Chapter 6

Viscous and
Viscoelastic Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Hysteretic Behaviour of Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers
4. Variation of Shear Storage and Shear Loss Moduli of Viscoelastic
Materials
5. Dynamic Analysis of Structures Incorporating Viscous and
Viscoelastic Dampers
6. Existing Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers
7. Design of Structures Equipped with Viscoelastic Dampers
8. Design of Structures Equipped With Viscous Dampers
9. Geometrical Amplification of Damping
10. Structural Implementations
11. Performance-Based Design Example
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 Major References
• Chapter 6
– Sections 6.1 to 6.10

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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 1. Introduction
• Control of vibrations by viscous and/or viscoelastic
materials used for several decades on aircrafts and
aerospace structures.
• First use of viscoelastic dampers Civil Engineering
structures:
– 10 000 viscoelastic dampers installed in each twin towers of late
World Trade Center in New York (1969).
– dampers designed to reduce wind vibrations.

•After 9/11 Collapse

•Damper Location Supplemental

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 1. Introduction
• Damped Outrigger Concept to mitigate wind vibrations in tall buildings -The St. Francis
Shangri-La Place, Mandaluyong City, Philippines.
• Viscous dampers used to damp relative motion between outriggers attached to central
core and perimeter structure.
• Similar or higher damping levels (up to 10% critical) than Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD)
can be achieved without adding weight.

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 1. Introduction

• Only in last two decades dampers

incorporating viscous and/or viscoelastic
materials used in seismic applications.
• Chapter discusses behaviour of structures
equipped with viscous or viscoelastic dampers
under earthquake ground motions.

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
• Linear Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
• Linear Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
• Linear Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
– Derivation of equivalent viscous damping formula
Make : Evd = CLπωDmax
2
= ED
• Hysteretic response of any system
ED
CL = 2ζ eqω m =
πωDmax
2

ED ED
ζ eq = =
2π mω Dmax 2π keff Dmax
2 2 2

ED ED
ζ eq = =
4π
1 2
keff Dmax 4π Es
2
• Note: ω is assumed equal to the fundamental frequency of the system

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
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and Seismic
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
• Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
– Fluid type dampers can be designed to behave as
nonlinear viscous elements by adjusting their silicone oil
and orificing characteristics.
– Main advantage of nonlinear viscous dampers is that in
the event of a velocity spike, the force in the viscous
damper is controlled to avoid overloading the damper or
the bracing system to which it is connected.

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
• Nonlinear Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
• Nonlinear Viscous Dampers

• Performance-Based Design Example of Lock-up Devices (αvd > 1)

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
• Nonlinear Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
• Nonlinear Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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and Seismic
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 2. Hysteretic Behaviour of
Linear and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
• Nonlinear Viscous Dampers

•CNL

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers
• Viscoelastic dampers provide both a velocity dependent force
and a displacement-dependent elastic restoring force.
• Typically made of copolymers or glassy substances.
• Often incorporated in bracing members and dissipate seismic
energy through shear deformations of viscoelastic material.

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers
• Kelvin solid is simplest model that can represent
behaviour of viscoelastic dampers.
• Assume that Kelvin solid is of unit height and unit
area: displacements can be expressed as strains, and
forces can be expressed as stresses.

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers

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Damping
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers

• Material properties of Kelvin element can easily be

obtained from displacement- controlled sinusoidal
tests at various excitation frequencies
•k
E ved •Eved
c=
πωX o 2

Supplemental
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Damping
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and Seismic
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
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and Seismic
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
3. Hysteretic Behaviour of Viscoelastic Dampers

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 4. Variation of Shear Storage and Shear Loss Moduli
of Viscoelastic Materials
• Shear storage modulus and shear loss modulus, or shear
storage modulus and loss factor determine dynamic
response in shear of viscoelastic material, modeled as a
Kelvin solid, under displacement-controlled harmonic
excitation.
• Moduli depend on several parameters:
– excitation frequency,
– ambient temperature,
– shear strain level, and
– variation of internal temperature within the material during
operation.
Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
4. Variation of Shear Storage and Shear Loss Moduli
of Viscoelastic Materials

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
4. Variation of Shear Storage and Shear Loss Moduli
of Viscoelastic Materials

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
4. Variation of Shear Storage and Shear Loss Moduli
of Viscoelastic Materials

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
5. Dynamic Analysis of Structures Incorporating
Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers
• Single Storey Frame

