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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Finite

Automata-Introduction
Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Finite
AutomataIntroduction”.

1. Assume the R is a relation on a set A, aRb is partially ordered such that a and b are _____________
a) reflexive
b) transitive
c) symmetric
d) reflexive and transitive

View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A partially ordered relation refers to one which is Reflexive, Transitive and Antisymmetric.
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2. The non- Kleene Star operation accepts the following string of finite length over set A = {0,1} | where
string s contains even number of 0 and 1 a) 01,0011,010101
b) 0011,11001100
c) ε,0011,11001100
d) ε,0011,11001100

View Answer

Answer: b

3. A regular language over an alphabet ∑ is one that cannot be obtained from the basic languages using the
operation
a) Union
b) Concatenation
c) Kleene*
d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

4. Statement 1: A Finite automata can be represented graphically; Statement 2: The nodes can be its states;
Statement 3: The edges or arcs can be used for transitions Hint: Nodes and Edges are for trees and forests
too. Which of the following make the correct combination?
a) Statement 1 is false but Statement 2 and 3 are correct
b) Statement 1 and 2 are correct while 3 is wrong
c) None of the mentioned statements are correct
d) All of the mentioned

View Answer - Answer: d

5. The minimum number of states required to recognize an octal number divisible by 3 are/is a) 1
b) 1
c) 1

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d)View Answer Answer: b 1

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6. Which of the following is a not a part of 5-tuple finite automata?

a) Input alphabet
b) Transition function
c) Initial State
d) Output Alphabet

View Answer - Answer: d

7. If an Infinite language is passed to Machine M, the subsidiary which gives a finite solution to the infinite
input tape is ______________ a) Compiler
b) Interpreter
c) Loader and Linkers
d) None of the mentioned

View Answer - Answer: a

8. The number of elements in the set for the Language L={xϵ(∑r) *|length if x is at most 2} and ∑={0,1}
is_________ a) 7
b) 6
c) 8
d) 5
View Answer - Answer: a

9. For the following change of state in FA, which of the following codes is an incorrect option?
a) δ (m, 1) =n
b) δ (0, n) =m
c) δ (m,0) =ε
d) s: accept = false; cin >> char;if char = “0” goto n;

View Answer - Answer: b

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10. Given: ∑= {a, b}

L= {xϵ∑*|x is a string combination} ∑4
represents which among the following?

a) {aa, ab, ba, bb}

b) {aaaa, abab, ε, abaa, aabb}
c) {aaa, aab, aba, bbb}
d) All of the mentioned

View Answer - Answer: b

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Moore

Machine
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Moore Machine”.

1. Moore Machine is an application of:

a) Finite automata without input
b) Finite automata with output
c) Non- Finite automata with output
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
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Explanation: Finite automaton with an output is categorize din two parts: Moore M/C and Mealy M/C.
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2. In Moore machine, output is produced over the change of:

a) transitions
b) states
c) Both
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Moore machine produces an output over the change of transition states while mealy machine
does it so for transitions itself.

3. For a give Moore Machine, Given Input=’101010’, thus the output would be of length:
a) |Input|+1
b) |Input|
c) |Input-1|
d) Cannot be predictedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Initial state, from which the operations begin is also initialized with a value.

4. Statement 1: Null string is accepted in Moore Machine.

Statement 2: There are more than 5-Tuples in the definition of Moore Machine.

Choose the correct option:

a) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is true
b) Statement 1 is true while Statement 2 is false
c) Statement 1 is false while Statement 2 is true
d) Statement 1 and Statement 2, both are falseView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Even ε, when passed as an input to Moore machine produces an output.
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5. The total number of states and transitions required to form a moore machine that will produce residue mod
3.
a) 3 and 6
b) 3 and 5
c) 2 and 4
d) 2 and 5

View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:

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6. Complete the given table according to the given Moore machine.

Present State
Next State
Output

0
1
Q0
Q1
Q2
1
Q1
Q2
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1
Q2

Q0

a) Q0, Q2, 0
b) Q0, Q2, 1
c) Q1, Q2, 1
d) Q1, Q0, 0View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The table can be filled accordingly seeing the graph.

7. What is the output for the given language?

Language: A set of strings over ∑= {a, b} is taken as input and it prints 1 as an output “for every occurrence
of a, b as its substring. (INPUT: abaaab) a) 0010001
b) 0101010
c) 0111010
d) 0010000View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The outputs are as per the input, produced.

8. The output alphabet can be represented as:

a) δ
b) ∆
c) ∑
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b

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Explanation: Source-The tuple definition of Moore and mealy machine comprises one new member i.e.
output alphabet as these are finite machines with output.
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9. The O/P of Moore machine can be represented in the following format:

a) Op(t)=δ(Op(t))
b) Op(t)=δ(Op(t)i(t))
c) Op(t): ∑
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Op(t)=δ(Op(t)) is the defined definition of how the output is received on giving a specific input
to Moore machine.
10. Which of the following is a correct statement?
a) Moore machine has no accepting states
b) Mealy machine has accepting states
c) We can convert Mealy to Moore but not vice versa
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Statement a and b is correct while c is false. Finite machines with output have no accepting
states and can be converted within each other.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Mealy

Machine
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Mealy Machine”.
1. In mealy machine, the O/P depends upon?
a) State
b) Previous State
c) State and Input
d) Only InputView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Definition of Mealy Machine.
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2. Which of the given are correct?

a) Moore machine has 6-tuples
b) Mealy machine has 6-tuples
c) Both Mealy and Moore has 6-tuples
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Finite Automaton with Output has a common definition for both the categories.

3. The following mealy machine outputs which of the following?

a) 9’s Complement
b) 2’s Complement
c) 1’s Complement
d) 10’s ComplementView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The input can be taken in form of a binary string and can be verified.

4. The O/P of Mealy machine can be represented in the following format:

a) Op(t)= δ(Op(t))

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b) Op(t)= δ(Op(t)i(t))
c) Op(t): ∑
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The output of mealy machine depends on the present state as well as the input to that state.
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5.The ratio of number of input to the number of output in a mealy machine can be given as:
a) 1
b) n: n+1
c) n+1: n
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The number of output here follows the transitions in place of states as in Moore machine.

6. Mealy and Moore machine can be categorized as:

a) Inducers
b) Transducers
c) Turing Machines
d) Linearly Bounder AutomataView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: They are collectively known as Transducers.

7. The major difference between Mealy and Moore machine is about:

a) Output Variations
b) Input Variations
c) Both
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Mealy and Moore machine vary over how the outputs depends on prior one (transitions) and on
the latter one(states).
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8. Statement 1: Mealy machine reacts faster to inputs.

Statement 2: Moore machine has more circuit delays.
Choose the correct option:
a) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is true
b) Statement 1 is true but Statement 2 is false
c) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true
d) None of the mentioned is trueView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Being an input dependent and output capable FSM, Mealy machine reacts faster to inputs.

9. Which of the following does the given Mealy machine represents?

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a) 9’s Complement
b) 2’s Complement
c) 1’s Complement
d) 10’s ComplementView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Inputs can be taken and can be verified.

10. Which one among the following is true?

A mealy machine
a) produces a language
b) produces a grammar
c) can be converted to NFA
d) has less circuit delays
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: It does not produce a language or a grammar or can be converted to a NFA.
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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Mealy

Machine-II
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Mealy Machine-
II”.
1. Which of the following does not belong to input alphabet if S={a, b}* for any language?
a) a
b) b
c) e
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The automaton may be allowed to change its state without reading the input symbol using
epsilon but this does not mean that epsilon has become an input symbol. On the contrary, one assumes that
the symbol epsilon does not belong to any alphabet.
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2. The number of final states we need as per the given language?

Language L: {an| n is even or divisible by 3}
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation:

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3. An e-NFA is ___________ in representation.

a) Quadruple
b) Quintuple
c) Triple
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: An e-NFA consist of 5 tuples: A=(Q, S, d, q0. F)
Note: e is never a member of S.

4. State true or false:

Statement: Both NFA and e-NFA recognize exactly the same languages.
a) true
b) false
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: e-NFA do come up with a convenient feature but nothing new.They do not extend the class of
languages that can be represented.
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5. Design a NFA for the language:

L: {an| n is even or divisible by 3}
Which of the following methods can be used to simulate the same.
a) e-NFA
b) Power Construction Method
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: It is more convenient to simulate a machine using e-NFA else the method of Power
Construction is used from the union-closure of DFA’s.

6. Which of the following belongs to the epsilon closure set of a?

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a) {f1, f2, f3}

b) {a, f1, f2, f3}
c) {f1, f2}
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The epsilon closure of the set q is the set that contains q, together with all the states which can
be reached starting at q by following only epsilon transitions.
7. The number of elements present in the e-closure(f2) in the given diagram:

a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The epsilon closure set of f2 consist of the elements:{f2, f3}. Thus the count of the element in
the closure set is 2.
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8. Which of the steps are non useful while eliminating the e-transitions for the given diagram?

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a) Make a as accepting state of N’ if ECLOSE(p) contains an accepting state of N

b) Add an arc a to f1 labelled a if there is an arc labelled a in N from some state in ECLOSE(a) to f1c)
Delete all arcs labelled as e
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The given are the steps followed while eliminating epsilon transitions from a NFA or
converting an e-NFA to just NFA.

9. Is the language preserved in all the steps while eliminating epsilon transitions from a NFA?
a) yes
b) no
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Yes, the language is preserved during the dteps of construction: L(N)=L(N1)=L(N2)=L(3).

10. Remove all the epsilon transitions in the given diagram and compute the number of a-transitions in the
result?

a) 5
b) 7
c) 9
d) 6
View Answer
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Answer: b
Explanation:

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Deterministic Finite Automata-Introduction and
Definition
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Interview Questions and Answers focuses on “Deterministic Finite
AutomataIntroduction and Definition”.

1. Which of the following not an example Bounded Information?

a) fan switch outputs {on, off}
b) electricity meter reading
c) colour of the traffic light at the moment
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Bounded information refers to one whose output is limited and it cannot be said what were the
recorded outputs previously until memorized.
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2. A Language for which no DFA exist is a________

a) Regular Language
b) Non-Regular Language
c) May be Regular
d) Cannot be saidView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A language for which there is no existence of a deterministic finite automata is always Non
Regular and methods like Pumping Lemma can be used to prove the same.

3. A DFA cannot be represented in the following format

a) Transition graph
b) Transition Table
c) C code
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A DFA can be represented in the following formats: Transition Graph, Transition Table,
Transition tree/forest/Any programming Language.

4. What the following DFA accepts?

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a) x is a string such that it ends with ‘101’

b) x is a string such that it ends with ‘01’
c) x is a string such that it has odd 1’s and even 0’s
d) x is a strings such that it has starting and ending character as 1View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Strings such as {1101,101,10101} are being accepted while {1001,11001} are not. Thus, this
conclusion leads to option a.
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5. When are 2 finite states equivalent?

a) Same number of transitions
b) Same number of states
c) Same number of states as well as transitions
d) Both are final statesView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Two states are said to be equivalent if and only if they have same number of states as well as
transitions.

6. What does the following figure most correctly represents?

a) Final state with loop x

b) Transitional state with loop x
c) Initial state as well as final state with loop x
d) Insufficient DataView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The figure represents the initial as well as the final state with an iteration of x.
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7. Which of the following will not be accepted by the following DFA?

a) ababaabaa
b) abbbaa
c) abbbaabb
d) abbaabbaaView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: All the Strings are getting accepted except ‘ababaabaa’ as it is directed to dumping state.
Dumping state also refers to the reject state of the automata.
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8. Which of the following will the given DFA won’t accept?

a) ε
b) 11010
c) 10001010
d) String of letter count 11View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: As the initial state is not made an acceptance state, thus ε will not be accepted by the given
DFA. For the automata to accept ε as an entity, one should make the initial state as also the final state.

9. Can a DFA recognize a palindrome number?

a) Yes
b) No
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c) Yes, with input alphabet as ∑*

d) Can’t be determinedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Language to accept a palindrome number or string will be non-regular and thus, its DFA cannot
be obtained. Though, PDA is possible.

10. Which of the following is not an example of finite state machine system?
a) Control Mechanism of an elevator
b) Combinational Locks
c) Traffic Lights
d) Digital WatchesView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Proper and sequential combination of events leads the machines to work in hand which includes
The elevator, Combinational Locks, Traffic Lights, vending machine, etc. Other applications of Finite
machine state system are Communication Protocol Design, Artificial Intelligence Research, A Turnstile, etc.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – DFA

Processing Strings
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “DFA Processing
Strings”.

1. The password to the admins account=”administrator”. The total number of states required to make a
password-pass system using DFA would be __________ a) 14 states
b) 13 states
c) 12 states
d) A password pass system cannot be created using DFAView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For a string of n characters with no repetitive substrings, the number of states required to pass
the string is n+1.
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2. Which of the following is the corresponding Language to the given DFA?

a) L= {x ϵ {0, 1} * | x ends in 1 and does not contain substring 01}

b) L= {x ϵ {0,1} * |x ends in 1 and does not contain substring 00}
c) L= {x ϵ {0,1} |x ends in 1 and does not contain substring 00}
d) L= {x ϵ {0,1} * |x ends in 1 and does not contain substring 11}View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The Language can be anonymously checked and thus the answer can be predicted. The
language needs to be accepted by the automata (acceptance state) in order to prove its regularity.

3. Let ∑= {a, b, …. z} and A = {Hello, World}, B= {Input, Output}, then (A*∩B) U (B*∩A) can be
represented as:
a) {Hello, World, Input, Output, ε}
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b) {Hello, World, ε}
c) {Input, Output, ε}
d) {}
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Union operation creates the universal set by combining all the elements of first and second set
while intersection operation creates a set of common elements of the first and the second state.

4. Let the given DFA consist of x states. Find x-y such that y is the number of states on minimization of
DFA?

a) 3
b) 2
c) 1
d) 4
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Use the equivalence theorem or Myphill Nerode theorem to minimize the DFA.
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5. For a machine to surpass all the letters of alphabet excluding vowels, how many number of states in DFA
would be required? a) 3
b) 2
c) 22
d) 27
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:

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6. For the DFA given below compute the following:

Union of all possible combinations at state 7,8 and 9.

a) {aba, ac, cc, ca, cb, bc, bab, ca}

b) {bab, bc, ac, aba, ca, aac, ccb}
c) {cc, ca, cb, aba, bab, ac}
d) {aba, ac, cc, ca, cb, bc, bab, caa}
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The string a state receives is the combination of all input alphabets which lie across the path
covered.

7. Given L= {Xϵ∑*= {a, b} |x has equal number of a, s and b’s}.

Which of the following property satisfy the regularity of the given language?
a) Regularity is dependent upon the length of the string
b) Regularity is not dependent upon the length of the string
c) Can’t be said for a particular string of a language
d) It may depend on the length of the stringView Answer
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Answer: b
Explanation: DFA can be made for infinite language with an infinite length. Thus, dependency over length is
unfruitful.
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8. Given:
L= {xϵ∑= {0,1} |x=0n1n for n>=1}; Can there be a DFA possible for the language?
a) Yes
b) No View
Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: It is not possible to have a count of equal number of 0 and 1 at any instant in DFA. Thus, It is
not possible to build a DFA for the given Language.

9. δ(A,1) = B, δ(A,0) =A Δ
(B, (0,1)) =C δ(C,0) = A
(Initial state =A)
String=”011001” is transit at which of the states?
a) A
b) C
c) B
d) Invalid StringView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: It is east and simple to create the table and then the corresponding transition graph in order to
get the result, at which state the given string would be accepted.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Simpler Notations
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Simpler
Notations”.

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 representation notate the same?
a)

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b)

c)

d)

View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The states transited has been written corresponding to the transitions as per the row and
column. The row represents the transitions made and the ultimate.

2.Let u=’1101’, v=’0001’, then uv=11010001 and vu= 00011101.Using the given information what is
the identity element for the string? a) u-1
b) v-1
c) u-1v-1
d) ε
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Identity relation: εw = wε = w, thus the one satisfying the given relation will be the identity
element.
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3.Which of the following substring will the following notation result?

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a) 0101011
b) 0101010
c) 010100
d) 100001View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The given DFA notation accepts the string of even length and prefix ‘01’.

4.Predict the following step in the given bunch of steps which accepts a strings which is of even length and
has a prefix=’01’
δ (q0, ε) =q0 < δ(q0,0) =δ (δ (q0, ε),0) =δ(q0,0) =q1 < _______________
a) δ (q0, 011) =δ (δ (q0,1), 1) =δ (q2, 1) =q3
b) δ (q0, 01) =δ (δ (q0, 0), 1) = δ (q1, 1) =q2
c) δ (q0, 011) =δ (δ (q01, 1), 1) =δ (q2, 0) =q3
d) δ (q0, 0111) =δ (δ (q0, 011), 0) = δ (q3, 1) =q2View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Here, δ refers to transition function and results into new state or function when an transition is
performed over its state.

5. Fill the missing blank in the given Transition Table:

Language L= {xϵ∑= {0,1} |x accepts all the binary strings not divisible by 3}

a) Q0
b) Q1
c) Q2
d) No TransitionView Answer

Answer: Q1
Explanation: The tabular representation of DFA is quite readable and can be used to some ore complex
problems. Here, we need to form the transition graph and fill up the given blank.
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6.Which among the following is the missing transition in the given DFA?
L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} | x starts with a and ends with b}

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a) δ (q0, a) =q0
b) δ (F, a) =q1
c) δ (F, a) =D
d) δ (q1, a) =DView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: For the given Language, the transition missing is δ (F, a) =q1.

7.The complement of a language will only be defined when and only when the __________ over the
language is defined. a) String
b) Word
c) Alphabet
d) GrammarView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: It is not possible to define the complement of a language without defining the input alphabets.
Example: A language which does not consist of substring ‘ab’ while the complement would be the language
which does contain a substring ‘ab’.

8.Which among the following is not notated as infinite language?

a) Palindrome
b) Reverse
c) Factorial
d) L={ab}*View Answer

Answer: Factorial
Explanation: Factorial, here is the most appropriate non-infinite domain. Otherwise, palindrome and reverse
have infinite domains.

9.Which among the following states would be notated as the final state/acceptance state?
L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} | length of x is 2}

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a) q1
b) q2
c) q1, q2
d) q3
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: According to the given language, q2 Is to become the final/acceptance state in order to satisfy.
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10.Which of the following are the final states in the given DFA according to the Language given.?
L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} |length of x is at most 2}

a) q0, q1
b) q0, q2
c) q1, q2
d) q0, q1, q2View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: According to the given language, the length is at most 2, thus the answer is found accordingly.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The

Language of DFA
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “The Language of
DFA”

1. How many languages are over the alphabet R?

a) countably infinite
b) countably finite
c) uncountable finite
d) uncountable infiniteView Answer
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Answer: d
Explanation: A language over an alphabet R is a set of strings over A which is uncountable and infinite.
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2. According to the 5-tuple representation i.e. FA= {Q, ∑, δ, q, F}

Statement 1: q ϵ Q’; Statement 2: FϵQ
a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false
b) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true
c) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 may be true
d) Statement 1 may be true, Statement 2 is falseView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Q is the Finite set of states, whose elements i.e. the states constitute the finite automata.

3. δˆ tells us the best:

a) how the DFA S behaves on a word u
b) the state is the dumping state
c) the final state has been reached
d) Kleene operation is performed on the setView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: δ or the Transition function describes the best, how a DFA behaves on a string where to transit
next, which direction to take.

4. Which of the following option is correct?

A= {{abc, aaba}. {ε, a, bb}}
a) abcbb ₵ A
b) ε₵A
c) ε may not belong to A
d) abca ₵ AView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: As the question has dot operation, ε will not be a part of the concatenated set. Had it been a
union operation, ε would be a part of the operated set.
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5. For a DFA accepting binary numbers whose decimal equivalent is divisible by 4, what are all the possible
remainders? a) 0
b) 0,2
c) 0,2,4
d) 0,1,2,3View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All the decimal numbers on division would lead to only 4 remainders i.e. 0,1,2,3 (Property of
Decimal division).

6. Which of the following x is accepted by the given DFA (x is a binary string ∑= {0,1})?

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a) divisible by 3
b) divisible by 2
c) divisible by 2 and 3
d) divisible by 3 and 2

View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The given DFA accepts all the binary strings such that they are divisible by 3 and 2.Thus, it can
be said that it also accepts all the strings which is divisible by 6.

7. Given:
L1= {xϵ ∑*|x contains even no’s of 0’s}
L2= {xϵ ∑*|x contains odd no’s of 1’s}
No of final states in Language L1 U L2?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation:

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8. The maximum number of transition which can be performed over a state in a DFA?
∑= {a, b, c} a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The maximum number of transitions which a DFA allows for a language is the number of
elements the transitions constitute.

9. The maximum sum of in degree and out degree over a state in a DFA can be determined as:
∑= {a, b, c, d} a) 4+4
b) 4+16
c) 4+0
d) depends on the LanguageView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The out degree for a DFA I fixed while the in degree depends on the number of states in the
DFA and that cannot be determined without the dependence over the Language.

10. The sum of minimum and maximum number of final states for a DFA n states is equal to:
a) n+1
b) n
c) n-1
d) n+2View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The maximum number of final states for a DFA can be total number of states itself and
minimum would always be 1, as no DFA exits without a final state. Therefore, the solution is n+1.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Finite

Automata
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular Language
& Expression”.

1. There are ________ tuples in finite state machine.

a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) unlimitedView Answer Answer:b
Explanation: States, input symbols,initial state,accepting state and transition function.
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2. Transition function maps.

a) Σ * Q -> Σ
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b) Q * Q -> Σ
c) Σ * Σ -> Q
d) Q * Σ -> QView Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: Inputs are state and input string output is states.

3. Number of states require to accept string ends with 10.

a) 3
b) 2
c) 1
d) can’t be represented.View Answer

Answer:a
Explanation: This is minimal finite automata.

4. Extended transition function is .

a) Q * Σ* -> Q
b) Q * Σ -> Q
c) Q* * Σ* -> Σ
d) Q * Σ -> Σ
View Answer

Answer:a
Explanation: This takes single state and string of input to produce a state.

5. δ*(q,ya) is equivalent to .
a) δ((q,y),a)
b) δ(δ*(q,y),a)
c) δ(q,ya)
d) independent from δ notationView Answer

Answer:b
Explanation: First it parse y string after that it parse a.
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6. String X is accepted by finite automata if .

a) δ*(q,x) E A
b) δ(q,x) E A
c) δ*(Q0,x) E A
d) δ(Q0,x) E AView Answer

Answer:c
Explanation: If automata starts with starting state and after finite moves if reaches to final step then it called
accepted.

7. Languages of a automata is
a) If it is accepted by automata
b) If it halts
c) If automata touch final state in its life time
d) All language are language of automataView Answer

Answer:a
Explanation: If a string accepted by automata it is called language of automata.
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8. Language of finite automata is.
a) Type 0
b) Type 1
c) Type 2
d) Type 3View Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: According to Chomsky classification.

9. Finite automata requires minimum _______ number of stacks.

a) 1
b) 0
c) 2
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:b
Explanation: Finite automata doesn’t require any stack operation .
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10. Number of final state require to accept Φ in minimal finite automata.

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: No final state requires.

11. Regular expression for all strings starts with ab and ends with bba is.
a) aba*b*bba
b) ab(ab)*bba
c) ab(a+b)*bba
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:c
Explanation: Starts with ab then any number of a or b and ends with bba.

12. How many DFA’s exits with two states over input alphabet {0,1} ?
a) 16
b) 26
c) 32
d) 64

View Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: Number of DFA’s = 2n * n(2*n).
13. The basic limitation of finite automata is that
a) It can’t remember arbitrary large amount of information.
b) It sometimes recognize grammar that are not regular.
c) It sometimes fails to recognize regular grammar.
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:a
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Explanation:Because there is no memory associated with automata.
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14. Number of states require to simulate a computer with memory capable of storing ‘3’ words each of
length ‘8’. a) 3 * 28
b) 2(3*8)
c) 2(3+8)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:b
Explanation: 2(m*n) states requires .

15. FSM with output capability can be used to add two given integer in binary representation. This is
a) True
b) False
c) May be true
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:a
Explanation: Use them as a flip flop output .

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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Non

Deterministic Finite Automata – Introduction
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Non Deterministic
Finite Automata – Introduction”

1. Which of the following options is correct?

Statement 1: Initial State of NFA is Initial State of DFA.
Statement 2: The final state of DFA will be every combination of final state of NFA.
a) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is true
b) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false
c) Statement 1 can be true and Statement 2 is true
d) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is also falseView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Statement 1 and 2 always true for a given Language.
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2. Given Language: L= {ab U aba}*

If X is the minimum number of states for a DFA and Y is the number of states to construct the
NFA, |X-Y|=? a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Construct the DFA and NFA individually, and the attain the difference of states.

3. An automaton that presents output based on previous state or current input:

a) Acceptor
b) Classifier
c) Transducer
d) None of the mentioned.View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A transducer is an automaton that produces an output on the basis of what input has been given
currently or previous state.
4. If NFA of 6 states excluding the initial state is converted into DFA, maximum possible number of
states for the DFA is ? a) 64
b) 32
c) 128
d) 127
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View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The maximum number of sets for DFA converted from NFA would be not greater than 2n.

5. NFA, in its name has ’non-deterministic’ because of :

a) The result is undetermined
b) The choice of path is non-deterministic
c) The state to be transited next is non-deterministic
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Non deterministic or deterministic depends upon the definite path defined for the transition
from one state to another or undefined(multiple paths).
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6. Which of the following is correct proposition?

Statement 1: Non determinism is a generalization of Determinism.
Statement 2: Every DFA is automatically an NFA

a) Statement 1 is correct because Statement 2 is correct

b) Statement 2 is correct because Statement 2 is correct
c) Statement 2 is false and Statement 1 is false
d) Statement 1 is false because Statement 2 is falseView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: DFA is a specific case of NFA.

7. Given Language L= {xϵ {a, b}*|x contains aba as its substring}

Find the difference of transitions made in constructing a DFA and an equivalent NFA?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) Cannot be determined.View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The individual Transition graphs can be made and the difference of transitions can be
determined.

8. The construction time for DFA from an equivalent NFA (m number of node)is:
a) O(m2)
b) O(2m)
c) O(m)
d) O(log m)View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: From the coded NFA-DFA conversion.
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9. If n is the length of Input string and m is the number of nodes, the running time of DFA is x that of
NFA.Find x? a) 1/m2
b) 2m
c) 1/m
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d) log mView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Running time of DFA: O(n) and Running time of NFA =O(m 2n).
10. Which of the following option is correct?
a) NFA is slower to process and its representation uses more memory than DFA
b) DFA is faster to process and its representation uses less memory than NFA
c) NFA is slower to process and its representation uses less memory than DFA
d) DFA is slower to process and its representation uses less memory than NFAView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: NFA, while computing strings, take parallel paths, make different copies of input and goes
along different paths in order to search for the result. This creates the difference in processing speed of DFA
and NFA.

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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Extended Transition Function
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Extended
Transition Function”.

1. The number of tuples in an extended Non Deterministic Finite Automaton:

a) 5
b) 6
c) 7
d) 4
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For NFA or extended transition function on NFA, the tuple elements remains same i.e. 5.
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2. Choose the correct option for the given statement:

Statement: The DFA shown represents all strings which has 1 at second last position.

a) Correct
b) Incorrect, Incomplete DFA
c) Wrong proposition
d) May be correctView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The given figure is an NFA. The statement contradicts itself.

3. What is wrong in the given definition?

Def: ({q0, q1, q2}, {0,1}, δ, q3, {q3})
a) The definition does not satisfy 5 Tuple definition of NFA
b) There are no transition definition
c) Initial and Final states do not belong to the Graph
d) Initial and final states can’t be sameView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: q3 does not belong to Q where Q= set of finite states.

4. If δ is the transition function for a given NFA, then we define the δ’ for the DFA accepting the same
language would be:
Note: S is a subset of Q and a is a symbol.
a) δ’ (S, a) =Upϵs δ (p, a)
b) δ’ (S, a) =Up≠s δ (p, a)
c) δ’ (S, a) =Upϵs δ(p)
d) δ’ (S) =Up≠s δ(p) View Answer

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Answer: a
Explanation: According to subset construction, equation 1 holds true.

5. What is the relation between DFA and NFA on the basis of computational power?
a) DFA > NFA
b) NFA > DFA
c) Equal
d) Can’t be saidView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: DFA is said to be a specific case of NFA and for every NFA that exists for a given language, an
equivalent DFA also exists.
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6. If a string S is accepted by a finite state automaton, S=s1s2s3……sn where siϵ∑ and there exists a
sequence of states r0, r1, r2…… rn such that δ(r(i), si+1) =ri+1 for each 0, 1, …n-1, then r(n) is: a)
initial state
b) transition symbol
c) accepting state
d) intermediate stateView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: r(n) is the final state and accepts the string S after the string being traversed through r(i) other
states where I ϵ 01,2…(n-2).

7. According to the given table, compute the number of transitions with 1 as its symbol but not 0:

a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 1
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The transition graph is made and thus the answer can be found.

8. From the given table, δ*(q0, 011) =?

a) {q0}
b) {q1} U {q0, q1, q2}
c) {q2, q1}
d) {q3, q1, q2, q0}
View Answer
Answer: b

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Explanation: δ*(q0,011) = Urϵδ*(q0,01) δ (r, 1) = {q0, q1, q2}.

9. Number of times the state q3 or q2 is being a part of extended 6 transition state is

a) 6
b) 5
c) 4
d) 7
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: According to the question, presence of q2 or q1 would count so it does and the answer
according to the diagram is 6.
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10. Predict the missing procedure:

1.Δ(Q0, ε) ={Q0},
2.Δ(Q0, 01) = {Q0, Q1}
3.δ(Q0, 010) =?

a) {Q0, Q1, Q2}

b) {Q0, Q1}
c) {Q0, Q2}
d) {Q1, Q2}View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: According to given table and extended transition state implementation, we can find the state at
which it rests.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The

Language of NFA
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “The Language of
NFA”.

1. Subset Construction method refers to:

a) Conversion of NFA to DFA
b) DFA minimization
c) Eliminating Null references
d) ε-NFA to NFAView Answer
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Answer: a
Explanation: The conversion of a non-deterministic automata into a deterministic one is a process we call
subset construction or power set construction.
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2. Given Language:
Ln= {xϵ {0,1} * | |x|≥n, nth symbol from the right in x is 1}
How many state are required to execute L3 using NFA? a)
16
b) 15
c) 8
d) 7
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The finite automaton for the given language is made and thus, the answer can be obtained.

3. Which of the following does the given NFA represent?

a) {11, 101} * {01}

b) {110, 01} * {11}
c) {11, 110} * {0}
d) {00, 110} * {1}View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The given diagram can be analysed and thus the option can be seeked.

4. The number of transitions required to convert the following into equivalents DFA:

a) 2
b) 3
c) 1
d) 0
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View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:

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5. If L is a regular language, Lc and Lr both will be:

a) Accepted by NFA
b) Rejected by NFA
c) One of them will be accepted
d) Cannot be saidView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If L is a regular Language, Lc and Lr both are regular even.
6. In NFA, this very state is like dead-end non final state:
a) ACCEPT
b) REJECT
c) DISTINCT
d) STARTView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: REJECT state will be like a halting state which rejects a particular invalid input.

7. We can represent one language in more one FSMs, true or false?

a) TRUE
b) FALSE
c) May be true
d) Cannot be saidView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We can represent one language in more one FSMs, example for a same language we have a
DFA and an equivalent NFA.
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8. The production of form non-terminal -> ε is called:

a) Sigma Production
b) Null Production
c) Epsilon Production
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The production of form non-terminal ->ε is call null production.

9. Which of the following is a regular language?

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a) String whose length is a sequence of prime numbers
b) String with substring wwr in between
c) Palindrome string
d) String with even number of Zero’sView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: DFSM’s for the first three option is not possible; hence they aren’t regular.

10. Which of the following recognizes the same formal language as of DFA and NFA?
a) Power set Construction
b) Subset Construction
c) Robin-Scott Construction
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All the three option refers to same technique if distinguishing similar constructions for different
type of automata.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Equivalence of NFA and DFA
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Equivalence of
NFA and DFA”.

1. Under which of the following operation, NFA is not closed?

a) Negation
b) Kleene
c) Concatenation
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: NFA is said to be closed under the following operations:
a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Concatenation
d) Kleene
e) Negation
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2. It is less complex to prove the closure properties over regular languages using
a) NFA
b) DFA
c) PDA
d) Can’t be saidView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We use the construction method to prove the validity of closure properties of regular languages.
Thus, it can be observe, how tedious and complex is the construction of a DFA as compared to an NFA with
respect to space.

3. Which of the following is an application of Finite Automaton?

a) Compiler Design
b) Grammar Parsers
c) Text Search
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are many applications of finite automata, mainly in the field of Compiler Design and
Parsers and Search Engines.

4. John is asked to make an automaton which accepts a given string for all the occurrence of ‘1001’ in it.
How many number of transitions would John use such that, the string processing application works? a) 9
b) 11
c) 12
d) 15
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View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:

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5. Which of the following do we use to form an NFA from a regular expression?

a) Subset Construction Method
b) Power Set Construction Method
c) Thompson Construction Method
d) Scott Construction MethodView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Thompson Construction method is used to turn a regular expression in an NFA by fragmenting
the given regular expression through the operations performed on the input alphabets.

6. Which among the following can be an example of application of finite state machine(FSM)?
a) Communication Link
b) Adder
c) Stack
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Idle is the state when data in form of packets is send and returns if NAK is received else waits
for the NAK to be received.

7. Which among the following is not an application of FSM?

a) Lexical Analyser
b) BOT
c) State charts
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Finite state automation is used in Lexical Analyser, Computer BOT (used in games), State
charts, etc.
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8. L1= {w | w does not contain the string tr }

L2= {w | w does contain the string tr}
Given ∑= {t, r}, The difference of the minimum number of states required to form L1 and L2?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) Cannot be saidView Answer

Answer: a
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Explanation:

9. Predict the number of transitions required to automate the following language using only 3 states:
L= {w | w ends with 00} a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) Cannot be saidView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:

10. The total number of states to build the given language using DFA:
L= {w | w has exactly 2 a’s and at least 2 b’s} a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
d) 13
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We need to make the number of a as fixed i.e. 2 and b can be 2 or more. Thus, using this
condition a finite automata can be created using 1 states.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Applications of DFA
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Applications of
DFA”.

1. Given Language: {x | it is divisible by 3}

The total number of final states to be assumed in order to pass the number constituting {0, 1} is
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The DFA for the given language can be constructed as follows:
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2. A binary string is divisible by 4 if and only if it ends with:

a) 100
b) 1000
c) 1100
d) 0011View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If the string is divisible by four, it surely ends with the substring ‘100’ while a binary string
divisible by 2 would surely end with the substring ‘10’.

3. Let L be a language whose FA consist of 5 acceptance states and 11 non final states. It further consists of a
dumping state. Predict the number of acceptance states in Lc. a) 16
b) 11
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If L leads to FA1, then for Lc, the FA can be obtained by exchanging the final and non-final
states.

4. If L1 and L2 are regular languages, which among the following is an exception?

a) L1 U L2
b) L1 – L2
c) L1 ∩ L2
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: It the closure property of Regular language which lays down the following statement:
If L1, L2 are 2- regular languages, then L1 U L2, L1 ∩ L2, L1C, L1 – L2 are regular language.
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5. Predict the analogous operation for the given language:

A: {[p, q] | p ϵ A1, q does not belong to A2} a) A1-A2
b) A2-A1
c) A1.A2
d) A1+A2View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When set operation ‘-‘ is performed between two sets, it points to those values of prior set
which belongs to it but not to the latter set analogous to basic subtraction operation.

6. Which among the following NFA’s is correct corresponding to the given Language?
L= {xϵ {0, 1} | 3rd bit from right is 0}

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a)

b)

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c)
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The NFA accepts all binary strings such that the third bit from right end is 1 and if not, is send
to Dumping state. Note: It is assumed that the input is given from the right end bit by bit.

7. Statement 1: NFA computes the string along parallel paths.

Statement 2: An input can be accepted at more than one place in an NFA.
Which among the following options are most appropriate?
a) Statement 1 is true while 2 is not
b) Statement 1 is false while is not
c) Statement 1 and 2, both are true
d) Statement 1 and 2, both are falseView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: While the machine runs on some input string, if it has the choice to split, it goes in all possible
way and each one is different copy of the machine. The machine takes subsequent choice to split further
giving rise to more copies of the machine getting each copy run parallel. If any one copy of the machine
accepts the strings, then NFA accepts, otherwise it rejects.
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8. Which of the following options is correct for the given statement?

Statement: If K is the number of states in NFA, the DFA simulating the same language would have states
less than 2k. a) True
b) False
View
Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If K is the number of states in NFA, the DFA simulating the same language would have states
equal to or less than 2k.

9. Let N (Q, ∑, δ, q0, A) be the NFA recognizing a language L. Then for a DFA (Q’, ∑, δ’, q0’, A’),
which among the following is true? a) Q’ = P(Q)
b) Δ’ = δ’ (R, a) = {q ϵ Q | q ϵ δ (r, a), for some r ϵ R}
c) Q’={q0}
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All the optioned mentioned are the instruction formats of how to convert a NFA to a DFA.

10. There exists an initial state, 17 transition states, 7 final states and one dumping state, Predict the
maximum number of states in its equivalent DFA? a) 226
b) 224
c) 225
d) 223
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The maximum number of states an equivalent DFA can comprise for its respective NFA with k
states will be 2k.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Finite

Automata with Epsilon Transition
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory test focuses on “Finite Automata with Epsilon Transition”.

1. According to the given transitions, which among the following are the epsilon closures of q1 for the given
NFA?
Δ (q1, ε) = {q2, q3, q4}

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Δ (q4, 1) =q1
Δ (q1, ε) =q1
a) q4
b) q2
c) q1
d) q1, q2, q3, q4View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The set of states which can be reached from q using ε-transitions, is called the ε-closure over
state q.
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2. State true or false?

Statement: An NFA can be modified to allow transition without input alphabets, along with one or more
transitions on input symbols. a) True
b) False
View
Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: It is possible to construct an NFA with ε-transitions, presence of no input symbols, and that is
called NFA with ε-moves.

3. State true or false?

Statement: ε (Input) does not appears on Input tape.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
View Answer

Explanation: ε does not appears on Input tape, ε transition means a transition without scanning a symbol i.e.
without moving the read head.

4. Statement 1: ε- transition can be called as hidden non-determinism.

Statement 2: δ (q, ε) = p means from q it can jump to p with a shift in read head.
Which among the following options is correct?
a) Statement 1 and 2, both are correct
b) Statement 1 and 2, both are wrong
c) Statement 1 is correct while Statement 2 is wrong
d) Statement 1 is wrong while Statement 2 is correctView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The transition with ε leads to a jump but without any shift in read head. Further, the method can
be called one to introduce hidden non-determinism.

5. ε- closure of q1 in the given transition graph:

a) {q1}
b) {q0, q2}
c) {q1, q2}
d) {q0, q1, q2}View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: ε-closure is defined as the set of states being reached through ε-transitions from a starting state.
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6. Predict the total number of final states after removing the ε-moves from the given NFA?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 0
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The NFA which would result after eliminating ε-moves can be shown diagramatically.

7. For NFA with ε-moves, which among the following is correct?

a) Δ: Q X (∑ U {ε}) -> P(Q)
b) Δ: Q X (∑) -> P(Q)
c) Δ: Q X (∑*) -> P(Q)
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Due to the presence of ε symbol, or rather an epsilon-move, the input alphabets unites with it to
form a set including ε.

8. Which among the following is false?

ε-closure of a subset S of Q is:
a) Every element of S ϵ Q
b) For any q ϵ ε(S), every element of δ (q, ε) is in ε(S)
c) No other element is in ε(S)
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All the mentioned are the closure properties of ε and encircles all the elements if it satisfies the
following options:
a) Every element of S ϵ Q
b) For any q ϵ ε(S), every element of δ (q, ε) is in ε(S)
c) No other element is in ε(S)

9. The automaton which allows transformation to a new state without consuming any input symbols:
a) NFA
b) DFA
c) NFA-l
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: NFA-l or e-NFA is an extension of Non deterministic Finite Automata which are usually called
NFA with epsilon moves or lambda transitions.
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10. e-transitions are

a) conditional
b) unconditional
c) input dependent
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b

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Explanation: An epsilon move is a transition from one state to another that doesnt require any specific
condition.

11. The __________ of a set of states, P, of an NFA is defined as the set of states reachable from any state
in P following e-transitions. a) e-closure
b) e-pack
c) Q in the tuple
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The e-closure of a set of states, P, of an NFA is defined as the set of states reachable from any
state in P following e-transitions.

12. The e-NFA recognizable languages are not closed under :

a) Union
b) Negation
c) Kleene Closure
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The languages which are recognized by an epsilon Non deterministic automata are closed under
the following operations: a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Concatenation
d) Negation
e) Star
f) Kleene closure
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Uses

of Epsilon-Transitions
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Uses of
EpsilonTransitions”.

1. The automaton which allows transformation to a new state without consuming any input symbols:
a) NFA
b) DFA
c) NFA-l
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: NFA-l or e-NFA is an extension of Non deterministic Finite Automata which are usually called
NFA with epsilon moves or lambda transitions.
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2. e-transitions are
a) conditional
b) unconditional
c) input dependent
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: An epsilon move is a transition from one state to another that doesn’t require any specific
condition.

