 0.000297
F P P 0.01 0.99 0.99 (0.1) (0.99) 0.009801
p(3) 0.000001
2 1
P F F 0.99 0.01 0.01 (0.1) (0.99) 0.000099
2 1
F P F 0.01 0.99 0.01 (0.1) (0.99) 0.000099
2 1
F F P 0.01 0.01 0.99 (0.1) (0.99) 0.000099
3 0
F F F 0.01 0.01 0.01 (0.1) (0.99) 0.000001

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 x p(x) xp(x)
The mean is the point at which
the distribution exactly 1 0.1 0.1
“balances”. 2 0.5 1
3 0.3 0.9
x 1 2 3 4
4 0.2 0.8
p(x) 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1
SUM 2.8

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 The mean is not necessarily the 50th percentile of the distribution
(that’s the median)
The mean is not necessarily the most likely value of the random
variable (that’s the mode)

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 Discrete Distributions
The Hypergeometric Distribution

N (50 Marbles)
D (20 RED) N-D (30 GREEN)

Pick n marbles without replacement

Looking for p(x) No. of red in n

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 3.2 Important Discrete Distributions
The Hypergeometric Distribution

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 Discrete distributions are used frequently in designing acceptance
sampling plans – see Chapter 15

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The Binomial Distribution

Basis is in Bernoulli trials

The random variable x is the number of successes out of n

Bernoulli trials with constant probability of success p on each trial
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 Binomial Distributions

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The Poisson Distribution

Frequently used as a model for count data

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The Negative Binomial Distribution

The random variable x is the number of Bernoulli trials upon

which the rth success occurs
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 •The negative binomial distribution is also
sometimes called the Pascal distribution
•When r = 1 the negative binomial distribution is
known as the geometric distribution
• The geometric distribution has many useful
applications in SQC

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 Geometric Distribution

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 3.3 Important Continuous Distributions
The Normal Distribution

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 The Central Limit Theorem

Practical interpretation – the sum of independent random

variables is approximately normally distributed regardless of
the distribution of each individual random variable in the sum

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The Lognormal Distribution

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The Exponential Distribution

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 Relationship between the Poisson and exponential distributions

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The Gamma Distribution

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 When r is an integer, the gamma distribution is the result of summing r
independently and identically exponential random variables each with
parameter λ.
The gamma distribution has many applications in reliability engineering.

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The Weibull Distribution

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 When β = 1, the
Weibull reduces to
the exponential

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 An Application of the Weibull Distribution

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 3.4 Probability Plots

• Determining if a sample of data might reasonably be

assumed to come from a specific distribution
• Probability plots are available for various
distributions
• Easy to construct with computer software
(MINITAB)
• Subjective interpretation

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 Normal Probability Plot

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 The Normal Probability Plot on Standard Graph Paper

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 Other Probability Plots
• What is a reasonable choice as a probability model
for these data?

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 3.5 Some Useful Approximations

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