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
5. Dynamic Analysis of Structures Incorporating
Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers
• Single Storey Frame

Fved = F(t)cosγ

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
• Extension to Multi-Storey Structures

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
5. Dynamic Analysis of Structures Incorporating
Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers
• Extension to Multi-Storey Structures

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
5. Dynamic Analysis of Structures Incorporating
Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers
• Extension to Multi-Storey Structures

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
5. Dynamic Analysis of Structures Incorporating
Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers
• Extension to Multi-Storey Structures

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
• Extension to Multi-Storey Structures

{ A(i ) }T [c]{ A(i ) }

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 5. Dynamic Analysis of Structures Incorporating
Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers

• Extension to Multi-Storey Structures

– As an alternative to modal analysis: time-history
analysis.
– Each individual damper is inserted into the structure with
own mechanical properties (k and c).
– Properties are assumed constant for all modal
frequencies.

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
6. Existing Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers

– Despite significant research effort, viscoelastic

dampers have not wide application in North
America and Europe.

– Purely viscous fluid systems, on the other hand,

are now widely used and are the focus of this
section.

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 6. Existing Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers
• Typical fluid dampers incorporate a stainless steel piston with a
bronze orifice head.
• Device filled with silicone oil.
• Piston head utilizes specially shaped orifices that alter flow
characteristics with fluid relative velocity.
• Force produced by damper is generated by the pressure differential
across piston head.
•Photo: Courtesy of M. Constantinou

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 6. Existing Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers
• Various structural models, with and without fluid dampers
manufactured by Taylor Devices Inc., tested on the shake table at the
University at Buffalo from 1991 to 1995.
• e.g. 1/4 scale 3-storey test structure (Constantinou et al. 1993).
• Model had weights = 28.5 kN distributed equally on the three floors.

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
6. Existing Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
6. Existing Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
6. Existing Viscous and Viscoelastic Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
•http://www.taylordevices.com/

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 7. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscoelastic Dampers
• Primary design parameters to be evaluated:
– required viscous damping ratio; and
– stiffness of damping system.
• Design methods based on elastic modeling of main
structure.
• If required, design verification by nonlinear time-history
dynamic analyses.
• Desired damping ratio in fundamental mode of vibration set
by examining response spectra at various damping ratios
and choosing ratio corresponding to desired response level.
• Once damping established, damper locations in building
must be selected.
Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
7. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscoelastic Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
7. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscoelastic Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
7. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscoelastic Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Conceptual Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Conceptual Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Conceptual Design with Linear Viscous Dampers
– Conceptually, design process is simple.
– Once a desired viscous damping ratio in a particular mode is established (usually
first mode), proportionality constant can be computed [Equation (6.55)].
– Resulting global damping matrix can then be obtained [Equation (6.53)].
– Each element of global damping matrix expressed as a linear combination of
damping constants of linear viscous dampers incorporated in structure. Knowing
linear combinations, constant for each damper can be extracted.
– Difficult to apply for large structural systems for which explicit form of global
damping matrix may not be obtained easily.
– In most practical design situations, damping constant for each damper obtained
by trial-and-error.

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Practical Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Practical Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Practical Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Practical Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Practical Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
• Practical Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
• Practical Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

n
^ n
•^^
k 0 tr
k0 =
 2 ^ 2  ^ 2 
 T1 − T 1 tr  T 1 
 ^ 2  ^ 2 
 T 2 − T 1  T 1 tr 
 1  

Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Practical Design with Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Design Example for Linear Viscous Dampers
– Same six-storey steel building structure discussed in Section 5.7.4.
– Fundamental period of unbraced frame = 1.304 s.
– Retrofit strategy consists of introducing a tubular chevron braced
frame in the central bay.

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
• Design Example for Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Design Example for Linear Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Additional Design Considerations for Nonlinear
Viscous Dampers
– Advantage of nonlinear viscous dampers is reduction of
damper forces at high velocity.
– Although certain amount of trial-and-error is required for
selecting appropriate values of damping constant and
velocity coefficient, approximate design procedure can
be established based on energy considerations.