3. The __________ of a set of states, P, of an NFA is defined as the set of states reachable from any state in
P following e-transitions. a) e-closure
b) e-pack
c) Q in the tuple
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a

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Explanation: The e-closure of a set of states, P, of an NFAis defined as the set of states reachable from any
state in P following e-transitions.

4. The e-NFA recognizable languages are not closed under :

a) Union
b) Negation
c) Kleene Closure
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: The languages which are recognized by an epsilon Non deterministic automata are closed under the
following operations: a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Concatenation
d) Negation
e) Star
f) Kleene closure
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5. Is the language preserved in all the steps while eliminating epsilon transitions from a NFA?
a) yes
b) no
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Yes, the language is preserved during the dteps of construction: L(N)=L(N1)=L(N2)=L(3).

6. An e-NFA is ___________ in representation.

a) Quadruple
b) Quintuple
c) Triple
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: An e-NFA consist of 5 tuples: A=(Q, S, d, q0, F)
Note: e is never a member of S.

7. State true or false:

Statement: Both NFA and e-NFA recognize exactly the same languages.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: e-NFA do come up with a convenient feature but nothing new.They do not extend the class of
languages that can be represented.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Epsilon Closures
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Epsilon Closures”.

1. Which of the following does not belong to input alphabet if S={a, b}* for any language?
a) a
b) b
c) e
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The automaton may be allowed to change its state without reading the input symbol using
epsilon but this does not mean that epsilon has become an input symbol. On the contrary, one assumes that
the symbol epsilon does not belong to any alphabet.
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2. The number of final states we need as per the given language?

Language L: {an| n is even or divisible by 3} a) 1
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b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation:

3. State true or false:

Statement: Both NFA and e-NFA recognize exactly the same languages.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: e-NFA do come up with a convenient feature but nothing new.They do not extend the class of
languages that can be represented.
4. Design a NFA for the language:
L: {an| n is even or divisible by 3}
Which of the following methods can be used to simulate the same.
a) e-NFA
b) Power Construction Method
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: It is more convenient to simulate a machine using e-NFA else the method of Power
Construction is used from the union-closure of DFA’s.
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Which of the following belongs to the epsilon closure set of a?

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a) {f1, f2, f3}

b) {a, f1, f2, f3}
c) {f1, f2}
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The epsilon closure of the set q is the set that contains q, together with all the states which can
be reached starting at q by following only epsilon transitions.
6. The number of elements present in the e-closure(f2) in the given diagram:

a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
View Answer

Answer: c
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Explanation: The epsilon closure set of f2 consist of the elements:{f2, f3}. Thus the count of the element in
the closure set is 2.

7. Which of the steps are non useful while eliminating the e-transitions for the given diagram?

a) Make a as accepting state of N’ if ECLOSE(p) contains an accepting state of N

b) Add an arc a to f1 labelled a if there is an arc labelled a in N from some state in ECLOSE(a) to f1c)
Delete all arcs labelled as e
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The given are the steps followed while eliminating epsilon transitions from a NFA or
converting an e-NFA to just NFA.
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8. Remove all the epsilon transitions in the given diagram and compute the number of a-transitions in the
result?

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a) 5
b) 7
c) 9
d) 6
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation:

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Union,

Intersection & Complement
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Union, intersection
and complement of Regular Language & Expression”.

1. Regular sets are closed under union,concatenation and kleene closure.

a) True
b) False
c) Depends on regular set
d) Can’t sayView Answer

Answer:a
Explanation: Regular sets are closed under these three operation.
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2. Complement of a DFA can be obtained by

a) making starting state as final state.
b) no trival method.
c) making final states non-final and non-final to final.
d) make final as a starting state.
View Answer

Answer:c
Explanation: String accepted in previous DFA will not be accepted and non accepting string will be accepted
.

3. Complement of regular sets are _________

a) Regular
b) CFG
c) CSG
d) REView Answer

Answer:a
Explanation: Regular sets are closed under complement operation.

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4. If L1 and L2 are regular sets then intersection of these two will be
a) Regular
b) Non Regular
c) Recursive
d) Non RecursiveView Answer

Answer:a
Explanation: Regular expression are also colsed under intersection.

5. If L1 is regular L2 is unknown but L1-L2 is regular ,then L2 must be

a) Empty set
b) CFG
c) Decidable
d) RegularView Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: Regular is closed under difference.
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6. Reverse of a DFA can be formed by

a) using PDA
b) making final state as non-final
c) making final as starting state and starting state as final state
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:c
Explanation: By making final state as starting state string starting from end will be accepted.

7. Reverse of (0+1)* will be

a) Phi
b) Null
c) (0+1)*
d) (0+1)
View Answer
Answer:c
Explanation: There is only one state which is start and final state of DFA so interchanging starting start and
final state doesn’t change DFA.

8. A ___________ is a substitution such that h(a) contains a string for each a.

a) Closure
b) Interchange
c) Homomorphism
d) Inverse HomomorphismView Answer

Answer:c
Explanation: This operation replace using a function .

9. Homomorphism of a regular set is _______

a) Universal set
b) Null set
c) Regular set
d) Non regular setView Answer

Answer:c
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Explanation: Regular set are closed under homomorphism.
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10. (a ^ 5b ^ 5)* is example of ________

a) Type 0 language
b) Type 1 language
c) Type 2 language
d) Type 3 languageView Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: It is a regular expression.

11. Which of the following is type 3 language ?

a) Strings of 0’s whose length is perfect square
b) Palindromes string
c) Strings of 0’s having length prime number
d) String of odd number of 0’sView Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: Only d is regular language.

12. a ^ nb ^ n where (n+m) is even .

a) Type 0
b) Type 1
c) Type 2
d) Type 3View Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: It is a regular expression.

13. Complement of a ^ nb ^ m where n >= 4 and m <= 3 is example of

a) Type 0
b) Type 1
c) Type 2
d) Type 3View Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: It is a regular expression.
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14. a ^ nb ^ m where n >= 1, m >= 1, nm >= 3 is example of

a) Type 0
b) Type 1
c) Type 2
d) Type 3View Answer

Answer:d
Explanation: It is a regular expression.

15. Complement of (a + b)* will be

a) phi
b) null
c) a
d) b
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View Answer

Answer:a
Explanation: Given expression accept all string so complement will accept nothing.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Regular Expression-Introduction
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular
Expression-Introduction”.

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1. L is a regular Language if and only If the set of __________ classes of IL is finite.
a) Equivalence
b) Reflexive
c) Myhill
d) NerodeView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: According to Myhill Nerode theorem, the corollary proves the given statement correct for
equivalence classes.
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2. A language can be generated from simple primitive language in a simple way if and only if
a) It is recognized by a device of infinite states
b) It takes no auxiliary memory
c) Both are correct
d) Both are wrongView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A language is regular if and only if it can be accepted by a finite automaton. Secondly, It
supports no concept of auxiliary memory as it loses the data as soon as the device is shut down.

3. Which of the following does not represents the given language?

Language: {0,01} a) 0+01
b) {0} U {01}
c) {0} U {0}{1}
d) {0} ^ {01}View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The given option represents {0, 01} in different forms using set operations and Regular
Expressions. The operator like ^, v, etc. are logical operation and they form invalid regular expressions when
used.

4. According to the given language, which among the following expressions does it corresponds to?
Language L={xϵ{0,1}|x is of length 4 or less}

a) (0+1+0+1+0+1+0+1)4
b) (0+1)4
c) (01)4
d) (0+1+ε)4 View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The extended notation would be (0+1)4 but however, we may allow some or all the factors to be
ε. Thus ε needs to be included in the given regular expression.
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5. Which among the following looks similar to the given expression?

((0+1). (0+1)) *
a) {xϵ {0,1} *|x is all binary number with even length}
b) {xϵ {0,1} |x is all binary number with even length}
c) {xϵ {0,1} *|x is all binary number with odd length}
d) {xϵ {0,1} |x is all binary number with odd length}View Answer

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Answer: a
Explanation: The given regular expression corresponds to a language of binary strings which is of even
length including a length of 0.

6. If R represents a regular language, which of the following represents the Venn-diagram most correctly?

a) An Irregular Set
b) R*
c) R complement
d) R reverseView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The given diagram represents the Kleene operation over the Regular Language R in which the
final states become the initial and the initial state becomes final.

7. The given NFA corresponds to which of the following Regular expressions?

a) (0+1) *(00+11) (0+1) *

b) (0+1) *(00+11) *(0+1) *
c) (0+1) *(00+11) (0+1)
d) (0+1) (00+11) (0+1) *View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The transition states shown are the result of breaking down the given regular expression in
fragments. For dot operation, we change a state, for union (plus) operation, we diverge into two transitions
and for Kleene Operation, we apply a loop.

8. Concatenation Operation refers to which of the following set operations:

a) Union
b) Dot
c) Kleene
d) Two of the options are correctView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Two operands are said to be performing Concatenation operation AB = A•B = {xy: x A&y
B}.
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9. Concatenation of R with Ф outputs:

a) R
b) Ф
c) R.Ф
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: By distributive property (Regular expression identities), we can prove the given identity to be
Ф.

10. RR* can be expressed in which of the forms:

a) R+
b) R-
c) R+ U R-
d) R
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: RR*=R+ as R+ means the occurrence to be at least once.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Operators of Regular Expression
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Operators of
Regular Expression”.

1. A finite automaton accepts which type of language:

a) Type 0
b) Type 1
c) Type 2
d) Type 3View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Type 3 refers to Regular Languages which is accepted by a finite automaton.
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2. Which among the following are incorrect regular identities?

a) εR=R
b) ε*=ε
c) Ф*=ε
d) RФ=RView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are few identities over Regular Expressions which include: RФ=ФR=Ф≠R

3. Simplify the following regular expression:

ε+1*(011) *(1*(011) *) *
a) (1+011) *
b) (1*(011) *)
c) (1+(011) *) *
d) (1011) *View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: ε+1*(011) *(1*(011) *) *
ε + RR*= ε + R*R= ε + R+= R*

4. P, O, R be regular expression over ∑, P is not ε, then

R=Q + RP has a unique solution:

a) Q*P
b) QP*
c) Q*P*
d) (P*O*) *View Answer

Answer: b
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Explanation: The given statement is the Arden’s Theorem and it tends to have a unique solution as QP*.
Let P and Q be regular expressions,
R=Q+RP
R=Q+(Q+RP) P
R=Q+((Q+RP) +RP) +P=Q+QP+RPP+RPP=Q+QP+(Q+RP) PP+(Q+RP)
PP=Q+QP+QPP+RPPP+QPP+RPPP,
If we do this recursively, we get:
R= QP*
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5. Arden’s theorem is true for:

a) More than one initial states
b) Null transitions
c) Non-null transitions
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Arden’s theorem strictly assumes the following;
a) No null transitions in the transition diagrams
b) True for only single initial state

6. The difference between number of states with regular expression (a + b) and (a + b) * is:
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 0
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:

7. In order to represent a regular expression, the first step to create the transition diagram is:
a) Create the NFA using Null moves
b) Null moves are not acceptable, thus should not be used
c) Predict the number of states to be used in order to construct the Regular expressiond) None of
the mentioned View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Two steps are to be followed while converting a regular expression into a transition diagram:
a) Construct the NFA using null moves.
b) Remove the null transitions and convert it into its equivalent DFA.

8. (0+ε) (1+ε) represents

a) {0, 1, 01, ε}
b) {0, 1, ε}
c) {0, 1, 01 ,11, 00, 10, ε}
d) {0, 1}View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The regular expression is fragmented and the set of the strings eligible is formed. ‘+’ represents
union while ‘.’ Represents concatenation.
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9. The minimum number of states required to automate the following Regular Expression:
(1) *(01+10) (1) *
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 5
View Answer

Answer: a

10. Regular Expression denote precisely the ________ of Regular Language.

a) Class
b) Power Set
c) Super Set
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Regular Expression denote precisely the class of regular language. Given any regular
expression, L(R) is a regular language. Given any regular language L, there is a regular expression R, such
that L(R)=L.

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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Building Regular Expressions
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This set of Automata Theory Quiz focuses on “Building Regular Expressions”.

1. Which of the following is correct?

Statement 1: ε represents a single string in the set.
Statement 2: Ф represents the language that consist of no string.
a) Statement 1 and 2 both are correct
b) Statement 1 is false but 2 is correct
c) Statement 1 and 2 both are false
d) There is no difference between both the statements, ε and Ф are different notation for same reasonView
Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: ε represents a single string in the set namely, the empty string while Statement 2 is also correct.
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2. The appropriate precedence order of operations over a Regular Language is

a) Kleene, Union, Concatenate
b) Kleene, Star, Union
c) Kleene, Dot, Union
d) Star, Union, DotView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: If a regular language expression is given, the appropriate order of precedence if the parenthesis
is ignored is: Star or Kleene, Dot or Concatenation, Union or Plus.

3. Regular Expression R and the language it describes can be represented as:

a) R, R(L)
b) L(R), R(L)
c) R, L(R)
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: When we wish to distinguish between a regular expression R and the language it represents; we
write L(R) to be the language of R.

4. Let for ∑= {0,1} R= (∑∑∑) *, the language of R would be

a) {w | w is a string of odd length}
b) {w | w is a string of length multiple of 3}
c) {w | w is a string of length 3}
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b

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Explanation: This regular expression can be used to eliminate the answers and get the result. The length can
be even and as well more than 3 when R= (∑∑∑) (∑∑∑) (particular case).

5. If ∑= {0,1}, then Ф* will result to:

a) ε
b) Ф
c) ∑
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The star operation brings together any number of strings from the language to get a string in the
result. If the language is empty, the star operation can put together 0 strings, resulting only the empty string.
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6. The given NFA represents which of the following NFA

a) (ab U a) *
b) (a*b* U a*)
c) (ab U a*)
d) (ab)* U a*View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The Regular expression (ab U a) * is converted to NFA in a sequence of stages as it can be
clearly seen in the diagram. This NFA consist of 8 stated while its minimized form only contains 2 states.

7. Which of the following represents a language which has no pair of consecutive 1’s if ∑= {0,1}?
a) (0+10)*(1+ε)
b) (0+10)*(1+ε)*
c) (0+101)*(0+ε)
d) (1+010)*(1+ε)View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: All the options except ‘a’ accept those strings which comprises minimum one pair of 1’s
together.

8. The finite automata accept the following languages:

a) Context Free Languages
b) Context Sensitive Languages
c) Regular Languages
d) All the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A finite automaton accepts the languages which are regular and for which a DFA can be
constructed.
9. (a + b*c) most correctly represents:
a) (a +b) *c
b) (a)+((b)*.c)
c) (a + (b*)).c
d) a+ ((b*).c)View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Following the rules of precedence, Kleene or star operation would be done first, then
concatenation and finally union or plus operation.
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10. Which of the following regular expressions represents the set of strings which do not contain a substring
‘rt’ if ∑= {r, t} a) (rt)*
b) (tr)*
c) (r*t*)
d) (t*r*)
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: As Kleene operation is not on the whole of the substring, it will not repeat and maintain the
order of t, r.

11. According to the precedence rules, x-y-z is equivalent to which of the following?
a) (x-y)-z
b) x-(y-z)
c) Both (x-y)-z and x-(y-z)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In arithmetic, we group two of the same operators from the left, hence x-y-z is equivalent to
(xy)-z and not x-(y—z).

12. Dot operator in regular expression resembles which of the following?

a) Expressions are juxtaposed
b) Expressions are multiplied
c) Cross operation
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Dot operation or concatenation operation means that the two expressions are juxtaposed i.e.
there are no intervening operators in between. In fact, UNIX regular expressions use the dot for an entirely
different purpose: representing any ASCII character.

13. Which among the following is not an associative operation?

a) Union
b) Concatenation
c) Dot
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: It does not matter in which order we group the expression with the operators as they are
associative. If one gets a chance to group the expression, one should group them from left for convenience.
For instance, 012 is grouped as (01)2.
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14.Which among the following is equivalent to the given regular expression?

01*+1
a) (01)*+1
b) 0((1)*+1)
c) (0(1)*)+1
d) ((0*1)1*)*View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Using the rules of precedence on the give expression, c is the appropriate choice with the order
of: Bracket>Kleene>Dot>Union
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – DFA

to Regular Expressions
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “DFA to Regular
Expressions”.

1. Which of the following is same as the given DFA?

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a) (0+1)*001(0+1)*
b) 1*001(0+1)*
c) (01)*(0+0+1)(01)*
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: There needs to be 001 together in the string as an essential substring. Thus, the other
components can be anything, 0 or 1 or e.
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2. Which of the following statements is not true?

a) Every language defined by any of the automata is also defined by a regular expression
b) Every language defined by a regular expression can be represented using a DFA
c) Every language defined by a regular expression can be represented using NFA with e moves
d) Regular expression is just another representation for any automata definitionView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Using NFA with e moves, we can represent all the regular expressions as an automata. As
regular expressions include e, we need to use e moves.

3. The total number of states required to automate the given regular expression
(00)*(11)*
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: c

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Explanation:

4. Which of the given regular expressions correspond to the automata shown?

a) (110+1)*0
b) (11+110)*1
c) (110+11)*0
d) (1+110)*1View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: There is no state change for union operation, but has two different paths while for
concatenation or dot operation, we have a state change for every element of the string.
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5. Generate a regular expression for the following problem statement:

Password Validation: String should be 8-15 characters long. String must contain a number, an Uppercase
letter and a Lower case letter.

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a) ^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d).{8,15}$
b) ^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d).{9,16}$
c) ^(?=.[a-z])(?=.[A-Z])(?=.\d).{8,15}$
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Passwords like abc123, 123XYZ, should not be accepted . If one also wants to include special
characters as one of the constraint, one can use the following regular expression: ^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-
Z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[^\da-za-Z]).{8,15}$

6. Generate a regular expression for the following problem statement:

P(x): String of length 6 or less for å={0,1}* a) (1+0+e)6
b) (10)6
c) (1+0)(1+0)(1+0)(1+0)(1+0)(1+0)
d) More than one of the mentioned is correctView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: As the input variables are under Kleene Operation, we need to include e,thus option c is not
correct,thereby option (a) is the right answer.

7. The minimum number of states required in a DFA (along with a dumping state) to check whether the 3rd
bit is 1 or not for |n|>=3 a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 1
View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation:
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8. Which of the regular expressions corresponds to the given problem statement:

P(x): Express the identifiers in C Programming language l=letters d=digits
a) (l+_)(d+_)*
b) (l+d+_)*
c) (l+_)(l+d+_)*
d) (_+d)(l+d+_)*View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Identifiers in C Programming Language follows the following identifiers rule:
a) The name of the identifier should not begin with a digit.
b) It can only begin with a letter or a underscore.

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c) It can be of length 1 or more.

9. Generate a regular expression for the given language:l

L(x): {xÎ{0,1}*| x ends with 1 nd does not contain a substring 01}
a) (0+01)*
b) (0+01)*1
c) (0+01)*(1+01)
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: (a) and (b) are the general cases where we restrict the acceptance of a string witrh substring 00
but we ignore the case where the string needs to end with 1 which therby, does not allows the acceptance of
e.

10. The minimum number of transitions to pass to reach the final state as per the following regular
expression is: {a,b}*{baaa} a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 3
View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation:
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Conversion by Eliminating states
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory MCQs focuses on “Conversion by Eliminating states”.

1. Which of the following is an utility of state elimination phenomenon?

a) DFA to NFA
b) NFA to DFA
c) DFA to Regular Expression
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: We use this algorithm to simplify a finite automaton to regular expression or vice versa. We
eliminate states while converting a given finite automata to its corresponding regular expression.
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2. If we have more than one accepting states or an accepting state with an outdegree, which of the following
actions will be taken?
a) addition of new state
b) removal of a state
c) make the newly added state as final
d) more than one option is correctView Answer

Answer: d

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Explanation: If there is more than one accepting state or if the single accepting state as an out degree , add a
new accepting state, make all other states non accepting, and hold an e-transitions from each former
accepting state to the new accepting state.
3. Which of the following is not a step in elimination of states procedure?
a) Unifying all the final states into one using e-transitions
b) Unify single transitions to multi transitions that contains union of input
c) Remove states until there is only starting and accepting states
d) Get the resulting regular expression by direct calculationView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: While eliminating the states, we unify multiple transitions to one transition that contains union
of input and not the vice versa.

4. Can the given state diagram be reduced?

a) Yes
b) NoView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The state q2 can be eliminated with ease and the reduced state diagram can be represented as:

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5. Which of the following methods is suitable for conversion of DFA to RE?

a) Brzozowski method
b) Arden’s method
c) Walter’s method
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Brzozowski method takes a unique approach to generating regular expressions. We create a
system of regular expressions with one regular expression unknown for each state in M, and then we solve
the system for Rλ where Rλ is the regular expression associated with starting state qλ.

6. State true or false:

Statement: The state removal approach identifies patterns within the graph and removes state, building up
regular expressions along each transition. a) true
b) false
View Answer
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Answer: a
Explanation: This method has the advantage over the transitive closure technique as it can easily be
visualized.

7. The behaviour of NFA can be simulated using DFA.

a) always
b) never
c) sometimes
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For every NFA, there exists an equivalent DFA and vice versa.
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8. It is suitable to use ____________ method/methods to convert a DFA to regular expression.

a) Transitive Closure properties
b) Brzozowski method
c) State elimination method
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: For converting RE to DFA , first we convert RE to NFA (Thompson Construction), and then
NFA is converted into DFA(Subset Construction).

9. State true or false:

Statement: For every removed state, there is a regular expression produced.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For every state which is eliminated, a new regular expression is produced. The newly generated
regular expression act as an input for a state which is next to removed state.

10. Is it possible to obtain more than one regular expression from a given DFA using the state elimination
method? a) Yes
b) No View
Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Using different sequence of removal of state, we can have different possible solution of regular
expressions. For n-state deterministic finite automata excluding starting and final states, n! Removal
sequences are there. It is very tough to try all the possible removal sequences for smaller expressions.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Regular Language & Expression – 1
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular Language
& Expression”.

1. A regular language over an alphabet a is one that can be obtained from

a) union
b) concatenation
c) kleene
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: None.
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2. Regular expression {0,1} is equivalent to

a) 0 U 1
b) 0 / 1
c) 0 + 1
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
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Explanation: All are equivalent to union operation.

3. Precedence of regular expression in decreasing order is

a) * , . , +
b) . , * , +
c) . , + , *
d) + , a , *
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: None.

4. Regular expression Φ* is equivalent to

a) ϵ
b) Φ
c) 0
d) 1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: None.
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5. a? is equivalent to
a) a
b) a+Φ
c) a+ϵ
d) wrong expressionView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Zero or one time repetition of previous character .

6. ϵL is equivalent to
a) ϵ
b) Φ
c) L
d) Lϵ
View Answer

Answer: c,d
Explanation: None.

7. (a+b)* is equivalent to
a) b*a*
b) (a*b*)*
c) a*b*
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: None.
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8. ΦL is equivalent to
a) LΦ

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b) Φ
c) L
d) ϵ
View Answer

Answer: a,b
Explanation: None.
9. Which of the following pair of regular expression are not equivalent?
a) 1(01)* and (10)*1
b) x(xx)* and (xx)*x
c) (ab)* and a*b*
d) x+ and x*x+View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: (ab)*=(a*b*)*.

10. Consider following regular expression

i) (a/b)* ii) (a*/b*)* iii) ((ϵ/a)b*)*
Which of the following statements is correct
a) i,ii are equal and ii,iii are not
b) i,ii are equal and i,iii are not
c) ii,iii are equal and i,ii are not
d) all are equal
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All are equivalent to (a+b)*.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Regular Language & Expression – 2
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular Language
& Expression”.

1. How many strings of length less than 4 contains the language described by the regular expression
(x+y)*y(a+ab)*? a) 7
b) 10
c) 12
d) 11
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: string of length 0 = Not possible (because y is always present).
string of length 1 = 1 (y) string of length 2 = 3 (xy,yy,ya)
string of length 3 = 8 (xxy,xyy,yxy,yyy,yaa,yab,xya,yya)
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2. Which of the following is true?

a) (01)*0 = 0(10)*
b) (0+1)*0(0+1)*1(0+1) = (0+1)*01(0+1)*
c) (0+1)*01(0+1)*+1*0* = (0+1)*
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: None.

3. A language is regular if and only if

a) accepted by DFA
b) accepted by PDA
c) accepted by LBA
d) accepted by Turing machineView Answer

Answer: a

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Explanation: All of above machine can accept regular language but all string accepted by machine is regular
only for DFA.

4. Regular grammar is
a) context free grammar
b) non context free grammar
c) english grammar
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Regular grammar is subset of context free grammar.
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5. Let the class of language accepted by finite state machine be L1 and the class of languages represented by
regular expressions be L2 then a) L1<L2
b) L1>=L2
c) L1 U L2 = .*
d) L1=L2View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Finite state machine and regular expression have same power to express a language.

6. Which of the following is not a regular expression?

a) [(a+b)*-(aa+bb)]*
b) [(0+1)-(0b+a1)*(a+b)]*
c) (01+11+10)*
d) (1+2+0)*(1+2)*View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Except b all are regular expression*.

7. Regular expression are

a) Type 0 language
b) Type 1 language
c) Type 2 language
d) Type 3 languageView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: According to Chomsky hierarchy .
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8. Which of the following is true?

a) Every subset of a regular set is regular
b) Every finite subset of non-regular set is regular
c) The union of two non regular set is not regular
d) Infinite union of finite set is regular
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: None.

9. L and ~L are recursive enumerable then L is

a) Regular
b) Context free
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c) Context sensitive
d) RecursiveView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation:If L is recursive enumerable and its complement too if and only if L is recursive.

10. Regular expressions are closed under

a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Kleen star
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: According to definition of regular expression.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Converting Regular Expressions to Automata
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Converting
Regular Expressions to Automata”.

1. What kind of expressions do we used for pattern matching?

a) Regular Expression
b) Rational Expression
c) Regular & Rational Expression
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In automata theory, Regular Expression(sometimes also called the Rational Expression ) is a
sequence or set of characters that define a search pattern, mainly for the use in pattern matching with strings
or string matching.
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2. Which of the following do Regexps do not find their use in?

a) search engines
b) word processors
c) sed
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Regexp processors are found in several search engines, seach and replace mechanisms, and text
processing utilities.

3. Which of the following languages have built in regexps support?

a) Perl
b) Java
c) Python
d) C++View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Many languages come with built in support of regexps like Perl, Javascript, Ruby etc. While
some provide support using standard libraries like .NET, Java, Python, C++, C and POSIX.

4. The following is/are an approach to process a regexp:

a) Contruction of NFA and subsequently, a DFA.
b) Thompson’s Contruction Algorithm
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A regexp processor translates the syntax into internal representation which can be executed and
matched with a string and that internal representation can have several approaches like the ones mentioned.

5. Are the given two patterns equivalent?

(1) gray|grey
(2) gr(a|e)y
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a) yes
b) no
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Paranthesis can be used to define the scope and precedence of operators. Thus, both the
expression represents the same pattern.
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6. Which of the following are not quantifiers?

a) Kleene plus +
b) Kleene star *
c) Question mark ?
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A quantifier after a token specifies how often the preceding element is allowed to occur. ?, *, +,
{n}, {min, }, {min, max} are few quantifiers we use in regexps implementations.

7. Which of the following cannot be used to decide whether and how a given regexp matches a string:
a) NFA to DFA
b) Lazy DFA algorithm
c) Backtracking
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are at least three algorithms which decides for us, whether and how a regexp matches a
string which included the transformation of Non deterministic automaton to deterministic finite automaton,
The lazy DFA algorithm where one simulates the NFA directly, building each DFA on demand and then
discarding it at the next step and the process of backtracking whose running time is exponential.

8. What does the following segment of code output?

$string1 = "Hello World\n"; if
($string1 =~ m/(H..).(l..)/) {
print "We matched '$1' and '$2'.\n";
}

a) We matched ‘Hel’ and ‘ld’

b) We matched ‘Hel’ and ‘lld’
c) We matched ‘Hel’ and ‘lo ‘
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: () groups a series of pattern element to a single element.
When we use pattern in parenthesis, we can use any of ‘$1’, ‘$2’ later to refer to the previously matched
pattern.
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9. Given segment of code:

$string1 = "Hello\nWorld\n"; if
($string1 =~ m/d\n\z/) { print
"$string1 is a string "; print
"that ends with 'd\\n'.\n"; }

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What does the symbol /z does?
a) changes line
b) matches the beginning of a string
c) matches the end of a string
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: It matches the end of a string and not an internal line.The given segment of code outputs:
Hello World
is a string that ends with ‘d\n’
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10. Conversion of a regular expression into its corresponding NFA :

a) Thompson’s Construction Algorithm
b) Powerset Construction
c) Kleene’s algorithm
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Thompson construction algorithm is an algorithm in automata theory used to convert a given
regular expression into NFA. Similarly, Kleene algorithm is used to convert a finite automaton to a regular
expression.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Regular Expression in UNIX
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular
Expression in UNIX”.
1. Which among the following is not a UNIX command for regular expressions?
a) ed
b) sed
c) vi
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Regular expressions are used by different commands in Unix like ed, sed, grep, awk, vi, etc.
Sed stands for stream editor which is exclusively used for executing scripts.
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2. What is the significance of $ used in regular expression in UNIX?

a) Matches the beginning of the line
b) Matches the end of lines
c) Matches any single character
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Regular expression provides more flexibility while matching string patterns. Special characters
like ^, $, *, . are very useful.

3. Generate the regular expression to match blank lines

a) / */
b) /bl
c) /^?/
d) /^$/
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are few expressions which provide the utility of matching metacharacters including /^$/
for blank lines, / */ for matching one or more spaces, /^.*$/ for matching an entire line whatever it is.

4. For the given syntax of sed, which among the following is not a correct option?
General syntax of sed: /pattern/action a) / are used as delimiters
b) pattern refers to a regular expression
c) pattern refers to the string to be matched
d) action refers to the commandView Answer
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Answer: c
Explanation: In the general syntax of sed, pattern is the regular expression and action refers to the command
given (p: prints the line, d: deletes the line, etc).
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5. What does grep do in UNIX?

a) It is an editor in UNIX
b) It searches for text patterns
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The grep is a standard UNIX utility program that searches through a set of files in search of a
text pattern,specified through a regular expression.
6. State true or false:
Statement: A regular expression is a sequence of characters that represent a pattern.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Such a generated pattern could be a fixed word or describe something like more general.

7. Which of the following options support the given statement?

Statement: A regular expression could be a fixed word or describe something like more general.
a) This flexibility makes Regular expression invaluable.
b) This flexibility makes the Regular expression unvaluable.
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Regular expressions are very much invaluable tools; they can be used to find a particular
segment of line in a file and instruct to take certain actions.
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8. What does the following segment of code does?

grep -i man heroes.txt
a) manually opens a file called heroes.txt
b) manages heroes.txt
c) search for “man” in the file “heroes.txt”
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: grep is a command which finds the pattern in a particular text segment.Here, it scans each line
in heroes.txt and looks for an m followed by a and then followed by n.

9. What does “X?” do regular expression operator?

a) Matches zero or more capital X’s.
b) Matches no or one occurence of the capital letter X.
c) Matches one or more capital X’s.
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b

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Explanation: There are many other common regular expression operators like $, ^, etc. Which have their own
respective purposes.

10. Which of the following does not support regular expressions?

a) sed
b) awk
c) emacs
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are many UNIX tools including vi, Emacs, sed, awk and modern programming languages
which support regular expressions.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Lexical Analysis
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Lexical Analysis”.

1. Lexemes can be referred to as:

a) elements of lexicography
b) sequence of alphanumeric characters in a token
c) lexical errors
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A lexeme is a string of characters that form a syntactic unit. It is reasonable to say that is the
sequence of alphanumeric characters in a token.
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2. If the lexical analyser finds a lexeme with the same name as that of a reserved word,it _________
a) overwrites the word
b) overwrites the functionality
c) generates an error
d) something elseView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Reserved words are known as keywords and they are specific and reserved with its
functionality to a language. Thus, getting an input with the same name by the analyzer will generate an error.

3. The methodology to show an error when the analyzer faces a keyword over an user’s input is based on:
a) rule priority
b) longest match rule
c) keyword-out rule
d) none of mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The lexical analyzer follows the rule priority where its prioritizes keywords over an input it gets
with the same name as that of the keyword and thus generates an error.

4. State true or false:

Statement: A lexical analyzer reads the source code line by line.
a) True
b) False
View
Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A lexical analyzer reads the source code letter by letter and when it encounters a space or an
operator or any special character, it decides that the word is completed.

5.Which among the following statement is correct?

Statement 1: When the analyzer scans ‘int’ and ‘intvalue’, it is not able to decide whether the int leads to a
keyword or an identifier. Statement 2: Longest Match Rule
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a) Statement 1 is assertion, Statement 2 is the reason
b) Statement 1 is assertion, Statement 2 is the solution
c) There is no such Statement 2
d) This is not a function of Lexical AnalyzerView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The Longest Match rule states that the lexeme scanned should be determined on the basis of
longest match among all the token available.

6. The output of the lexical and syntax analyzer can stated as:
a) parse stream, parse tree
b) token tree, parse tree
c) token stream, parse tree
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The lexical analyzer outputs the stream of token which is taken up by syntax analyzer one by
one against the production rule and parse tree is generated.
7. Which among the following is not a tool to construct lexical analyzer from a regular expression?
a) lex
b) flex
c) jflex
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Lexical analysis is done using few tools such as lex, flex and jflex. Jflex is a computer program
that generates lexical analyzers (also known as lexers or scanners) and works apparently like lex and flex.
Lex is commonly used with yacc parser generator.

8. A program that performs lexical analysis is termed as:

a) scanner
b) lexer
c) tokenizer
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A program which performs lexical analysis is called lexer, scanner or lexer. Nowadays, lexer is
combined with a parser which allows syntactic analysis.

9. Lexers and parsers are not found in which of the following?

a) compiler front end processing
b) prettyprinters
c) linters
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Lexers and parsers are most commonly used in compilers, but it has more application elsewhere
like in prettyprinters or linters(application of stylistic formatting conventions to textfiles, source code, etc.).
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10. Which phase of compiler includes Lexical Analysis?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
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d) Its primary function, not in any phaseView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The first phase of compilation process is called lexical analysis. It fragments the source code
into token which is the smallest programming unit of a program.

11. Which of the following characters are ignored while lexical analysis?
a) .
b) =
c) #
d) WhiteSpaceView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The lexical analyzer ignores all the whitespaces and fragments the program into tokens.

12. ____________ is used for grouping up of characters into token.

a) Lexical Analyzer
b) oolex
c) jflex
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: oolex, flex, lex, jflex, all are lexical analyzer tools which perform the following function.

13. The action of parsing the source code into proper syntactic classes is known as:
a) Parsing
b) Interpretation analysis
c) Lexicography
d) Lexical AnalysisView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Lexical analysis or scanning is the process of parsing the source code into proper syntactic
classes. It gets things ready for the parser with lexemes to built the parse tree.

14. Which of the following is the task of lexical analysis?

a) To build the uniform symbol table
b) To initialize the variables
c) To organize the variables in a lexical order
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Lexical analysis involves the following task:
a) Building a uniform symbol table
b) Parsing the source code into tokens
c) Building a literal and identifier table
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15. The scanner outputs:

a) Stream of tokens
b) Image file
c) Intermediate code
d) Machine codeView Answer

Answer: a
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Explanation: A scanner or a lexical analyzer takes a source code as input and outputs a stream of token after
fragmenting the code.

16. The phase of compilation which involves type checking is:

a) Parsing
b) Scanning
c) Syntax directed translation
d) Semantic AnalyzerView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Type checking is a process which is performed during Syntax directed translation.

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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Finding Patterns in Text,Algebric Laws and
Derivatives
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Finding Patterns in
Text,Algebric Laws and Derivatives”.

1. The minimum length of a string {0,1}* not in the language corresponding to the given regular expression:
(0*+1*)(0*+1*)(0*+1*) a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: 0101 or 1010 the strings with minimum length on {0,1}* which does not belong to the
language of the given regular expression.Other strings like 111, 000, 1101, etc are accepted by the language .
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2. Which of the following regular expression is equivalent to R(1,0)?

R(1,0)={111*}* a) (11+111)*
b) (111+1111)*
c) (111+11*)*
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: What we observe from the question is that, it includes e and 11 and any number of 1’s then.
Therefore, its simplifies when we write the same reg. Expression as (11+111)*.

3. The minimum number of 1’s to be used in a regular expression of the given language:
R(x): The language of all strings containing exactly 2 zeroes. a) 2
b) 3
c) 0
d) 1
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: It is not required to automate the question if asked theoretically.The number of zeroes fixed is
2. Therefore, we can represent the regular expression as 1*01*01*.

4. The given regular language corresponds to which of the given regular language
e+1+(1+0)*0+(0+1)*11
a) The language of all strings that end with 11 or 00
b) The language of all strings that end with 0 or 1
c) The language of all strings which does not end with 01
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c

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Explanation: According to the given regular expression, e is accepted by its language and it does not end
with 00 or 11 or 0 or 1. Thus option a and b are eliminated. Further, the regular expression is valid for the
third option.
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5. Statement: If we take the union of two identical expression, we can replace them by one copy of the
expression.
Which of the following is a correct option for the given statement?
a) Absorption Law
b) Idempotent Law
c) Closure Law
d) Commutative LawView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Idempotent Law states that if we take the union of two like expression, we can use a copy of the
expression instead i.e. L+L=L. The common arithmetic operators are not idempotent.

6. Which among the following can be an annihilator for multiplication operation?

a) 0
b) 1
c) 100
d) 22/7
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: An annihilator for an operator is a value such that when the operator is applied to the
annihilator and some other value, the result is the annihilator.

7. Statement: A digit, when used in the CFG notation, will always be used as a terminal.
State true or false? a) True
b) False
View
Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Lowercase letters near the beginning of an alphabet, a, b and so on are terminal symbols. We
shall also assume that digits and other characters such as + or parenthesis are terminals.
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8. Choose the incorrect process to check whether the string belongs to the language of certain variable or
not?
a) recursive inference
b) derivations
c) head to body method
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are two approaches to infer that certain string are in the language of a certain variable.
The most conventional way is to use the rules from body to head, recursive inference. The second approach
is expanding the starting variable using one of its productions whose head is tart symbol and derive a string
consisting entirely of terminals(head to body or derivations).

9. Statement: Left most derivations are lengthy as compared to Right most derivations.
Choose the correct option: a) correct statement
b) incorrect statement
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c) may or may not be correct
d) depends on the language of the grammarView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: It completely depends on the person who develops the grammar of any language, how to make
use of the tools i.e. leftmost and rightmost derivations.

10. A->aAa|bAb|a|b|e
Which among the following is the correct option for the given production?
a) Left most derivation
b) Right most derivation
c) Recursive Inference
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The given form represents leftmost derivations in which at each step we replace the leftmost
variable by one of its production bodies.

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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Properties-Non Regular Languages
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers focuses on “Properties-Non Regular
Languages”.

1. All the regular languages can have one or more of the following descriptions:
i) DFA ii) NFA iii) e-NFA iv) Regular Expressions
Which of the following are correct?
a) i, ii, iv
b) i, ii, iii
c) i, iv
d) i, ii, iii, iv
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The class of languages known as the regular language has atleast four different descriptions: i)
DFA ii) NFA iii) e-NFA iv) Regular Expressions
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2. Which of the technique can be used to prove that a language is non regular?
a) Ardens theorem
b) Pumping Lemma
c) Ogden’s Lemma
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: We use the powerful technique called Pumping Lemma, for showing certain languages not to
be regular. We use Ardens theorem to find out a regular expression out of a finite automaton.

3. Which of the following language regular?

a) {aibi|i>=0}
b) {aibi|0<i<5}

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i i
c) {a b |i>=1}
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Here, i has limits i.e. the language is finite, contains few elements and can be graphed using a
deterministic finite automata. Thus, it is regular. Others can be proved non regular using Pumping lemma.

4. Which of the following are non regular?

a) The set of strings in {a,b}* with an even number of b’s
b) The set of strings in {a, b, c}* where there is no c anywhere to the left of a
c) The set of strings in {0, 1}* that encode, in binary, an integer w that is a multiple of 3. Interpret the
emptystrings e as the number 0.
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All of the given languages are regular and finite and thus, can be represented using respective
deterministic finite automata. We can also use mealy or moore machine to represent remainders for option c.
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5. If L is DFA-regular, L’ is
a) Non regular
b) DFA-regular
c) Non-finite
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: This is a simple example of a closure property: a property saying that the set of DFA-regular
languages is closed under certain operations.

6. Which of the following options is incorrect?

a) A language L is regular if and only if ~L has finite number of equivalent classes.
b) Let L be a regular language. If ~L has k equivalent classes, then any DFA that recognizes L must
haveatmost k states.
c) A language L is NFA-regular if and only if it is DFA-regular.
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Let L be a regular language. If ~L has k equivalent classes, then any DFA that recognizes L
must have atleast k states.

7. Myphill Nerode does the following:

a) Minimization of DFA
b) Tells us exactly when a language is regular
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: In automata theory, the Myphill Nerode theorem provides a necessary and sufficient condition
for a language to be regular. The Myphill Nerode theorem can be used to show a language L is regular by
proving that the number of equivalence classes of RL(relation) is finite.
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8. Which of the following are related to tree automaton?