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
• Additional Design Considerations for Nonlinear
Viscous Dampers

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Additional Design Considerations for Nonlinear
Viscous Dampers

– Equation (6.67) can provide initial estimates of nonlinear

damping constants once linear damping constants have
been established.
– Excitation frequency ω can be taken as fundamental
frequency of original structure without dampers.
– X0 can be taken as displacement in the dampers
corresponding to a desired performance drift level.
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Optimal Distribution of Viscous Dampers
– Design approach based on distribution of damping constants
proportional to lateral stiffness of original structure may not be
optimum from an economical point of view where same size
dampers should be used as much as possible.
– Constraint on maintaining classical normal modes is not required if
nonlinear time-history dynamic analysis used in design process.
– Optimum distribution of dampers in a structure can be cast in
context of optimal control theory.
– Several design methods for obtaining optimum distribution of
dampers in a structure have been proposed.
– Require advanced programming capabilities to implement.
Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Optimal Distribution of Viscous Dampers
– Sequential search algorithm developed by Zhang and
Soong (1992) and modified by Lopez-Garcia (2001)
simple to implement.
– General approach for of any type of dampers.
– Based on maximizing a given set of optimum location
indices.
– For linear viscous dampers, optimum location index is
maximum inter-storey velocity.
– Optimum location of dampers between two adjacent
stories. Supplemental
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Optimal Distribution of Viscous Dampers

•2

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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Optimal Distribution of Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
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Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Optimal Distribution of Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
74
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Optimal Distribution of Viscous Dampers

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
75
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 8. Design of Structures Equipped with
Viscous Dampers
• Optimal Distribution of Viscous Dampers
– Similar approach for nonlinear viscous dampers
Nd
C NL (2π ) (Γ(1 + α vd / 2 ) Γ(3 / 2 + α vd / 2 ))∑ δ iα +1 (cos γ i )α
α vd vd vd +1

Evd
ζ1 = = i =1
4π E s Nf
π ∑ kiδ i2
α vd
T1
i =1
Nf
π ∑ kiδ i2
α vd
ζ 1 T1
C NL = i =1
Nd
(2π ) (Γ(1 + α vd / 2 ) Γ(3 / 2 + α vd / 2 ))∑ δ iα +1 (cos γ i )α
α vd vd vd +1

i =1

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
76
 9. Geometrical Amplification of Damping
• Damper installed in-line with bracing element experiences displacement between its
two ends less than inter-storey drift.
• Damper installed horizontally at apex of a chevron bracing system, displacement
between two ends of the damper equals the inter-storey drift.
• Efficiency of supplemental damping systems can be improved by providing
geometrical configuration of bracing system to amplify damper displacement for
specified inter-storey drift.
u u
W W
F F

Co
Co
θ

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
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Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 9. Geometrical Amplification of Damping

• Toggle-brace configuration (Constantinou et al. 2001)

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
78
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 9. Geometrical Amplification of Damping
• Toggle-brace configuration (Constantinou et al. 2001)

•Photo: Courtesy of M. Constantinou

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
79
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 9. Geometrical Amplification of Damping
• Scissor-jack configuration (Sigaher and Constantinou 2003).

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
80
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 9. Geometrical Amplification of Damping
• Scissor-jack configuration (Sigaher and Constantinou 2003).

•Photo: Courtesy of M. Constantinou

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
81
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
9. Geometrical Amplification of Damping

Fvd = f F (t )

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
82
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
9. Geometrical Amplification of Damping

.
F (t ) = C L ∆(t )

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
83
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
9. Geometrical Amplification of Damping

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
84
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
10. Structural Implementations

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
85
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 10. Structural Implementations
•Viscous Wall Dampers
• Steel box filled with
viscous fluid with a
vane dipped in it
• Fluid under
atmospheric pressure
• Low-pressure, large
area device
• Viscoelastic, synthetic
rubber
– 98% isobutylene with
2% isoprene

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
86
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
10. Structural Implementations

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
87
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 10. Structural Implementations
• Woodland Hotel, Woodland, CA
• Four-story reinforced concrete/shear
wall building
• Constructed in 1927
• 16 Taylor Dampers installed
horizontally
• Capacity of each damper = 100 kips

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
88
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 10. Structural Implementations
•San Francisco Civic Center
•292 Fluid Viscous Dampers Installed In Line

•Courtesy of M. Constantinou
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
89
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
10. Structural Implementations

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
90
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
10. Structural Implementations

Supplemental
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Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
91
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
10. Structural Implementations

•YERBA-BUENA TOWER, SAN FRANCISCO

•37-STORY WITH REVERSE UPPER TOGGLE
•SYSTEM. UNDER CONSTRUCTION 2001.
•20 FLUID DAMPERS IN UPPER STORIES.
•Courtesy of M. Constantinou
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
92
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 10. Structural Implementations

•OLYMPIC COMMITTEE BUILDING, CYPRUS

•3-STORY, V-SHAPED IN PLAN
•52 SCISSOR-JACK ASSEMBLIES
•COMPLETED JULY 2006 •Courtesy of M. Constantinou
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
93
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
11. Performance-Based Design Example

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
94
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Objectives
– Evaluate the performance of structural passive supplemental hysteretic
and viscous damping systems for retrofitting a four-storey steel framed
building containing generic rigidly anchored and vibration isolated
secondary nonstructural components installed in various locations in the
building.
– Construct fragility curves based on Nonlinear Incremental Dynamic
Analyses (IDA)for the structural system and nonstructural components
based on various performance objectives in order to compare the
influence of each passive supplemental damping system.
– Illustrate how structural and nonstructural fragility data can be generated
and used to support the decision process for the performance based
seismic design or retrofit of a building.

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
95
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Structural Modeling
– Four-storey steel framed
building model assumed to be
part of an existing critical
facility located in Southern
California. •N-S MRF •E-W MRF •Non-seismic frames

– Designed according to UBC

1970.
– Symmetrical building
composed of four parallel
seismic frames in transverse
direction.
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
96
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Structural Modeling
– 2D model of half of the
building in transverse
direction, including one •N-S MRF •E-W MRF •Non-seismic frames

interior and one exterior 11 12 11 18

NC
19 18

seismic frame. 3810 3

9
4
10
4
9
3 2
16
15
8
15
16
2

3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
– RUAUMOKO program. 3810
1 7 2 8 2 7 1 13 16 14 8 14 16 13

3810 1 2 2 1
– Pin-ended gravity column 5 6 5
13
16
14
17
14
16
13

included to account for second 4120 1 2 2 1 13 14

NC
14 13

order (P-∆) effects from 4880 7470 4880 4880 7470 4880
Gravity

gravity frames. Exterior MRF

Note: All dimensions in mm
Interior MRF Column

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
97
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Structural Modeling
– Bilinear moment-curvature
hysteresis rule with 2% curvature
hardening ratio assigned to all frame
member ends in the model.
– Plastic hinge length assumed equal
to the depth of each member section.
12 NC
11 11 18 19 18
– Failure plastic rotation = 0.03 rad
3810 3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
(curvature ductility = 11). 9 10 9 16 8 16
3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
– Seismic weights: 3810
1 7 2 8 2 7 1 13 16 14 8 14 16 13
• 5037 kN at each of first three floors. 3810 1 2 2 1 13 14 14 13
5 6 5 16 17 16
• 4830 kN at roof level.
4120
– 2% Rayleigh damping to first and 1 2 2 1 13 14
NC
14 13

third modes of vibration. 4880 7470 4880 4880 7470 4880

Gravity

Exterior MRF Interior MRF Column

Note: All dimensions in mm
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
98
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Structural Modeling

12 NC
11 11 18 19 18

3810 3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
9 10 9 16 8 16
3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
3810
1 7 2 8 2 7 1 13 16 14 8 14 16 13

3810 1 2 2 1 13 14 14 13
5 6 5 16 17 16

4120 1 2 2 1 13 14 14 13
NC

4880 7470 4880 4880 7470 Gravity

4880
Exterior MRF Interior MRF Column
Note: All dimensions in mm
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
99
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Nonstructural Modeling
– Nonstructural Components (NC)
representing large HVAC type
equipment, (e.g. chiller or air
handling unit) modeled as SDOF
systems.
12 NC
11 11 18 19 18
– Seismic weight of each NC: 100 kN.
3810 3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
9 10 9 16 8 16
– Damping of each NC: 1% of critical. 3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
3810
1 7 2 8 2 7 1 13 16 14 8 14 16 13

3810 1 2 2 1 13 14 14 13
5 6 5 16 17 16

4120 1 2 2 1 13 14 14 13
NC

4880 7470 4880 4880 7470 Gravity

4880
Exterior MRF Interior MRF Column
Note: All dimensions in mm
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
100
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Nonstructural Modeling
– Two different base supports for
NC: rigid anchor and vibration •Video 1
isolation.
•Video 2
– Natural periods of NC:
12 NC
11 11 18 19 18
• Rigidly anchored: 0.2 s
3810 3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
• Vibration isolated: 1.0 s 3
9
4
10
4
9
3 2
16
15
8
15
16
2
3810
1
– Two locations for NC: roof 7 2 8 2 7 1 13 16 14 8 14 16 13