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a) Myphill Nerode Theorem
b) State machine
c) Courcelle’s Theorem
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The myphill nerode theorem can be generalized to trees and an application of tree automata
prove an algorithmic meta theorem about graphs.

9. Given languages:
i) {anbn|n>=0} ii)
<div>n</div>n
iii) {w∈{a,b}∗| #a(w)=#b(w)}, # represents occurrences
Which of the following is/are non regular? a) i, iii
b) i
c) iii
d) i, ii, iii
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: There is no regular expression that can parse HTML documents. Other options are also
nonregular as they cannot be drawn into finite automaton.

10. Finite state machine are not able to recognize Palindromes because:
a) Finite automata cannot deterministically find the midpoint
b) Finite automata cannot remember arbitarily large amount of data
c) Even if the mid point is known, it cannot find whether the second half matches the firstd) All of the
mentioned View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: It is the disadvantage or lack of property of a DFA that it cannot remember an arbitrarily such
large amount of data which makes it incapable of accepting such languages like palindrome, reversal, etc.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Pumping Lemma for Regular Language
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Pumping Lemma
for Regular Language”.

1. Relate the following statement:

Statement: All sufficiently long words in a regular language can have a middle section of words repeated a
number of times to produce a new word which also lies within the same language. a) Turing Machine
b) Pumping Lemma
c) Arden’s theorem
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Pumping lemma defines an essential property for every regular language in automata theory. It
has certain rules which decide whether a language is regular or not.
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2. While applying Pumping lemma over a language, we consider a string w that belong to L and fragment it
into _________ parts. a) 2
b) 5
c) 3
d) 6
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: We select a string w such that w=xyz and |y|>0 and other conditions. However, there exists an
integer n such that |w|>=n for any wÎL.
3. If we select a string w such that w L, and w=xyz. Which of the following portions cannot be an empty
string? a) x

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b) y
c) z
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The lemma says, the portion y in xyz cannot be zero or empty i.e. |y|>0, this condition needs to
be fulfilled to check the conclusion condition.

4. Let w= xyz and y refers to the middle portion and |y|>0.What do we call the process of repeating y 0 or
more times before checking that they still belong to the language L or not? a) Generating
b) Pumping
c) Producing
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The process of repeatation is called pumping and so, pumping is the process we perform before
we check whether the pumped string belongs to L or not.
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5. There exists a language L. We define a string w such that w L and w=xyz and |w| >=n for some constant
integer n.What can be the maximum length of the substring xy i.e. |xy|<=? a) n
b) |y|
c) |x|
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: It is the first conditional statement of the lemma that states that |xy|<=n, i.e. the maximum
length of the substring xy in w can be n only.

6. Fill in the blank in terms of p, where p is the maximum string length in L.

Statement: Finite languages trivially satisfy the pumping lemma by having n = ______
a) p*1
b) p+1
c) p-1
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Finite languages trivially satisfy the pumping lemma by having n equal to the maximum string
length in l plus 1.

7. Answer in accordance to the third and last statement in pumping lemma:

For all _______ xyiz L
a) i>0
b) i<0
c) i<=0
d) i>=0View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Suppose L is a regular language . Then there is an integer n so that for any x L and |x|>=n,
there are strings u,v,w so that x= uvw |uv|<=n
|v|>0 for any m>=0,
uvmw L.
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8. If d is a final state, which of the following is correct according to the given diagram?

a) x=p, y=qr, z=s

b) x=p, z=qrs
c) x=pr, y=r, z=s
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The FSA accepts the string pqrs. In terms of pumping lemma, the string pqrs is broken into an x
portion an a, a y portion qr and a z portion s.

9. Let w be a string and fragmented by three variable x, y, and z as per pumping lemma. What does these
variables represent? a) string count
b) string
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentioned View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Given: w =xyz. Here, xyz individually represents strings or rather substrings which we compute
over conditions to check the regularity of the language.

10. Which of the following one can relate to the given statement:
Statement: If n items are put into m containers, with n>m, then atleast one container must contain more than
one item.
a) Pumping lemma
b) Pigeon Hole principle
c) Count principle
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Pigeon hole principle states the following example: If there exists n=10 pigeons in m=9 holes,
then since 10>9, the pigeonhole principle says that at least one hole has more than one pigeon.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Applications of Pumping Lemma/Pigeonhole
principle
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Applications of
Pumping Lemma/Pigeonhole principle”.

1. Which kind of proof is used to prove the regularity of a language?

a) Proof by contradiction
b) Direct proof
c) Proof by induction
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We use the method of proof by contradiction in pumping lemma to prove that a language is
regular or not.
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2. The language of balanced paranthesis is

a) regular
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b) non regular
c) may be regular
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Given n, there is a string of balanced parentheses that begins with more than p left parentheses,
so that y will contain entirely of left parentheses. By repeating y, we can produce a string that does not
contain the same number of left and right parentheses, and so they cannot be balanced.

3. State true or false:

Statement: Pumping lemma gives a necessary but not sufficient condition for a language to be regular.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The converse of the lemma is not true. There may exists some language which satisfy all the
conditions of the lemma and still be non-regular.

4. Which of the following is/are an example of pigeon hole principle?

a) Softball team
b) Sock picking
c) Hair counting
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are several applications of pigeonhole principle:
Example: The softball team: Suppose 7 people who want to play softball(n=7 items), with a limitation of
only 4 softball teams to choose from. The pigeonhole principle tells us that they cannot all play for different
teams; there must be atleast one team featuring atleast two of the seven players.
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5. Pigeonhole principle can be applied in the following computer science algorithms:

a) hashing algorithm
b) lossless compression algorithm
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Collisions are inevitable in a hash table because the number of possible keys exceeds the
number of indices in the array.

6. If n objects are distributed over m places, and n < m, then some of the places receive:
a) at least 2 objects
b) at most 2 objects
c) no object
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: This is one of the alternative formulations of the pigeon hole principle. As n < m, there will
exist some place which will not receive any of the object.

7. Which of the following fields may have pigeonhole principle violated?

a) Discrete mathematics
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b) Computer Science
c) Quantum Mechanics
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Y Aharonov proved mathematically the violation of pigeon hole principle in Quantum
mechanics and proposed inferometric experiments to test it.
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8. Which of the following is not an application of Pumping Lemma?

a) {0i1i|i>=0}
b) {0ix|i>=0, x {0, 1}* and |x|<=i}
c) {0n| n is prime}
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: None of the mentioned are regular language and are an application to the technique Pumping
Lemma. Each one of the mentioned can be proved non regular using the steps in Pumping lemma.
9. Which of the following can refer a language to be non regular?
a) Pumping Lemma
b) Myphill Nerode
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: On the contrary, the typical way to prove that a language is to construct either a finite state
machine or a regular expression for the language.

10. Which of the following is not an example of counting argument?

a) Pigeonhole principle
b) Dirichlet’s drawer principle
c) Dirichlet’s box principle
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Pigeon hole principle or Dirichlet’s drawer principle or Dirichlet’s box principle is an example
of counting argument whose field is called Combinatorics.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Closure Properties under Boolean Operations
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory online test focuses on “Closure Properties under Boolean Operations”.

1. If L1, L2 are regular and op(L1, L2) is also regular, then L1 and L2 are said to be ____________ under an
operation op. a) open
b) closed
c) decidable
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: If two regular languages are closed under an operation op, then the resultant of the languages
over an operation op will also be regular.
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2. Suppose a regular language L is closed under the operation halving, then the result would be:
a) 1/4 L will be regular
b) 1/2 L will be regular
c) 1/8 L will be regular
d) Al of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: At first stage 1/2 L will be regular and subsequently, all the options will be regular.

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3. If L1′ and L2′ are regular languages, then L1.L2 will be
a) regular
b) non regular
c) may be regular
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Regular language is closed under complement operation. Thus, if L1′ and L2′ are regular so are
L1 and L2. And if L1 and L2 are regular so is L1.L2.

4. If L1 and L2′ are regular languages, L1 ∩ (L2′ U L1′)’ will be

a) regular
b) non regular
c) may be regular
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If L1 is regular, so is L1′ and if L1′ and L2′ are regular so is L1′ U L2′. Further, regular
languages are also closed under intersection operation.
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5. If A and B are regular languages, !(A’ U B’) is:

a) regular
b) non regular
c) may be regular
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If A and B are regular languages, then A Ç B is a regular language and A ∩ B is equivalent to !
(A’ U B’).

6. Which among the following are the boolean operations that under which regular languages are closed?
a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Complement
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Regular languages are closed under the following operations:
a) Regular expression operations
b) Boolean operations
c) Homomorphism
d) Inverse Homomorphism

7. Suppose a language L1 has 2 states and L2 has 2 states. After using the cross product construction method,
we have a machine M that accepts L1 ∩ L2. The total number of states in M: a) 6
b) 4
c) 2
d) 8
View Answer

Answer: 4
Explanation: M is defined as: (Q, S, d, q0, F)
where Q=Q1*Q2 and F=F1*F2
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8. If L is a regular language, then (L’)’ U L will be :

a) L
b) L’
c) f
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: (L’)’ is equivalent to L and L U L is subsequently equivalent to L.

9. If L is a regular language, then (((L’)r)’)* is:

a) regular
b) non regular
c) may be regular
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If L is regular so is its complement, if L’ is regular so is its reverse, if (L’) r is regular so is its
Kleene.

10. Which among the following is the closure property of a regular language?
a) Emptiness
b) Universality
c) Membership
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All the following mentioned are decidability properties of a regular language. The closure
properties of a regular language include union, concatenation, intersection, Kleene, complement , reverse and
many more operations.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Reversal-Homomorphism and Inverse
Homomorphism
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on
“ReversalHomomorphism and Inverse Homomorphism”.

1. If L is a language, the reversal of the language can be represented as:

a) L’
b) Lc
c) Lr
d) more than one option is correctView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Lr is defined as the reversal of a language. Lr is a set of strings whose reversal is in L.
Example: L={0, 01, 100} Lr={0, 10, 001}
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2. If L is a regular language, ____ is also regular.

a) Lr
b) L’
c) L*
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Lr, L’, L* i.e. reversal, complementation and kleene all are the closure properties of regular
language.

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3. If E=F+G;
Er=?
a) Fr+Gr
b) (F+G)r
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If E is a symbol a, e, or f, then Er=E. Other inductive properties include union of reversals,
concatenation and Kleene.

4. If E= FG, Er=?
a) FrGr
b) GrFr
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: If E= FG, Er=GrFr . Example: (01*)R=(1*)R(0)R
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5. Simplify the following identity:

E=01*+10*
ER=?
a) (1*0+0*1)
b) (01*10*)R
c) (0*1+10*)
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: 01*+10*
ER=(01*)R+(10*)R=>(1*)R0R+(0*)R1R=>1*0+0*1

6. Which of the following obey the closure properties of Regular language?

a) Homomorphism
b) Inverse Homomorphism
c) Reversal
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Homomorphism on an aphabet is a function that gives a string for each symbol in that alphabet.
Example: h(0)=ab, etc.

7. Let h(L) be a language of regular expression abe*+e(ab)*. Simplify the h(L)

a) (ab)*+eab*
b) abe*+ea*b*
c) (ab)*
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:
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abe*+e(ab)*(Using the identities e=e*, eE=Ee=E)
=ab+(ab)*=> ab will contain inside (ab)*, thus =>(ab)*.
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8. Let h(0)=ab; h(1)=e

Let L={abab,baba} h-
1(L)=_______
a) the language of two one’s and any number of zeroes
b) the language of two zeroes and any number of one’s
c) the language of two zeroes and two one’s
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: h-1(L) is the language with two 0’s and any number of 1’s=>(1*01*01*).

9. While proving Inverse Homomorphism, which of the following steps are needed?
a) Start with a DFA Ain L
b) Construct a DFA B for h-1(L)
c) The set of states, initial and final states should be same.
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: While constructing DFA B, we need to take care of the following:
a) The same set of states
b) The same start state
c) The same final state
d) Input alphabet = the symbols to which homomorphism h applies.

10. 8. Let h(0)=ab; h(1)=e Let L={abab,baba} h-1(L)= the

language of two zeroes and any number of one’s.
The given example belongs to which of the following?
a) Homomorphism
b) Inverse Homomorphism
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Let h be a homomorphism and L a language whose alphabet is the output language of h.
h-1(L) = {w | h(w) is in L}.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Conversions among Representations
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory online quiz focuses on “Conversions among Representations”.

1. Which of the following conversion is not feasible?

a) Regular expression to automaton conversion
b) Automaton to Regular Expression Conversion
c) NFA to DFA
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Each of the four formats of representation of the regular language be it, DFA, NFA, Regular
Expression or e-NFA can be converted to the rest three forms.
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2. The computation of e-closure of n-states takes ______ time.

a) O(n2)
b) O(n3)
c) O(2n)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

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Answer: b
Explanation: We must search from each of the n states along all arcs labelled e. If there are n states, there can
be no more than n2 states.

3. For a _________ state DFA, the time taken for DFA-NFA conversion is O(n).
a) n
b) n1/2

c) n2
d) 2n
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The conversion DFA to NFA is simple, and takes O(n) time on an n-state DFA.

4. With reference to Automaton to Regular Expression Conversion, for each of the n rounds, where n is the
number of states of DFA, we can _________ the size of the regular expression constructed. a) double
b) triple
c) quadruple
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: We can quadruple the size of the regular expression per round. Thus, we can simply write n3
expressions can take time O(n34n), where n =number of states of the DFA.
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5. Conversion of regular expression to e-NFA takes ___________ time.

a) linear
b) exponential
c) logarithmic
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: It is possible to parse the expression efficiently, using a technique that takes only O(n) time on
a expression of length n3.
6. The conversion of NFA to DFA can be done in:
a) exponential time
b) linear time
c) logarithmic time
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We can eliminate e-transitions from an n state epsilon-NFA to build an ordinary NFA in O(n3)
time, without changing the number of states.Next, producing to DFA can take exponential time.

7. Which of the following cannot be converted in an ordinary NFA?

a) DFA
b) Regular Expression
c) e-NFA
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
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Explanation: Each of the following can expressed in terms of ordinary NFA with different time complexities.
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8. NFA to DFA conversion is done via

a) Subset Construction method
b) Warshalls Algorithm
c) Ardens theorem
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Powerset or subset construction method is a standard method for converting a non deterministic
finite automata into DFA which recognizes the same formal language.

9. State true or false:

Statement: Regular expression can directly be converted to DFA without intermediate steps.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: There exists subsequent steps like formation of epsilon-NFA and NFA before the formation of
corresponding DFA.

10. Is the following statement correct?

Statement: Thompson construction is used to convert Regular expression to finite automata.
a) Yes
b) No View
Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Thompson’s Construction is used to find out a Finite Automaton from a Regular Expression.
We will reduce the regular expression into smallest regular expressions and convert them to NFA and finally
to DFA.
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Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory for online Quizzes, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice
Questions and Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Testing Emptiness and Membership
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Testing Emptiness
and Membership”.

1. Language classes have the following property:

a) Closure property
b) Decision property
c) Closure & Decision property
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A decision property of a language class is an algorithm that takes a formal description of a
language(e.g., a DFA) and tells whether or not some property holds.
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2. Which of the following are decision properties?

a) Emptiness
b) Infiniteness
c) Membership
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Emptiness, Infiniteness and Membership are the decision properties of any language class.
Example: Is the language L empty? Or Is w, a string belongs to the regular language L?

3. Pick the odd one out of the given properties of a regular language:
a) Kleene
b) Reversal

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c) Homomorphism
d) MembershipView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Membership is a decision property of language class while others mentioned like Kleene,
Reversal and Homomorphism are Closure properties of language class.

4. For an automata, which of the following are equivalent variants?

DFA,NFA and NFA with epsilon transitions a) DFA and NFA
b) NFA and epsilon NFA
c) DFA and epsilon NFA
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: For a given automata, all the formats of representation be it deterministic finite automata or non
deterministic finite automata or non deterministic finite automata with epsilon transitions, all are equivalent
variants.
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5. Which of the following are not meant to specify a regular language?

a) Regular Expression
b) DFA
c) NDFA and epsilon-NFA
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: It is possible to convert from one specification to another. We can express a regular language in
all the given four variants.

6. Which of the following problems do not belong to decision properties?

a) Given two languages, are there strings that are in both
b) Is the language a subset of another regular language
c) Is the language same as another regular language
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: To give a solution to the mentioned problems, we require decision properties and for some, we
need additional tools like minimized automaton and Pumping lemma.
7. Which of the following is a function of Closure properties?
a) Helps construct representations
b) Helps show informally described languages not to be in class
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Using closure properties we can give a=solution to many problems like :
Is the regular languages L1 and L2 closed on concatenation operation?, etc.
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8. Suppose there is a string w=abbab, and there exists a DFA which accepts w. How many stepts will
be required to test its membership? a) 2
b) 1
c) 4
d) None of the mentionedView Answer
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Answer: If a string belongs to a language, the number of steps required to test that member ship is equal to
the length of string i.e. 5.

9. If a DFA has n states and the language contains any string of length n or more, the language is termed as:
a) Infinite
b) Empty
c) Non regular
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: The language is surely finite if it is limited to string of length n or less. This is because there are
atleast n+1 states along the path while traversing w(string).

10. State true or false:

Statement: If an n-state DFA accepts a string w of length n or more, then there must be a state that appears
twice on the path labeled w from the start state to the final state. a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: This occurs because there are atleast n+1 states along the path while traversing the string w.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Context Free Grammar-Derivations and
Definitions
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Context Free
Grammar-Derivations and Definitions”.

1. The entity which generate Language is termed as:

a) Automata
b) Tokens
c) Grammar
d) DataView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The entity which accepts a language is termed as Automata while the one which generates it is
called Grammar. Tokens are the smallest individual unit of a program.
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2. Production Rule: aAb->agb belongs to which of the following category?

a) Regular Language
b) Context free Language
c) Context Sensitive Language
d) Recursively Ennumerable LanguageView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Context Sensitive Language or Type 1 or Linearly Bounded Non deterministic Language has
the production rule where the production is context dependent i.e. aAb->agb.
3. Which of the following statement is false?
a) Context free language is the subset of context sensitive language
b) Regular language is the subset of context sensitive language
c) Recursively ennumerable language is the super set of regular language
d) Context sensitive language is a subset of context free languageView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Every regular language can be produced by context free grammar and context free language can
be produced by context sensitive grammar and so on.

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4. The Grammar can be defined as: G=(V, ∑, p,
S) In the given definition, what does S represents?
a) Accepting State
b) Starting Variable
c) Sensitive Grammar
d) None of theseView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: G=(V, ∑, p, S), here V=Finite set of variables, ∑= set of terminals, p= finite productions, S=
Starting Variable.
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5. Which among the following cannot be accepted by a regular grammar?

a) L is a set of numbers divisible by 2
b) L is a set of binary complement
c) L is a set of string with odd number of 0
d) L is a set of 0n1n
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There exists no finite automata to accept the given language i.e. 0n1n. For other options, it is
possible to make a dfa or nfa representing the language set.

6. Which of the expression is appropriate?

For production p: a->b where a V and b _______ a)
V
b) S
c) (V+∑)*
d) V+ ∑View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: According to the definition, the starting variable can produce another variable or any terminal
or a variable which leads to terminal.

7. For S->0S1|e for ∑={0,1}*, which of the following is wrong for the language produced?
a) Non regular language
b) 0n1n | n>=0
c) 0n1n | n>=1
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: L={e, 01, 0011, 000111, ……0n1n }. As epsilon is a part of the set, thus all the options are
correct implying none of them to be wrong.
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8. The minimum number of productions required to produce a language consisting of palindrome strings
over ∑={a,b} is a) 3
b) 7
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer

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Answer: c
Explanation: The grammar which produces a palindrome set can be written as:
S-> aSa | bSb | e | a | b
L={e, a, b, aba, abbbaabbba…..}

9. Which of the following statement is correct?

a) All Regular grammar are context free but not vice versa
b) All context free grammar are regular grammar but not vice versa
c) Regular grammar and context free grammar are the same entity
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Regular grammar is a subset of context free grammar and thus all regular grammars are context
free.

10. Are ambiguous grammar context free?

a) Yes
b) NoView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A context free grammar G is ambiguous if there is atleast one string in L(G) which has two or
more distinct leftmost derivations.
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Answers.

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» Next - Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The Language of a Grammar, Inferences and
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The

Language of a Grammar, Inferences and
Ambiguity
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Problems focuses on “The Language of a Grammar, Inferences and
Ambiguity”.

1. Which of the following is not a notion of Context free grammars?

a) Recursive Inference
b) Derivations
c) Sentential forms
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The following are the notions to express Context free grammars:
a) Recursive Inferences
b) Derivations
c) Sentential form
d) Parse trees
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2. State true or false:

Statement: The recursive inference procedure determines that string w is in the language of the variable A, A
being the starting variable. a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We apply the productions of CFG to infer that certain strings are in the language of a certain
variable.
3. Which of the following is/are the suitable approaches for inferencing?
a) Recursive Inference
b) Derivations
c) Both Recursive Inference and Derivations
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Two inference approaches:
1. Recursive inference, using productions from body to head

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2. Derivations, using productions from head to body

4. If w belongs to L(G), for some CFG, then w has a parse tree, which defines the syntactic structure of w. w
could be:
a) program
b) SQL-query
c) XML document
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Parse trees are an alternative representation to derivations and recursive inferences. There can
be several parse trees for the same string.

5. Is the following statement correct?

Statement: Recursive inference and derivation are equivalent.
a) Yes
b) No View
Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Yes, they are equivalent. Both the terminologies represent the two approaches of recursive
inferencing.
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6. A->aA| a| b
The number of steps to form aab:
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A->aA=>aaA=>aab

7. An expression is mentioned as follows. Figure out number of incorrect notations or symbols, such that a
change in those could make the expression correct. L(G)={w in T*|S→*w}
a) 0 Errors
b) 1 Error
c) 2 Error
d) Invalid ExpressionView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For the given expression, L(G)={w in T*|S→*w}, If G(V, T, P, S) is a CFG, the language of G,
denoted by L(G), is the set of terminal strings that have derivations from the start symbol.
8. The language accepted by Push down Automaton:
a) Recursive Language
b) Context free language
c) Linearly Bounded language
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Push down automata accepts context free language.

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9. Which among the following is the correct option for the given grammar?
G->X111|G1,X->X0|00 a) {0a1b|a=2,b=3}
b) {0a1b|a=1,b=5}
c) {0a1b|a=b}
d) More than one of the mentioned is correctView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Using the recursive approach, we can conclude that option a is the correct answer, and its not
possible for a grammar to have more than one language.
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10. Which of the following the given language belongs to?

L={ambmcm| m>=1}
a) Context free language
b) Regular language
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The given language is neither accepted by a finite automata or a push down automata. Thus, it
is neither a context free language nor a regular language.

11. Choose the correct option:

Statement: There exists two inference approaches:
a) Recursive Inference
b) Derivation

a) true
b) partially true
c) false
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We apply the productions of a CFG to infer that certain strings are in a language of certain
variable.

12. Choose the correct option:

Statement 1: Recursive Inference, using productions from head to body.
Statement 2: Derivations, using productions from body to head.
a) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is true
b) Statement 1 and Statement 2, both are false
c) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false
d) Statement 2 is true and Statement 1 is true
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Both the statements are false. Recursive Inference, using productions from body to head.
Derivations, using productions from head to body.
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13. Which of the following statements are correct for a concept called inherent ambiguity in CFL?
a) Every CFG for L is ambiguous
b) Every CFG for L is unambiguous
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c) Every CFG is also regular
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A CFL L is said to be inherently ambiguous if every CFG for L is ambiguous.

14. Which of the theorem defines the existence of Parikhs theorem?

a) Parikh’s theorem
b) Jacobi theorem
c) AF+BG theorem
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Rohit Parikh in 1961 proved in his MIT research paper that some context free language can
only have ambiguous grammars.

Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory Problems, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions
and Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Sentential Forms
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Sentential Forms”.

1. State true or false:

Statement: Every right-linear grammar generates a regular language.
a) True
b) False
View
Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A CFG is said to right linear if each production body has at most one variable, and that variable
is at the right end. That is, all productions of a right linear grammar are of the form A->wB or A->w, where
A and B are variables while w is some terminal.
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2. What the does the given CFG defines?

S->aSbS|bSaS|e and w denotes terminal
a) wwr
b) wSw
c) Equal number of a’s and b’s
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Using the derivation approach, we can conclude that the given grammar produces a language
with a set of string which have equal number of a’s and b’s.

3. If L1 and L2 are context free languages, which of the following is context free?
a) L1*
b) L2UL1
c) L1.L2
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The following is a theorem which states the closure property of context free languages which
includes Kleene operation, Union operation and Dot operation.

4. For the given Regular expression, the minimum number of variables including starting variable required to
derive its grammar is: (011+1)*(01)* a) 4
b) 3
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The grammar can be written as:
S->BC
B->AB|ε
A->011|1 C-
>DC|ε D->01
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5. For the given Regular expression, the minimum number of terminals required to derive its grammar is:
(011+1)*(01)* a) 4
b) 3
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The grammar can be written as:
S->BC
B->AB|ε
A->011|1
C->DC|ε D-
>01
6. A grammar G=(V, T, P, S) is __________ if every production taken one of the two forms: B-
>aC
B->a

a) Ambiguous
b) Regular
c) Non Regular
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The following format of grammar is of Regular grammar and is a part of Context free grammar
i.e. like a specific form whose finite automata can be generated.

7. Which among the following is a CFG for the given Language:

L={x {0,1}*|number of zeroes in x=number of one’s in x} a) S-
>e|0S1|1S0|SS
b) S->0B|1A|e A->0S B->1S
c) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: We can build context free grammar through different approaches, recursively defining the
variables and terminals inorder to fulfil the conditions.
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8. Which of the following languages are most suitable for implement context free languages ?
a) C
b) Perl
c) Assembly Language
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The advantage of using high level programming language like C and Pascal is that they allow
us to write statements that look more like English.

9. Which among the following is the correct grammar for the given language?
L={x {0,1}*|number of zeroes in x¹number of one’s in x} a) S->
0|SS|1SS|SS1|S1S
b) S-> 1|0S|0SS|SS0|S0S
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c) S-> 0|0S|1SS|SS1|S1S
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: L={0, 1, 00, 11, 001, 010,…}
The grammar can be framed as: S-> 0|0S|1SS|SS1|S1S

10. L={0i1j2k | j>i+k}

Which of the following satisfies the language?
a) 0111100
b) 011100
c) 0001100
d) 0101010View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: It is just required to put the value in the variables in the question and check if it satisfies or not.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Construction and Yield of a Parse Tree
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Construction and
Yield of a Parse Tree”.

1. The most suitable data structure used to represent the derivations in compiler:
a) Queue
b) Linked List
c) Tree
d) Hash TablesView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The tree, known as “Parse tree” when used in a compiler, is the data structure of choice to
represent the source program.
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2. Which of the following statement is false in context of tree terminology?

a) Root with no children is called a leaf
b) A node can have three children
c) Root has no parent
d) Trees are collection of nodes, with a parent child relationshipView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A node has atmost one parent, drawn above the node, and zero or more children drawn below.
Lines connect parents to children. There is one node, one root, that has no parent; this node appears to be at
the top of the tree. Nodes with no children are called leaves. Nodes that are not leaves are called interior
nodes.

3. In which order are the children of any node ordered?

a) From the left
b) From the right
c) Arbitrarily
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The children of a node are ordered from the left and drawn so. If N is to the left of node M, then
all the descendents of N are considered to be to the left of all the descendents of M.

4. Which among the following is the root of the parse tree?

a) Production P
b) Terminal T
c) Variable V
d) Starting Variable S
View Answer
Answer: d
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Explanation: The root is labelled by the start symbol. All the leaves are either labelled by a a terminal or with
e.
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5. For the expression E*(E) where * and brackets are the operation, number of nodes in the respective parse
tree are: a) 6
b) 7
c) 5
d) 2
View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation:

6. The number of leaves in a parse tree with expression E*(E) where * and () are operators
a) 5
b) 2
c) 4
d) 3
View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation:
7. Which of the following does the given parse tree correspond to?

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a) P->1100
b) P->0110
c) P->1100ε
d) P->0101View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The following is a parse tree for the production 0110 over {0,1}*.
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8. A grammar with more than one parse tree is called:

a) Unambiguous
b) Ambiguous
c) Regular
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A context free grammar G is ambiguous if there is at least one string in L(G) having two or
more distinct derivation trees or equivalently, two or more distinct leftmost derivations.

9. __________ is the acyclic graphical representation of a grammar.

a) Binary tree
b) Oct tree
c) Parse tree
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: In order to graphically represent a derivation of a grammar we need to use parse trees.

10. Grammar is checked by which component of compiler

a) Scanner
b) Parser
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c) Semantic Analyzer
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: Parser or syntax analyzer is the one responsible for checking the grammar and reporting errors. In
this phase, parse tree is generated and syntax is analyzed.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Inferences to Trees, Trees to Derivations
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Question Bank focuses on “Inferences to Trees, Trees to Derivations”.

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1. A symbol X is ________ if there exists : S->* aXb
a) reachable
b) generating
c) context free
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A symbol X is generating if there exists : X->*w for some w that belongs to T*.
Also, a symbol can never be context free.
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2. A symbol X is called to be useful if and only if its is:

a) generating
b) reachable
c) both generating and reachable
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: For a symbol X to be useful, it has to be both reachable and generating i.e. S-
>* aXb -> * w where w belongs to T*.

3. Which of the following is false for a grammar G in Chomsky Normal Form:

a) G has no useless symbols
b) G has no unit productions
c) G has no epsilon productions
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: G, a CFG is said to be in Chomsky normal form if all its productions are in one of the following
form:
A->BC or A->a

4. Given Checklist:
a) G has no useless symbols
b) G has no unit productions
c) G has no epsilon productions
d) Normal form for production is violated
Is it possible for the grammar G to be in CNF with the following checklisy ?
a) Yes
b) No View
Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The grammar is not in CNF if it violates the normal form of the productions which is strictly
restricted.
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5. State true or false:

Statement: A CNF parse tree’s string yield (w) can no longer be 2h-1.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
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Explanation: It is the parse tree theorem which states:
Given: Suppose we have a parse tree for a string w, according to a CNF grammar, G=(V, T, P, S). Let h be
the height of the parse tree. Now, Implication: |w|<=2h-1.
6. If |w|>=2h, then its parse tree’s height is at least _____
a) h
b) h+1
c) h-1
d) 2h
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: It is the basic implication of Parse tree theorem (assuming CNF). If the height of the parse tree
is h, then |w| <=2h-1.

7. If w belongs to L(G), for some CFG, then w has a parse tree, which tell us the ________ structure of w.
a) semantic
b) syntactic
c) lexical
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A parse tree or concrete syntactic tree is an ordered, rooted tree that represents the syntactic
structure of a string according to some context free grammar.
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8. Which of the following are distinct to parse trees?

a) abstract parse trees
b) sentence diagrams
c) both abstract parse trees and sentence diagrams
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Both of the mentioned are different from parse trees. Sentence diagrams are pictorial
representations of grammatical structure of a sentence.

9. Choose the correct option:

Statement: Unambiguity is the ideal structure of a language.
a) true
b) partially true
c) false
d) cant be saidView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Ideally, there should be only one parse tree for each string, i.e. the language should be
unambiguous.

10. Is the given statement correct?

Statement: The mere existence of several derivations is not an issue, its is the existence of several parse trees
that ruins a grammar. a) Yes
b) No View
Answer

Answer: a
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Explanation: It is also true that multiple leftmost or rightmost derivations do cause ambiguity. Unfortunately,
it is not possible to remove the ambiguity always.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Applications – Parsers
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Applications –
Parsers”.

1. To derive a string using the production rules of a given grammar, we use:

a) Scanning
b) Parsing
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c) Derivation
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Parsing is required to check the acceptability of a string. Further, comes the syntactical phase
which is taken care by other phases of compiler.
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2. Which of the following parser reaches the root symbol of the tree at last?
a) Top down parser
b) Bottom up parser
c) TOP down and Bottom up parser
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Bottom up parser starts from the bottom with the string and comes up to the start symbolusing a
parse tree or a derivation tree.

3. Left corner parsing methof uses which of the following?

a) Top down parser
b) Bottom up parser
c) TOP down and Bottom up parser
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: It is a hybrid method which works bottom up along the left edges of each subtree, and top down
on the rest of the parse tree.

4. Which of the following parser performs top down parsing?

a) LALR parser
b) LL parser
c) Recursive Accent parser
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Bottom up parsing is done by shift reduce parsers like LALR parsers, Operator precedence
parsers, simple precedence parsers, etc.
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5. Which of the following is true for shift reduce parsers?

a) Scans and parses the input in one forward pass over the text, without any backup.
b) A shift command advances in the input stream by one symbol
c) LALR parser
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The mentioned are the correct and proper functions of a shift reduce parsers. The parsing
methods are most commonly used for parsing programming languages, etc.

6. State true or false:

Statement: LALR parsers uses tables rather than mutually recursive functions.
a) true
b) false
View Answer
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Answer: b
Explanation: It is exactly the opposite case where LALR parsers uses mutually recursive functions instead of
tables. It is a simplified version of canonical left to right parser.

7. LALR in LALR parser stands for:

a) Left aligned left right parser
b) Look ahead left to right parser
c) Language Argument left to right parser
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:
Explanation: LALR stands for Look ahead left to right parsers. It has more language recognition power than
LR(0) parser.
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8. Which of the following can be a LALR parser generator?

a) YACC
b) GNU Bison
c) YACC and GNU Bison
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: YACC is a computer code for UNIX operating system which generates a LALR parser. On the
other hand GNU Bison or Bison can generate LALR and GLR parsers.

9. Which of the following parsers do not relate to Bottom up parsing?

a) LL parser
b) Recursive descent parser
c) Earley parsers
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All the following mentioned are top down parsers and begin their operation from the starting
symbol.

10. Which of the following is true for a predictive parser?

a) Recursive Descent parser
b) no backtracking
c) Recursive Descent parser and no backtracking
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Predictive parsing is possible only for the class of LL-grammars, which are the CFG for which
there exists some positive integer k that allows a recursive descent parser to decide which production to use
by examining only the next k tokens of input.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – YACC

Parser Generator
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “YACC Parser
Generator”.

1. YACC is a computer program for ______ operation system.

a) Windows
b) DOS
c) Unix
d) openSUSEView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: YACC technique is a computer code for the Unix operating system. It is a LALR parser
generator, generating a parser, the part of a compiler that tries to make syntactic sense of the source code.
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2. YACC is an acronym for:

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a) Yes Another Compile Compiler
b) Yet Another Compile Compiler
c) Yet Another Compiler Compiler
d) Yes Another Compiler CompilerView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: YACC stands for ‘Yet another compiler compiler’ and it was developed by Stephen Johnson in
B programming language later translated to C.

3. The YACC takes C code as input and outputs_________

a) Top down parsers
b) Bottom up parsers
c) Machine code
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The YACC takes C code as input and produces shift reduce parsers in C,also known as Bottom
up parsers which execute C snippets with the associated rule.

4. The _______ table is created by YACC.

a) LALR parsing
b) LL parsing
c) GLR parsing
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: LALR parser generator is software tool that reads a BNF grammar and creates a LALR parser
which is capable of parsing files written in programming language identified by BNF grammar.
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5. The original YACC as written in __________ language

a) R programming language
b) C programming language
c) B programming language
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Stephen Johnson wrote this parser generator in B programming language which was further
modified and written in C, JAVA, Python, etc.

6. Which of the following is false for B programming language?

a) Typeless
b) Influenced by PL/I
c) Designed by Dennis Ritchie
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: B was programming language designed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson for recursive,
non numeric, system and language softwares. It was a typeless language, everything is a word.

7. Which of the following is false for BNF?

a) BNF means Backus Naur Form
b) It is a normal form used in Data base normalization
c) It is a notation technique for context free grammar
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d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The normal form used in Data base normalization is BCNF i.e. Boyce Codd normal form and
NOT Backus Naur Form.
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8. State true or false:

Statement: BNF is a metasyntax used to express CFG
a) True
b) False
View
Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: BNF is a metasyntax used to express context free grammar, moreover a formal way to express
the language.

9. Which of the following are not used to express CFG?

a) BNF
b) EBNF, ABNF
c) Van Wijngaarden form
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: W grammar or van Wijngaarden form is used to define potentially infinite context free
grammars in a finite number of rules. It is an example of larger class of affix grammars. This technique was
used to define the P/L Algol 68.

10. Which of the following version of Unix came up with YACC first?
a) V3
b) V5
c) CB UNIX
d) Unix-RTView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Yacc appeared in version 3 of unix, though full description was published by 1975.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Markup Languages
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Markup
Languages”.

1. XML is a _________ markup language.

a) meta
b) beta
c) octa
d) petaView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Generally speaking, a meta language is a language used to describe a language. XML is a
metalanguage that is used to describe a markup language.
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2. XML uses _________ principle to formally describe the data.

a) DDL
b) DTD
c) DML
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A document type definition (DTD) is a set of markup declarations that define a document type
for an SGML-family markup language (SGML, XML, HTML). A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines

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the legal building blocks of an XML document. It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements
and attributes.

3. Which among the following are true for an Extensible markup language?
a) Human Readable/ Machine Readable
b) Extended from SGML
c) Developed by www consortium
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: XML is an open format markup language with a filename extension of .xml.

4. Which of them have XML as their default format?

a) IWork
b) LibreOffice
c) OpenOffice
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: More that hundred of document formats using XML syntax have been developed, including
RSS, Atom, SOAP and XHTML.
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5. A DTD is associated with a XML file by means of ___________

a) Function
b) <!DOCTYPE>
c) Macros
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A document type definition defines the legal building blocks of an XML document .

6. Which of the following is not an example of electronic mark up?

a) HTML
b) LaTeX
c) PostScript
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are three categories of electronic markup: presentational, procedural, and descriptive
markup. Examples are XML, HTML, LaTeX, etc.

7. troff and nroff are _________ in Unix.

a) functions
b) typesetting tools
c) System sofwares
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Early examples of computer markup languages can be found in typesetting tools like troff and
nroff in Unix.
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8. SGML stands for:

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a) Standard Generalized Markup Language
b) Standardized General Markup Language
c) Standard General Markup Language
d) Standard Generalized Markdown LanguageView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: SGML is an acronym for Standard Generalized Markup Language.

9. Markup Languages are not used for which of the following?

a) playlists
b) content syndication
c) user interfaces
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Markup languages originated with text documents, but there is an increasing use of mark up
language in presentation of other types of information, including playlists, vector graphics, user interfaces
and web services.

10. Which of the following is incorrect for HTML5 markup construct?

a) Start tags: <section>
b) End tags: </section>
c) <img src= “abc.jpeg” >ABC</img>
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All the mentioned options are valid HTML5 arguments and executes properly.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Ambiguous Grammar
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Ambiguous
Grammar”.

1. A CFG is ambiguous if
a) It has more than one rightmost derivations
b) It has more than one leftmost derivations
c) No parse tree can be generated for the CFG
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A context free grammar is ambiguous if it has more than one parse tree generated or more than
one leftmost derivations. An unambiguous grammar is a context free grammar for which every valid string
has a unique leftmost derivation.
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2. Which of the following are always unambiguous?

a) Deterministic Context free grammars
b) Non-Deterministic Regular grammars
c) Context sensitive grammar
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Deterministic CFGs are always unambiguous , and are an important subclass of unambiguous
CFGs; there are non-deterministic unambiguous CFGs, however.

3. A CFG is not closed under

a) Dot operation
b) Union Operation
c) Concatenation
d) Iteration
View Answer

Answer: d
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Explanation: The closure property of a context free grammar does not include iteration or kleene or star
operation.

4. Which of the following is an real-world programming language ambiguity?

a) dangling else problem
b) halting problem
c) maze problem
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Dangling else problem: In many languages,the else in an if-then-else statement is optional,
which results into nested conditionals being ambiguous, at least in terms of the CFG.
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5. Which of the following is a parser for an ambiguous grammar?

a) GLR parser
b) Chart parser
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: GLR parser: a type of parser for non deterministic and ambiguous grammar
Chart parser: aa type of parser for ambiguous grammar.

6. A language that admits only ambiguous grammar:

a) Inherent Ambiguous language
b) Inherent Unambiguous language
c) Context free language
d) Context Sensitive languageView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A context free language for which no unambiguous grammar exists, is called Inherent
ambiguous language.

7. Which of the following is an example of inherent ambiguous language?

a) {an|n>1}
b) {anbncmdm| n,m > 0}
c) {0n1n|n>0}
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: This set is context-free, since the union of two context-free languages is always context free.
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8. State true or false:

Statement: R->R|T T->ε is an ambiguous grammar
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The production can be either itself or an empty string. Thus the empty string has more than one
leftmost derivations, depending on how many times R->R is being used.
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9. In context to ambiguity, the number of times the following programming statement can be interpreted as:
Statement: if R then if T then P else V a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Dangling else problem if R then (if T then P else V) and if R then (if T then P) else V are
the two ways in which the given if else statement can be parsed.