3810 1 2 2 1 13 14 14 13
and base level. 5 6 5 16 17 16

4120 1 2 2 1 13 14 14 13
NC

4880 7470 4880 4880 7470 Gravity

4880
Exterior MRF Interior MRF Column
Note: All dimensions in mm
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
101
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Structural Retrofit •HSS 356 x 356 x 16 mm

– Hysteretic and linear viscous dampers

incorporated in-line with chevron
bracing installed in central bay of
exterior moment-resisting frame.
– 356 x 356 x 16 mm tubular bracing. •or
– Activation loads of hysteretic
dampers:
12 NC
11 11 18 19 18
• 2322 kN for dampers in first story.
3810 3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
• 2228 kN for dampers in other three 9 10 9 16 8 16
stories. 3 4 4 3 2 15 15 2
810
– Damping coefficients for viscous 1 7 2 8 2 7 1 13 16 14 8 14 16 13

dampers: 810 1 2 2 1 13 14 14 13
5 6 5 16 17 16
• 27.4, 26.8, 23,8 and 18.0 kN s/mm for
dampers located on first, second, third 120 1 2 2 1 13 14
NC
14 13

and fourth story, respectively.

Gravity
• Equivalent first modal damping ratio of 4880 7470 4880 4880 7470 4880
Exterior MRF Interior MRF
30% of critical. Column
Note: All dimensions in mm
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
102
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Concept of Incremental Dynamic Analyses
(IDA)
•IDA Curves •Fragility Curve
•Performance Objective

 β2/ 2 
^

 ln (y) − m y e 
Lognormal CDF(y) = Θ
 β 
 

•Response Parameter

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
103
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Structural Performance Objectives
– Based on Peak Story Drifts (NEHRP 2003)
• 0.7%: Immediate Occupancy
• 2.5%: Life Safety
• 5%: Collapse Prevention
• Nonstructural Performance Objectives
– Based on Peak Component Acceleration (ASHRAE
American Society of Heating,
Handbook) Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers
• 2.0 g: Functional Damage (temporary interruption)
• 4.0 g: Physical Damage (permanent interruption)
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
104
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Earthquake Ground Motions
– FEMA P695 Far-Field Ground Motion Set
– 22 pairs of scaled historical ground motion records

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
105
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Earthquake Ground Motions
– FEMA P695 Far-Field Ground Motion Set
– 22 pairs of scaled historical ground motion records
(44 records total)
10.0
9.0 •2% Damping
8.0
7.0
6.0
Sa (g)

5.0
4.0
3.0 Median

2.0 •Note: Median 1-sec Sa = 0.60 g for

1.0
DBE level and 0.90 g for MCE level
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Period (sec)

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
106
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Structural Fragilities
1.0 • Both supplemental damping systems improve seismic
Probability of exceedence

behavior of original building.

• Only building retrofitted with viscous dampers has a
reduced probability (29%) of meeting immediate
occupancy performance level at the DE level.
• Original building, as well as the two retrofit alternatives,
would not allow the building to meet the immediate
occupancy performance objective at the MCE level.
0.5
Original

Retrofitted with hysteretic dampers

Retrofitted with viscous dampers

0.7% Immediate Occupancy

•MCE
0.0
•DE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
107
Chapter Median
Chapter66––Viscous 1-secDampers
& Viscoelastic
Viscous-Viscoelastic Sa (g)
Dampers
11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Structural Fragilities
1.0
Probability of exceedence

• Building retrofitted with viscous dampers exhibits superior

performance than building retrofitted with hysteretic dampers.
• Original building meets the life safety performance objective
under the DE level only.
• Building retrofitted with viscous dampers would meet life
safety performance objective under both DE and MCE levels.
0.5 Original

Retrofitted with hysteretic dampers

Retrofitted with viscous dampers

2.5% Life Safety

•MCE
0.0
•DE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
Chapter Median
Chapter66––Viscous 1-sec Sa (g)
& ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
108
11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Structural Fragilities
1.0
Probability of exceedence

•MCE • Original building and two

retrofitted alternatives would
meet collapse prevention
performance objective at both
DE and MCE levels.
0.5
Original

Retrofitted with hysteretic dampers

Retrofitted with viscous dampers

5.0% Collapse Prevention

0.0
•DE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
Median 1-sec Sa (g) 109
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Nonstructural Fragilities for Original Building
1.0
• Only vibration isolated nonstructural
Probability of exceedence

components located at the base of the original

building would satisfy the functional damage
performance objective under both the DE and
MCE levels.