10. CFGs can be parsed in polynomial time using__________

a) LR parser
b) CYK algorithm
c) SLR parser
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: CYK algorithm parses the CFG in polynomial time while LR parsers do the same in linear time.
DCFGs are accepted by DPDAs and parsed using LR parsers or CYK algorithm.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

PDAAcceptance by Final State
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Questions and Answers for Entrance exams focuses on “PDA-Acceptance by
Final State”.

1. A push down automaton employs ________ data structure.

a) Queue
b) Linked List
c) Hash Table
d) Stack
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A push down automata uses a stack to carry out its operations. They are more capable than the
finite automatons but less than the turing model.
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2. State true or false:

Statement: The operations of PDA never work on elements, other than the top.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The term pushdown refers to the fact that the elements are pushed down in the stack and as per
the LIFO principle, the operation is always performed on the top element of the stack.

3. Which of the following allows stacked values to be sub-stacks rather than just finite symbols?
a) Push Down Automaton
b) Turing Machine
c) Nested Stack Automaton
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: In computational theory, a nested stack automaton is a finite automaton which makes use of
stack containing data which can be additional stacks.

4. A non deterministic two way, nested stack automaton has n-tuple definition. State the value of n.
a) 5
b) 8
c) 4
d) 10
View Answer

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Answer: d
Explanation: The 10-tuple can be stated as: NSA= ‹Q,Σ,Γ,δ,q0,Z0,F,[,],]›.
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5. Push down automata accepts _________ languages.

a) Type 3
b) Type 2
c) Type 1
d) Type 0View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Push down automata is for Context free languages and they are termed as Type 2 languages
according to Chomsky hierarchy.

6. The class of languages not accepted by non deterministic, nonerasing stack automata is _______
a) NSPACE(n2)
b) NL
c) CSL
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: NSPACE or non deterministic space is the computational resource describing the memory
space for a non deterministic turing machine.
7. A push down automaton with only symbol allowed on the stack along with fixed symbol.
a) Embedded PDA
b) Nested Stack automata
c) DPDA
d) Counter AutomatonView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: This class of automata can recognize a set of context free languages like {anbn|n belongs to N}
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8. Which of the operations are eligible in PDA?

a) Push
b) Delete
c) Insert
d) Pop
View Answer

Answer: a, d
Explanation: Push and pop are the operations we perform to operate a stack. A stack follows the LIFO
principle, which states its rule as: Last In First Out.

9. A string is accepted by a PDA when

a) Stack is empty
b) Acceptance state
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: When we reach the acceptance state and find the stack to be empty, we say, the string has been
accepted by the push down automata.

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10. The following move of a PDA is on the basis of:
a) Present state
b) Input Symbol
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The next operation is performed by PDA considering three factors: present state,symbol on the
top of the stack and the input symbol.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

PDAacceptance by Empty Stack
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« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “PDA-acceptance
by Empty Stack”.

1. If two sets, R and T has no elements in common i.e. RÇT=Æ, then the sets are called
a) Complement
b) Union
c) Disjoint
d) ConnectedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Two sets are called disjoint if they have no elements in common i.e. RÇT=Æ.
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2. Which among the following is not a part of the Context free grammar tuple?
a) End symbol
b) Start symbol
c) Variable
d) ProductionView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The tuple definition of context free grammar is: (V, T, P, S) where V=set of variables, T=set of
terminals, P=production, S= Starting Variable.

3. A context free grammar is a ___________

a) English grammar
b) Regular grammar
c) Context sensitive grammar
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Context free grammar is the set which belongs to the set of context free grammar. Similarly,
Regular grammar is a set which belongs to the the set of Context free grammar.

4. The closure property of context free grammar includes :

a) Kleene
b) Concatenation
c) Union
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Context free grammars are closed under kleene operation, union and concatenation too.
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5. Which of the following automata takes stack as auxiliary storage?

a) Finite automata
b) Push down automata
c) Turing machine
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Pushdown Automaton uses stack as an auxiliary storage for its operations. Turing machines use
Queue for the same.

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6. Which of the following automata takes queue as an auxiliary storage?
a) Finite automata
b) Push down automata
c) Turing machine
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Pushdown Automaton uses stack as an auxiliary storage for its operations. Turing machines use
Queue for the same.

7. A context free grammar can be recognized by

a) Push down automata
b) 2 way linearly bounded automata
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A linearly bounded automata is a restricted non deterministic turing machine which is capable
of accepting ant context free grammar.
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8. A null production can be referred to as:

a) String
b) Symbol
c) Word
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Null production is always taken as a string in computational theory.

9. The context free grammar which generates a Regular Language is termed as:
a) Context Regular Grammar
b) Regular Grammar
c) Context Sensitive Grammar
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Regular grammar is a subset of Context free grammar. The CFGs which produces a language
for which a finite automaton can be created is called Regular grammar.

10. NPDA stands for

a) Non-Deterministic Push Down Automata
b) Null-Push Down Automata
c) Nested Push Down Automata
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: NPDA stands for non-deterministic push down automata whereas DPDA stands for
deterministic push down automata.
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Questions and Answers – From Grammars to Push Down Automata
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – From

Grammars to Push Down Automata
« Prev Next »

This set of Basic Automata Theory Questions and Answers focuses on “From Grammars to Push Down
Automata”.

1. The production of the form A->B , where A and B are non terminals is called
a) Null production
b) Unit production
c) Greibach Normal Form
d) Chomsky Normal FormView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A->ε is termed as Null production while A->B is termed as Unit production.
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2. Halting states are of two types. They are:
a) Accept and Reject
b) Reject and Allow
c) Start and Reject
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Halting states are the new tuple members introduced in turing machine and is of two types:
Accept Halting State and Reject Halting State.

3. A push down automata can be represented as:

PDA= ε-NFA +[stack] State true or false:
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:

4. A pushdown automata can be defined as: (Q, ∑, G, q0, z0, A, d)

What does the symbol z0 represents? a) an element of G
b) initial stack symbol
c) top stack alphabet
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: z0 is the initial stack symbol, is an element of G. Other symbols like d represents the transition
function of the machine.
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5. Which of the following correctly recognize the symbol ‘|-‘ in context to PDA?
a) Moves
b) transition function
c) or/not symbol
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Using this notation, we can define moves and further acceptance of a string by the machine.

6. Which among the following is true for the given statement?

Statement :If there are strings R and T in a language L so that R is prefix of T and R is not equivalent to T.
a) No DPDA can accept L by empty stack
b) DPDA can accept L by an empty stack
c) L is regular
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a

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Explanation: If M is a DPDA accepting L by an empty stsck, R and T are distinct strings in L, and R is a
prefix of T, then the sequence of moves M must make in order to accept R leaves the stack empty, since
R L. But then T cannot be accepted, since M cant move with an empty stack.

7. Which of the following can be accepted by a DPDA?

a) The set of even length palindrome over {a,b}
b) The set of odd length palindrome over {a,b}
c) {xxc| where c stands for the complement,{0,1}}
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Theorem: The language pal of palindromes over the alphabet {0,1} cannot be accepted by any
finite automaton , and it is therefore not regular.
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8. For a counter automaton, with the symbols A and Z0, the string on the stack is always in the form of
__________ a) A
b) AnZ0, n>=0
c) Z0An, n>=0
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation:The possible change in the stack contents is a change in the number of A’s on the stack.

9. State true or false:

Statement: Counter Automaton can exist for the language L={0i1i|i>=0}
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The PDA works as follows. Instead of saving excess 0’s or 1’s on the stack, we save *’s and
use two different states to indicate which symbol there is currently a surplus of. The state q0 is the initial
state and the only accepting state.

10. Let ∑={0,1}* and the grammar G be:

S->ε
S->SS
S->0S1|1S0
State which of the following is true for the given
a) Language of all and only Balanced strings
b) It contains equal number of 0’s and 1’s
c) Ambiguous Grammar
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A string is said to be balanced if it consist of equal number of 0’s and 1’s.
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Multiple Choice Questions and Answers.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – From

PDA to Grammars
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “From PDA to
Grammars”.

1. The instantaneous PDA is has the following elements

a) State
b) Unconsumed input
c) Stack content
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The instantaneous description of a PDA is represented by 3 tuple:

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(q,w,s) where q is the state, w is the unconsumed input and s is the stack
content.
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2. The moves in the PDA is technically termed as:

a) Turnstile
b) Shifter
c) Router
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A turnstile notation is used for connecting pairs od ID’s taht represents one or many moves of a
PDA.

3. Which of the following option resembles the given PDA?

a) {0n1n|n>=0}
b) {0n12n|n>=0}
c) {02n1n|n>=0}
d) None of the mentionedView Answer Answer: a
4. Which of the following correctly resembles the given state diagram?

a) {wwr|w=(a+b)*}
b) ε is called the initial stack symbol
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Initially we put a special symbol ‘#’ into the empty stack. At state q1, the w is being read. In
state q2, each 0 or 1 is popped when it matches the input. If any other input is given, the PDA will go to a
dead state. When we reach that special symbol ‘#’, we go to the accepting state q3.

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5. Which of the following assertion is false?

a) If L is a language accepted by PDA1 by final state, there exist a PDA2 that accepts L by empty stack i.e.
L=L(PDA1)=L(PDA2)
b) If L is a CFL then there exists a push down automata P accepting CF; ; by empty stack i.e. L=M(P)
c) Let L is a language accepted by PDA1 then there exist a CFG X such that L(X)=M(P)d) All of the
mentioned View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation:
All the assertions mentioned are theorems or corollary.

6. A push down automata can represented using:

a) Transition graph
b) Transition table
c) ID
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Yes, a PDA can be represented using a transition diagram, transition table and an instantaneous
description.

7. State true or false:

Statement: Every context free grammar can be transformed into an equvalent non deterministic push down
automata. a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Push down automata is the automaton machine for all the context free grammar or Type 2
languages.
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8. Which of the following statement is false?

a) For non deterministic PDA, equivalence is undecidable
b) For deterministic PDA, equivalence is decidable
c) For deterministic PDA, equivalence is undecidable.
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Geraud proved the equivalence problem decidable for Deterministic PDA .

9. Which of the following are the actions that operates on stack top?
a) Pushing
b) Popping
c) Replacing
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Push, pop and replace are all the basic and only operations that takes place on stack top.

10. A push down automata is said to be _________ if it has atmost one transition around all configurations.
a) Finite

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b) Non regular
c) Non-deterministic
d) DeterministicView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: DPDA or Deterministic Push down automata has atmost one transition applicable to each
configuration.
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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Deterministic PDA
« Prev Next »
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Deterministic
PDA”

1. The transition a Push down automaton makes is additionally dependent upon the:
a) stack
b) input tape
c) terminals
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A PDA is a finite machine which has an additional stack storage. Its transitions are based not
only on input and the correct state but also on the stack.
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2. A PDA machine configuration (p, w, y) can be correctly represented as:

a) (current state, unprocessed input, stack content)
b) (unprocessed input, stack content, current state)
c) (current state, stack content, unprocessed input)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A machine configuration is an element of K×Σ*×Γ*.
(p,w,γ) = (current state, unprocessed input, stack content).

3. |-* is the __________ closure of |-

a) symmetric and reflexive
b) transitive and reflexive
c) symmetric and transitive
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A string w is accepted by a PDA if and only if (s,w, e) |-* (f, e, e)

4. With reference of a DPDA, which among the following do we perform from the start state with an empty
stack?
a) process the whole string
b) end in final state
c) end with an empty stack
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The empty stack in the end is our requirement relative to finite state automatons.
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5. A DPDA is a PDA in which:

a) No state p has two outgoing transitions
b) More than one state can have two or more outgoing transitions
c) Atleast one state has more than one transitions
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A Deterministic Push Down Automata is a Push Down Automata in which no state p has two or
more transitions.

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6. State true or false:
Statement: For every CFL, G, there exists a PDA M such that L(G) = L(M) and vice versa.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: There exists two lemma’s such that:
a) Given a grammar G, construct the PDA and show the equivalence
b) Given a PDA, construct a grammar and show the equivalence

7. If the PDA does not stop on an accepting state and the stack is not empty, the string is:
a) rejected
b) goes into loop forever
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: To accept a string, PDA needs to halt at an accepting state and with a stack empty, else it is
called rejected. Given a PDA M, we can construct a PDA M’ that accepts the same language as M, by both
acceptance criteria.
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8. A language accepted by Deterministic Push down automata is closed under which of the following?
a) Complement
b) Union
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Deterministic Context free languages(one accepted by PDA by final state), are drastically
different from the context free languages. For example they are closed under complementation and not
union.

9. Which of the following is a simulator for non deterministic automata?

a) JFLAP
b) Gedit
c) FAUTO
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: JFLAP is a software for experimenting with formal topics including NFA, NPDA, multi-tape
turing machines and L-systems.

10. Finite-state acceptors for the nested words can be:

a) nested word automata
b) push down automata
c) ndfa
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The linear encodings of languages accepted by finite nested word automata gives the class of
‘visibly pushdown automata’.
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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Regular Languages and D-PDA
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular
Languages and D-PDA”.

1. Which of the following is analogous to the following?

:NFA and NPDA
a) Regular language and Context Free language
b) Regular language and Context Sensitive language
c) Context free language and Context Sensitive language
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

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Answer: a
Explanation: All regular languages can be accepted by a non deterministic finite automata and all context
free languages can be accepted by a non deterministic push down automata.
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2. Let T={p, q, r, s, t}. The number of strings in S* of length 4 such that no symbols can be repeated.
a) 120
b) 625
c) 360
d) 36
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Using the permutation rule, we can calculate that there will be total of 625 permutations on 5
elements taking 4 as the length.

3. Which of the following relates to Chomsky hierarchy?

a) Regular<CFL<CSL<Unrestricted
b) CFL<CSL<Unrestricted<Regular
c) CSL<Unrestricted<CF<Regular
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The chomsky hierarchy lays down the following order: Regular<CFL<CSL<Unrestricted

4. A language is accepted by a push down automata if it is:

a) regular
b) context free
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: All the regular languages are the subset to context free languages and thus can be accepted
using push down automata.
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5. Which of the following is an incorrect regular expression identity?

a) R+f=R
b) eR=e
c) Rf=f
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: e is the identity for concatenation. Thus, eR=R.

6. Which of the following strings do not belong the given regular expression?
(a)*(a+cba) a) aa
b) aaa
c) acba
d) acbacbaView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The string acbacba is unacceptable by the regular expression (a)*(a+cba).

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7. Which of the following regular expression allows strings on {a,b}* with length n where n is a multiple of
4.
a) (a+b+ab+ba+aa+bb+aba+bab+abab+baba)*
b) (bbbb+aaaa)*
c) ((a+b)(a+b)(a+b)(a+b))*
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Other mentioned options do not many of the combinations while option c seems most reliable.
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8. Which of the following strings is not generated by the given grammar:

S->SaSbS|e a) aabb
b) abab
c) abaabb
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All the given options are generated by the given grammar. Using the methods of left and right
derivations, it is simpler to look for string which a grammar can generate.

9. abb*c denotes which of the following?

a) {abnc|n=0}
b) {abnc|n=1}
c) {anbc|n=0}
d) {abcn|n>0}View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Here, the first mentioned b is fixed while the other can be zero or can be repeated any number
of time.

10. The following denotion belongs to which type of language:

G=(V, T, P, S)
a) Regular grammar
b) Context free grammar
c) Context Sensitive grammar
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Ant formal grammar is represented using a 4-tuple definition where V= finite set of variables,
T= set of terminal characters, P=set of productions and S= Starting Variable with certain conditions based on
the type of formal grammar.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – DPDA

and Context Free Languages
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “DPDA and
Context Free Languages”.
1. Context free grammar is called Type 2 grammar because of ______________ hierarchy.
a) Greibach
b) Backus
c) Chomsky
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Chomsky hierarchy decide four type of language :Type 3- Regular Language, Type 2-Context
free language, Type 1-Context Sensitive Language, Type 0- Unrestricted or Recursively Ennumerable
language.
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2. a→b
Restriction: Length of b must be atleast as much length of a.
Which of the following is correct for the given assertion?
a) Greibach Normal form
b) Context Sensitive Language
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c) Chomsky Normal form
d) Recursively Ennumerable languageView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A context-sensitive grammar (CSG) is a formal grammar in which the left-hand sides and
righthand sides of any production rules may be surrounded by a context of terminal and non terminal
symbols. Context-sensitive grammars are more general than context-free grammars, in the sense that there
are some languages that cannot be described by context-free grammars, but can be described by CSG.

3. From the definition of context free grammars,

G=(V, T, P, S)
What is the solution of VÇT?
a) Null
b) Not Null
c) Cannot be determined, depends on the language
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: V is the set of non terminal symbols while T is the st of terminal symbols, their intersection
would always be null.

4. If P is the production, for the given statement, state true or false.

P: V->(V∑T)* represents that the left hand side production rule has no right or left context.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Here the production P is from the definition of Context free grammar and thus, has no right or
left context.

5. There exists a Context free grammar such that:

X->aX
Which among the following is correct with respect to the given assertion?
a) Left Recursive Grammar
b) Right Recursive Grammar
c) Non Recursive Grammar
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The grammar with right recursive production is known as Right recursive grammar. Right
recursive production is of the form X->aX where a is a terminal and X is a non terminal.
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6. If the partial derivation tree contains the root as the starting variable, the form is known as:
a) Chomsky hierarchy
b) Sentential form
c) Root form
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Example: For any grammar, productions be:
S->AB
A->aaA| ^
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B->Bb| ^
The partial derivation tree can be drawn as:

Since it has the root as S, this can be said to be in sentential form.

7. Find a regular expression for a grammar which generates a language which states :
L contains a set of strings starting wth an a and ending with a b, with something in the middle.
a) a(a*Ub*)b
b) a*(aUb)b*
c) a(a*b*)b
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The grammar for the same language can be stated as :
(1) S → aMb
(2) M → A
(3) M → B
(4) A → e
(5) A → aA
(6) B → e
(7) B → bB

8. Which of the following is the correct representation of grammar for the given regular expression?
a(aUb)*b

a) (1) S → aMb
(2) M → e
(3) M → aM
(4) M → bM

b) (1) S → aMb
(2) M → Mab
(3) M → aM
(4) M → bM
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c) (1) S → aMb
(2) M → e
(3) M → aMb
(4) M → bMa

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:

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The basic idea of grammar formalisms is to capture the structure of string by
a) using special symbols to stand for substrings of a particular structure
b) using rules to specify how the substrings are combined to form new substrings.

9. A CFG consist of the following elements:

a) a set of terminal symbols
b) a set of non terminal symbols
c) a set of productions
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A CFG consists of:
a) a set of terminals, which are characters of alphabets that appear in the string generated by the grammar.
b) a set of non terminals, which are placeholders for patterns of terminal symbols that can be generated bythe
nonterminal symbols.
c) a set of productions, which are set of rules to transit from one state to other forming up the string
d) a start symbol, a special non terminal symbol that appears in the initial string generated in the grammar.

10. A CFG for a program describing strings of letters with the word “main” somewhere in the string:
a) -> m a i n
-> | epsilon
-> A | B | … | Z | a | b … | z

b) –> m a i n
–>
–> A | B | … | Z | a | b … | z
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c) –> m a i n

–> | epsilon
–> A | B | … | Z | a | b … | z

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: None.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – DPDA

and Ambiguous Grammars
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “DPDA and
Ambiguous Grammars”.

1. CFGs are more powerful than:

a) DFA
b) NDFA
c) Mealy Machine
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation:
Context-free grammars are strictly more powerful than regular expressions:
1) Any language that can be generated using regular expressions can be generated by a context-
freegrammar.
2) There are languages that can be generated by a context-free grammar that cannot be generated by
anyregular expression.
As a corollary, CFGs are strictly more powerful than DFAs and NDFAs.
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2. State true or false:

S-> 0S1|01

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Statement: No regular expression exists for the given grammar.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The grammar generates a language L such that L={0n1n|n>=1} which is not regular. Thus, no
regular expression exists for the same.

3. For the given set of code, the grammar representing real numbers in Pascal has error in one of the six lines.
Fetch the error.
(1) ->
(2) -> | epsilon
(3) -> | epsilon
(4) -> ‘E’ | epsilon
(5) -> + | – | epsilon
(6) -> 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
a) 3
b) 4
c) 2
d) No errorsView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: –
>
–> | epsilon
–> ‘.’ | epsilon
–> ‘E’ | epsilon
–> + | – | epsilon
–> 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

4. Which among the following is incorrect with reference to a derivation tree?

a) Every vertex has a label which is a terminal or a variable.
b) The root has a label which can be a terminal.
c) The label of the internal vertex is a variable.
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The root or interms of the grammar, starting variable can not be a terminal.
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5. Let G=(V, T, P, S) where a

production can be written as:
S->aAS|a
A->SbA|ba|SS
Which of the following string is produced by the grammar?
a) aabbaab
b) aabbaa
c) baabab
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The step wise grammar translation can be written as:
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aAS->aSbaA->aabAS->aabbaa

6. Statement 1: Ambiguity is the property of grammar but not the language.

Statement 2: Same language can have more than one grammar.
Which of the following options are correct with respect to the given statements?
a) Statement 1 is true but statement 2 is false
b) Statement 1 is false but statement 2 is true
c) Both the statements are true
d) Both the statements are falseView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: One language can more than one grammar. Some can be ambiguous and some cannot.

7. Which of the following are non essential while simplifying a grammar?

a) Removal of useless symbols
b) Removal of unit productions
c) Removal of null production
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Here are some process used to simplify a CFG but to produce an equivalent grammar:
a) Removal of useless symbols(non terminal) b) Removal of Unit productions and c) Removal of Null
productions.
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8. Which of the following are context free language?

a) L={aibi|i>=0}
b) L={wwr| w is a string and r represents reverse}
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) one of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: None.

9. The language L ={ai2bi|i>=0} is:

a) recursive
b) deterministic CFL
c) regular
d) Two of the mentioned is correctView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The language is recursive and every recursive language is a CFL.

10. L->rLt|tLr|t|r
The given grammar produces a language which is:
a) All palindrome
b) All even palindromes
c) All odd palindromes
d) Strings with same begin and end symbolsView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: As there exists no production for the palindrome set, even palindromes like abba, aabbaa,
baaaaaab, etc will not be generated.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – CFG-Eliminating Useless Symbols
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

CFGEliminating Useless Symbols
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Assessment Questions and Answers focuses on “CFG-Eliminating Useless
Symbols”.

1. Suppose A->xBz and B->y, then the simplified grammar would be:
a) A->xyz
b) A->xBz|xyz
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c) A->xBz|B|y
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For the first step, substitute B in first production as it only produces terminal and remove B
production as it has already been utilized.
We get A->xBz|xyz and now, as B has no production, we eliminate the terms which hold the variable B, thus
the answer remain A->xyz.
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2. Given Grammar: S->A, A->aA, A->e, B->bA

Which among the following productions are Useless productions?
a) S->A
b) A->aA
c) A->e
d) B->bAView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Some derivations are not reachable from the starting variable. As B is not reachable from the
starting variable, it is a useless symbol and thus, can be eliminated.

3. Given:
S->…->xAy->…->w
if ____________, then A is useful, else useless symbol.
a) A is a non terminal
b) A is a terminal
c) w Î L
d) w Ë LView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Whatever operation we perform in intermediate stages, if the string produced belongs to the
language, A is termed as useful and if not, not a useful variable.

4. Given: S-
>aSb
S->e
S-> A
A->aA
B->C
C->D
The ratio of number of useless variables to number of useless production is:
a) 1
b) 3/4
c) 2/3
d) 0
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A, B, C, D are the useless symbols in the given grammar as they never tend to lead to a
terminal. The productions S-> A, A->aA, B->C, C->D are also termed as useless production as they will
never produce a string to the grammar.

5. Given grammar G:

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S->aS|A|C
A->a
B->aa
C->aCb
Find the set of variables thet can produce strings only with the set of terminals.
a) {C}
b) {A,B}
c) {A,B,S}
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: First step: Make a set of variables that directly end up with a terminal
Second step: Modify the set with variables that produce the elements of above
generated set.
The rest variables are termed as useless.
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6. Given grammar:
S->aS|A
A->a
B->aa
Find the number of variables reachable from the Starting Variable?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Use a dependency graph to find which variable is reachable and which is not.

7. Inorder to simplify a context free grammar, we can skip the following operation:
a) Removal of null production
b) Removal of useless symbols
c) Removal of unit productions
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Inorder to simplify the grammar all of the process including the removal of null productions,
unit productions and useless symbols is necessary.

8. Given a Grammar G:
S->aA
A->a
A->B
B->A
B->bb

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Which among the following will be the simplified grammar?
a) S->aA|aB, A->a, B->bb
b) S->aA|aB, A->B, B->bb
c) S->aA|aB, A->a, B->A
d) None of the emntionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Step 1: Substitute A->B
Step 2: Remove B->B
Step 3: Substitute B->A
Step 4: Remove Repeated productions

9. Simplify the given grammar:

A-> a| aaA| abBc B-
> abba| b
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a) A-> a| aaA| ababbAc| abbc

b) A-> a| aaA| ababbAc| abbc, B-> abba|b
c) A-> a| aaA| abbc, B->abba
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Using the substitution rules, we can simply eradicate what is useless and thus produce the
simplified result i.e. A-> a| aaA| ababbAc| abbc.

10. In context to the process of removing useless symbols, which of the following is correct?
a) We remove the Nullable variables
b) We eliminate the unit productions
c) We eliminate products which yield no terminals
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: In the process of removal of useless symbols, we want to remove productions that can never
take part in any derivation.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Eliminating Epsilon Productions
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Eliminating
Epsilon Productions”.

1. The use of variable dependency graph is in:

a) Removal of useless variables
b) Removal of null productions
c) Removal of unit productions
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We use the concept of dependency graph inorder to check, whether any of the variable is
reachable from the starting variable or not.
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2. The variable which produces an epsilon is called:

a) empty variable
b) nullable
c) terminal
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Any variable A for which the derivation: A->*e is possible is called Nullable.

3. Statement:

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For A-> e ,A can be erased. So whenever it appears on the left side of a production, replace with another
production without the A.
State true or false:
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A can be erased. So whenever it appears on the right side of the production, replace with
another production without the A.

4. Simplify the given grammar:

S->aXb
X->aXb | e
a) S->aXb | ab, X-> aXb | ab
b) S->X | ab, X-> aXb | ab
c) S->aXb | ab, X-> S | ab
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: As X is nullable, we replace every right hand side presence of X with e and produce the
simplified result.
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5. Consider the following grammar:

A->e
B->aAbC
B->bAbA
A->bB
The number of productions added on the removal of the nullable in the given grammar:
a) 3
b) 4
c) 2
d) 0
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The modified grammar aftyer the removal of nullable can be shown as: B-
>aAbC| abC
B->bAbA| bbA| bAb| bb
A->bB

6. Let G=(V, T, P, S) be a CFG such that _____________. Then there exists an equivalent grammar
G’ having no e productions. a) e ∈ L(G)
b) w ∉ L(G)
c) e ∉ L(G)
d) w ∈ L(G) View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Theorem: Let G = (V, T, S, P) be a CFG such that e ∉ L(G). Then there exists an equivalent
grammar G’ having no e-productions.

7. For each production in P of the form:

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A-> x1x2x3…xn
put into P’ that production as well as all those generated by replacing null variables with e in all possible
combinations. If all x(i) are nullable, a) A->e is put into P’
b) A->e is not put into P’
c) e is a member of G’
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: It is an exception that A->e is not put into P’ if all x(i) are nullable variables.
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8. For the given grammar G:

S->ABaC
A->BC
B->b| e
C->D| e
D-> d
Remove the e productions and generate the number of productions from S in the modified or simplified
grammar. a) 6
b) 7
c) 5
d) 8
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The grammar after the removal of epsilon production can be shown as: S-
>ABaC| AaC| ABa| Aa| a| aC| Ba| BaC
A->BC| B| C
B->b
C->D
D-> d

9. Consider G=({S,A,B,E}, {a,b,c},P,S), where P consists of S →AB, A →a, B →b and E

→c. Number of productions in P’ after removal of useless symbols: a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 5
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:
P’= S->AB, A->a, B-> b,
V’={S, A, B},
∑’={a, b}

10. Given grammar G:

S->aS| AB
A-> e
B-> e
D-> b
Reduce the grammar, removing all the e productions:
a) S->aS| AB| A| B, D-> b
b) S->aS| AB| A| B| a, D-> b
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c) S->aS| AB| A| B
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: We will replace all the nullables wherever they appear in the right hand side of any production.
D will not be erased as we are just removing nullable variables not completely simplifying the grammar.
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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Eliminating Unit Productions
« Prev Next »
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Eliminating Unit
Productions”.

1. Which among the following is the format of unit production?

a) A->B
b) A->b
c) B->Aa
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Any production of the format A-> B where A and B belongs to the V set, is called Unit
production.
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2. Given Grammar G:
S->aA
A->a| A
B->B
The number of productions to be removed immediately as Unit productions:
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The productions in the format A-> A are removed immediately as they produce self and that is
not a terminal or will not lead to a string. Hence, it is removed immediately.

3. Given grammar:
S->aA
A->a
A->B
B-> A
B->bb
Which of the following is the production of B after simplification by removal of unit productions?
a) A
b) bb
c) aA
d) A| bbView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The simplified grammar can be presented as follows:
S->aA| aB A->a
B-> bb

4. If grammar G is unambiguous, G’ produced after the removal of Unit production will be:
a) ambiguous
b) unambiguous
c) finite
d) cannot be saidView Answer

Answer: b

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Explanation: With the simplification of Context free grammars, undesirable properties are introduced. It
says, if grammar G, before simplification is unambiguous, after simplification will also be unambiguous.
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5. If C is A-derivable, C->B is a production, and B ¹ A, then B is

a) nullable
b) Non-derivable
c) A-derivable
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation:
If A-> B is a production, B is called A- derivable.
If C is A-derivable, C->B is a production, and B ¹ A, then B is A -derivable.
No other variables are A-derivable.

6. A can be A-> derivable if and only if __________

a) A-> A is actually a production
b) A->B, B-> A exists
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The format says: If A->B is a production, B is called A-derivable.Thus A to be A-derivable, a
production : A-> A need to exist.

7. Given Grammar:
T-> T+R| R
R-> R*V| V
V->(T)| u
When unit productions are deleted we are left with
T-> T+R| _______|(T)| u
R->R*V|(T)| u
V-> (T)| u
Fill in the blank:
a) T*V
b) T+V
c) R*T
d) R*VView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The grammar produced after the elimination of unit production is: T-
> T+R| R*V| (T)| u
R->R*V|(T)| u V-
> (T)| u
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8. Given grammar G:
S-> ABA, A->aA|e, B-> bB|e
Eliminate e and unit productions. State the number of productions the starting variable holds?
a) 6
b) 7
c) 9
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d) 5
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: After reduction the grammar looks like:
S->ABA| AB| BA| AA| Aa| a| bB| b
A->aA| a B-
>bB| b

9. Given grammar G:
S-> A| B| C
A-> aAa| B
B-> bB|bb
C->aCaa|D
D->baD|abD|aa
Eliminate e and unit productions and state the number of variables left?
a) 5
b) 4
c) 3
d) 2
View Answer

Answer: 5
Explanation: The reduced production:
S->aAa| bB|bb aCaa| baD| abD| aa, A->aAa| bB| bb, B->bB| bb, C->aCaa| baD| abD| aa, D-> baD| abD| aa
10. Which of the following variables in the given grammar is called live variable?
S->AB A-
>a
a) S
b) A
c) B
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Any variable A for which there is a production A-> x with x Ε Σ* is called live.
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15. Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The Language of a Grammar, Inferences and Ambiguity
16. Automata Theory Questions and Answers – DPDA and Context Free Languages
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19. Automata Theory Questions and Answers – PDA-acceptance by Empty Stack 20. Automata Theory
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Chomsky Normal Form
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Chomsky Normal
Form”.

1. The format: A->aB refers to which of the following?

a) Chomsky Normal Form
b) Greibach Normal Form
c) Backus Naur Form
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A context free grammar is in Greibach Normal Form if the right hand sides of all the production
rules start with a terminal, optionally followed by some variables.
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2. Which of the following does not have left recursions?

a) Chomsky Normal Form
b) Greibach Normal Form
c) Backus Naur Form
d) All of the mentioned View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The normal form is of the format:
A->aB where the right hand side production tends to begin with a terminal symbo, thus having no left
recursions.
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3. Every grammar in Chomsky Normal Form is:
a) regular
b) context sensitive
c) context free
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Conversely, every context frr grammar can be converted into Chomsky Normal form and to
other forms.

4. Which of the production rule can be accepted by Chomsky grammar?

a) A->BC
b) A->a
c) S->e
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: in CNF, the production rules are of the form:
A->BC
A-> a S-
>e
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5. Given grammar G:
(1)S->AS
(2)S->AAS
(3)A->SA
(4)A->aa
Which of the following productions denies the format of Chomsky Normal Form?
a) 2,4
b) 1,3
c) 1, 2, 3, 4
d) 2, 3, 4
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The correct format: A->BC, A->a, X->e.

6. Which of the following grammars are in Chomsky Normal Form:

a) S->AB|BC|CD, A->0, B->1, C->2, D->3
b) S->AB, S->BCA|0|1|2|3
c) S->ABa, A->aab, B->Ac
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We can eliminate the options on the basis of the format we are aware of: A->BC, B->b and so
on.

7. With reference to the process of conversion of a context free grammar to CNF, the number of variables to
be introduced for the terminals are:
S->ABa
A->aab B-
>Ac

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a) 3
b) 4
c) 2
d) 5
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: According to the number of terminals present in the grammar, we need the corresponding that
number of terminal variables while conversion.
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8. In which of the following, does the CNF conversion find its use?
a) CYK Algorithm
b) Bottom up parsing
c) Preprocessing step in some algorithms
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Besides the theoretical significance of CNF, it conversion scheme is helpful in algorithms as a
preprocessing step, CYK algorithms and the bottom up parsing of context free grammars.

9. Let G be a grammar. When the production in G satisfy certain restrictions, then G is said to be in
___________.
a) restricted form
b) parsed form
c) normal form
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: When the production in G satisfy certain restrictions, then G is said to be in ‘normal form’.

10. Let G be a grammar: S->AB|e, A->a, B->b

Is the given grammar in CNF?
a) Yes
b) NoView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: e is allowed in CNF only if the starting variable does not occur on the right hand side of the
derivation.
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Answers.

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10. Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Pumping Lemma for Context Free Language
11. Automata Theory Questions and Answers – YACC Parser Generator
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Pumping Lemma for Context Free Language
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Questions and Answers for Campus interviews focuses on “Pumping Lemma
for Context Free Language”.
1. Which of the following is called Bar-Hillel lemma?
a) Pumping lemma for regular language
b) Pumping lemma for context free languages
c) Pumping lemma for context sensitive languages
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In automata theory, the pumping lemma for context free languages, also kmown as the
BarHillel lemma, represents a property of all context free languages.
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2. Which of the expressions correctly is an requirement of the pumping lemma for the context free
languages?
a) uvnwxny
b) uvnwnxny
c) uv2nwx2ny
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

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Answer: b
Explanation: Let L be a CFL. Then there is an integer n so that for any u that belong to language L satisfying
|t| >=n, there are strings u, v, w, x, y and z
satisfying t=uvwxy |vx|>0
|vwx|<=n For any m>=0, uvnwxny L

3.Let L be a CFL. Then there is an integer n so that for any u that belong to language L satisfying
|t|>=n, there are strings u, v, w, x, y and z satisfying t=uvwxy.
Let p be the number of variables in CNF form of the context free grammar. The value of n in terms of p :
a) 2p
b) 2p
c) 2p+1
d) p2
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: This inequation has been derived from derivation tree for t which must have height at least
p+2(It has more than 2p leaf nodes, and therefore its height is >p+1).

4. Which of the following gives a positive result to the pumping lemma restrictions and requirements?
a) {aibici|i>=0}
b) {0i1i|i>=0}
c) {ss|s {a,b}*}
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A positive result to the pumping lemma shows that the language is a CFL and ist contradiction
or negative result shows that the given language is not a Context Free language.
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5. Using pumping lemma, which of the following cannot be proved as ‘not a CFL’?
a) {aibici|i>=0}
b) {ss|s {a,b}*}
c) The set legal C programs
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are few rules in C that are context dependent. For example, declaration of a variable
before it can be used.

6. State true or false:

Statement: We cannot use Ogden’s lemma when pumping lemma fails.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Although the pumping lemma provides some information about v and x that are pumped, it says
little about the location of these substrings in the string t. It can be used whenever the pumping lemma fails.
Example: {apbqcrds|p=0 or q=r=s}, etc.

7. Which of the following cannot be filled in the blank below?

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Statement: There are CFLs L1 nad L2 so that ___________is not a CFL.
a) L1∩L2
b) L1′
c) L1*
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A set of context free language is closed under the following operations:
a) Union
b) Concatenation
c) Kleene
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8. The pumping lemma is often used to prove that a language is:

a) Context free
b) Not context free
c) Regular
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The pumping lemma is often used to prove that a given language L is non-context-free, by
showing that arbitrarily long strings s are in L that cannot be “pumped” without producing strings outside L.

9. What is the pumping length of string of length x?

a) x+1
b) x
c) x-1
d) x2
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: There exists a property of all strings in the language that are of length p, where p is the
constant-called the pumping length .For a finite language L, p is equal to the maximum string length in L
plus 1.

10. Which of the following does not obey pumping lemma for context free languages ?
a) Finite languages
b) Context free languages
c) Unrestricted languages
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Finite languages (which are regular hence context free ) obey pumping lemma where as
unrestricted languages like recursive languages do not obey pumping lemma for context free languages.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

CFLClosure Properties/Decision Properties
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “CFL- Closure
Properties/Decision Properties”.
1. The context free languages are closed under:
a) Intersection
b) Complement
c) Kleene
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Context free languages are closed under the following operation: union, kleene and
concatenation. For regular languages, we can add intersection and complement to the list.
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2. Given Grammar G1:

S->aSb
S->e
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Grammar G2:
R->cRd R-
>e
If L(G)=L(G1) U L(G2), the number of productions the new starting variable would have:
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 1
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:
T->S|R
S->aSb
S->e
R->cRd R-
>e

3. Context free languages are not closed under:

a) Intersection
b) Intersection with Regular Language
c) Complement
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: It is a theorem which states that, Context free languages are not closed under operations like
intersection and complement.

4. Which of the following is incorrect?

There exists algorithms to decide if:
a) String w is in CFL L
b) CFL L is empty
c) CFL L is infinite
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: These properties are termed as decision properties of a CFL and include a set of problems like
infiniteness problem, emptiness problem and membership problem.
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5. If the start symbol is one of those symbols which produce no terminal through any sequence, the CFL is
said to be
a) nullable
b) empty
c) eliminated
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In the process of removing useless symbols, if the starting symbol is also a part, the CFL can be
then termed as empty; otherwise not.

6. Using the pumping constant n, If there is a string in the language of length between _____ and ____ then
the language is infite else not. a) n, 2n-1
b) 2n, n
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c) n+1, 3n+6
d) 0, n+1View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If there is a string in the language of length between n and 2n-1 then the language is infite else
not. The idea is essentially the same for regular languages.

7. Which of the following is/are CFL not closed under?

a) Reverse
b) Homomorphism
c) Inverse Homomorphism
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: CFL is closed under union, kleene and concatenation along with the properties
reversal,homomorphism and inverse homomorphism but not difference and intersection.
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8. If L1 and L2 are context free languages, L1-L2 are context free:

a) always
b) sometimes
c) never
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Context free languages are not closed under difference, intersection and complement
operations.

9. A___________ is context free grammar with atmost one non terminal in the right handside of the
production.
a) linear grammar
b) linear bounded grammar
c) regular grammar
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A simple linear grammar is G with N = {S}, Σ = {a, b}, P with start symbol S and rules
S → aSb S → ε
10. There is a linear grammar that generates a context free grammar
a) always
b) never
c) sometimes
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Linear grammar is a subset of context free grammar which has atmost one non terminal symbol
in the right hand side of the production.Thus, there exists some languages which are generated by Linear
grammars.
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Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

CFLOther Normal Forms
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “CFL- Other
Normal Forms”.

1. The following format of grammatical notation is accepted by which of the following:

AB->CD
A->BC or
A->B or A-
>a
where A, B, C, D are non terminal symbols and a is a terminal symbol.
a) Greibach Normal Form
b) Chomsky Nrmal Form

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c) Kuroda Normal Form
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Linearly Bounded grammar or Kuroda Normal Form allows the following format of
grammatical analysis:
AB->CD
A->BC or
A->B or A-
>a
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2. Every Kuroda Normal form grammar generates ___________

a) Context free grammar
b) Context sensitive grammar
c) Unrestricted grammar
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Every context sensitive grammar which does not produce an empty string can be generated by a
grammar in Kuroda Normal form.

3. Which of the following can generate Unrestricted grammars?

a) Pentonnen Normal form
b) Floyd Normal form
c) Greibach Normal form
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Pentonnen Normal form(for Unrestricted grammars) is a special case where there is a slight
modification in the format of Kuroda Normal form.
AB->AD
A->BC A-
>a

4. Given a grammar in GNF and a derivable string in the grammar with the length n, any ___________will
halt at depth n.
a) top-down parser
b) bottom-up parser
c) multitape turing machine
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Given a grammar in GNF and a derivable string in the grammar with the length n, any topdown
parser will halt at depth n. As the parameter ‘depth’ is mentioned, we will use a top-down parser. Example-
LL parser.
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5. Which of the following grammars is similar to Floyd Normal form?

a) Backus Naur Form
b) Kuroda Normal Form
c) Greibach Normal Form
d) Chomsky Normal FormView Answer

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Answer: a
Explanation: Donald Knuth implied a BNF” syntax in which all definitions have such a form may be said to
be in ”Floyd Normal Form”.
A->B|C
A->BC A-
>a

6. Which among the following can parse a context free grammar?

a) top down parser
b) bottom up parser
c) CYK algorithm
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: We use certain algorithms to parse a context free grammar which include the most popular
CYK algorithm which employs the concept of bottom up parsing and dynamic parsing.

7. The standard version of CYK algorithm operates only on context free grammars in the following form:
a) Greibach Normal form
b) Chomsky Normal form
c) Backus Naur form
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: It requires the presence of a context free grammar into Chomsky Normal form to operate.
However, every context free grammar can be converted into CNF for keeping the sense of grammar
equivalent.
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8. The __________ running time of CYK is O(n3 .|G|) where n is the length of the parse
string and |G| is the size of the context free grammar G. a) worst
b) best
c) average
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: This is the worst case running time of CYK and and this makes it one of the most efficient
algorithms for recognizing general context free languages in practice.

9. Which of the following is true for Valiants algorithm?

a) an extension of CYK
b) deals with efficient multiplication algorithms
c) matrices with 0-1 entries
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Valiants algorithm is actually an extention of CYK which even computes the same parsing
table yet he showed another method can be utilized fro performing this operation.

10. Which among the following is a correct option in format for representing symbol and expression in
Backus normal form?
a) <symbol> ->expression
b) <symbol>::=_expression_
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c) <symbol>=<expression>
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: <symbol>::=_expression_ is the correct representation where <symbol> is a non terminal, and
expression consist of one or more sequence of symbols, more sequence are separated by |, indicating a
choice.
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Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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16. Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Pumping Lemma for Context Free Language
17. Automata Theory Questions and Answers – From PDA to Grammars
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Intersection with Regular Languages
« Prev Next »

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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Intersection with
Regular Languages”.

1. Which of the following is not a negative property of Context free languages?

a) Intersection
b) Complement
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Context free languages are not closed under complement and intersection. Thus, are called
Negative properties.
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2. The intersection of context free language and regular language is _________

a) regular language
b) context free language
c) context sensitive language
d) non of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: If a language L1 is regular and L2 is a context free language, then L1 intersection L2 will result
into a context free language.

3. Which of the following is regular?

a) a100b100

b) (a+b)*-{a100b100}
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: As the language seems to be finite, a dfa can be constructed for the same, thus is regular.

4. Which of the following is not context free?

a) {w: nA=nB=nC}
b) {a*b*c*}
c) {a100b100}
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: {a*b*c*} and (c) are regular languages while option (a) is not context free language.
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5. Which of the following can be used to prove a language is not context free?
a) Ardens theorem
b) Power Construction method
c) Regular Closure
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: We can use the properties of regular closure to prove that a language is not a context free
language. Example: Intersection of context free language and regular language is a context free language.
Proof by contradiction helps here.
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6. Which of the following are valid membership algorithms?
a) CYK algorithm
b) Exhaustive search parser
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: CYK algorithm is a parsing algorithm for context free grammars, which employs bottom up
parsing and dynamic programming.

7. Which of the following belong to the steps to prove emptiness?

a) Remove useless variable
b) Check if a start variable S is useless
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The empty-language question can be stated as: For context free grammar G find if L(G) =f?
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8. Which of the following is true for CYK Algorithm?

a) Triangular Table
b) Circular Chart
c) Linked List
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A triangular table is constructed to facilitate the solution of membership problem using bottom
up parsing and dynamic programming.

9. Which of the following steps are wrong with respect to infiniteness problem?
a) Remove useless variables
b) Remove unit and epsilon production
c) Create dependency graph for variables
d) If there is a loop in the dependency graph the the language is finite else infiniteView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: If we are able to detect a loop in the formed dependency graph, then the language in infinite.

10. State true or false:

Statement: Every context free language can be generated by a grammar which contains no useless non
terminals. a) true
b) false
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: At first, we detect useless symbols and discard them. Inorder to find whether a symbol is
useless, just make it the starting symbol and check for emptiness.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Turing

Machine-Notation and Transition Diagrams
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Interview Questions and Answers for freshers focuses on “Turing Machine –
Notation and Transition Diagrams”.

1. A turing machine is a
a) real machine
b) abstract machine
c) hypothetical machine
d) more than one option is correctView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A turing machine is abstract or hypothetical machine thought by mathematician Alan Turing in
1936 capable of simulating any algorithm, however complicated it is.
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2. A turing machine operates over:

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a) finite memory tape
b) infinite memory tape
c) depends on the algorithm
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The turing machine operates on an infinite memory tape divided into cells. The machine
positions its head over the cell and reads the symbol.

3. Which of the functions are not performed by the turing machine after reading a symbol?
a) writes the symbol
b) moves the tape one cell left/right
c) proceeds with next instruction or halts
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: After the read head reads the symbol from the input tape, it performs the following functions: a)
writes a symbol(some model allow symbol erasure/no writing)
b) moves the tape left or right (some models allows no motion)
c) proceeds with subsequent instruction or goes either into accepting halting state or rejecting halting state.

4. ‘a’ in a-machine is :
a) Alan
b) arbitrary
c) automatic
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The turing machine was invented by Alan turing in 1936. He named it as a-machine(automatic
machine).
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5. Which of the problems were not answered when the turing machine was invented?
a) Does a machine exists that can determine whether any arbitrary machine on its tape is circular.
b) Does a machine exists that can determine whether any arbitrary machine on its tape is ever prints a
symbolc) Hilbert Entscheidungs problem
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Invention of turing machine answered a lot of questions which included problems like decision
problem, etc.) . Alan was able to prove the properties of computation using such model.

6. The ability for a system of instructions to simulate a Turing Machine is called _________
a) Turing Completeness
b) Simulation
c) Turing Halting
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Turing Completeness the ability for a system of instructions to simulate a Turing machine. A
programming language that is Turing complete is theoretically capable of expressing all tasks
accomplishable by computers; nearly all programming languages are Turing complete.

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7. Turing machine can be represented using the following tools:
a) Transition graph
b) Transition table
c) Queue and Input tape
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: We can represent a turing machine, graphically, tabularly and diagramatically.
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8. Which of the following is false for an abstract machine?

a) Turing machine
b) theoretical model of computer
c) assumes a discrete time paradigm
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A n abstract machine also known as abstract computer, is a theoretical model of computer or
hardware system in automata theory. Abstraction in computing process usually assumes a discrete time
paradigm.

9. Fill in the blank with the most appropriate option.

Statement: In theory of computation, abstract machines are often used in ___________ regarding
computability or to analyze the complexity of an algorithm. a) thought experiments
b) principle
c) hypothesis
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A thought experiment considers some hypothesis, theory or principle for the purpose of
thinking through its consequences.

10. State true or false:

Statement: RAM model allows random access to indexed memory locations.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In computer science, Random access machine is an abstract machine in the general class of
register machines. Random access machine should not be confused with Random access memory.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The

Language of Turing Machine
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “The Language of
Turing Machine”.

1. A turing machine that is able to simulate other turing machines:

a) Nested Turing machines
b) Universal Turing machine
c) Counter machine
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A more mathematically oriented definition with the same universal nature was introduced by
church and turing together called the Church-Turing thesis(formal theory of computation).
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2. Which of the problems are unsolvable?

a) Halting problem
b) Boolean Satisfiability problem
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer
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Answer: c
Explanation: Alan turing proved in 1936 that a general algorithm to solve the halting problem for all possible
program-input pairs cannot exist.

3. Which of the following a turing machine does not consist of?

a) input tape
b) head
c) state register
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A state register is one which stores the state of the turing machine, one of the finitely many.
Among these is the special start state with which the state register is initialized.

4. The value of n if turing machine is defined using n-tuples:

a) 6
b) 7
c) 8
d) 5
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation:
The 7-tuple definition of turing machine: (Q, S, G, d, q0, B, F)
where Q= The finite set of states of finite control
S= The finite set of input symbols G= The complete set of tape symbols d= The
transition function q0= The start state, a member of Q, in which the finite
control is found initially. B= The blank symbol
F= The set of final or accepting states, a subset of Q.

5. If d is not defined on the current state and the current tape symbol, then the machine ______
a) does not halts
b) halts
c) goes into loop forever
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: If we reach hA or hR, we say TM halts. Once it has halted, it cannot move further, since d is not
defined at any pair (hA,X) or (hR,X) where hA = accept halting state and hR = reject halting state.
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6. Statement: Instantaneous descriptions can be designed for a Turing machine.

State true or false: a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Inorder to describe formally what a Turing machine does, we need to develop a notation for
configurations or Instantaneous descriptions(ID).

7. Which of the following are the models equivalent to Turing machine?

a) Multi tape turing machine
b) Multi track turing machine

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c) Register machine
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Many machines that might be thought to have more computational capability than a simple
UTM can be shown to have no more power. They might compute faster or use less memory but cannot
compute more powerfully i.e. more mathematical questions.

8. Which among the following is incorrect for o-machines?

a) Oracle Turing machines
b) Can be used to study decision problems
c) Visualizes Turing machine with a black box which is able to decide cerain decion problems in
oneoperation
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: In automata theory, an o- machine or oracle machine is a abstract machine used to study
decision problems. The problem the oracle solves can be of any complexity class. Even undecidable
problems like halting problems can be used.

9. RASP stands for:

a) Random access storage program
b) Random access stored program
c) Randomly accessed stored program
d) Random access storage programmingView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: RASP or Random access stored program is an abstract machine that has instances like modern
stored computers.
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10. Which of the following is not true about RASP?

a) Binary search can be performed more quickly using RASP than a turing machine
b) Stores its program in memory external to its state machines instructions
c) Has infinite number of distinguishable, unbounded registers
d) Binary search can be performed less quickly using RASP than a turing machine
e) More than two options are incorrectView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: In theoretical computer science, the random access stored program( RASP ) machine model is
an abstract machine used for the purpose of algorithm development and algorithm complexity theory.

11. State true or false:

Statement: RASP is to RAM like UTM is to turing machine.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The Rasp is a random access machine model that, unlike the RAM has its program in its
registers together with its input. The registers are unbounded(infinite in capacity); whether the number of
registers is finite is model-specific.

Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Diagrams » Next - Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The Language of Turing Machine-2
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The

Language of Turing Machine-2
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Questions and Answers for Freshers focuses on ” The Language of Turing
Machine-2″.

1. The class of recursively ennumerable language is known as:

a) Turing Class
b) Recursive Languages
c) Universal Languages
d) REView Answer Answer: d
Explanation: RE or recursively ennumerable is only called the class of recursively ennumerable language.
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2. A language L is said to be Turing decidable if:

a) recursive
b) TM recognizes L
c) TM accepts L
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a,b
Explanation: A language L is recursively ennumerable if there is a turing machine that accepts L, and
recursive if there is a TM that recognizes L.(Sometimes these languages are alse called Turing-acceptable
and Turing-decidable respectively).

3. Which of the following statements are false?

a) Every recursive language is recursively ennumerable
b) Recursively ennumerable language may not be recursive
c) Recursive languages may not be recursively ennumerable
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Every recursive language is recursively ennumerable but there exists recursively ennumerable
languages that are not recursive. If L is accepted by a Non deterministic TM T, and every possible sequence
of moves of T causes it to halt, then L is recursive.

4. Choose the correct option:

Statement: If L1 and L2 are recursively ennumerable languages over S, then the following is/are recursively
ennumerable. a) L1 U L2
b) L2 ∩ L2
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Both the union and intersection operations preserve the property of recursive
ennumerablity(Theorem).
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5. If L is a recursive language, L’ is:

a) Recursive
b) Recursively Ennumerable
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: If T is a turing machine recognizing L, we can make it recognize L’ by interchanging the two
outputs. And every recursive language is recursively ennumerable.

6. Choose the appropriate option:

Statement: If a language L is recursive, it is closed under the following operations:
a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Complement
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
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Explanation: The closure property of recursive languages include union, intersection and complement
operations.

7. A recursively ennumerable language L can be recursive if:

a) L’ is recursively ennumerable
b) Every possible sequence of moves of T, the TM which accept L, causes it to haltc) Both (a)
and (b)
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Theorem- If L is a recursively ennumerable language whose complement is recursively
ennumerable, then L is recursive.
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8. A language L is recursively ennumerable if L=L(M) for some turing machine M.

Which among the following cannot be among A, B and C?

a) yes w ∈ L
b) no w ∉ L
c) M does not halt w ∉ L
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation:

9. State true or false:

Statement: An ennumerator is a turing machine mwith extra output tape T, where symbols, once written, are
never changed. a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: To ennumerate a set means to list the elements once at a time, and to say that a set is
ennumerable should perhaps mean that there exists an algorithm for ennumerating it.
10. A Language L may not be accepted by a Turing Machine if:
a) It it is recursively ennumerable
b) It is recursive
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c) L can be ennumerated by some turing machine
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A language L is recursively ennumerable if and only if it can be ennumerated by some turing
machine. A recursive ennumerable language may or may not be recursive.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory for Freshers, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice
Questions and Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers -Turing

Machine and Halting
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Turing Machine
and Halting”.
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1. Which of the following regular expression resembles the given diagram?

a) {a}*{b}*{a,b}
b) {a,b}*{aba}
c) {a,b}*{bab}
d) {a,b}*{a}*{b}*View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The given diagram is a transition graph for a turing machine which accepts the language with
the regular expression {a,b}*{aba}.
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2. Construct a turing machine which accepts a string with ‘aba’ as its substring.a)

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b)

c)

d)
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The
language consist of
strings with a
substring ‘aba’ as
fixed at its end and
the left part can be
anything including
epsilon. Thus the
turing machine uses
five states to express
the language excluding the rejection halting state which if allowed can modify the graph as:

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3. The number of states required to automate the last question i.e. {a,b}*{aba}{a,b}* using
finite automata: a) 4
b) 3
c) 5
d) 6
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The finite automata can be represented as:

4. The machine accept the string by entering into hA or it can:

a) explicitly reject x by entering into hR
b) enter into an infinte loop
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Three things can occur when a string is tested over a turing machine:
a) enter into accept halting state
b) enter into reject halting state
c) goes into loop forever
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5. d(q,X)=(r,Y,D) where D cannot be:

a) L
b) R
c) S
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: D represents the direction in which automata moves forward as per the queue which surely
cannot be a starting variable.

6. Which of the following can accept even palindrome over {a,b}

a) Push down Automata
b) Turing machine
c) NDFA
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A language generating strings which are palindrome is not regular, thus cannot b represented
using a finite automaton.

7. Which of the functions can a turing machine not perform?

a) Copying a string
b) Deleting a symbol
c) Accepting a pal
d) Inserting a symbolView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Different turing machines exist for operations like copying a string, deleting a symbol, inserting
a symbol and accepting palindromes.
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8. If T1 and T2 are two turing machines. The composite can be represented using the expression:
a) T1T2
b) T1 U T2
c) T1 X T2
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If T1 and T2 are TMs, with disjoint sets of non halting states and transition function d1 and d2,
respectively, we write T1T2 to denote this composite TM.
9. The following turing machine acts like:

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a) Copies a string
b) Delete a symbol
c) Insert a symbol
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A turing machine does the deletion by changing the tape contents from yaz to yz, where y
belongs to (S U {#})*.

10. What does the following transition graph shows:

a) Copies a symbol
b) Reverses a string
c) Accepts a pal
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer

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Answer: c
Explanation: The composite TM accepts the language of palindromes over {a, b} by comparing the input
string to its reverse and accepting if and only if the two are equal.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Programming Techniques-Storage and
Subroutines
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Programming
Techniques-Storage and Subroutines”.
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1. A turing machine has ____________ number of states in a CPU.
a) finite
b) infinte
c) May be finite
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A turing machine has finite number of states in its CPU. However the states are not small in
number. Real computer consist of registers which can store values (fixed number of bits).
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2. Suppose we have a simple computer with control unit holding a PC with a 32 bit address + Arithmetic unit
holding one double length 64 bit Arithmetic Register. The number of states the finite machine will hold: a)
2(32*64)

b) 296
c) 96
d) 32
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: According to the statistics of the question, we will have a finite machine with 2^96 states.

3. In one move a turing machine will:

a) Change a state
b) Write a tape symbol in the cell scanned
c) Move the tape head left or right
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A move of a turing machine is the function of the state of finite control and the tape symbol just
scanned.

4. State true or false:

Statement: We can use the finite control of turing machine to hold a finite amount of data.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation:

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The finite control not only contains state q but also three data, A, B, C. The following technique requires no
extension to the Turing Machine model. Shaping states this way allows to describe transitions in more
systematic way and often to simplify the strategy of the program.
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5. Statement 1: Multitrack Turing machine.

Statement 2: Gamma is Cartesian product of a finite number of finite sets.
Which among the following is the correct option?
a) Statement 1 is the assertion and Statement 2 is the reason
b) Statement 1 is the reason and Statement 2 is the assertion
c) Statement 1 and Statement 2 are independent from each other
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Cartesian product works like a struct in C/C++. For Example: Computer tape storage is
something like 8 or 9 bits in each cell. One can recognize a multi track tape machine by looking at the
transitions because each will have tuples as the read and write symbols.

6. A multi track turing machine can described as a 6-tuple (Q, X, S, d, q0, F) where X represents:
a) input alphabet
b) tape alphabet
c) shift symbols
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The 6-tuple (Q, X, S, d, q0, F) can be explained as:
Q represents finite set of states,
X represents the tape alphabet,
S represents the input alphabet
d represents the relation on states and the symbols
q0 represents the initial state
F represents the set of final states.

7. Which of the following statements are false?

a) A multi track turing machine is a special kind of multi tape turing machine
b) 4-heads move independently along 4-tracks in standard 4-tape turing machine
c) In a n-track turing machine, n head reads and writes on all the tracks simultaneously.d) All of the
mentioned View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: In a n-track turing machine, one head reads and writes on all the tracks simultaneously.
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8. State true or false:

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Statement: Two track turing machine is equivalent to a standard turing machine.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: This can be generalized for n- tracks and can be proved equivalent using ennumerable
languages.

9. Which of the following is/are not true for recursively ennumerable language?
a) partially decidable
b) Turing acceptable
c) Turing Recognizable
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: In automata theory, a formal language is called recursively ennumerable language or partially
decidable or semi decidable or turing acceptable or turing recognizable if there exists a turing machine which
will ennumerate all valid strings of the language.

10. According to Chomsky hierarchy, which of the following is adopted by Recursively Ennumerable
language? a) Type 0
b) Type 1
c) Type 2
d) Type 3View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Recursively Ennumerable languages are type 0 languages in the Chomsky hierarchy. All
regular, context free, context sensitive languages are recursivelyennumerable language.
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Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Multitape Turing Machines
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Multitape Turing
Machines”.

1. A turing machine with several tapes in known as:

a) Multi-tape turing machine
b) Poly-tape turing maching
c) Universal turing machine
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A multitape turing machine is an ordinary turing machine with multiple tapes. Each tape has its
own head to control the read and write.
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2. A multitape turing machine is ________ powerful than a single tape turing machine.
a) more
b) less
c) equal
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The multitape turing machine model seems much powerful than the single tape model, but any
multi tape machine, no matter how many tapes, can be simulated by single taped TM.

3. In what ratio, more computation time is needed to simulate multitape turing machines using single tape
turing machines? a) doubly
b) triple
c) quadratically
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Thus, multitape turing machines cannot calculate any more functions than single tape machines.

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4. Which of the following is true for two stack turing machines?
a) one read only input
b) two storage tapes
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Two-stack Turing machines have a read-only input and two storage tapes. If a head moves left
on either tape a blank is printed on that tape, but one symbol from a “library” can be printed.
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5. Which of the following is not a Non deterministic turing machine?

a) Alternating Turing machine
b) Probabalistic Turing machine
c) Read-only turing machine
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A read only turing machine or 2 way deterministic finite automaton is a class of model of
computability that behaves like a turing machine, and can move in both directions across input, except
cannot write to its input tape.

6. Which of the turing machines have existential and universal states?

a) Alternating Turing machine
b) Probalistic Turing machine
c) Read-only turing machine
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: ATM is divide into two sets: an existential state is accepting if some transitions leads to an
accepting state; an universal state is accepting if every transition leads to an accepting state.

7. Which of the following is false for Quantum Turing machine?

a) Abstract machine
b) Any quantum algorithm can be expressed formally as a particular quantum turing machine
c) Gives a solution to ‘Is a universal quantum computer sufficient’
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: ‘Is a universal quantum computer sufficient’ is one of the unsolved problem from physics.
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8. A deterministic turing machine is:

a) ambiguous turing machine
b) unambiguous turing machine
c) non-deterministic
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: A deterministic turing machine is unambiguous and for every input, there is exactly one
operation possible. It is a subset of non-deterministic Turing machines.

9. Which of the following is true about Turing’s a-machine?

a) a stands for automatic
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b) left ended, right end-infinite
c) finite number of tape symbols were allowed
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Turings a- machine or automatic machine was left ended,right end infinite.Any of finite number
of tape symbols were allowed and the 5 tuples were not in order.

10. Which of the following is a multi tape turing machine?

a) Post turing Machine
b) Wang-B Machine
c) Oblivious turing Machine
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: An oblivious turing machine where movements of various heads are fixed functions of time,
independent of the input. Pippenger and Fischer showed that any computation that can be performed by a
multi-tape Turing machine in n steps can be performed by an oblivious two-tape Turing machine in O(n log
n) steps.
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Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Equivalence of One-Tape and Multitape TM’s
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Equivalence of
One-Tape and Multitape TM’s”.

1. Which of the following are related to construction of One Tape turing machines?
a) JFLAP
b) NFLAP
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: JFLAP is educational software written in java to experiment with the topics in automata theory
and area of formal languages.
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2. Which of the following topics cannot be covered using JFLAPS?

a) L-System
b) Unrestricted Grammar
c) Regular Expression
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Topics like regular expressions, context free languages and unrestricted grammar including
parsers like LL,SLR parsers can be covered using JFLAPS.

3. State true or false:

Statement: Multitape turing machine have multi tapes where each tape is accessed with one head.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Multitape turing machines do have multiple tapes but they they are accessed by separate heads.

4. Which of the following statements is/are true?

a) Every multitape turing machine has its equivalent single tape turing machine
b) Every multitape turing machine is an abstract machine
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c

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Explanation: A multitape turing machine is an ordinary turing machine which is always abstract.And they do
have their equivalent single tape turing machines.
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5. Are Multitape and Multitrack turing machines same?

a) Yes
b) No
c) Somewhat yes
d) Cannot tellView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Multitrack turing machines are special types of Multitape turing machines. In a standard n-tape
Turing machine, n heads move independently along n-tracks.

6. In a n-track turing machine, _________ head/heads read and write on all tracks simultaneously.
a) one
b) two
c) n
d) infinite
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In a n-track Turing machine, one head reads and writes on all tracks simultaneously. A tape
position in a n-track Turing Machine contains n symbols from the tape alphabet.

7. Which of the following does not exists?

a) Turing Machine with Multiple heads
b) Turing Machine with infinite tapes
c) Turing machine with two dimensional tapes
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All of the mentioned are one or the other kind of Turing machines in existence.
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8. Can a multitape turing machine have an infinte number of tapes?

a) Yes
b) No View
Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: One needs a finite number of tapes. The proofs that show the equivalence between multi-tape
TM and one-band TM rely on the fact that the number of tapes is bounded.

9. Every language accepted by a k-tape TM is _____ by a single-tape TM.

a) accepted
b) not accepted
c) generated
d) not generatedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Its the theorem that states Every multitape turing machine can be simulated by a single tape
turing machine and the corresponding language can be accepted.

10. Which of the following is/are a basic TM equivalent to?

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a) Multitrack TM
b) Multitape TM
c) Non-deterministic TM
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Tms can be used as both: language recognizers/Computers. TMs are like universal computing
machines with universal storage.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Non

Deterministic Turing Machines
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Non Deterministic
Turing Machines”.

1. X is a simple mathematical model of a computer. X has unrestricted and unlimited memory. X is a FA

with R/W head. X can have an infinite tape divided into cells, each cell holding one symbol.
Name X?
a) Push Down Automata
b) Non deterministic Finite Automata
c) Turing machines
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Turing machine is known as universal computer. It is denoted by M=(Q,Σ,Ґ ,δ ,q0, B,F)
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2. Which of the following is/are not an application of turing machine?

a) Language Recognization
b) Computers of functions on non negative numbers
c) Generating devices
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A turing machine can have many applications like : Enumerator (A turing machine with an
output printer), function computer, etc.

3. State true or false:

Statement: Turing Machine can change symbols on its tape, whereas the FA cannot change symbols on tape.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The following mentioned is the difference between 2-way FA and TM. Another instance is that
TM has a read/write tape head while FA doesn’t.

4. Which of the following cannot be a possibility of a TM while it processes an input?

a) Enters accepting state
b) Enters non-accepting state
c) Enters infinite loop and never halts
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The following mentioned are the only possibilities of operating a string through a turing
machine.

5. Pick the odd one out.

a) Subroutines
b) Multiple tracks
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c) Shifting over
d) RecursionView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Except Recursion, all the other options are techniques of Turing Machine construction which
further includes, Checking off symbols and Storage in finite control.
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6. Which among the following is not true for 2-way infinte TM?
a) tape in both directions
b) Leftmost square not distinguished
c) Any computation that can be performed by 2-way infinite tape can also be performed by standard TM.d)
None of the mentioned View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All of the mentioned are correct statements for a two way infinite tape turing machine.
Theorems say the power of such a machine is in no way superior than a standard turing machine.

7. Can a turing machine act like a transducer?

a) yes
b) no
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A turing machine can be used as a transducer. The most obvious way to do this is to treat the
entire non blank portion of the initial tape as input, and to treat the entire blank portion of the tape when the
machine halts as output.

8. Which of the following does not exists?

a) Mutitape TM
b) Multihead TM
c) Multidimentional TM
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: If the tape contains k-dimentional array of cells infinte in all 2k directions, for some fixed k and
has a finite control, the machine can be called Multidimentional TM.

9. Enumerator is a turing machine with __________

a) an output printer
b) 5 input tapes
c) a stack
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Here, the turing machine can use the printer as an output device to print strings.
Note: There is no input to an enumerator. If it doesn’t halt, it may print an infinite set of strings.
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10. For the following language, an enumerator will print:

L={anbn|n>=0} a) anbn
b) {ab, a2b2, a3b3, …}
c) {e, ab, a2b2, a3b3, …}
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d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: An enumerator is a turing machine with an output printer. It can use an printer as an output
device to print output strings. As n also holds the value , epsilon will also be a part of the output set.

11. Complete the following statement:

Statement : A language is turing recognizable if an only if ___________
a) an enumerator enumerates it
b) it is finite
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If an Enumerator E enumerates a language L, there is a turing machine M that recognizes
language L. Also, If a turing machine M recognizes a language L, there is an enumerator for L.

Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Multistack Machines, Counter Machines
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Multistack
Machines, Counter Machines”.

1. Can a single tape turing machine be simulated using deterministic 2-stack turing machine?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Cannot be said
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The symbols to left of the head of turing macine being simulated can be stored on the stack
while the symbols on the right of the head can be placed on another stack. On each stack, symbols closer to
the TM’s head are placed closer to the top of the stack than symbols farther from the TM’s head.
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2. A ___________ is a multi tape turing machine whose input tape is read only.
a) Counter Machine
b) Multi-stack
c) Alternating Turing machine
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Counter machines are offline(a multitape turing machine whose input is read only) whose
storage tapes are semi-infinite and whose tape symbols contains only two symbols Z and a blank symbol B.
3. Instantaneous description of a counter machine can be described using:
a) the input tape contents
b) position of the input head
c) distance of storage heads from symbol Z
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Instantaneous description of a counter machine can be described by the state, the input tape
contents, the position of input head, and the distance of storage heads from the symbol Z. The counter
machine can really store a count on each tape and tell if the count is zero.

4. Which of the following parameters cannot be used to restrict a turing machine?

a) tape alphabets
b) number of tapes
c) number of states
d) none of theseView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Another procedure to restrict a turing machine is to limit the size of tape alphabet or reduce the
number of states. If the tape alphabets, number of tapes or number of states are limited, then there is only a
finite number of different turing machine, so the restricted model is more powerful than the original one.
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5. Linear Bounded Automaton is a:

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a) Finite Automaton
b) Turing Machine
c) Push down Automaton
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Linear Bounded Automaton is a type of Turing Machine where tape is not allowed to move off
the portion of the tape containing the input. It is a Turing machine with limited amount of memory.

6. State true or false:

Statement: Using a two track tape, we can use a semi infinite tape to simulate an infinte tape.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: true
Explanation: A TM with a semi-infinite tape means that there are no cells to the left of the initial head
position. A TM with a semi infinite tape simulates a TM with an infinite tape by using a two-track tape.

7. Which of the following is true with reference to semi-infinite tape using a two track tape?
a) Can simulate a two way tape
b) Upper track represents the head-right cells
c) Lower track represents the head-left cells
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The upper track represents the cells of the original TM that are at the right of the initial head
position. The lower track represents the cells to the left of the initial head position, but in reverse order.
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8. Which among the following options are correct?

Statement 1: TMs can accept languages that are not accepted by any PDA with one stack.
Statement 2: But PDA with two stacks can accept any language that a TM can accept.
a) Statement 1 and 2, both are correct
b) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is false
c) Statement 2 is correct while Statement 1 is false
d) Statement 1 and 2, both are falseView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Both the statements are true. Both the statements are properties of Multistack machines.

9. A two-way infinite tape turing machine is ________ superior than the basic model of the turing machine
in terms of power. a) more
b) less
c) no way
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A two way infinite tape turing machine is a turing machine with its input tape infinte in both
directions, the other component being the same as the basic model.

10. For a basic turing machine, there exists an equivalent :

a) 2-counter machine
b) 3-counter machine
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c) 4-counter machine
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: For a basic TM, there exists a 2-counter, 3-counter and 4-counter machines
We can prove them using Deterministic two stack turing machine.
Counter machine:

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Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Simulation of Turing Machine
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Simulation of
Turing Machine”.

1. Fill in the blank with an appropriate option.

In automata theory, ___________ is said to be Computationally Universal if can be used to simulate any
single taped Turing Machine. a) Computer’s instruction set
b) A programming language
c) Cellular Automaton
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Computationally Universal or Turing Complete is a set of data manipulation rules if it can be
used to simulate a single-taped turing machine.
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2. Give a classic example of the concept of turing complete.

a) lambda calculus
b) C++
c) Lisp
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Most of the programming languages, conventional or unconventional are turing complete.
Functional languages like Lisp and Haskell are also turing complete.

3. Let two machines be P and Q. The state in which P can simulate Q and Q can simulate P is called:
a) Turing Equivalence
b) State Equivalence
c) Universal Turing Machine
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: It is a closely related concept with Turing complete. It says, two computers P and Q are called
equivalent if P can simulate Q and Q can simulate P.

4. Which of the following remarks the given statement?

Statement: Any function whose values can be computed by an algorithm, can be computed by a Turing
machine.
a) Smn theorem
b) Structured Program theorem
c) Church-Turing thesis
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The following conclusion is laid down from the Church-Turing thesis:
Any function whose values can be computed by an algorithm, can be computed by a Turing machine. If any
real world computer can be simulated by a turing machine, it is Turing equivalent to a Turing Machine.
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5. Which of the following can be used to simulate any turing machine?
a) Finite State Automaton
b) Universal Turing Machine
c) Counter machines
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The computational aspect of any possible real world computer can be simulated using an
Universal Turing Machine so can be any turing machine.

6. State true or false:

Statement: Inorder to show something is Turing complete, it is enough to demonstrate that it can be used to
simulate some Turing complete system. a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Yes it is. For instance, an imperative language is called Turing complete if it tends to have
conditional branching and an ability to maintain an arbitrary number of symbols.

7. Which of the following can lack in a Universal computer?

a) Turing Complete Instruction set
b) Infinite memory
c) Infinite time
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Real computers which are manufactured till date, all are similar to single taped turing machine.
However, they have limited physical resources so they are linearly bounded complete on the contrary.
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8. Which among are not the results of computational theory?

a) In general, it is impossible to predict that what a Turing-complete program will do over an arbitrarily
longtime.
b) It is impossible to determine for every input, whether the program will eventually stop or continue
forever.
c) It is not possible to determine whether a program will return true or false.
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All of the following mentioned are the conclusions of automata theory or computability theory.

9. Which of the games fill under the category of Turing-complete?

a) Minecraft
b) Minesweeper
c) Dwarf Fortress
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Many games fall under the category og turing complete:
a) Minecraft
b) Minesweeper
c) Dwarf Fortress
d) Conway’s Game of Life
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e) Pokemon Yellow, etc.

10. Which of the following a Non-turing Complete language?

a) Regular Language
b) Context free grammars
c) Epigram
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: There exists some computational languages which are not turing complete. Regular language which
is accepted by finite automata tops the list. Other examples are pixel shader languages embedded in Direct3D
and OpenGL extensions.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The

Diagonalization Languages
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “The
Diagonalization Languages”

1. Which of the following technique is used to find whether a natural language isnt recursive ennumerable?
a) Diagonalization
b) Recursive Induction
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: To find a non recursively ennumerable language, we use the technique of diagonalization.
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2. Diagonalization can be useful in:

a) To find a non recursively ennumerable language
b) To prove undecidablility of haltig problem
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Diagonalization is a technique we use for the following operations:
a) To find a non recursively ennumerable language.
b) To prove undecidablility of halting problem.

3. Which of the following are undecidable problems?

a) Determining whether two grammars generate the same language
b) Determining whether a grammar is ambiguous
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: In contrast we can put up an algorithm for checking whether two FA’s are equivalent and this
program can be implemented as a program.

4. Which of the following are incorrect options?

a) Informally, problem is a yes/no question about an infinite set of possible instances
b) Formally, a problem is a language
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Example: Does a graph G has a Hamilton cycle?
=>Each undirected graph is an instance of Hamilton cycle problem.

5. If a problem has an algorithm to answer it, we call it _________

a) decidable
b) solved
c) recognizable
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d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: An algorithm is a TM that halts on all inputs,accepted or not. Putting other way, decidable
problems are recursive languages.
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6. Which of the following are decidable problems?

a) Can a particular line of code in a program ever be executed?
b) Do two given CFG’s generate the same language
c) Is a given CFG ambiguous?
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All of the mentioned problems are undecidable.

7.Which one of the following is true for the given?

A={(M,w)|M is a turing machine that accepts string w}
a) A concrete undecidable problem
b) A is recognizable but not decidable
c) -A is not recognizable
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: We can proof A to be undecidable using the contradiction method.

8. Which of the following are correct statements?

a) TMs that always halt are known as Decidable problems
b) TMs that are guaranteed to halt only on acceptance are recursive ennumerable.c) Both (a) and
(b)
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: There are two types of TMs on the basis of halting: Recursive and Recursively
Ennumerable(TM may or may not halt,could loop forever).

9. Statement: If L id R.E., Lc needs to be R.E. Is it correct?

a) Yes
b) No
c) Maybe
d) Cannot predictView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Any recursive ennumerable language is not closed under complementation.
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10. Which of the following is true for The Halting problem?

a) It is recursively ennumerable
b) It is undecidable
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c

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Explanation: Halting problem: Does a given Turing machine M halt on a given input w?

11. With reference to binary strings, state true or false:

Statement: For any turing machine, the input alphabet is restricted to {0,1}.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: When turing machines are coded as Binary strings, we are restricted to take any input alphabet
except {0,1}.

12. With reference ti enumeration of binary strings, the conversion of binary strings to integer is possible by
treating the resulting string as a base ____ integer. a) 2
b) 8
c) 16
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: It makes sense to talk about the i-th binary string” and about “the i-th Turing machine. If i
makes no sense as a TM, assume the i-th TM accepts nothing.

Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The

Universal Language-Undecidability
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Questions and Answers for Experienced people focuses on “The Universal
Language-Undecidability”.

1. The decision problem is the function from string to ______________

a) char
b) int
c) boolean
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The decision problem requires checking of input (string) has some property or not. That is a
string to boolean transaction.
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2. A language L is said to be ____________ if there is a turing machine M such that L(M)=L and M halts at
every point.
a) Turing acceptable
b) decidable
c) undecidable
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Decidability refers to the decision problem and existence of a effective method for determining
membership, and return true and false accordingly rather that going into a loop forever.

3. Which aong the following are undecidable theories?

a) The first order theory of boolean algebra
b) The first order theory of Euclidean geomentry
c) The first order theory of hyperbolic geometry
d) The first order theory of the natural number with addition, multiplication, and equalityView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Tarski and Mostowski in 1949, established that the first order theory of natural numbers with
addition, multiplication, and equality is an undecidable theory. Others mentioned are decidable theories.

4. Rec-DFA = { | M is a DFA and M recognizes input w}.

Fill in the blank:
Rec-DFA is ___________
a) Undecidable
b) Decidable
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c) Non finite
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Under decidablity of regular language properties we have the following lemma which states
that A DFA which recognizes an input w is decidable.

5. Which among the following are semi decidable?

a) Empty-DFA
b) Rec-NFA
c) Infinite-DFA
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All are the properties of regular languages and all are decidable languages.
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6. The language accepted by a turing machine is called ____________

a) Recursive Ennumerable
b) Recursive
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The language accepted by Turing machines are called recursively ennumerable (RE), and the
subset of RE languages that are accepted by a turing machine that always halts are called recursive.

7. Decidable can be taken as a synonym to:

a) recursive
b) non recursive
c) recognizable
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We can refer to languages as ‘recursive’ and problems as ‘decidable’. If a language is not
recursive , then we call the problem expressed by that language undecidable.

8. The problems which have no algorithm, regardless of whether or not they are accepted by a turing
machine that fails to halts on some input are referred as: a) Decidable
b) Undecidable
c) Computable
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The problems that can be solved by a turing machine can divided into two classes:
a) Those that have an algorithm
b) Intractable problems: Those that are only solved by a turing machine that may run forever on inputs they
do not accept.

9. An algorithm is called efficient if it runs in ____________ time on a serial computer.

a) polynomial
b) non polynomial
c) logarithmic
d) none of the mentionedView Answer
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Answer: a
Explanation: Example: Runtimes of efficient algorithms
O(n), O(nlogn), O(n3log2n)
Runtimes of inefficient algorithms
O(2n), O(n!)
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10. A problem is called __________ if its has an efficient algorithm for itself.
a) tractable
b) intractable
c) computational
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A problem is called intractable iff there is an efficient (i.e. polynomial time) algorithm that
solves it. A problem is called intractable iff there exists no efficient algorithm that solves it.

11. A formal language is recursive if :

a) a total turing machine exists
b) a turing machine that halts for every input
c) turing machine rejects if the input does not belong to the language
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A formal language is called recursive if it is a recursive subset of the set of all possible finite
sequences over the alphabet of the language.

12. Recursive languages are also known as:

a) decidable
b) undecidable
c) sometimes decidable
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A language is recursive if there exists a turing machine such that it halts i.e. accepts if the input
belongs to the language else rejects. It is better called Turing decidable language.

13. The class of recursive language is known as:

a) R
b) RC
c) RL
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: R is the set of all recursive languages, a class of decision problems solvable by turing machines.
Although, R is also used for the class RP.
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14. Which of the following was not a part of Chomsky hierarchy ?

a) Context sensitive grammar
b) Unrestricted grammar
c) Recursive grammar
d) None of the mentionedView Answer
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Answer: c
Explanation: All recursive languages are recursively enumerable. All regular, context free and context
sensitive languages are recursive.

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To practice all areas of Automata Theory for Experienced people, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Rice’s

Theorem, Properties and PCP
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Rice’s Theorem,
Properties and PCP”.

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1. According to the rice’s theorem, If P is a non trivial property, Lp is :
a) infinite
b) decidable
c) undecidable
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Rice’s theorem states that ‘Any non trivial property about the language recognized by a turing
machine is undecidable’.
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2. Fill in the blank with reference to Rice’s theorem.

For any non-trivial property of __________ no general or effective method can decide whether an algorithm
computes it with that property. a) partial functions
b) piecewise functions
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A property of partial functions is called trivial if it holds for all partial computable functions or
for none, and an effective decision method is called general if it decides correctly for every algorithm.

3. Which of the following is incorrect according to rice theorem?

Let S be a set of language hat is non trivial:
a) there exists a TM that recognizes the language in S
b) there exists a TM that recognizes the language not in S
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: According to rice theorem, it is undecidable to determine whether the language recognized by
an arbitrary turing machine lies in S.

4. Which of the following set of computable functions are decidable?

a) The class of computable functions that are constant, and its complement
b) The class of indices for computable functions that are total
c) The class of indices for recursively enumerable sets that are cofinite
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: According to Rice’s theorem, if there exists atleast one computable function in a particular class
C of computable functions and another computable function not in C then the problem deciding whether a
particular program computes a function in C is undecidable.
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5. Which of the following statements are undecidable?