0.5 Rigidly-anchored (Base)

Rigidly-anchored (Roof)

Isolated (Base)

Isolated (Roof)

•MCE 2.0g Functional Damage

0.0
•DE
0 1 2
Supplemental
3
CIE 626
Damping
4
- Structural
5
and Seismic
6
ControlIsolation
7 8 9 10
110
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
Median 1-sec Sa (g)
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Nonstructural Fragilities for Original Building
1.0
• Vibration isolated nonstructural
Probability of exceedence

components located at the base

and roof of the original building
would meet the physical damage
performance objective at both the
DE and MCE levels.
• Clearance/snubbers may be required.

0.5 Rigidly-anchored (Base)

Rigidly-anchored (Roof)

Isolated (Base)

Isolated (Roof)

•MCE 4.0g Physical Damage

0.0
0 •DE1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
Chapter Median
Chapter66––Viscous
1-sec Sa (g)
& ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
111
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Nonstructural fragilities for functional damage at the
roof level of original and retrofitted buildings.
1.0
Probability of exceedence

• Retrofitting building with viscous dampers improves

seismic response of rigidly anchored and rooftop
nonstructural components.
• Introducing hysteretic dampers is inefficient for rooftop
rigidly anchored nonstructural component.

0.5
Original

Retrofitted with hysteretic dampers

Retrofitted with viscous dampers

•MCE Rigidly-anchored component

0.0
•DE
0 1 Supplemental
2 CIE 626
Damping 4and Seismic
3 - Structural 5 Isolation
Control 6 7 8 9 10
112
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
Median 1-sec Sa (g)
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Nonstructural fragilities for functional damage at the
roof level of original and retrofitted buildings.
1.0
Probability of exceedence

• Retrofitting building with viscous and hysteretic dampers

improves seismic response of vibration isolated rooftop
nonstructural components.

0.5
Original

Retrofitted with hysteretic dampers

Retrofitted with viscous dampers

•MCE Vibration Isolated component

0.0
•DE
0 1 2
Supplemental
3
CIE 626
Damping
4
- Structural
5
and Seismic
6
ControlIsolation
7 8 9 10
113
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
Median 1-sec Sa (g)
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Nonstructural fragilities for physical damage at the
roof level of original and retrofitted buildings.
1.0
Probability of exceedence

• Retrofitting building with viscous dampers improves

seismic response of rigidly anchored rooftop
nonstructural components.
• Introducing hysteretic dampers is inefficient for
rooftop rigidly anchored nonstructural component.

0.5
Original

Retrofitted with hysteretic dampers

Retrofitted with viscous dampers

•MCE Rigidly-anchored component

0.0
•DE
0 1 2
Supplemental
3
CIE 626
Damping
4
- Structural
5
and Seismic
6
ControlIsolation
7 8 9 10
114
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
Median 1-sec Sa (g)
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Nonstructural fragilities for physical damage at the
roof level of original and retrofitted buildings.
1.0
Probability of exceedence

• Retrofitting building with viscous and hysteretic

dampers improves seismic response of vibration
isolated rooftop nonstructural components.

0.5
Original

Retrofitted with hysteretic dampers

Retrofitted with viscous dampers

Vibration Isolated component

•MCE
0.0
•DE
0 1 2 CIE 3626
Supplemental Damping 4 and Seismic
- Structural 5 Isolation
Control 6 7 8 9 10
115
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
Median 1-sec Sa (g)
 11. Performance-Based Design Example
• Final Comment
– The simple direct analysis procedure illustrated in this
example can be used to support the decision process of
selecting supplemental damping systems for the
performance-based seismic design or retrofit of a
building taking into account the seismic performance of
both structural and nonstructural components.

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
116
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers
Questions/Discussions

Supplemental
CIE 626
Damping
- Structural
and Seismic
ControlIsolation
117
Chapter
Chapter66––Viscous & ViscoelasticDampers
Viscous-Viscoelastic Dampers