For a given Turing Machine M,
a) does M halt on an empty input tape
b) does M halt for anly inputs at all?
c) is L(M) regular? Context free? Turing decidable?
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All of the following mentioned are immediate results of Rice’s theorem and thus, undecidable.
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6. Post Correspondence problem is
a) decidable decision problem
b) undecidable decision problem
c) not a decision problem
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Post Correspondence problem is an undecidable decision problem that was introduced by Emil
Post in 1946. Being simpler than halting problem, it can be used in proofs of undecidability.

7. State true or false:

Statement: The difference between PCP and MPCP is that in MPCP, a solution is required to start with
the first string on each list. a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The MPCP is : Given lists A and B of K strings ,say A = w1 ,w2, …wk and B= x1, x2,…..xk
does there exists a sequence of integers i1,i2,…ir such that w1wi1wi2…..wir = x1xi1xi2…xir?
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8. PCP stands for?

a) Post Correspondence Problem
b) Post Corresponding Problem
c) Pre Correspondence problem
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: PCP or Post Correspondence problem is an undecidable decision problem.

9. Can a Modified PCP problem be reduced to PCP?

a) yes
b) no
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Yes, it can be. There exists a theorem and as well as its proof which supports the assertion.

10. Consider three decision problem A, B, C. A is decidable and B is not. Which of the following is a correct
option?
a) C is undecidable if C is reducible to B
b) C is undecidable if B is reducible to C
c) C is decidable if A is reducible to C
d) C is decidable if C is reducible to B’s complement.View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: As B is undecidable and it can be reduced to C, C is also an undecidable problem.
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To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Problem Solvable in Polynomial Time
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Interview Questions and Answers for Experienced people focuses on “Problem
Solvable in Polynomial Time”.

1. If the number of steps required to solve a problem is O(nk), then the problem is said to be solved in:
a) non-polynomial time
b) polynomial time
c) infinite time
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Most of the operations like addition, subtraction, etc as well as computing functions including
powers, square roots and logarithms can be performed in polynomial time. In the given question, n is the
complexity of the input and k is some non negative integer.
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2. The value of constants like p and e can be calculated in:

a) polynomial time
b) non-polynomial time
c) cannot be calculated
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The value of such constants can be calculated using algorithms which have time complexity in
terms if O(nk) i.e polynomial time.
3. Which of the following cannot be solved using polynomial time?
a) Linear Programming
b) Greatest common divisor
c) Maximum matching
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: In graph theory, a matching or independent edge set in a graph G is a set of edges without
common vertices. Given a graph (V, E), a matching M in G is a set of pairwise non adjacent edges i.e. no
two edges share a common vertex.

4. The complexity class P consist of all the decision problems that can be solved by ___________using
polynomial amount of computation time.

a) Push Down automata

b) DFA
c) NDFA
d) Deterministic Turing machineView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: All the decision problems that can be solved using a Deterministic turing machine using
polynomial time to compute, all belong to the complexity class P.
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5. A generalization of P class can be:

a) PTIME
b) DTIME
c) NP
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: P is a specific case of NP class, which is the class of decidable problems decidable by a non
deterministic turing machine that runs in polynomial time.

6. Which of the following options are correct with reference to P-complete problems?
a) used for the problems which are difficult to solve in limited space
b) every problem in P can be reduced to it using proper reductions
c) complete problem for complexity class P
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation:
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The notion of P-complete decision problems is useful in the analysis of:
a) which problems are tough to parallelize effectively
b) which problems are difficult to solve in limited space

7. A problem X belongs to P complexity class if there exist ________ algorithm to solve that problem, such
that the number of steps of the algorithms bounded by a polynomial in n, where n is the length of the input.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) all of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: A problem X belongs to P complexity class if there exist atleast 1 algorithm to solve that
problem, such that the number of steps of the algorithms bounded by a polynomial in n, where n is the length
of the input. Thus, all the options are correct.

8. Which of the following is a P-complete type of problem?

a) Circuit Value problem
b) Linear programming
c) Context free grammar membership
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Given a context free grammar and a string, can the string be generated by the grammar? Such
problems fall in the category of P-complete.
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9. State true or false?

Statement: Given a turing machine, an input for the machine, and a number T(unary), does that machine halt
on that input within the first T-steps?
The given problem is P-complete.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: If we can parallelize a general simulation of a sequential computer, then we will be able to
parallelize any program that runs on that computer. If this problem is in NC, then so every other problem in
P.
10. In the above problem, if the input is binary, the class the problem belongs?
a) EXPSPACE
b) DLOGTIME
c) EXPTIME-complete
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: It is the set of all decision problems that have exponential run time i.e. solvable by deterministic
turing machine in O(2p(n)) time, where p(n) is a polynomial function of n.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Non

Deterministic Polynomial Time
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Non Deterministic
Polynomial Time”.
1. What does NP stands for in complexity classes theory?
a) Non polynomial
b) Non-deterministic polynomial
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: NP is said to be one of the most fundamental complexity classes. NP is an acronym for Non
deterministic polynomial time.
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2. The hardest of NP problems can be:
a) NP-complete
b) NP-hard
c) P
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: NP class contains many important problems, the hardest of which is NP-complete, whose
solution is sufficient to deal with any other NP problem in polynomial time.

3. Which of the following contains NP?

a) PSPACE
b) EXPSPACE
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: It is sufficient to construct a PSPACE machine that loops over all proof strings and feeds each
one to a polynomial time verifier. It is also contained in EXPTIME, since the same algorithm operates in
exponential time.

4. Travelling sales man problem belongs to which of the class?

a) P
b) NP
c) Linear
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Travelling Salesman Problem: Given an input matrix of distances between n cities, this problem
is to determine if there is a route visiting all cities with total distance less than k.

5. State true or false?

Statement: If a problem X is in NP and a polynomial time algorithm for X could also be used to solve
problem Y in polynomial time, then Y is also in NP. a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: This is just a commutative property of NP complexity class where a problem is said to be in NP
if it can be solved using an algorithm which was used to solve another NP problem in polynomial amount of
time.
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6. A problem which is both _______ and _________ is said to be NP complete.

a) NP, P
b) NP, NP hard
c) P, P complete
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A problem is said to be NP Hard if an algorithm for solving the problem can be translated from
for solving any other problem. It is easier to show a problem NP than showing it Np Hard.

7. Which of the following is incorrect for the given phrase

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Phrase :’solvable by non deterministic algorithms in polynomial time’
a) NP Problems
b) During control flow, non deterministic algorithm may have more than one choice
c) If the choices that non deterministic algorithm makes are correct, the amount of time it takes is boundedby
polynomial time.
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Primality testing is a simple example. To decide whether a number is prime or not, one simply
selects non deterministically a number checks whether factors exist for the number or not.

8. In terms of NTIME, NP problems are the set of decision problems which can be solved using a non
deterministic machine in _______ time. a) O(n)
b) O(n1/2)
c) O(nk), k N
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The complexity class NP can be defined in terms of NTIME as:
NP=O(nk) for k N.

9. Which of the following can be used to define NP complexity class?

a) Verifier
b) Polynomial time
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: NP can be defined using deterministic turing machines as verifiers.
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10. Which of the following are not in NP?

a) All problems in P
b) Boolean Satisfiability problems
c) Integer factorization problem
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: This is a list of some problems which are in NP:
a) All problems in P
b) Decision version of Integer factorization method
c) Graph Isomorphism Problem
d) All NP complete problems, etc.

11. Which of the following does not belong to the closure properties of NP class?
a) Union
b) Concatenation
c) Reversal
d) ComplementView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: It is unknown about the closure property-complement for the complexity class NP. The
question is so called NP versus co-NP problem.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

NodeCover Problem, Hamilton Circuit Problem
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This set of Automata Theory Questions and Answers for Aptitude test focuses on “Node-Cover Problem,
Hamilton Circuit Problem”.

1. Which of the given problems are NP-complete?

a) Node cover problems
b) Directed Hamilton Circuit Problem
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer
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Answer: c
Explanation: Vertex cover or Node cover problem, and Hamilton Circuit problem, both are NP complete
type of problems.
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2. Which of the following problems do not belong to Karp’s 21 NP-complete problems?

a) Vertex Cover problems
b) Knapsack
c) 0-1 integer programming
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There exists a set of 21 problems that are NP-complete and the set is called Karp’s 21
NPcomplete problems.

3. Which of the following problems were reduced to Knapsack?

a) Exact Cover
b) Max Cut
c) 0-1 integer programming
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Exact cover is a decision problem in computer science to determine if an exact cover exists.

4. An exact cover problem can be represented using:

a) incidence matrix
b) bipartite graph
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The relation ‘contains’ can be represented using a bipartite graph. The vertices of the graph can
be divided into two disjoint sets, one representing the subset S and the other representing the elements of P
and one edge for each subset in S;each node is included in exactly one of the edges forming the cover.
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5. For which of the following, greedy algorithm finds a minimal vertex cover in polynomial time?
a) tree graphs
b) bipartite graphs
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: For bipartite graphs, Konigs theorem allows the bipartite vertex problem to be solved in
polynomial time.
6. Hamilton circuit problem can have the following version/s as per the input graph:
a) directed
b) undirected
c) both (a) and (b)
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Hamilton circuit problem is a problem determining whether a Hamiltonian path(a path in an
undirected or directed graph that visits each vertex exactly once) exists in a graph(directed or undirected).
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7. Hamilton Circuit problem is a special case of ____________
a) travelling salesman problem
b) halting problem
c) hitting set
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Hamilton circuit problem is a special case of travelling salesman problem, obtained by setting
the distance between two cities to one if they are adjacent and two otherwise, and verifying that the total
distance travelled is equal to n (if so, the route is a Hamiltonian circuit; if there is no Hamiltonian circuit then
the shortest route will be longer).
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8. Which of the following cannot solve Hamilton Circuit problem?

a) DNA Computer
b) Monte Carlo algorithm
c) Dynamic programming
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Using Inclusion-exclusion principle, Andreas showed how to solve Hamilton Circuit problem
in arbitrary n-vertex graphs by a Monte Carlo algorithm in time O(1.657n).

9. State true or false:

Statement: Hamiltonian cycles through any fixed edge is always even, so if one such cycle is given, the
second one must also exists. a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Handshaking lemma states that ‘Every finite undirected graph has an even number of vertices
with odd degree.

10. Fibonacci number falls in the category of _________ combinatorics.

a) Algebric
b) Enumerative
c) Analytic
d) ExtremalView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Enumerative combinatorics is the most classical area of combinatorics and concentrates on
counting the number of certain combinatorial objects. Fibonacci series is a basic example of Enumerative
Combinatorics.
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Questions and Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

PSPACE
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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “PSPACE”.

1. All set of polynomial questions which can be solved by a turing machine using a polynomial amount of
space:
a) PSPACE
b) NPSPACE
c) EXPSPACE
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: PSPACE is the problem class which contains all set of decision problems which can be solved
using a turing machine taking polynomial amount of space.
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2. PSPACE is strictly the super set of:

a) Regular language
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b) Context free language
c) Context Sensitive Language
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Membership of a string in a language defined by an arbitrary context sensitive grammar, or by
an arbitrary determinisic context sensitive grammar, is a PSPACE -complete problem.

3. Savitch theorem relates to which of the following:

a) PSPACE=NPSPACE
b) Alternating Turing Machine
c) Time complexity
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Some important conclusions of Savitch theorem includes:
a) PSPACE=NPSPACE: square of a polynomial function is still a polynomial function.
b) NL L2

4. The class PSPACE is closed under the following operations:

a) Union
b) Concatenation
c) Kleene
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The closure property of PSPACE class includes :- Union, Concatenation and Kleene operation.
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5. Correct the given order:

NL P NP PH PSPACE
a) NP P NL PH PSPACE
b) NL PH NP P PSPACE
c) NL P NP PH PSPACE
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The given order is the only correct order and further PSPACE belongs to EXPTIME class and
subsequently occurs EXPSPACE class.

6. NL PSPACE EXPSPACE
The given relation involves which of the following theorems?
a) Space hierarchy theorem
b) Savitch’s theorem
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: From space hierarchy theorem: NL NPSPACE, from Savitch’s theorem: NPSPACE=
PSPACE.

7. Statement : All PSPACE problems can be reduced to PSPACE-complete

problems. State true or false: a) true
b) false
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View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: PSPACE-complete problems are the most difficut problems is PSPACE. Finding a simple
solution to PSPACE-complete means simple solution to all other problems in PSPACE because all PSPACE
problems can be reduced to PSPACE-complete problems.
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8. Without needing extra __________ we can simulate non deterministic turing machine using deterministic
turing machine. a) time
b) space
c) both time and space
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Though it may use extra time, but as PSPACE=NPSPACE from savitch’s theorem, we can say
that space taken is same for both the machins, deterministic as well as non-deterministic.

9. Complement of all the problems in PSPACE is ________

a) PSPACE
b) NL
c) P
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The complement of all the problems in PSPACE are also in PSPACE, meaning co-PSPACE=
PSPACE.

10. Which of the following PSPACE can be characterized into?

a) APTIME
b) AP
c) Quantom complexity class
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: An alternative characterization of PSPACE is a set of problems decidable by a turing machine
in polynomial time, sometimes called, APTIME or AP.
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Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Randomized Algorithm
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Randomized
Algorithm”

1. A randomized algorithm uses random bits as input inorder to achieve a _____________ good performance
over all possible choice of random bits. a) worst case
b) best case
c) average case
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as a part of its
logic using random bits as inputs and in hope of producing average case good performace.
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2. Which of the following options match the given statement:

Statement: The algorithms that use the random input to reduce the expected running time or memory usage,
but always terminate with a correct result in a bounded amount of time. a) Las Vegas Algorithm
b) Monte Carlo Algorithm
c) Atlantic City Algorithm
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a

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Explanation: The other type of algorithms are probabalistic algorithms, which depending upon the random
input, have a chance of producing incorrect results or fail to produce a result.

3. Which of the following are probalistic algorithms?

a) Las Vegas Algorithm
b) Monte Carlo Algorithm
c) Atlantic City Algorithm
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Monte Carlo algorithms are very vast, but only probably correct. On thr other side, Las Vegas
algorithms are always correct, but probably fast.

4. Which of the following algorithms are probably correct as well as fast?

a) Las Vegas Algorithm
b) Monte Carlo Algorithm
c) Atlantic City Algorithm
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The atlantic city algorithms which are bounded polynomial time algorithms are probably
correct and probably fast. It is correct more than 75% of the times.

5. Prisonner’s dilemma can be related to the following:

a) cooperative behaviour
b) graph theory
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Prisonner’s dilemma is a standard example of a game analysed in game theory where rational
cooperative behaviour is judged on the basis of rewards and punishment.
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6. Unix sort command uses _________ as its sorting technique.

a) Quick Sort
b) Bucket Sort
c) Radix Sort
d) Merge SortView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Quicksort is the method of choice in many applications( Unix sort command) with O(nlogn) in
worst case.

7. State true or false:

Statement: A turing machine has the capability of using randomly ‘generated’ numbers.
a) true
b) false
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Complexity theories models randomized algorithms as probalistic turing machines. A
probalistic turing machine is a non deterministic turing machine which randomly chooses between the
available transitions at each point according to some probalistic distribution.

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8. For the given algorithm, find the probability of finding after k iterations:
find_a(array A, n,
k) begin i=0
repeat
Randomly select one element out of n elements
i=i+1 until
i=k or a is found end

a) (1/2)k
b) (1-(1/3))k
c) 1-(1/2)k
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The given is known as Monte Carlo Algorithm. If a is fount, the algorithm succeeds, else the
algorith fails. The algorithm doesn not guarantee success but the run time is bounded.
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9. Which of the following can be solved in computer science?

a) P=BPP problem
b) NP=co-NP problem
c) Do one way problems exist?
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There exists a list of unsolved problems in computational theory which includes many problems
including the ones given.

10. Which of the following can be referred to as applications of Randomized algorithm?

a) Quicksort
b) Min Cut
c) Verifying Matrix Multiplication
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Freivalds algorithm is a probabalistic randomized algorithm we use to verify matrix
multiplication. On the other hand, Randomness can be useful in quicksort. If the algorithm selects pivot
element uniformaly at random, it has a probably high probabilty of finishing the work in O(nlogn) time
regardless of the input.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Class

RP and ZPP,Complexity
« Prev Next »

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Complexity
Classes,Class RP and ZPP”.

1. Which among the following is smallest for n=50

a) 2n2
b) n2+3n+7
c) n3
d) 2n
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation:
2n2=5000
n2+3n+7=2567
n3=125000
2n=1.13*1015
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2. The space complexity of a turing machine is undefined if:

a) It is a multitape turing machine
b) If no string of length n causes T to use infinite number of tape squares
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c) If some input of length n causes T to loop forever
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: If there exists an input string of length n that causes T to use an infinite number of tape squares,
the space complexity of the turing machine is undefined.

3. In order to reduce the run time of a turing machine:

a) we can reduce the number of tapes
b) we can increase the number of tapes
c) use infinite tapes
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: One way to reduce the run time can be to increase the number of tapes. Sometimes, using two tapes
can be used to avoid back and forth motions altogether.

4. Which of the following are basic complexity classes for a function f:N->N?
a) Ntime(f)
b) Nspace(f)
c) Space(f)
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Ntime(f): is a set of languages that can be accepted by a NTM T with non deterministic time
complexity function t <=f. In all four cases, the machines are allowed to be multitape TM’s.

5. A function f is called __________ if there exists a TM T so that for any n and any input string of length n,
T halts in exactly f(n) moves. a) Step function
b) Step counting function
c) Inplace functions
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: If f is a step counting function, T is a TM halting in f(n) moves where n is the length of input
string.
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6. Let f: N->N be a step counting function. Then for some constant C, Time(f) is a proper subset of
Time(_______) a) O(nf)
b) O(n+f)
c) O(n2f2)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Using the encoding function, it is possible to show that if the function f is a step counting
function, then the function Cn2(f(n))2 is the total number of moves required.
7. Which among the following is false? If
f=O(h) and g=O(k) for f,g,h,k:N->N, then
a) f+g = O(h+k)
b) fg = O(hk)
c) fg=O(hk)
d) None of the mentionedView Answer
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Answer: c
Explanation: f,g,h,k are partial functions and each is defined at all but a finite number of points.

8. Which of the following is not correct for ZPP?

a) zero error probabalistic polynomial time
b) it runs in non-polynomial time
c) it returns an answer yes, no or do not know
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: ZPP is zero error probabalistic polynomial time complexity class which run in polynomial time,
returns an answer: yes, no or do not know.

9. ZPP is based on ________

a) Probabalistic turing machine
b) Alternative turing machine
c) Quantum turing machine
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A probabalistic turing machine is a non deterministic turing machine which randomly chooses
between the available transitions at each point according to some probability distribution.
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10. ZPP is exactly equal to the ____________of the classes RP and co-RP.
a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Concatenation
d) DifferenceView Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: To prove the following statement, we need to take in note that every problem in RP and co-RP
has a Las-Vegas algorithm.

11. Suppose we have a las vegas algorithm C to prove ZPP is contained in RP and co-RP. Run C for double
its expected running time.
By Markov’s inequality, the chance that it will answer before we stop is:
a) 1/2
b) 1/4
c) 1/3
d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: This means the chance we’ll give the wrong answer on a YES instance, by stopping and
yielding NO, is only 1/2, fitting the definition of an RP algorithm.

12. State true or false:

Statement: ZPP is closed under complement function.
a) true
b) false
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: ZPP is said to be closed under complement function i.e. ZPP=co-ZPP.
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Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.
To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.
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Automata Theory Questions and Answers –

Applications of NFA
« Prev

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Applications of
NFA”.

1. Under which of the following operation, NFA is not closed?

a) Negation
b) Kleene
c) Concatenation
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d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: NFA is said to be closed under the following operations:
a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Concatenation
d) Kleene
e) Negation.
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2. It is less complex to prove the closure properties over regular languages using:
a) NFA
b) DFA
c) PDA
d) Can’t be saidView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: None.

3. Which of the following is an application of Finite Automaton?

a) Compiler Design
b) Grammar Parsers
c) Text Search
d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: There are many applications of finite automata, mainly in the field of Compiler Design and
Parsers and Search Engines.

4. John is asked to make an automaton which accepts a given string for all the occurrence of ‘1001’ in it.
How many number of transitions would John use such that, the string processing application works? a) 9
b) 11
c) 12
d) 15
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: None.
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5. Which of the following do we use to form an NFA from a regular expression?

a) Subset Construction Method
b) Power Set Construction Method
c) Thompson Construction Method
d) Scott Construction MethodView Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Thompson Construction method is used to turn a regular expression in an NFA by fragmenting
the given regular expression through the operations performed on the input alphabets.
6. Which among the following can be an example of application of finite state machine(FSM)?
a) Communication Link
b) Adder
c) Stack
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d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Idle is the state when data in form of packets is send and returns if NAK is received else waits
for the NAK to be received.

7. Which among the following is not an application of FSM?

a) Lexical Analyser
b) BOT
c) State charts
d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Finite state automation is used in Lexical Analyser, Computer BOT (used in games), State
charts, etc.
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8. L1= {w | w does not contain the string tr }

L2= {w | w does contain the string tr}
Given ∑= {t, r}, The difference of the minimum number of states required to form L1 and L2?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) Cannot be saidView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: None.

9. Predict the number of transitions required to automate the following language using only 3 states:
L= {w | w ends with 00} a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) Cannot be saidView Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: None.

10. The total number of states to build the given language using DFA:
L= {w | w has exactly 2 a’s and at least 2 b’s} a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
d) 13
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We need to make the number of a as fixed i.e. 2 and b can be 2 or more. Thus, using this
condition a finite automata can be created using 1 states.
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Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Automata Theory.

To practice all areas of Automata Theory, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and
Answers.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Finite AutomataIntroduction

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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Finite Automata-
Introduction”.

1. Assume the R is a relation on a set A, aRb is partially ordered such that a and b are _____________

a) reflexive

b) transitive

c) symmetric

d) reflexive and transitive

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: A partially ordered relation refers to one which is Reflexive, Transitive and Antisymmetric.

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2. The non- Kleene Star operation accepts the following string of finite length over set A = {0,1} | where
string s contains even number of 0 and 1 a) 01,0011,010101

b) 0011,11001100

c) ε,0011,11001100

d) ε,0011,11001100

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: The Kleene star of A, denoted by A*, is the set of all strings obtained by concatenating zero or
more strings from A.

3. A regular language over an alphabet ∑ is one that cannot be obtained from the basic languages using the
operation

a) Union

b) Concatenation

c) Kleene*

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Union, Intersection, Concatenation, Kleene*, Reverse are all the closure properties of Regular
Language.

4. Statement 1: A Finite automata can be represented graphically; Statement 2: The nodes can be its states;
Statement 3: The edges or arcs can be used for transitions Hint: Nodes and Edges are for trees and forests
too.

Which of the following make the correct combination?

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a) Statement 1 is false but Statement 2 and 3 are correct

b) Statement 1 and 2 are correct while 3 is wrong

c) None of the mentioned statements are correct

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: It is possible to represent a finite automaton graphically, with nodes for states, and arcs for
transitions.

5. The minimum number of states required to recognize an octal number divisible by 3 are/is a) 1

b) 3

c) 5

d) 7

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: According to the question, minimum of 3 states are required to recognize an octal number
divisible by 3.

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6. Which of the following is a not a part of 5-tuple finite automata?

a) Input alphabet

b) Transition function

c) Initial State

d) Output Alphabet

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: A FA can be represented as FA= (Q, ∑, δ, q0, F) where Q=Finite Set of States, ∑=Finite Input
Alphabet, δ=Transition Function, q0=Initial State, F=Final/Acceptance State).

7. If an Infinite language is passed to Machine M, the subsidiary which gives a finite solution to the infinite
input tape is ______________ a) Compiler

b) Interpreter

c) Loader and Linkers

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

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Answer: a

Explanation: A Compiler is used to give a finite solution to an infinite phenomenon. Example of an infinite
phenomenon is Language C, etc.

8. The number of elements in the set for the Language L={xϵ(∑r) *|length if x is at most 2} and ∑={0,1}
is_________ a) 7

b) 6

c) 8

d) 5

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: ∑r= {1,0} and a Kleene* operation would lead to the

following set=COUNT{ε,0,1,00,11,01,10} =7.

9. For the following change of state in FA, which of the following codes is an incorrect option? a) δ (m, 1) =n

b) δ (0, n) =m

c) δ (m,0) =ε

d) s: accept = false; cin >> char;if char = “0” goto n;

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: δ(QX∑) = Q1 is the correct representation of change of state. Here, δ is called the Transition
function.

10. Given: ∑= {a, b}

L= {xϵ∑*|x is a string combination} ∑4 represents which among the following?

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a) {aa, ab, ba, bb}

b) {aaaa, abab, ε, abaa, aabb}

c) {aaa, aab, aba, bbb}

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: ∑* represents any combination of the given set while ∑x represents the set of combinations
with length x where x ϵ I.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Moore Machine

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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Moore Machine”.

1. Moore Machine is an application of:

a) Finite automata without input

b) Finite automata with output

c) Non- Finite automata with output

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Finite automaton with an output is categorize din two parts: Moore M/C and Mealy M/C.

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2. In Moore machine, output is produced over the change of: a) transitions

b) states

c) Both

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Moore machine produces an output over the change of transition states while mealy machine
does it so for transitions itself.

3. For a give Moore Machine, Given Input=’101010’, thus the output would be of length: a) |Input|+1

b) |Input|

c) |Input-1|

d) Cannot be predicted

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Initial state, from which the operations begin is also initialized with a value.

4. Statement 1: Null string is accepted in Moore Machine.

Statement 2: There are more than 5-Tuples in the definition of Moore Machine.

Choose the correct option:

a) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is true

b) Statement 1 is true while Statement 2 is false

c) Statement 1 is false while Statement 2 is true

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d) Statement 1 and Statement 2, both are false

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Even ε, when passed as an input to Moore machine produces an output.

5. The total number of states and transitions required to form a moore machine that will produce residue mod
3. a) 3 and 6

b) 3 and 5

c) 2 and 4

d) 2 and 5

View Answer

Answer: a Explanation:

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6. Complete the given table according to the given Moore machine.

Present State

Next State Output

Q0

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

Q2

Q0

a) Q0, Q2, 0

b) Q0, Q2, 1

c) Q1, Q2, 1
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d) Q1, Q0, 0

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The table can be filled accordingly seeing the graph.

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7. What is the output for the given language?

Language: A set of strings over ∑= {a, b} is taken as input and it prints 1 as an output “for every occurrence
of a, b as its substring. (INPUT: abaaab) a) 0010001

b) 0101010

c) 0111010

d) 0010000

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The outputs are as per the input, produced.

8. The output alphabet can be represented as:

a) δ

b) ∆

c) ∑

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Source-The tuple definition of Moore and mealy machine comprises one new member i.e.
output alphabet as these are finite machines with output.

9. The O/P of Moore machine can be represented in the following format: a) Op(t)=δ(Op(t))

b) Op(t)=δ(Op(t)i(t))

c) Op(t): ∑

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Op(t)=δ(Op(t)) is the defined definition of how the output is received on giving a specific input
to Moore machine.

10. Which of the following is a correct statement?

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a) Moore machine has no accepting states

b) Mealy machine has accepting states

c) We can convert Mealy to Moore but not vice versa

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Statement a and b is correct while c is false. Finite machines with output have no accepting
states and can be converted within each other.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Mealy Machine

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Mealy Machine”.

1. In mealy machine, the O/P depends upon?

a) State

b) Previous State

c) State and Input

d) Only Input

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Definition of Mealy Machine.

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2. Which of the given are correct?

a) Moore machine has 6-tuples

b) Mealy machine has 6-tuples

c) Both Mealy and Moore has 6-tuples

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Finite Automaton with Output has a common definition for both the categories.

3. The following mealy machine outputs which of the following?

a) 9’s Complement
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b) 2’s Complement

c) 1’s Complement

d) 10’s Complement

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: The input can be taken in form of a binary string and can be verified.

4. The O/P of Mealy machine can be represented in the following format: a) Op(t)= δ(Op(t))

b) Op(t)= δ(Op(t)i(t))

c) Op(t): ∑

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: The output of mealy machine depends on the present state as well as the input to that state.

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5.The ratio of number of input to the number of output in a mealy machine can be given as: a) 1

b) n: n+1

c) n+1: n

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The number of output here follows the transitions in place of states as in Moore machine.

6. Mealy and Moore machine can be categorized as:

a) Inducers

b) Transducers

c) Turing Machines

d) Linearly Bounder Automata

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: They are collectively known as Transducers.

7. The major difference between Mealy and Moore machine is about:

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a) Output Variations

b) Input Variations

c) Both

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Mealy and Moore machine vary over how the outputs depends on prior one (transitions) and on
the latter one(states).

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8. Statement 1: Mealy machine reacts faster to inputs.

Statement 2: Moore machine has more circuit delays.

Choose the correct option:

a) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is true

b) Statement 1 is true but Statement 2 is false

c) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true

d) None of the mentioned is true

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Being an input dependent and output capable FSM, Mealy machine reacts faster to inputs.

9. Which of the following does the given Mealy machine represents?

a) 9’s Complement

b) 2’s Complement

c) 1’s Complement

d) 10’s Complement

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Inputs can be taken and can be verified.

10. Which one among the following is true?

A mealy machine

a) produces a language
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b) produces a grammar

c) can be converted to NFA

d) has less circuit delays

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: It does not produce a language or a grammar or can be converted to a NF

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Mealy Machine-II

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Mealy Machine-
II”.

1. Which of the following does not belong to input alphabet if S={a, b}* for any language? a) a

b) b

c) e

d) none of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The automaton may be allowed to change its state without reading the input symbol using
epsilon but this does not mean that epsilon has become an input symbol. On the contrary, one assumes that
the symbol epsilon does not belong to any alphabet.

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2. The number of final states we need as per the given language? Language L: {an| n is even or divisible by
3} a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d)View Answer 4

Answer: b

Explanation:

3. An e-NFA is ___________ in representation.

a) Quadruple

b) Quintuple

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c) Triple

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: An e-NFA consist of 5 tuples: A=(Q, S, d, q0. F) Note: e is never a member of S.

4. State true or false:

Statement: Both NFA and e-NFA recognize exactly the same languages. a) true

b) false

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: e-NFA do come up with a convenient feature but nothing new.They do not extend the class of
languages that can be represented.

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5. Design a NFA for the language:

L: {an| n is even or divisible by 3}

Which of the following methods can be used to simulate the same. a) e-NFA

b) Power Construction Method

c) Both (a) and (b)

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: It is more convenient to simulate a machine using e-NFA else the method of Power
Construction is used from the union-closure of DFA’s.

6. Which of the following belongs to the epsilon closure set of a?

a) {f1, f2, f3}

b) {a, f1, f2, f3}

c) {f1, f2}

d) none of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

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Explanation: The epsilon closure of the set q is the set that contains q, together with all the states which can
be reached starting at q by following only epsilon transitions.

7. The number of elements present in the e-closure(f2) in the given diagram:

a) 0

b) 1

c) 2

d) 3

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The epsilon closure set of f2 consist of the elements:{f2, f3}. Thus the count of the element in
the closure set is 2.

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8. Which of the steps are non useful while eliminating the e-transitions for the given diagram?

a) Make a as accepting state of N’ if ECLOSE(p) contains an accepting state of N

b) Add an arc a to f1 labelled a if there is an arc labelled a in N from some state in ECLOSE(a) to f1c)
Delete all arcs labelled as e

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The given are the steps followed while eliminating epsilon transitions from a NFA or
converting an e-NFA to just NFA.

9. Is the language preserved in all the steps while eliminating epsilon transitions from a NFA? a) yes

b) no

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Yes, the language is preserved during the dteps of construction: L(N)=L(N1)=L(N2)=L(3).

10. Remove all the epsilon transitions in the given diagram and compute the number of a-transitions in the
result?

a) 5

b) 7
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c) 9

d) 6

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation:

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Deterministic Finite Automata-Introduction and Definition

This set of Automata Theory Interview Questions and Answers focuses on “Deterministic Finite Automata-
Introduction and Definition”.

1. Which of the following not an example Bounded Information?

a) fan switch outputs {on, off}

b) electricity meter reading

c) colour of the traffic light at the moment

d) none of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Bounded information refers to one whose output is limited and it cannot be said what were the
recorded outputs previously until memorized.

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2. A Language for which no DFA exist is a________

a) Regular Language

b) Non-Regular Language

c) May be Regular

d) Cannot be said

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: A language for which there is no existence of a deterministic finite automata is always Non
Regular and methods like Pumping Lemma can be used to prove the same.

3. A DFA cannot be represented in the following format

a) Transition graph

b) Transition Table
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c) C code

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: A DFA can be represented in the following formats: Transition Graph, Transition Table,
Transition tree/forest/Any programming Language.

4. What the following DFA accepts?

a) x is a string such that it ends with ‘101’

b) x is a string such that it ends with ‘01’

c) x is a string such that it has odd 1’s and even 0’s

d) x is a strings such that it has starting and ending character as 1

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Strings such as {1101,101,10101} are being accepted while {1001,11001} are not. Thus, this
conclusion leads to option a.

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5. When are 2 finite states equivalent?

a) Same number of transitions

b) Same number of states

c) Same number of states as well as transitions

d) Both are final states

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Two states are said to be equivalent if and only if they have same number of states as well as
transitions.

6. What does the following figure most correctly represents?

a) Final state with loop x

b) Transitional state with loop x

c) Initial state as well as final state with loop x

d) Insufficient Data
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View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The figure represents the initial as well as the final state with an iteration of x.

7. Which of the following will not be accepted by the following DFA?

a) ababaabaa

b) abbbaa

c) abbbaabb

d) abbaabbaa

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: All the Strings are getting accepted except ‘ababaabaa’ as it is directed to dumping state.

Dumping state also refers to the reject state of the automata.

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8. Which of the following will the given DFA won’t accept?

a) ε

b) 11010

c) 10001010

d) String of letter count 11

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: As the initial state is not made an acceptance state, thus ε will not be accepted by the given
DFA. For the automata to accept ε as an entity, one should make the initial state as also the final state.

9. Can a DFA recognize a palindrome number?

a) Yes

b) No

c) Yes, with input alphabet as ∑*

d) Can’t be determined

View Answer

Answer: b
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Explanation: Language to accept a palindrome number or string will be non-regular and thus, its DFA cannot
be obtained. Though, PDA is possible.

10. Which of the following is not an example of finite state machine system?

a) Control Mechanism of an elevator

b) Combinational Locks

c) Traffic Lights

d) Digital Watches

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Proper and sequential combination of events leads the machines to work in hand which includes
The elevator, Combinational Locks, Traffic Lights, vending machine, etc. Other applications of Finite
machine state system are Communication Protocol Design, Artificial Intelligence Research, A Turnstile, etc.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – DFA Processing Strings

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “DFA Processing
Strings”.

1. The password to the admins account=”administrator”. The total number of states required to make a
password-pass system using DFA would be __________ a) 14 states

b) 13 states

c) 12 states

d) A password pass system cannot be created using DFA

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: For a string of n characters with no repetitive substrings, the number of states required to pass
the string is n+1.

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2. Which of the following is the corresponding Language to the given DFA?

a) L= {x ϵ {0, 1} * | x ends in 1 and does not contain substring 01}

b) L= {x ϵ {0,1} * |x ends in 1 and does not contain substring 00}

c) L= {x ϵ {0,1} |x ends in 1 and does not contain substring 00}

d) L= {x ϵ {0,1} * |x ends in 1 and does not contain substring 11}

View Answer

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Answer: b

Explanation: The Language can be anonymously checked and thus the answer can be predicted. The
language needs to be accepted by the automata (acceptance state) in order to prove its regularity.

3. Let ∑= {a, b, …. z} and A = {Hello, World}, B= {Input, Output}, then (A*∩B) U (B*∩A) can be
represented as:

a) {Hello, World, Input, Output, ε}

b) {Hello, World, ε}

c) {Input, Output, ε}

d) {}

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Union operation creates the universal set by combining all the elements of first and second set
while intersection operation creates a set of common elements of the first and the second state.

4. Let the given DFA consist of x states. Find x-y such that y is the number of states on minimization of

DFA?

a) 3

b) 2

c) 1

d) 4

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Use the equivalence theorem or Myphill Nerode theorem to minimize the DFA.

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5. For a machine to surpass all the letters of alphabet excluding vowels, how many number of states in DFA
would be required? a) 3

b) 2

c) 22

d) 27

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation:

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6. For the DFA given below compute the following:

Union of all possible combinations at state 7,8 and 9.

a) {aba, ac, cc, ca, cb, bc, bab, ca}

b) {bab, bc, ac, aba, ca, aac, ccb}

c) {cc, ca, cb, aba, bab, ac}

d) {aba, ac, cc, ca, cb, bc, bab, caa}

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The string a state receives is the combination of all input alphabets which lie across the path
covered.

7. Given L= {Xϵ∑*= {a, b} |x has equal number of a, s and b’s}.

Which of the following property satisfy the regularity of the given language? a) Regularity is dependent upon
the length of the string

b) Regularity is not dependent upon the length of the string

c) Can’t be said for a particular string of a language

d) It may depend on the length of the string

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: DFA can be made for infinite language with an infinite length. Thus, dependency over length is
unfruitful.

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8. Given:

L= {xϵ∑= {0,1} |x=0n1n for n>=1}; Can there be a DFA possible for the language? a) Yes

b) No

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: It is not possible to have a count of equal number of 0 and 1 at any instant in DFA. Thus, It is
not possible to build a DFA for the given Language.

9. δ(A,1) = B, δ(A,0) =A Δ (B, (0,1)) =C δ(C,0) = A (Initial state =A)

String=”011001” is transit at which of the states? a) A

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b) C

c) B

d) Invalid String

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: It is east and simple to create the table and then the corresponding transition graph in order to
get the result, at which state the given string would be accepted.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Simpler Notations

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Simpler
Notations”.

1.Given Language: L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} |x has a substring ‘aa’ in the production}. Which of the corresponding
representation notate the same? a)

advertisement b)

c)

d)

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The states transited has been written corresponding to the transitions as per the row and column.
The row represents the transitions made and the ultimate.

2.Let u=’1101’, v=’0001’, then uv=11010001 and vu= 00011101.Using the given information what is the
identity element for the string? a) u-1

b) v-1

c) u-1v-1

d) ε

View Answer

Answer: d

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Explanation: Identity relation: εw = wε = w, thus the one satisfying the given relation will be the identity
element.

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3.Which of the following substring will the following notation result?

a) 0101011

b) 0101010

c) 010100

d) 100001

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The given DFA notation accepts the string of even length and prefix ‘01’.

4.Predict the following step in the given bunch of steps which accepts a strings which is of even length and
has a prefix=’01’

δ (q0, ε) =q0 < δ(q0,0) =δ (δ (q0, ε),0) =δ(q0,0) =q1 < _______________ a) δ (q0, 011) =δ (δ (q0,1), 1) =δ
(q2, 1) =q3

b) δ (q0, 01) =δ (δ (q0, 0), 1) = δ (q1, 1) =q2

c) δ (q0, 011) =δ (δ (q01, 1), 1) =δ (q2, 0) =q3

d) δ (q0, 0111) =δ (δ (q0, 011), 0) = δ (q3, 1) =q2

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Here, δ refers to transition function and results into new state or function when an transition is
performed over its state.

5. Fill the missing blank in the given Transition Table:

Language L= {xϵ∑= {0,1} |x accepts all the binary strings not divisible by 3}

a) Q0

b) Q1

c) Q2

d) No Transition

View Answer

Answer: Q1

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Explanation: The tabular representation of DFA is quite readable and can be used to some ore complex
problems. Here, we need to form the transition graph and fill up the given blank.

6.Which among the following is the missing transition in the given DFA? L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} | x starts with a
and ends with b}

a) δ (q0, a) =q0

b) δ (F, a) =q1

c) δ (F, a) =D

d) δ (q1, a) =D

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: For the given Language, the transition missing is δ (F, a) =q1.

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7.The complement of a language will only be defined when and only when the __________ over the
language is defined. a) String

b) Word

c) Alphabet

d) Grammar

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: It is not possible to define the complement of a language without defining the input alphabets.
Example: A language which does not consist of substring ‘ab’ while the complement would be the language
which does contain a substring ‘ab’.

8.Which among the following is not notated as infinite language?

a) Palindrome

b) Reverse

c) Factorial

d) L={ab}*

View Answer

Answer: Factorial

Explanation: Factorial, here is the most appropriate non-infinite domain. Otherwise, palindrome and reverse
have infinite domains.

9.Which among the following states would be notated as the final state/acceptance state? L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} |
length of x is 2}
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a) q1

b) q2

c) q1, q2

d) q3

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: According to the given language, q2 Is to become the final/acceptance state in order to satisfy.

10.Which of the following are the final states in the given DFA according to the Language given.?

L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} |length of x is at most 2}

a) q0, q1

b) q0, q2

c) q1, q2

d) q0, q1, q2

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: According to the given language, the length is at most 2, thus the answer is found accordingly.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The Language of DFA

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “The Language of
DFA”

1. How many languages are over the alphabet R?

a) countably infinite

b) countably finite

c) uncountable finite

d) uncountable infinite

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: A language over an alphabet R is a set of strings over A which is uncountable and infinite.

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2. According to the 5-tuple representation i.e. FA= {Q, ∑, δ, q, F}

Statement 1: q ϵ Q’; Statement 2: FϵQ

a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false

b) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true

c) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 may be true

d) Statement 1 may be true, Statement 2 is false

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Q is the Finite set of states, whose elements i.e. the states constitute the finite automata.

3. δˆ tells us the best:

a) how the DFA S behaves on a word u

b) the state is the dumping state

c) the final state has been reached

d) Kleene operation is performed on the set

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: δ or the Transition function describes the best, how a DFA behaves on a string where to transit
next, which direction to take.

4. Which of the following option is correct? A= {{abc, aaba}. {ε, a, bb}} a) abcbb ₵ A

b) ε₵A

c) ε may not belong to A

d) abca ₵ A

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: As the question has dot operation, ε will not be a part of the concatenated set. Had it been a
union operation, ε would be a part of the operated set.

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5. For a DFA accepting binary numbers whose decimal equivalent is divisible by 4, what are all the possible
remainders? a) 0

b) 0,2

c) 0,2,4

d) 0,1,2,3
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View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: All the decimal numbers on division would lead to only 4 remainders i.e. 0,1,2,3 (Property of
Decimal division).

6. Which of the following x is accepted by the given DFA (x is a binary string ∑= {0,1})?

a) divisible by 3

b) divisible by 2

c) divisible by 2 and 3

d) divisible by 3 and 2

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The given DFA accepts all the binary strings such that they are divisible by 3 and 2.Thus, it can
be said that it also accepts all the strings which is divisible by 6.

7. Given:

L1= {xϵ ∑*|x contains even no’s of 0’s}

L2= {xϵ ∑*|x contains odd no’s of 1’s} No of final states in Language L1 U L2? a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

View Answer

Answer: c Explanation:

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8. The maximum number of transition which can be performed over a state in a DFA? ∑= {a, b, c} a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The maximum number of transitions which a DFA allows for a language is the number of
elements the transitions constitute.
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9. The maximum sum of in degree and out degree over a state in a DFA can be determined as: ∑= {a, b, c, d}
a) 4+4

b) 4+16

c) 4+0

d) depends on the Language

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The out degree for a DFA I fixed while the in degree depends on the number of states in the
DFA and that cannot be determined without the dependence over the Language.

10. The sum of minimum and maximum number of final states for a DFA n states is equal to: a) n+1

b) n

c) n-1

d) n+2

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The maximum number of final states for a DFA can be total number of states itself and
minimum would always be 1, as no DFA exits without a final state. Therefore, the solution is n+1.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Finite Automata

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular Language
& Expression”.

1. There are ________ tuples in finite state machine.

a) 4

b) 5

c) 6

d) unlimited

View Answer

Answer:b

Explanation: States, input symbols,initial state,accepting state and transition function.

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2. Transition function maps.

a) Σ * Q -> Σ

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b) Q * Q -> Σ

c) Σ * Σ -> Q

d) Q * Σ -> Q

View Answer

Answer:d

Explanation: Inputs are state and input string output is states.

3. Number of states require to accept string ends with 10. a) 3

b) 2

c) 1

d) can’t be represented.

View Answer

Answer:a

Explanation: This is minimal finite automata.

4. Extended transition function is .

a) Q * Σ* -> Q

b) Q * Σ -> Q

c) Q* * Σ* -> Σ

d) Q * Σ -> Σ

View Answer

Answer:a

Explanation: This takes single state and string of input to produce a state.

5. δ*(q,ya) is equivalent to .

a) δ((q,y),a)

b) δ(δ*(q,y),a)

c) δ(q,ya)

d) independent from δ notation

View Answer

Answer:b

Explanation: First it parse y string after that it parse a.

6. String X is accepted by finite automata if .

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a) δ*(q,x) E A

b) δ(q,x) E A

c) δ*(Q0,x) E A

d) δ(Q0,x) E A

View Answer

Answer:c

Explanation: If automata starts with starting state and after finite moves if reaches to final step then it called
accepted.

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7. Languages of a automata is

a) If it is accepted by automata

b) If it halts

c) If automata touch final state in its life time

d) All language are language of automata

View Answer

Answer:a

Explanation: If a string accepted by automata it is called language of automata.

8. Language of finite automata is.

a) Type 0

b) Type 1

c) Type 2

d) Type 3

View Answer

Answer:d

Explanation: According to Chomsky classification.

9. Finite automata requires minimum _______ number of stacks.

a) 1

b) 0

c) 2

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer
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Answer:b

Explanation: Finite automata doesn’t require any stack operation .

10. Number of final state require to accept Φ in minimal finite automata.

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer:d

Explanation: No final state requires.

11. Regular expression for all strings starts with ab and ends with bba is.

a) aba*b*bba

b) ab(ab)*bba

c) ab(a+b)*bba

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer:c

Explanation: Starts with ab then any number of a or b and ends with bba.

12. How many DFA’s exits with two states over input alphabet {0,1} ?

a) 16

b) 26

c) 32

d) 64

View Answer

Answer:d

Explanation: Number of DFA’s = 2n * n(2*n).

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13. The basic limitation of finite automata is that

a) It can’t remember arbitrary large amount of information.

b) It sometimes recognize grammar that are not regular.

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c) It sometimes fails to recognize regular grammar.

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer:a

Explanation:Because there is no memory associated with automata.

14. Number of states require to simulate a computer with memory capable of storing ‘3’ words each of length
‘8’. a) 3 * 28

b) 2(3*8)

c) 2(3+8)

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer:b

Explanation: 2(m*n) states requires .

15. FSM with output capability can be used to add two given integer in binary representation. This is a) True

b) False

c) May be true

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer:a

Explanation: Use them as a flip flop output .

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Non Deterministic Finite Automata – Introduction

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Non Deterministic
Finite Automata – Introduction”

1. Which of the following options is correct?

Statement 1: Initial State of NFA is Initial State of DFA.

Statement 2: The final state of DFA will be every combination of final state of NFA. a) Statement 1 is true
and Statement 2 is true

b) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false

c) Statement 1 can be true and Statement 2 is true

d) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is also false

View Answer
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Answer: a

Explanation: Statement 1 and 2 always true for a given Language.

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2. Given Language: L= {ab U aba}*

If X is the minimum number of states for a DFA and Y is the number of states to construct the NFA, |X-Y|=?
a) 2

b) 3

c) 4

d) 1

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Construct the DFA and NFA individually, and the attain the difference of states.

3. An automaton that presents output based on previous state or current input: a) Acceptor

b) Classifier

c) Transducer

d) None of the mentioned.

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: A transducer is an automaton that produces an output on the basis of what input has been given
currently or previous state.

4. If NFA of 6 states excluding the initial state is converted into DFA, maximum possible number of states
for the DFA is ? a) 64

b) 32

c) 128

d) 127

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The maximum number of sets for DFA converted from NFA would be not greater than 2n.

5. NFA, in its name has ’non-deterministic’ because of :

a) The result is undetermined

b) The choice of path is non-deterministic

c) The state to be transited next is non-deterministic

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d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Non deterministic or deterministic depends upon the definite path defined for the transition
from one state to another or undefined(multiple paths).

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6. Which of the following is correct proposition?

Statement 1: Non determinism is a generalization of Determinism.

Statement 2: Every DFA is automatically an NFA

a) Statement 1 is correct because Statement 2 is correct

b) Statement 2 is correct because Statement 2 is correct

c) Statement 2 is false and Statement 1 is false

d) Statement 1 is false because Statement 2 is false

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: DFA is a specific case of NFA.

7. Given Language L= {xϵ {a, b}*|x contains aba as its substring}

Find the difference of transitions made in constructing a DFA and an equivalent NFA? a) 2

b) 3

c) 4

d) Cannot be determined.

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The individual Transition graphs can be made and the difference of transitions can be
determined.

8. The construction time for DFA from an equivalent NFA (m number of node)is: a) O(m2)

b) O(2m)

c) O(m)

d) O(log m)

View Answer

Answer: b

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Explanation: From the coded NFA-DFA conversion.

9. If n is the length of Input string and m is the number of nodes, the running time of DFA is x that of
NFA.Find x? a) 1/m2

b) 2m

c) 1/m

d) log m

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Running time of DFA: O(n) and Running time of NFA =O(m2n).

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10. Which of the following option is correct?

a) NFA is slower to process and its representation uses more memory than DFA

b) DFA is faster to process and its representation uses less memory than NFA

c) NFA is slower to process and its representation uses less memory than DFA

d) DFA is slower to process and its representation uses less memory than NFA

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: NFA, while computing strings, take parallel paths, make different copies of input and goes
along different paths in order to search for the result. This creates the difference in processing speed of DFA
and NFA.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Extended Transition Function

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Extended
Transition Function”.

1. The number of tuples in an extended Non Deterministic Finite Automaton: a) 5

b) 6

c) 7

d) 4

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: For NFA or extended transition function on NFA, the tuple elements remains same i.e. 5.

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2. Choose the correct option for the given statement:

Statement: The DFA shown represents all strings which has 1 at second last position.

a) Correct

b) Incorrect, Incomplete DFA

c) Wrong proposition

d) May be correct

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The given figure is an NFA. The statement contradicts itself.

3. What is wrong in the given definition?

Def: ({q0, q1, q2}, {0,1}, δ, q3, {q3})

a) The definition does not satisfy 5 Tuple definition of NFA

b) There are no transition definition

c) Initial and Final states do not belong to the Graph

d) Initial and final states can’t be same

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: q3 does not belong to Q where Q= set of finite states.

4. If δ is the transition function for a given NFA, then we define the δ’ for the DFA accepting the same
language would be:

Note: S is a subset of Q and a is a symbol. a) δ’ (S, a) =Upϵs δ (p, a)

b) δ’ (S, a) =Up≠s δ (p, a)

c) δ’ (S, a) =Upϵs δ(p)

d) δ’ (S) =Up≠s δ(p)

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: According to subset construction, equation 1 holds true.

5. What is the relation between DFA and NFA on the basis of computational power? a) DFA > NFA

b) NFA > DFA

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c) Equal

d) Can’t be said

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: DFA is said to be a specific case of NFA and for every NFA that exists for a given language, an
equivalent DFA also exists.

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6. If a string S is accepted by a finite state automaton, S=s1s2s3……sn where siϵ∑ and there exists a
sequence of states r0, r1, r2…… rn such that δ(r(i), si+1) =ri+1 for each 0, 1, …n-1, then r(n) is: a) initial
state

b) transition symbol

c) accepting state

d) intermediate state

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: r(n) is the final state and accepts the string S after the string being traversed through r(i) other
states where I ϵ 01,2…(n-2).

7. According to the given table, compute the number of transitions with 1 as its symbol but not 0:

a) 4

b) 3

c) 2

d) 1

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The transition graph is made and thus the answer can be found.

8. From the given table, δ*(q0, 011) =?

a) {q0}

b) {q1} U {q0, q1, q2}

c) {q2, q1}

d) {q3, q1, q2, q0}

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View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: δ*(q0,011) = Urϵδ*(q0,01) δ (r, 1) = {q0, q1, q2}.

9. Number of times the state q3 or q2 is being a part of extended 6 transition state is

a) 6

b) 5

c) 4

d) 7

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: According to the question, presence of q2 or q1 would count so it does and the answer
according to the diagram is 6.

10. Predict the missing procedure:

1.Δ(Q0, ε) ={Q0},

2.Δ(Q0, 01) = {Q0, Q1} 3.δ(Q0, 010) =?

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a) {Q0, Q1, Q2}

b) {Q0, Q1}

c) {Q0, Q2}

d) {Q1, Q2}

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: According to given table and extended transition state implementation, we can find the state at
which it rests.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The Language of NFA

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “The Language of
NFA”.

1. Subset Construction method refers to:

a) Conversion of NFA to DFA

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b) DFA minimization

c) Eliminating Null references

d) ε-NFA to NFA

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The conversion of a non-deterministic automata into a deterministic one is a process we call
subset construction or power set construction.

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2. Given Language:

Ln= {xϵ {0,1} * | |x|≥n, nth symbol from the right in x is 1} How many state are required to execute L3 using
NFA? a) 16

b) 15

c) 8

d) 7

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: The finite automaton for the given language is made and thus, the answer can be obtained.

3. Which of the following does the given NFA represent?

a) {11, 101} * {01}

b) {110, 01} * {11}

c) {11, 110} * {0}

d) {00, 110} * {1}

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The given diagram can be analysed and thus the option can be seeked.

4. The number of transitions required to convert the following into equivalents DFA:

a) 2

b) 3

c) 1

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d) 0

View Answer

Answer: a Explanation:

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5. If L is a regular language, Lc and Lr both will be:

a) Accepted by NFA

b) Rejected by NFA

c) One of them will be accepted

d) Cannot be said

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: If L is a regular Language, Lc and Lr both are regular even.

6. In NFA, this very state is like dead-end non final state:

a) ACCEPT

b) REJECT

c) DISTINCT

d) START

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: REJECT state will be like a halting state which rejects a particular invalid input.

7. We can represent one language in more one FSMs, true or false?

a) TRUE

b) FALSE

c) May be true

d) Cannot be said

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: We can represent one language in more one FSMs, example for a same language we have a
DFA and an equivalent NFA.

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8. The production of form non-terminal -> ε is called:

a) Sigma Production

b) Null Production

c) Epsilon Production

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: The production of form non-terminal ->ε is call null production.

9. Which of the following is a regular language?

a) String whose length is a sequence of prime numbers

b) String with substring wwr in between

c) Palindrome string

d) String with even number of Zero’s

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: DFSM’s for the first three option is not possible; hence they aren’t regular.

10. Which of the following recognizes the same formal language as of DFA and NFA? a) Power set
Construction

b) Subset Construction

c) Robin-Scott Construction

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: All the three option refers to same technique if distinguishing similar constructions for different
type of automata.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Equivalence of NFA and DFA

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Equivalence of
NFA and DFA”.

1. Under which of the following operation, NFA is not closed?

a) Negation

b) Kleene
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c) Concatenation

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: NFA is said to be closed under the following operations: a) Union

b) Intersection

c) Concatenation

d) Kleene

e) Negation

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2. It is less complex to prove the closure properties over regular languages using a) NFA

b) DFA

c) PDA

d) Can’t be said

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: We use the construction method to prove the validity of closure properties of regular languages.
Thus, it can be observe, how tedious and complex is the construction of a DFA as compared to an NFA with
respect to space.

3. Which of the following is an application of Finite Automaton?

a) Compiler Design

b) Grammar Parsers

c) Text Search

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: There are many applications of finite automata, mainly in the field of Compiler Design and
Parsers and Search Engines.

4. John is asked to make an automaton which accepts a given string for all the occurrence of ‘1001’ in it.
How many number of transitions would John use such that, the string processing application works? a) 9

b) 11

c) 12

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d) 15

View Answer

Answer: a Explanation:

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5. Which of the following do we use to form an NFA from a regular expression?

a) Subset Construction Method

b) Power Set Construction Method

c) Thompson Construction Method

d) Scott Construction Method

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Thompson Construction method is used to turn a regular expression in an NFA by fragmenting
the given regular expression through the operations performed on the input alphabets.

6. Which among the following can be an example of application of finite state machine(FSM)? a)
Communication Link

b) Adder

c) Stack

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Idle is the state when data in form of packets is send and returns if NAK is received else waits
for the NAK to be received.

7. Which among the following is not an application of FSM?

a) Lexical Analyser

b) BOT

c) State charts

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Finite state automation is used in Lexical Analyser, Computer BOT (used in games), State
charts, etc.

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8. L1= {w | w does not contain the string tr }

L2= {w | w does contain the string tr}

Given ∑= {t, r}, The difference of the minimum number of states required to form L1 and L2? a) 0

b) 1

c) 2

d) Cannot be said

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation:

9. Predict the number of transitions required to automate the following language using only 3 states: L= {w |
w ends with 00} a) 3

b) 2

c) 4

d) Cannot be said

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation:

10. The total number of states to build the given language using DFA: L= {w | w has exactly 2 a’s and at
least 2 b’s} a) 10

b) 11

c) 12

d) 13

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: We need to make the number of a as fixed i.e. 2 and b can be 2 or more. Thus, using this
condition a finite automata can be created using 1 states.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Applications of DFA

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This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Applications of
DFA”.

1. Given Language: {x | it is divisible by 3}

The total number of final states to be assumed in order to pass the number constituting {0, 1} is a) 0

b) 1

c) 2

d) 3

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The DFA for the given language can be constructed as follows:

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2. A binary string is divisible by 4 if and only if it ends with:

a) 100

b) 1000

c) 1100

d) 0011

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: If the string is divisible by four, it surely ends with the substring ‘100’ while a binary string
divisible by 2 would surely end with the substring ‘10’.

3. Let L be a language whose FA consist of 5 acceptance states and 11 non final states. It further consists of a
dumping state. Predict the number of acceptance states in Lc. a) 16

b) 11

c) 5

d) 6

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: If L leads to FA1, then for Lc, the FA can be obtained by exchanging the final and nonfinal
states.

4. If L1 and L2 are regular languages, which among the following is an exception? a) L1 U L2

b) L1 – L2

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c) L1 ∩ L2

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: It the closure property of Regular language which lays down the following statement:

If L1, L2 are 2- regular languages, then L1 U L2, L1 ∩ L2, L1C, L1 – L2 are regular language.

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5. Predict the analogous operation for the given language: A: {[p, q] | p ϵ A1, q does not belong to A2} a)
A1-A2

b) A2-A1

c) A1.A2

d) A1+A2

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: When set operation ‘-‘ is performed between two sets, it points to those values of prior set
which belongs to it but not to the latter set analogous to basic subtraction operation.

6. Which among the following NFA’s is correct corresponding to the given Language? L= {xϵ {0, 1} | 3rd bit
from right is 0} a)

b)

c)

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The NFA accepts all binary strings such that the third bit from right end is 1 and if not, is send
to Dumping state. Note: It is assumed that the input is given from the right end bit by bit.

7. Statement 1: NFA computes the string along parallel paths.

Statement 2: An input can be accepted at more than one place in an NFA.

Which among the following options are most appropriate? a) Statement 1 is true while 2 is not

b) Statement 1 is false while is not

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c) Statement 1 and 2, both are true

d) Statement 1 and 2, both are false

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: While the machine runs on some input string, if it has the choice to split, it goes in all possible
way and each one is different copy of the machine. The machine takes subsequent choice to split further
giving rise to more copies of the machine getting each copy run parallel. If any one copy of the machine
accepts the strings, then NFA accepts, otherwise it rejects.

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8. Which of the following options is correct for the given statement?

Statement: If K is the number of states in NFA, the DFA simulating the same language would have states less
than 2k. a) True

b) False

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: If K is the number of states in NFA, the DFA simulating the same language would have states
equal to or less than 2k.

9. Let N (Q, ∑, δ, q0, A) be the NFA recognizing a language L. Then for a DFA (Q’, ∑, δ’, q0’, A’), which
among the following is true? a) Q’ = P(Q)

b) Δ’ = δ’ (R, a) = {q ϵ Q | q ϵ δ (r, a), for some r ϵ R}

c) Q’={q0}

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: All the optioned mentioned are the instruction formats of how to convert a NFA to a DFA.

10. There exists an initial state, 17 transition states, 7 final states and one dumping state, Predict the
maximum number of states in its equivalent DFA? a) 226

b) 224

c) 225

d) 223

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The maximum number of states an equivalent DFA can comprise for its respective NFA with k
states will be 2k.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Applications of NFA

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Applications of
NFA”.

1. Under which of the following operation, NFA is not closed?

a) Negation

b) Kleene

c) Concatenation

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: NFA is said to be closed under the following operations: a) Union

b) Intersection

c) Concatenation

d) Kleene

e) Negation.

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2. It is less complex to prove the closure properties over regular languages using: a) NFA

b) DFA

c) PDA

d) Can’t be said

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: None.

3. Which of the following is an application of Finite Automaton?

a) Compiler Design

b) Grammar Parsers

c) Text Search

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: d
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Explanation: There are many applications of finite automata, mainly in the field of Compiler Design and
Parsers and Search Engines.

4. John is asked to make an automaton which accepts a given string for all the occurrence of ‘1001’ in it.
How many number of transitions would John use such that, the string processing application works? a) 9

b) 11

c) 12

d) 15

View Answer

Answer: a Explanation: None.

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5. Which of the following do we use to form an NFA from a regular expression?

a) Subset Construction Method

b) Power Set Construction Method

c) Thompson Construction Method

d) Scott Construction Method

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: Thompson Construction method is used to turn a regular expression in an NFA by fragmenting
the given regular expression through the operations performed on the input alphabets.

6. Which among the following can be an example of application of finite state machine(FSM)? a)
Communication Link

b) Adder

c) Stack

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Idle is the state when data in form of packets is send and returns if NAK is received else waits
for the NAK to be received.

7. Which among the following is not an application of FSM?

a) Lexical Analyser

b) BOT

c) State charts

d) None of the mentioned

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View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Finite state automation is used in Lexical Analyser, Computer BOT (used in games), State
charts, etc.

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8. L1= {w | w does not contain the string tr }

L2= {w | w does contain the string tr}

Given ∑= {t, r}, The difference of the minimum number of states required to form L1 and L2? a) 0

b) 1

c) 2

d) Cannot be said

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: None.

9. Predict the number of transitions required to automate the following language using only 3 states: L= {w |
w ends with 00} a) 3

b) 2

c) 4

d) Cannot be said

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: None.

10. The total number of states to build the given language using DFA: L= {w | w has exactly 2 a’s and at
least 2 b’s} a) 10

b) 11

c) 12

d) 13

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: We need to make the number of a as fixed i.e. 2 and b can be 2 or more. Thus, using this
condition a finite automata can be created using 1 states.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Finite Automataa) 4

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b) 5

c) 6

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular Language
& Expression”.

1. There are ________ tuples in finite state machine.

d) unlimited

View Answer

Answer:b

Explanation: states,input symbols,initial state,accepting state and transition function.

2. Transition function maps.

a) Σ * Q -> Σ

b) Q * Q -> Σ

c) Σ * Σ -> Q

d) Q * Σ -> QView Answer

Answer:d

Explanation: Inputs are state and input string output is states.

3. Number of states require to accept string ends with 10.

a) 3

b) 2

c) 1

d) can’t be represented.

View Answer

Answer:a

Explanation: This is minimal finite automata.

4. Extended transition function is .

a) Q * Σ* -> Q

b) Q * Σ -> Q

c) Q* * Σ* -> Σ

d) Q * Σ -> ΣView Answer

Answer:a
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Explanation: This takes single state and string of input to produce a state.

5. δ*(q,ya) is equivalent to .

a) δ((q,y),a)

b) δ(δ*(q,y),a)

c) δ(q,ya)

d) independent from δ notationView Answer

Answer:b

Explanation: First it parse y string after that it parse a.

6. String X is accepted by finite automata if .

a) δ*(q,x) E A

b) δ(q,x) E A

c) δ*(Q0,x) E A

d) δ(Q0,x) E A

View Answer

Answer:c

Explanation: If automata starts with starting state and after finite moves if reaches to final step then it called
accepted.

7. Languages of a automata is

a) If it is accepted by automata

b) If it halts

c) If automata touch final state in its life time

d) All language are language of automataView Answer

Answer:a

Explanation: If a string accepted by automata it is called language of automata.

8. Language of finite automata is.

a) Type 0

b) Type 1

c) Type 2

d) Type 3

View Answer

Answer:d
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Explanation: According to Chomsky classification.

9. Finite automata requires minimum _______ number of stacks. a) 1

b) 0

c) 2

d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:b

Explanation: Finite automata doesn’t require any stack operation .

10. Number of final state require to accept Φ in minimal finite automata.

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:d

Explanation: No final state requires.

11. Regular expression for all strings starts with ab and ends with bba is.

a) aba*b*bba

b) ab(ab)*bba

c) ab(a+b)*bba

d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:c

Explanation: Starts with ab then any number of a or b and ends with bba.

12. How many DFA’s exits with two states over input alphabet {0,1} ?

a) 16

b) 26

c) 32

d) 64View Answer

Answer:d

Explanation: Number of DFA’s = 2^n * n^(2*n).

13. The basic limitation of finite automata is that

a) It can’t remember arbitrary large amount of information.

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b) It sometimes recognize grammar that are not regular.

c) It sometimes fails to recognize regular grammar.

d) All of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer:a

Explanation:Because there is no memory associated with automata.

14. Number of states require to simulate a computer with memory capable of storing ‘3’ words each of length
‘8’.

a) 3 * 2^8

b) 2^(3*8)

c) 2^(3+8)

d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:b

Explanation: 2^(m*n) states requires .

15. FSM with output capability can be used to add two given integer in binary representation. This is a) True

b) False

c) May be true

d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer:a

Explanation: Use them as a flip flop output

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – The Language of DFA

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “The Language of
DFA”

1. How many languages are over the alphabet R?

a) countably infinite

b) countably finite

c) uncountable finite

d) uncountable infiniteView Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: A language over an alphabet R is a set of strings over A which is uncountable and infinite.

2. According to the 5-tuple representation i.e. FA= {Q, ∑, δ, q, F}

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Statement 1: q ϵ Q’; Statement 2: FϵQ

a) Statement 1 is true, Statement 2 is false

b) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 is true

c) Statement 1 is false, Statement 2 may be true

d) Statement 1 may be true, Statement 2 is falseView Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Q is the Finite set of states, whose elements i.e. the states constitute the finite automata.

3. δˆ tells us the best:

a) how the DFA S behaves on a word u

b) the state is the dumping state

c) the final state has been reached

d) Kleene operation is performed on the setView Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: δ or the Transition function describes the best, how a DFA behaves on a string where to transit
next, which direction to take.

4. Which of the following option is correct? A= {{abc, aaba}. {ε, a, bb}} a) abcbb ₵ A

b) ε₵A

c) ε may not belong to A

d) abca ₵ AView Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: As the question has dot operation, ε will not be a part of the concatenated set. Had it been a
union operation, ε would be a part of the operated set.

5. For a DFA accepting binary numbers whose decimal equivalent is divisible by 4, what are all the possible
remainders? a) 0

b) 0,2

c) 0,2,4

d) 0,1,2,3View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: All the decimal numbers on division would lead to only 4 remainders i.e. 0,1,2,3 (Property of
Decimal division).

6. Which of the following x is accepted by the given DFA (x is a binary string ∑= {0,1})?

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a) divisible by 3

b) divisible by 2

c) divisible by 2 and 3

d) divisible by 3 and 2View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The given DFA accepts all the binary strings such that they are divisible by 3 and 2.Thus, it can
be said that it also accepts all the strings which is divisible by 6.

7. Given:

L1= {xϵ ∑*|x contains even no’s of 0’s} L2= {xϵ ∑*|x contains odd no’s of 1’s} No of final states in
Language L1 U L2? a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation:

8. The maximum number of transition which can be performed over a state in a DFA? ∑= {a, b, c} a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The maximum number of transitions which a DFA allows for a language is the number of
elements the transitions constitute.

9. The maximum sum of in degree and out degree over a state in a DFA can be determined as: ∑= {a, b, c, d}
a) 4+4

b) 4+16

c) 4+0

d) depends on the LanguageView Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The out degree for a DFA I fixed while the in degree depends on the number of states in the
DFA and that cannot be determined without the dependence over the Language.
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10. The sum of minimum and maximum number of final states for a DFA n states is equal to: a) n+1

b) n

c) n-1

d) n+2View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The maximum number of final states for a DFA can be total number of states itself and
minimum would always be 1, as no DFA exits without a final state. Therefore, the solution is n+1

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Non Deterministic Finite Automata-Introduction

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Non Deterministic
Finite Automata-Introduction”

1. Which of the following options is correct?

Statement 1: Initial State of NFA is Initial State of DFA.

Statement 2: The final state of DFA will be every combination of final state of NFA. a) Statement 1 is true
and Statement 2 is true

b) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false

c) Statement 1 can be true and Statement 2 is true

d) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is also falseView Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Statement 1 and 2 always true for a given Language.

2. Given Language: L= {ab U aba}*

If X is the minimum number of states for a DFA and Y is the number of states to construct the

NFA, |X-Y|=? a) 2

b) 3

c) 4

d) 1

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Construct the DFA and NFA individually, and the attain the difference of states.

3. An automaton that presents output based on previous state or current input: a) Acceptor

b) Classifier

c) Transducer

d) None of the mentioned.View Answer

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Answer: c

Explanation: A transducer is an automaton that produces an output on the basis of what input has been given
currently or previous state.

4. If NFA of 6 states excluding the initial state is converted into DFA, maximum possible number of states
for the DFA is ? a) 64

b) 32

c) 128

d) 127View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The maximum number of sets for DFA converted from NFA would be not greater than 2n.

5. NFA, in its name has ’non-deterministic’ because of :

a) The result is undetermined

b) The choice of path is non-deterministic

c) The state to be transited next is non-deterministic

d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Non deterministic or deterministic depends upon the definite path defined for the transition
from one state to another or undefined(multiple paths).

6. Which of the following is correct proposition?

Statement 1: Non determinism is a generalization of Determinism.

Statement 2: Every DFA is automatically an NFA

a) Statement 1 is correct because Statement 2 is correct

b) Statement 2 is correct because Statement 2 is correct

c) Statement 2 is false and Statement 1 is false

d) Statement 1 is false because Statement 2 is falseView Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: DFA is a specific case of NFA.

7. Given Language L= {xϵ {a, b}*|x contains aba as its substring}

Find the difference of transitions made in constructing a DFA and an equivalent NFA? a) 2

b) 3

c) 4

d) Cannot be determined.View Answer

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Answer: a

Explanation: The individual Transition graphs can be made and the difference of transitions can be
determined.

8. The construction time for DFA from an equivalent NFA (m number of node)is: a) O(m2)

b) O(2m)

c) O(m)

d) O(log m)View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: From the coded NFA-DFA conversion.

9. If n is the length of Input string and m is the number of nodes, the running time of DFA is x

that of NFA.Find x? a) 1/m2

b) 2m

c) 1/m

d) log mView Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Running time of DFA: O(n) and Running time of NFA =O(m2n).

10. Which of the following option is correct?

a) NFA is slower to process and its representation uses more memory than DFA

b) DFA is faster to process and its representation uses less memory than NFA

c) NFA is slower to process and its representation uses less memory than DFA

d) DFA is slower to process and its representation uses less memory than NFAView Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: NFA, while computing strings, take parallel paths, make different copies of input and goes
along different paths in order to search for the result. This creates the difference in processing speed of DFA
and NFA

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Simpler Notations

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Simpler
Notations”.

1.Given Language: L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} |x has a substring ‘aa’ in the production}. Which of the corresponding
representation notate the same?

a)

b)
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c)

d)

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The states transited has been written corresponding to the transitions as per the row and column.
The row represents the transitions made and the ultimate.

2.Let u=’1101’, v=’0001’, then uv=11010001 and vu= 00011101.Using the given information what is the
identity element for the string? a) u-1

b) v-1

c) u-1v-1

d) ε

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: Identity relation: εw = wε = w, thus the one satisfying the given relation will be the identity
element.

3.Which of the following substring will the following notation result?

a) 0101011

b) 0101010

c) 010100

d) 100001

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The given DFA notation accepts the string of even length and prefix ‘01’.

4.Predict the following step in the given bunch of steps which accepts a strings which is of even length and
has a prefix=’01’

δ (q0, ε) =q0 < δ(q0,0) =δ (δ (q0, ε),0) =δ(q0,0) =q1 < _______________ a) δ (q0, 011) =δ (δ (q0,1), 1) =δ
(q2, 1) =q3

b) δ (q0, 01) =δ (δ (q0, 0), 1) = δ (q1, 1) =q2

c) δ (q0, 011) =δ (δ (q01, 1), 1) =δ (q2, 0) =q3

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d) δ (q0, 0111) =δ (δ (q0, 011), 0) = δ (q3, 1) =q2View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Here, δ refers to transition function and results into new state or function when an transition is
performed over its state.

5. Fill the missing blank in the given Transition Table:

Language L= {xϵ∑= {0,1} |x accepts all the binary strings not divisible by 3}

a) Q0

b) Q1

c) Q2

d) No TransitionView Answer

Answer: Q1

Explanation: The tabular representation of DFA is quite readable and can be used to some ore complex
problems. Here, we need to form the transition graph and fill up the given blank.

6.Which among the following is the missing transition in the given DFA? L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} | x starts with a
and ends with b}

a) δ (q0, a) =q0

b) δ (F, a) =q1

c) δ (F, a) =D

d) δ (q1, a) =D

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: For the given Language, the transition missing is δ (F, a) =q1.

7.The complement of a language will only be defined when and only when the __________ over the
language is defined. a) String

b) Word

c) Alphabet

d) Grammar

View Answer

Answer: c

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Explanation: It is not possible to define the complement of a language without defining the input alphabets.
Example: A language which does not consist of substring ‘ab’ while the complement would be the language
which does contain a substring ‘ab’.

8.Which among the following is not notated as infinite language?

a) Palindrome

b) Reverse

c) Factorial

d) L={ab}*

View Answer

Answer: Factorial

Explanation: Factorial, here is the most appropriate non-infinite domain. Otherwise, palindrome and reverse
have infinite domains.

9.Which among the following states would be notated as the final state/acceptance state? L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} |
length of x is 2}

a) q1

b) q2

c) q1, q2

d) q3

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: According to the given language, q2 Is to become the final/acceptance state in order to satisfy.

10.Which of the following are the final states in the given DFA according to the Language given.?

L= {xϵ∑= {a, b} |length of x is at most 2}

a) q0, q1

b) q0, q2

c) q1, q2

d) q0, q1, q2

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: According to the given language, the length is at most 2, thus the answer is found accordingly.

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Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Extended Transition Function

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Extended
Transition Function”.

1. The number of tuples in an extended Non Deterministic Finite Automaton: a) 5

b) 6

c) 7

d) 4

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: For NFA or extended transition function on NFA, the tuple elements remains same i.e.

5.

2. Choose the correct option for the given statement:

Statement: The DFA shown represents all strings which has 1 at second last position.

a) Correct

b) Incorrect, Incomplete DFA

c) Wrong proposition

d) May be correctView Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: The given figure is an NFA. The statement contradicts itself.

3. What is wrong in the given definition?

Def: ({q0, q1, q2}, {0,1}, δ, q3, {q3})

a) The definition does not satisfy 5 Tuple definition of NFA.

b) There are no transition definition.

c) Initial and Final states do not belong to the Graph.

d) Initial and final states can’t be same.View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: q3 does not belong to Q where Q= set of finite states.

4. If δ is the transition function for a given NFA, then we define the δ’ for the DFA accepting the same
language would be:

Note: S is a subset of Q and a is a symbol. a) δ’ (S, a) =Upϵs δ (p, a)

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b) δ’ (S, a) =Up≠s δ (p, a)

c) δ’ (S, a) =Upϵs δ(p)

d) δ’ (S) =Up≠s δ(p)

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: According to subset construction, equation 1 holds true.

5. What is the relation between DFA and NFA on the basis of computational power? a) DFA > NFA

b) NFA > DFA

c) Equal

d) Can’t be saidView Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: DFA is said to be a specific case of NFA and for every NFA that exists for a given language, an
equivalent DFA also exists.

6. If a string S is accepted by a finite state automaton, S=s1s2s3……sn where siϵ∑ and there exists a
sequence of states r0, r1, r2…… rn such that δ(r(i), si+1) =ri+1 for each 0, 1, …n-1, then r(n) is:

a) initial state

b) transition symbol

c) accepting state

d) intermediate stateView Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: r(n) is the final state and accepts the string S after the string being traversed through r(i) other
states where I ϵ 01,2…(n-2).

7. According to the given table, compute the number of transitions with 1 as its symbol but not 0:

a) 4

b) 3

c) 2

d) 1

View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The transition graph is made and thus the answer can be found.

8. From the given table, δ*(q0, 011) =?

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a) {q0}

b) {q1} U {q0, q1, q2}

c) {q2, q1}

d) {q3, q1, q2, q0}View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: δ*(q0,011) = Urϵδ*(q0,01) δ (r, 1) = {q0, q1, q2}.

9. Number of times the state q3 or q2 is being a part of extended 6 transition state is

a) 6

b) 5

c) 4

d) 7

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: According to the question, presence of q2 or q1 would count so it does and the answer
according to the diagram is 6.

10. Predict the missing procedure:

1.Δ(Q0, ε) ={Q0},

2.Δ(Q0, 01) = {Q0, Q1} 3.δ(Q0, 010) =?

a) {Q0, Q1, Q2}

b) {Q0, Q1}

c) {Q0, Q2}

d) {Q1, Q2}View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: According to given table and extended transition state implementation, we can find the state at
which it rests

Automata Short Question & Answers

QNo1.What is the difference between the strings and the words of a language? Answer:A string is any
combination of the letters of an alphabet where as the words of a language are the strings that are always
made according to certain rules used to define that language.For example if we take

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Alphabet Σ = { a , b } Here a , b are the letters of this alphabet.

As you can see we can make a lot of strings from these letters a and b.

For example a,b,aa,ab,ba,bb,aaa,aab,aba,baa,…………………………………………………… and so on.

But when we define a language over this alphabet having no a’s and only odd number ofb’s. Then the words
of this language would have only those strings that have only odd number of b’s and no a’s.some example
words of our defined language are

b , bbb , bbbbb , bbbbbbb ,……………………………..and so on.

So we can say that all the words are strings but all the strings may not be the words of a language.Hence
strings are any combination of letters of an alphabet and the words of a language are strings made according
to some rule.

QNo.2 What is the difference between an Alphabet and an element of a set. Whether Alphabet is an element
of a set or it is a set itself?

Answer:An Alphabet is a set in itself. The elements of an Alphabet are called letters .

For example

Binary Alphabet Σ = {0,1}

Here 0,1 are the letters of binary alphabet.

Binary Alphabet is very important because it the Alphabet used by the computer.

Set of Natural Numbers

N={1,2,3,4,5,…………………………………..}

Here 1,2,3……………………………………. are the elements of set of Natural Numbers.

QNo.3 What is Null String (Λ) ?

Answer:The string with zero occurrences of symbols (letters) from ∑.

It is denoted by (Small Greek letter Lambda) λ or (Capital Greek letter Lambda) Λ, is called an empty string
or null string.

The capital lambda will mostly be used to denote the empty string, in further discussion.

QNo.4 What is PALINDROME ?

Answer:The language consisting of Λ (Null String) and the strings s defined over an Alphabet Σ such that

Rev(s)=s.

Some example words of this language are aa

As Rev(aa) = aa aba

As Rev(aba) = aba bbb

As Rev(bbb) = bbb aabaa

As Rev(aabaa) = aabaa bbbaaabbb

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As Rev( bbbaaabbb ) = bbbaaabbb

It is to be noted that the words of PALINDROME are called palindromes.

QNo5.What is the concept of valid and invalid alphabets ?

Answer:While defining an alphabet of letters consisting of more than one symbols, no letter should be started
with any other the letter of the same alphabet i.e. one letter should not be the prefix of another. However, a
letter may be ended in the letter of same alphabet i.e. one letter may be the suffix of another. Σ= { a , b } (
Valid Alphabet)

Σ= { a , b , cd } ( Valid Alphabet) Σ= { a , b , ac } ( Invalid Alphabet)

QNo 6. What is ALGOL ?

Answer:ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language) is one of several high level languages designed specifically for
programming scientific computations. It started out in the late 1950’s, first formalized in a report titled
ALGOL 58, and then progressed through reports ALGOL 60, and ALGOL 68. It was designed by an
international committee to be a universal language. Their original conference, which took place in Zurich,
was one of the first formal attempts to address the issue of software portability. ALGOL’s machine
independence permitted the designers to be more creative, but it made implementation much more difficult.
Although ALGOL never reached the level of commercial popularity of FORTRAN and COBOL, it is
considered the most important language of its era in terms of its influence on later language development.
ALGOL’s lexical and syntactic structures became so popular that virtually all languages designed since have
been referred to as “ALGOL – like”; that is they have been hierarchical in structure with nesting of both
environments and control structures.

QNo7. What are the Sequential Operators?

Answer:Sequencing Operators:

Sequencing operators

a >> b Sequence Match a and b in sequence

Sequential-and. Same as above, match a and

a && b Sequential-andb in sequence a || b Sequential-or Match a or b in sequence The sequencing

operator >> can alternatively be thought of as the sequential-and operator. The expression a && b reads as
match a and b in sequence. Continuing this logic, we can also have a sequential-or operator where the
expression a || b reads as match a or b and in sequence. That is, if both a and b match, it must be in sequence;
this is equivalent to a >> ! b | b.

QNo 8.What is Non-Determinism and Determinism and what is the difference between them ?

Answer:Determinism means that our computational model (machine) knows what to do for every possible
inputs. Non determinism our machine may or may not know what it has to do on all possible inputs.

As you can conclude from above definition that Non-Deterministic machine can not be implemented ( used )
on computer unless it is converted in Deterministic machine.

QNo 9. What is meant by equivalent FA’s ?

Answer:FA’s that accept the same set of languages are called Equivalent FA’s.

QNo 10. What is the difference between Palindrome and Reverse function?

Answer:It is to be denoted that the words of PALINDROME are called palindromes.

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Reverse =w

Example: Σ={a,b},

PALINDROME={Λ , a, b, aa, bb, aaa, aba, bab, bbb, …}

If a is a word in some language L, then reverse (a) is the same string of letters spelled backwards, called the
reverse of a.

e.g reverse (xxx) = xxx reverse (623) = 326 reverse (140) = 041

QNo11.Define Kleene Star?

Answer:Given Σ, then the Kleene Star Closure of the alphabet Σ, denoted by Σ*, is the collection of all
strings defined over Σ, including Λ

It is to be noted that Kleene Star Closure can be defined over any set of strings.

Examples

If Σ = {x}

Then Σ* = {Λ, x, xx, xxx, xxxx, ….}

If Σ = {0,1}

Then Σ* = {Λ, 0, 1, 00, 01, 10, 11, ….}

If Σ = {aaB, c}

Then Σ* = {Λ, aaB, c, aaBaaB, aaBc, caaB, cc, ….}

Note:

Languages generated by Kleene Star Closure of set of strings, are infinite languages. (By infinite language, it
is supposed that the language contains infinite many words, each of finite length)

QNo12.Valid/In-Valid alphabets?

Answer:Any alphabet is valid if any of its letter does not appear in the start of any other letter otherwise it is
invalid.

QNo13.What is Reverse of a string?

Answer:Alphabet provides only a set of symbols. A string is a concatenation of these symbols. Reverse of
the string means to write the string in reverse order. It has no effect on alphabet. Alphabet will remain same.

QNo14.Differentiate Kleene Star Closure and PLUS?

Answer:Given Σ, then the Kleene Star Closure of the alphabet Σ, denoted by Σ*, is the collection of all
strings defined over Σ, including Λ.

Plus Operation is same as Kleene Star Closure except that it does not generate Λ (null string), automatically.

You can use other symbol for alphabet but we are mostly use sigma symbol.

QNo15.Define Regular Expression?

Answer:Regular Expression is the generalized form of any regular language through which you can construct
any string related to that language.
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Take an example from your handouts

L1 = {Λ, a, aa, aaa, …} and L2 = {a, aa, aaa, aaaa, …} can simply be expressed by a* and a+, respectively.
so a* and a+ are the generalized form of Languages L1, L2.

And a* and a+ are called the regular expressions (RE) for L1 and L2 respectively.

FAQ’s about Lectures 6 to 10

Automata Theory FAQ’s about Lectures 6 to 10Q No.1 What is the concept of FA also known as FSM (
Finite State Machine) ?

FA (Finite Automaton) is a finite state machine that recognizes a regular language. In computer science, a
finite-state machine (FSM) or finite-state automaton (FSA) is an abstract machine that has only a finite,
constant amount of memory. The internal states of the machine carry no further structure. This kind of model
is very widely used in the study of computation and languages.

Q No.2 What is the difference between FA , TG , GTG. ?

In every FA, we mark transitions with single letter of the given alphabet but in TG transitions can be marked
with letters or strings (combination of letters).

In every FA, every state shows transition for all letters of given alphabet but in any TG it is not necessary to
show all transition for all letters of given alphabet. In TG, we may or may not show all letter transitions
according to requirement. We can also show transitions on reading any strings in TGs but it is not possible in
FA’s. In GTG Directed edges connecting some pair of states are labeled with regular expressions . It may be
noted that in GTG, the labels of transition edges are corresponding regular expressions. In TG we write
strings and in GTG we are bound to write RE. Every FA is also a TG but not every TG is FA.

Q No.3 What is the difference between FA’s and TG’s .Why we need TG’s when we have FA’s?

The Transition Graphs (TG) differ from FA in the following areas

TG’s are generalizations of FA’s.

TG’s can change state without an input ( Null transition).

Can read more than one letter (words of the language they are accepting) along the transition edges at a time.

Can have a regular expression as a edge label.

Can have more then one start state.

We have been given more freedom in TG’s. But this freedom is on the cost of more memory and processing
power it means that if we implement TG’s on computer using some programming language it will need more
memory and processing power of computer than used in the implementation of FA’s.

Q No.4 What is the concept of the Union of FA’s ?

When we take Union of two FA’s it means that resultant FA’s should accept all the words that were accepted
by the two FA’s individually. It is like taking union of two sets, the resultant set contain members of both
sets.

For example Let A ={1,3,5,7,9} and

B = {0,2,4,6,8,10} then, A U B = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 } you can see that A U B contain elements of both
sets similar is the case with FA’s.
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Q No.5 What is the difference between is TG and GTG ?

In TG, there are letter transitions for the strings. While in GTG, one can write whole RE as a transition from
one state to another one.

Q No.6 How one can create RE of a particular language?

First thing about RE and FA is that there is no hard and fast formula or method to generate these. One can
generate them by its mental approach. And this mental approach can be acquired through only PRACTICE.

Here are some useful tips to write RE’s,

Let our language consist of the words of length three exactly over alphabet Σ= {a,b} then it consists of the
words

L = {aaa, aab, aba,abb,baa,bab,bba,bbb}.

Its RE can be simply written as

RE = aaa + aab + aba + abb + baa + bab + bba + bbb which simply means that our language consists of only
these words.

So we can make RE for a finite language by writing its all words with + operator between them.

We should also keep the null string in our mind. If our language generates null string than our RE should also
generate it)

For example language having all the words of even length has null string in it as well so we can write its RE
as follows

RE = ((a+b)(a+b))*

This RE also generates null string.

If a language generates all strings starting with a. then strings will be of type a , aa, ab, aab, aaa, aba, abb,….

Here RE should start with ‘a’ and then all strings including null. So this will be (a + b)* and complete RE is a
(a+ b)*.

Similarly languages of strings ending in b will have RE (a + b)*b.

Q No.7 What is the diagrammatically difference between FA’s and TG’s? The main differences between
FA’s and TG’s are as follows

Q No.8 What is the corresponding FA for RE =aa((a+b)(a+b))*

RE is aa((a + b)(a + b))*. Its corresponding FA is as follows.

Q No.9 What is difference between FA’s and NFA’s. Are they opposite to each other ?

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FA stands for finite automata while NFA stands for non-deterministic finite automata

In FA there must be a transition for each letter of the alphabet from each state. So in FA number of
transitions must be equal to (number of states * number of letter in alphabet).

While in NFA there may be more than one transition for a letter from a state. And finally every FA is an
NFA while every NFA may be an FA or not.

Q No.10 Differentiate between (a,b) and (a+b)?

(a, b) = Represents a and b.

(a + b) = Represents either a or b.

FAQ’s about Lectures 11 to 15

Q No.1 What is the difference between how’s FA and TG .Why we need TG’s when we have FA’s? The
Transition Graphs (TG) differ from FA in the following areas

· TG’s can change state without an input ( Null transition).

We have been given more freedom in TG’s. But this freedom is on the cost of more memory and processing
power it means that if we implement TG’s on computer using some programming language it will need more
memory and processing power of computer than used in the implementation of FA’s.

Q No.2 What is the concept of the Union of FA’s ?

When we take Union of two FA’s it means that resultant FA’s should accept all the words that were accepted
by the two FA’s individually. It is like taking union of two sets the resultant set contain members of both
sets.

For example Let A ={1,3,5,7,9} and

B = {0,2,4,6,8,10} then, A U B = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 } you can see that A U B contain elements of both
sets similar is the case with FA’s.

Q No.3 What is the difference between GT and GTG ?

In TG, there are transitions for the strings. While in GTG, one can write whole RE as a transition from one
state to another one.

Q No.4 How to create a RE of a particular Language?

Regular expression is used to express the infinite or finite language, these RE are made in such a way that
these can generate the strings of that unique language also for the cross check that the defined RE is of a
specified language that RE should accept all the string of that language and all language strings should be
accepted by that RE.

Q No.5 How diagrams of FA’s are created ?

It depends upon the question how many states involve in a FA. There is not any formal procedure to design
FA for a language. This ability just improves with time and practice. Every FA is also a TG but not every TG
is FA. In every FA, every state shows transition of all letters of given alphabet but in any TG it is not must.
In TG, we may or may not show all letters transition according to requirement. We can also show transitions
on reading any strings in TGs but it is not possible in FAs.

Q No.6 How one can create RE of a particular language?

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First thing about RE and FA is that there is no hard and fast formula or method to generate these. One can
generate them by their mental approach. And this mental approach can be acquired through only
PRACTICE.

I am giving you few tips. I hope those will help you.

If we have a finite language then it will always be regular and will not have * in RE.

e.g. L={aaa, aba, bb}. L language generates given three strings then its RE will be

(aaa + aba + bb}. So in finite language + of all strings can be it’s RE.

If we have an infinite language, then there will be * in it’s RE.

We should also keep the null string in our mind.

For practice just try to create RE of simple languages. Don’t try to confuse yourself with complex languages.

For example if a language generates all strings starting with a. then strings will be of type a , aa, ab, aab, aaa,
aba, abb,….

Here RE should start with ‘a’ and then all strings including null. So this will be (a + b)* and complete RE is a
(a+ b)*.

Similarly languages of strings ending in b will have RE (a + b)*b.

I hope now you will be able to generate the RE of simpler languages. Gradually, increase the complexity of
languages to become a perfect in RE’s.

Now as similar to RE, FA of finite language will not have any loop in it.

If language is infinite then there will always be at least one loop in its FA.

From RE, if you want to generate its FA, then first get the smallest strings and generate their FA and then
gradually get the strings of bigger length and keep amending the created FA. After some practice, you will be
able to generate the FA’s.

And the last thing nobody can do the new task accurately for the first time. Practice is the key to success. In
the start you will have lot of mistakes but after practice you will be able to clear all of them.

Q No.7 What is the difference between FA’s ,and TG’s ?

There are two or three big differences between FA’s and TG’s.

In FA there can be maximum one initial or starting state while in TG there may be more than one initial state.

In FA there can be transition for letters only while in TG transitions from a state to another one can be for
strings.

In FA there must be transition from each state for each letter (deterministic) while in TG there may be no
transition for specific letter from a state and there may be more than one path for a string or letter from a
state.

Q No.8 What is the exact definition of FA ?

Definition:

A Finite automaton (FA), is a collection of the followings

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Finite number of states, having one initial and some (maybe none) final states.

Finite set of input letters (Ó) from which input strings are formed.

Finite set of transitions i.e. for each state and for each input letter there is a transition showing how to move
from one state to another.

Q No.9 What is the difference between TG and GTG ?

In TG, there are transitions for the strings. While in GTG, one can write whole RE as a transition from one
state to another one.

For RE =aa((a+b)(a+b))* what will be its corresponding FA ?

RE is aa((a + b)(a + b))*. Its corresponding FA is as follows.

Q No.10 What is the difference between FA and NFA ?

FA stands for finite automata while NFA stands for non-deterministic finite automata

In FA there must be a transition for each letter of the alphabet from each state. So in FA number of
transitions must be equal to (number of states * number of letter in alphabet).

While in NFA there may be a transition for a letter from a state. In NFA there may be more than one
transition for a letter from a state. And finally every FA is an NFA while every NFA may be an FA.

FA:

NFA:

Q No.11 What is the method to understanding FA’s and NFA’s

Firstly we know that an FA is used to describe a language. Now a language consists of strings. FA will
describe the specific language only if it accepts all the strings of that particular language and all the strings
generated by the FA are in the language. So confirmation is of two ways.

Now, how to traverse the FA. It is very easy. Every FA has one initial state (state with -sign). From every
state of FA there is one transition for every letter of the alphabet. Read the string letter by letter and move
according to transitions from state to state. If the string ends in the final state (state with a + sign), that
particular string will be accepted otherwise rejected.

So, every string ending in final state will be accepted by FA and will be a word of the language.

For NFA, there may be no path or more than one path for a letter from a specific state. As similar to FA just
start traversing from the initial state and if the string ends in the final state, it will be accepted.

Remember, as there may be more than one path for a letter from a state. So any path can be used. Goal is to
reach the final state. Remaining theory is same to the FA.

Practice is the key to success. Just try simple FA’s and NFA’s in the start.

FAQ’s about Lectures 16 to 20

Q No 1.What is the concept of Nondeterministic Finite Automaton (NFA) ?

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Nondeterminism plays a key role in the theory of computing. A nondeterministic finite state automaton is
one in which the current state of the machine and the current input do not uniquely determine the next state.
This just means that a number of subsequent states

(zero or more) are possible next states of the automaton at every step of a computation.Of course,
nondeterminism is not realistic, because in real life, computers must be deterministic. Still, we can simulate
nondeterminism with deterministic programs. Furthermore, as a mathematical tool for understanding
computability, nondeterminism is invaluable.

As with deterministic finite state automata, a nondeterministic finite state automaton has five components.

· a set of states

· a finite input alphabet from which input strings can be constructed

· a transition function that describes how the automaton changes states as it processes an input string

· a single designated starting state

· a set of accepting states

The only difference lies in the transition function, which can now target subsets of the states of the
automaton rather than a single next state for each state, input pair.

Q No 2. If a language can be expressed in the form of FA than why it is needed to use NFA ?

NFA stands for non-deterministic FA and this sort of structure has relaxation compared with FA. So it is
rather more easy to represent a language using NFA.

We have methods to convert NFA into FA’s so sometimes it is easier to build NFA of a given language and
than convert its NFA into FA using these methods rather than directly building an FA for a language which
may be very difficult.

Q No 3.How to made NFA corresponding to the closure of an FA ?

While generating NFA corresponding to closure of an FA one should take care of the null string. Simple way
to accept null string is declare initial state, final as well. But in this way a lot of other strings will also be
accepted. Therefore, accurate way is draw another state. Declare the new state initial as well as final.
Connect the new state with the states originally connected with the old start state with the same transitions as
the old start state. Newly drawn diagram will be an NFA representing the language closure of the given FA

Q No 4.What is the difference between Union of two FA’s , Concatenation of two FA’s and closure of two
FA’s ? Consider two FA’s given below a a b b a b a b

Y2+

Y1-

X2+

X1FA1

FA2

Here FA1 accepts all strings ending in a and FA2 accepts all strings ending b.

An FA corresponding to FA1UFA2 will accept all the strings ending in a or ending in b. for example,
aba,bbaaab,bbb

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An FA corresponding to FA1FA2 will accept all the strings whose first substring belongs to FA1 and second
substring belongs to FA2. for example, ababab, bbabbb.

An FA corresponding to FA1* will accepts all the strings of FA1 including null string. if FA1 represents RE
r1 then FA1* will correspond to RE r1*.

FAQ’s about Lectures 21 to 25

Automata Theory FAQ’s about Lectures 21 to 25Q No 1.How Moore and Mealy machine works in
Computer Memory what is their importance in Computing ?

Mealy & Moore Machines work in computing as incrementing machine & 1’s complement machine etc.
These operations as basic computer operations so these machines are very important.

Q No 2.What is sequential circuit ?

Sequential Circuit:

A sequential circuit contains a memory component.

The memory component provides a state input. A flip-flop is often used as a memory component.

The state variable indicates the states of the sequential machine, i.e. the status or stage or progress of the
whole event.

The state of a sequential circuit is indicated by the output of a flip-flop. A single flip-flop can be used to
indicate two states (q=0 and q=1). When there are more than two states, additional flip-flops are used. Given
n flip-flops, a total of 2n states can be represented.

In other words, a sequential machine can be put into a number of different states depending on the particular
inputs given.

The output is a function of both the Present Inputs and the Present States.

In addition to the outputs, the circuit must also generate an update to the memory components so that the
state of the machine can also be changed with respect to the new inputs. The update is called the Next State
Function and is also a function of the Present Inputs and the Present States.

Both the output functions and the Next State Functions are combinational circuits.

Z=f(X,St)

S=g(X,St)

The superscript t indicates the present time period while the superscript (t+1) indicates the next time period.

The characteristic of a sequential circuit is completely defined by a state transition diagram that enumerates
all possible transitions for every possible input combination.

Q No 1.What is the concept of Pumping Lemma I and II and what is the difference between pumping Lemma
1 and pumping Lemma 2 ?In fact PLI & PLII are same (A way to recognize Non Regular language). The
only difference is that the conditions in pumping lemma II are more stricter than Pumping Lemma I some
language that are difficult to proof Non Regular by Pumping Lemma I are proved Non Regular by pumping
Lemma II easily.

Further mare in pumping lemma I we have to generate all words to of a language but in Pumping Lemma II
we have to generate a single word to prove a language non regular.
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Explanation:

Some languages like PALINDROME that are proved to be regular by first version due to some of their
symmetrical words when we pump these words they remain to be the parts of the language like

bbabb

By pumping lemma 1

Let y = a

Now repeating y three times results in bbaaabb

That is also a valid word of PALINDROME so by pumping lemma I PALINDROME can not be proved non
regular, so there was the need of pumping lemma version version 2. Now consider for the word bbabb if we
take N=2

Then by pumping y (let we take it b ) two times results in

bbbbabb

That word is not in PALINDROME.

But if we take N=3 and y = a

Then by pumping y two times results in bbaaabb

That word is in PALINDROME. So be careful in taking total no of states of the FA and also the repeating
factor (y) to prove an infinite language non regular you need to prove only one word that is not part of the
language.

Q No 2. What is the significance of Pumping Lemma II ?

The significance of 2nd version of ‘pumping lemma’ is that there are some infinite non regular languages
like PALINDROME we can built FA that can accept there certain words but if we increase the length of their
words that FA don’t accept these words so by pumping lemma version I it is very difficult to prove them non
regular but with the second version we can prove that a language is Non regular even it’s some words may be
accepted by some FA’s.

See page 195 of the book for further example.

Q No 3.Moore and Mealy machine?

1. In order to run a string on a Mealy or Moore machine, you can take directions from transition table.
Running string on Mealy or Moore machine is similar to running string on a FA. For example, if want to run
abba on the machine, take start from initial state. Check what is the transition for a, what state it goes. After
that check what is the path of b from that state and so on. In this way you will be able to run whole of the
string. Note that there is no final state in Mealy or Moore machine. So there is no case of acceptance or
rejection of string. You just have to determine what the output is. I hope that will clear your mind for further
clarification please listens to your lecture carefully.

2. The string is taken for the testing purposes. You can take any sort of string and determine its output
using machine.

FAQ’s about Lectures 31 to 35

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Q No 1.What is the difference between semiword and word please also give an example regarding this?
Word:

A word is complete combinations of terminals only e.g. abba or ab or a or null string.

Semiword:

A semiword is a string of terminals (may be none) concatenated with exactly one nonterminal on the right i.e.
a semi word, in general, is of the following form

(terminal)(terminal) ————- (terminal)(nonterminal) For example aaaaaaB , aabbaaaA , A.

What is the difference between derivation tree and total tree ?

A Derivation tree is the one that shows how to derive any specific word of the language described by CFG
but Total Language Tree shows all words of the Language described by CFG on it

Q No 2.What does mean the LANGUAGE IS CLOSED?

When we say that a Language is closed it is always with respect to certain operation.

A simple example may be that the set of integers is closed under addition. It means when we take two
numbers from set of integers say 3, 7 the result of their addition would also be in the set of integers.

Similarly if the result of an operation on the words of a language results in the word of the same language we
say that the language is closed under that operation.

Q No 3.What are the Productions?

Productions are the grammatical rules and regulations. These rules express the behavior of CFG. Using
production in CFG terminals are converted into non-terminals and when all the terminals are converted using
productions, a word is acquired.

Q No 4.What is the difference between concatenation and intersection of two FA’s also what is the difference
among Union of two FA’s and addition of them?

In intersection of two FA’s only those strings are accepted which are independently accepted by both FA’s,
while in concatenation of two FA’s only those strings will be accepted in which first part of string is accepted
by first FA and remaining part of string is accepted by the second FA.

While taking union of two FA’s one can represent it using + sign. So (FA1 U FA2) and (FA + FA2) both are
same. There is no difference between them.

FAQ’s about Lectures 36 to 40

Automata TheoryFAQ’s about Lectures 36 to 40

Q No 1.What is the Difference between Nullable and Null production? How to make eliminate Nullable and
for Null Productions from the CFG ?

The production of the form nonterminal ® L is said to be null production.

Example:

Consider the following CFG

S ® aA|bB|L, A ® aa|L, B ® aS

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Here S ® L and A ® L are null productions.

A production is called nullable production there is a derivation that starts at Non Terminal and leads to L i.e.

S ———–> aA | bB | aa

A————-> C | bb

C————–> L

Here A nullable Non Terminal due to Nullable production A—————> C as C leads to null.

Example:

Consider the following CFG

S ® XY, X ® Zb, Y ® bW Z ® AB, W ® Z, A ® aA|bA|L

B ®Ba|Bb|L.

Here A ® L and B ® L are null productions, while Z ® AB, W ® Z are nullable productions.

Method:

Delete all the Null productions and add new productions e.g.

Consider the following productions of a certain CFG X ® aNbNa, N ® L, delete the production N ® L and
using the production

X ® aNbNa, add the following new productions

X ® aNba, X ® abNa and X ® aba

Thus the new CFG will contain the following productions X ® Nba|abNa|aba| aNbNa

Note: It is to be noted that X ® aNbNa will still be included in the new CFG.

Method:

Consider the following CFG

S ® XY, X ® Zb, Y ® bW Z ® AB, W ® Z, A ® aA|bA|L

B ®Ba|Bb|L.

Here A ® L and B ® L are null productions, while Z ® AB, W ® Z are nullable productions. The new CFG
after, applying the method, will be

S ® XY

X ® Zb|b

Y ® bW|b

Z ® AB|A|B

W®Z

A ® aA|a|bA|b

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B ®Ba|a|Bb|b

Note: While adding new productions all Nullable productions should be handled with care. All Nullable
productions will be used to add new productions, but only the Null production will be deleted

Q No 2. Is it possible to make CFG for infix and postfix expression’s using derivation tree ?

Derivation tree is only used to derive words of language that is described by a CFG. Yes, we can create CFG
for languages infix expressions, postfix expressions.

Q No 3 what is the uses of push down automata in computing ?

PDA is just an enhancement in FAs. i.e Memory is attached with machine that recognizes some language. FA
is basic structure for most advanced electronic machines such as computer etc.

Q No 4 What is difference between PUSH DOWN STACK and PUSH DOWN STORE ?

No difference at all. Both terms are used to describe memory structure attached with FAs to store some
characters in it.

Q No 5 How we can distinguish between “CFG” and “CNF” in the questions ?

Chomsky Normal Form (CNF)

If a CFG has only productions of the form nonterminal ———à string of two nonterminals or

Nonterminal ———–à one terminal

Then the CFG is said to be in Chomsky Normal Form (CNF).

Thus if the given CFG is in the form specified above it will be called in CNF.

Q No 6.What is meant by the terms stack consistence and input tape consistence ?

Term Stack consistent means we can pop any character from the top of the stack only. PDA should not be
able to pop any character other than that is present on the top of the stack.

Term Tape consistent means we can read only the first letter on the tape not any other letter of the tape after
the first one.

Q No 7 What is the concept of unit production ? The productions of the form one Nonterminal ——–à one
Nonterminal

Are called unit productions.

For example

S ——–à A (Unit Produciton)

A——–à a | b

Here there is no need of Unit Production S® A. we can directly write

S —-à a | b

Q No 8 Why Context Free Grammars are called “Context Free?

Context Free Grammars are called context free because the words of the languages of Context Free
Grammars have words like “aaabbb”(PALINDROME). In these words the value of letters (a , b) is the same

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on whatever position they appear. On the other hand in context sensitive grammars their value depend on the
position they appear in the word a simple example may be as follows

Suppose we have a decimal number 141 in our language . When compiler reads it, it would be in the form of
string. The compiler would calculate its decimal equivalent so that we can perform mathematical functions
on it. In calculating its decimal value , weight of first “1” is different than the second “1” it means it is
context sensitive (depends on in which position the “1” has appeared).

i.e.

1*102 + 4*101 + 1* 100 = 14

(value of one is 100) (value of one is just one)

That is not the case with the words of Context Free Languages. (The value of “a” is always same in whatever
position “a” appears).

Q No 9. What is Unit Production?

The production in which one non-terminal leads to only one non-terminal.

Q No 10.What is Left most Derivation in CFG?

It is a method of generation of strings from a CFG starting from left most letter of the string.

FAQ’s about Lectures 41 to 45

Q No 1.Give a example of converting a CFG to CNF?Consider the CFG given below S→ ABC

A→ aa | b

B→ c

C→d

Its CNF will be

S→ DC

D → AB

A→ EE | b

E→a B→c

C→d

Q No 2.In the lecture 41 ‘s example, we have converted PDA to conversion form and a word ‘aaaabb’ is
derived from this conversion form PDA. What are the derivation steps.

The PDA converted to conversion form has some specific features that are important to understand first.
These features are

The states named START, READ, HERE and ACCEPT are called joints of the machine.

With the help of the conversion form we have been able to achieve that POP state has only one path out of it
and the path taking (multiple paths) decisions take place only on the READ state.

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The word ‘aaaabb’ is generated as follows from the PDA

START-POP4-PUSH $

This step pops $ and then pushes it to ensure that stack contains $ at the beginning.

READ1-POP6-PUSH $-PUSH a

As first time after reading “a” there is $ at the top of stack so we will follow path segment READ1-POP6-
PUSH $-PUSH a

READ1-POP5-PUSH a-PUSH a

Now a is on the top of the stack so we will follow READ1-POP5-PUSH a-PUSH a

READ1-POP5-PUSH a-PUSH a

Again following same segment for a

READ1-POP5-PUSH a-PUSH a

Again following same segment for a

READ1-POP1- HERE-POP2

As we read b on input tape.

READ2-POP1-HERE-POP2 As we read b on input tape.

READ2-POP3-ACCEPT.

As we read ∆ from the input tape

Q No 3.How to differentiate between “wanted” and “unwanted branch” ?

When we derive a word in Top down parsing beginning with the starting Non Terminal the branches of the
tree that do not lead to our required word are left aside these branches are called unwanted branches.

For example for CFG

S—–>AA

A—–>a | b

If we want to generate the word “aa” we will leave the branch generated by the production A——>b.

Q No 4.What is the difference between intersection and union of a language?

Intersection of two languages will consist of all those words which are in both languages while union of two
languages will consist of all those words which are present in at least one language.

Symbol for intersection is ∩ and for union is U.

Q No 5.What is the difference between Context free languages and regular languages?

Regular languages can be represented by FA’s because we do not need any memory to recognize (accept or
reject them on FA) them but there is another class of languages that can not be represented by FA’s because
these languages require that we have some memory (with the help of memory we can store letters of the
string we are checking so that we can compare them with next coming letters in the string).

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For example language anbn requires that we must store a’s and then compare their count with next coming
b’s so that we can check whether a’s are equal to b’s or not.

Due to this reason we use Context Free Grammars to represent them because we can5t write RE’s for them.

So Context Free Languages represent a broader category this category also include regular languages as
subcategory. It means that context free languages include regular languages as well as some other languages.

Q No 6.What is the difference between Moore and Mealey machines?

In Mealy Machine we read input string letters and generate output while moving along the paths from one
state to another while in Moore machine we generate output on reaching the state so the output pattern of
Moore machine contains one extra letter because we generated output for state q0 where we read nothing.

Q No 7.What does the following terms mean

i. STACK Consistent ii. Y-able Paths iii. Working string iv. Semi Word means

Stack consistence means that in the PDA converted in the conversion form, when we follow a path segment
(which is formed by combining start, read or here state with next read, here or accept state on the path) along
the PDA its pop state should have the path for the same letter that is present on the top of the stack at that
stage. If this doesn’t happen our PDA will crash because in conversion form of the PDA the pop state has
only one letter path, so if we could not be able to find that letter on the top of the stack our PDA will crash (if
will not find path where to go from that state)

Working string means the string present on the input tape.

Y-able Paths means that when we follow a certain sequence of rows from the row table to generate a path for
a word form start state to accept state. The path (sequence of rows) should be stack as well as joint consistent
it means that rows should end at the same read or here state (join consistency ) and the rows should be able to
pop the letter from the top that is indicated in the pop state of the row.

Semi word is the string of terminals it may be null string ending with a Non terminals on the right. For
example some semi words are aaS aabbA

Is Automata Theory is a Programming Subject or theoretical?

Automata theory is the study of abstract computing devices, or “machines”. This topic goes back to the days
before digital computers and describes what is possible to compute using an abstract machine.These ideas
directly apply to creating compilers, programming languages, and designing applications. They also provide
a formal framework to analyze new types of computing devices, e.g. biocomputers or quantum computers

What are practical Examples of the implications of Automata Theory and the formal Languages?

Grammars and languages are closely related to automata theory and are the basis of many important software
components like:

· Compilers and interpreters

· Text editors and processors

· Text searching

· System verification

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What are the Types of Automata?

· The Types of Automata Theory are

· Finite Automata

· Regular Languages

· Linear-bounded Automata

· Context Sensitive Languages

· Push-Down Automata

· Context Free Languages

· Turing Machines

· Recursively innumerable languages

There are others as well like,

· Random Access Machines

· Parallel Random Access Machines

· Arrays of Automata

Question: How types of Automata Differ?

Answer: They differ in the following areasComplexity (or Simplicity) Power

In the function that can be computed.

In the languages that can be accepted.

Question: What is the difference between the alphabet and an element of a set?

Answer: Alphabets is a set of letters nothing else but a set of strings (elements) can have more than one
letters in one string.

Question: Difference between Palindrome and Reverse function?

Answer: The language consisting of Λ and the strings s defined over Σ such that Rev(s)=s.It is to be
denoted that the words of PALINDROME are called palindromes.

Reverse =w

Example: Σ={a,b},

PALINDROME={Λ , a, b, aa, bb, aaa, aba, bab, bbb, …}

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If a is a word in some language L, then reverse (a) is the same string of letters spelled backwards, called the
reverse of a.

e.g

reverse (xxx) = xxx reverse (623) = 326 reverse (140) = 041

Question: Define Strings?

Answer: Concatenation of finite letters from the alphabet is called a string.

e.g If Σ= {a,b} then a language L can be defined asL = {a, abab,

aaabb, ababababababababab,……………}

it’s mean all words with a’s more or equal to b’s

Question: Define empty or null strings?

Answer: Concatenation of finite letters from the alphabet is called a string.Sometimes a string with no
symbol at all is used, denoted by (Small Greek letter Lambda) λ or (Capital Greek letter Lambda) Λ, is called
an empty string or null string.

Question: Difference between string and word?

Answer: Any combination of letters of alphabet that follows rules of language is called a word.

A string is a finite sequence of symbols from an alphabet.

Question: There are as many palindromes of length 2n as there are of length 2n1, please explain?

Answer: If we try to create palindromes then middle elements (2 in even palindromes & 1 in odd
palindrome) does not cause any change in no. of palindromesDefining the language PALINDROME, of
length 2n and 2n-1 defined over S = {a,b} e.g if we take n= 2 for 2n

Length (2n) = 4 and string can be written as

{aaaa, abba, baab, bbbb}

And if we take n = 2 for 2n-1

Length (2n-1) = 3 and string can be written as

{aaa, aba, bab, bbb}

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Regular Language & Expression – 1

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular Language
& Expression”.

1. A regular language over an alphabet a is one that can be obtained from a) union

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b) concatenation

c) kleene

d) All of aboveView Answer

Answer : d

Explanation : None.

2. Regular expression {0,1} is equivalent to

a) 0U1

b) 0/1

c) 0+1

d) All of aboveView Answer

Answer : d

Explanation : All are equivalent to union operation.

3. Precedence of regular expression in decreasing order is a) * , . , +

b) .,*,+

c) .,+,*

d) +,a,*

View Answer

Answer : a

Explanation : None.

4. Regular expression Φ* is equivalent to

a) ϵ

b) Φ

c) 0

d) 1

View Answer

Answer : a

Explanation : None.

5. a? is equivalent to

a) a

b) a+Φ

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c) a+ϵ

d) wrong expressionView Answer

Answer : c

Explanation : Zero or one time repetition of previous character .

6. ϵL is equivalent to

a) ϵ

b) Φ

c) L

d) Lϵ

View Answer

Answer : c,d Explanation : None.

7. (a+b)* is equivalent to

a) b*a*

b) (a*b*)*

c) a*b*

d) none of aboveView Answer

Answer : b

Explanation : None.

8. ΦL is equivalent to

a) LΦ

b) Φ

c) L

d) ϵ

View Answer

Answer : a,b

Explanation : None.

9. Which of the following pair of regular expression are not equivalent?

a) 1(01)* and (10)*1

b) x(xx)* and (xx)*x

c) (ab)* and a*b*

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d) x+ and x*x+View Answer

Answer : c

Explanation : (ab)*=(a*b*)*.

10. Consider following regular expression

i) (a/b)* ii) (a*/b*)* iii) ((ϵ/a)b*)*

Which of the following statements is correct a) i,ii are equal and ii,iii are not

b) i,ii are equal and i,iii are not

c) ii,iii are equal and i,ii are not

d) all are equalView Answer

Answer : d

Explanation : All are equivalent to (a+b)*

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Regular Language & Expression – 2

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular Language
& Expression”.

1. How many strings of length less than 4 contains the language described by the regular expression
(x+y)*y(a+ab)*? a) 7

b) 10

c) 12

d) 11

View Answer

Answer : d

Explanation : string of length 0 = 1 string of length 1 = 4 string of length 2 = 3 string of length 3 = 3

2. Which of the following is true?

a) (01)*0 = 0(10)*

b) (0+1)*0(0+1)*1(0+1) = (0+1)*01(0+1)*

c) (0+1)*01(0+1)*+1*0* = (0+1)*

d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer : d

Explaination : None.

3. A language is regular if and only if

a) accepted by DFA

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b) accepted by PDA

c) accepted by LBA

d) accepted by Turing machineView Answer

Answer : a

Explanation : All of above machine can accept regular language but all string accepted by machine is regular
only for DFA.

4. Regular grammar is

a) context free grammar

b) non context free grammar

c) english grammar

d) none of the mentionedView Answer

Answer : a

Explanation : Regular grammar is subset of context free grammar.

5. Let the class of language accepted by finite state machine be L1 and the class of languages represented by
regular expressions be L2 then a) L1=L2

c) L1 U L2 = .*

d) L1=L2View Answer

Answer : d

Explanation : Finite state machine and regular expression have same power to express a language.

6. Which of the following is not a regular expression?

a) [(a+b)*-(aa+bb)]*

b) [(0+1)-(0b+a1)*(a+b)]*

c) (01+11+10)*

d) (1+2+0)*(1+2)*View Answer

Answer : b

Explanation : Except b all are regular expression*.

7. Regular expression are

a) Type 0 language

b) Type 1 language

c) Type 2 language

d) Type 3 languageView Answer

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Answer : a

Explanation : According to Chomsky hierarchy .

8. Which of the following is true?

a) Every subset of a regular set is regular

b) Every finite subset of non-regular set is regular

c) The union of two non regular set is not regular

d) Infinite union of finite set is regular

View Answer

Answer : b

Explanation : None.

9. L and ~L are recursive enumerable then L is

a) Regular

b) Context free

c) Context sensitive

d) RecursiveView Answer

Answer : d

Explanation :If L is recursive enumerable and its complement too if and only if L is recursive.

10. Regular expressions are closed under

a) Union

b) Intersection

c) Kleen star

d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer : d

Explanation : According to definition of regular expression

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – Regular Expression-Introduction

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Regular
Expression-Introduction”.

1. L is a regular Language if and only If the set of __________ classes of IL is finite. a) Equivalence

b) Reflexive

c) Myhill

d) NerodeView Answer
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Answer: a

Explanation: According to Myhill Nerode theorem, the corollary proves the given statement correct for
equivalence classes.

2. A language can be generated from simple primitive language in a simple way if and only if

a) It is recognized by a device of infinite states

b) It takes no auxiliary memory

c) Both are correct

d) Both are wrongView Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: A language is regular if and only if it can be accepted by a finite automaton. Secondly, It
supports no concept of auxiliary memory as it loses the data as soon as the device is shut down.

3. Which of the following does not represents the given language? Language: {0,01} a) 0+01

b) {0} U {01}

c) {0} U {0}{1}

d) {0} ^ {01}View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The given option represents {0, 01} in different forms using set operations and Regular
Expressions. The operator like ^, v, etc. are logical operation and they form invalid regular expressions when
used.

4. According to the given language, which among the following expressions does it corresponds to?

Language L={xϵ{0,1}|x is of length 4 or less}

a) (0+1+0+1+0+1+0+1)4

b) (0+1)4

c) (01)4

d) (0+1+ε)4 View Answer

Answer: d

Explanation: The extended notation would be (0+1)4 but however, we may allow some or all the factors to
be ε. Thus ε needs to be included in the given regular expression.

5. Which among the following looks similar to the given expression?

((0+1). (0+1)) *

a) {xϵ {0,1} *|x is all binary number with even length}

b) {xϵ {0,1} |x is all binary number with even length}

c) {xϵ {0,1} *|x is all binary number with odd length}

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d) {xϵ {0,1} |x is all binary number with odd length}View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The given regular expression corresponds to a language of binary strings which is of even
length including a length of 0.

6. If R represents a regular language, which of the following represents the Venn-diagram most correctly?

a) An Irregular Set

b) R*

c) R complement

d) R reverseView Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: The given diagram represents the Kleene operation over the Regular Language R in which the
final states become the initial and the initial state becomes final.

7. The given NFA corresponds to which of the following Regular expressions?

a) (0+1) *(00+11) (0+1) *

b) (0+1) *(00+11) *(0+1) *

c) (0+1) *(00+11) (0+1)

d) (0+1) (00+11) (0+1) *View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: The transition states shown are the result of breaking down the given regular expression in
fragments. For dot operation, we change a state, for union (plus) operation, we diverge into two transitions
and for Kleene Operation, we apply a loop.

8. Concatenation Operation refers to which of the following set operations: a) Union

b) Dot

c) Kleene

d) Two of the options are correctView Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: Two operands are said to be performing Concatenation operation AB = A•B = {xy: x A & y
B}.

9. Concatenation of R with Ф outputs:

a) R

b) Ф
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c) R.Ф

d) None of the mentioned

View Answer

Answer: b

Explanation: By distributive property (Regular expression identities), we can prove the given identity to be
Ф.

10. RR* can be expressed in which of the forms:

a) R+

b) R-

c) R+ U R-

d) RView Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: RR*=R+ as R+ means the occurrence to be at least once.

Automata Theory Questions and Answers – DFA to Regular Expressions

This set of Automata Theory Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “DFA to Regular
Expressions”.

1. Which of the following is same as the given DFA?

a) (0+1)*001(0+1)*

b) 1*001(0+1)*

c) (01)*(0+0+1)(01)*

d) None of theseView Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: There needs to be 001 together in the string as an essential substring. Thus, the other
components can be anything, 0 or 1 or e.

2. Which of the following statements is not true?

a) Every language defined by any of the automata is also defined by a regular expression

b) Every language defined by a regular expression can be represented using a DFA

c) Every language defined by a regular expression can be represented using NFA with e moves

d) Regular expression is just another representation for any automata definitionView Answer

Answer: b

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Explanation: Using NFA with e moves, we can represent all the regular expressions as an automata. As
regular expressions include e, we need to use e moves.

3. The total number of states required to automate the given regular expression (00)*(11)*

a) 3

b) 4

c) 5

d) 6

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation:

4. Which of the given regular expressions correspond to the automata shown?

a) (110+1)*0

b) (11+110)*1

c) (110+11)*0

d) (1+110)*1View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation: There is no state change for union operation, but has two different paths while for concatenation
or dot operation, we have a state change for every element of the string.

5. Generate a regular expression for the following problem statement:

Password Validation: String should be 8-15 characters long. String must contain a number, an Uppercase
letter and a Lower case letter. a) ^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d).{8,15}$

b) ^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d).{9,16}$

c) ^(?=.[a-z])(?=.[A-Z])(?=.\d).{8,15}$

d) None of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: Passwords like abc123, 123XYZ, should not be accepted . If one also wants to include special
characters as one of the constraint, one can use the following regular expression: ^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-
Z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[^\da-za-Z]).{8,15}$

6. Generate a regular expression for the following problem statement: P(x): String of length 6 or less for
å={0,1}* a) (1+0+e)6

b) (10)6

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c) (1+0)(1+0)(1+0)(1+0)(1+0)(1+0)

d) More than one of the mentioned is correctView Answer

Answer: a

Explanation: As the input variables are under Kleene Operation, we need to include e,thus option c is not
correct,thereby option (a) is the right answer.

7. The minimum number of states required in a DFA (along with a dumping state) to check whether the 3rd
bit is 1 or not for |n|>=3 a) 3

b) 4

c) 5

d) 1

View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation:

8. Which of the regular expressions corresponds to the given problem statement: P(x): Express the identifiers
in C Programming language l=letters d=digits

a) (l+_)(d+_)*

b) (l+d+_)*

c) (l+_)(l+d+_)*

d) (_+d)(l+d+_)*View Answer

Answer: c

Explanation:

Identifiers in C Programming Language follows the following identifiers rule: a) The name of the identifier
should not begin with a digit.

b) It can only begin with a letter or a underscore.

c) It can be of length 1 or more.

9. Generate a regular expression for the given language:l L(x): {xÎ{0,1}*| x ends with 1 nd does not contain a
substring 01} a) (0+01)*

b) (0+01)*1

c) (0+01)*(1+01)

d) All of the mentionedView Answer

Answer: c

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Explanation: (a) and (b) are the general cases where we restrict the acceptance of a string witrh substring 00
but we ignore the case where the string needs to end with 1 which therby, does not allows the acceptance of
e.

10. The minimum number of transitions to pass to reach the final state as per the following regular
expression is: {a,b}*{baaa} a) 4

b) 5

c) 6

d) 3

View Answer

Answer: a

Explanation:

isement

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