Transcendental Function

A transcendental function is an analytic function that does not satisfy a

polynomial equation, in contrast to an algebraic function. In other words, a
transcendental function "transcends" algebra in that it cannot be expressed in terms of a
finite sequence of the algebraic operations of addition, multiplication, and root
extraction.

Short History of Transcendental Function

 The transcendental functions sine and cosine were tabulated from physical
measurements in antiquity.
 Ancient transcendental functions became known as continuous functions through
quadrature of the rectangular hyperbola xy = 1 by Grégoire de Saint-Vincent in
1647.

Algebraic Expression vs Transcendental Expression

The most familiar transcendental functions are the logarithm, the exponential
(with any non-trivial base), the trigonometric, and the hyperbolic functions, and the
inverses of all of these. And function that is not transcendental is algebraic. Simple
examples of algebraic functions are the rational functions and the square root function,
but in general, algebraic functions cannot be defined as finite formulas of the
elementary functions.
The difference between algebraic expression and transcendental expression,
algebraic expression contains algebraic symbols and operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, roots, and powers. For examples; (9/5)c + 32,
x(1+y), and xy + yz + xz. While Transcendental Expression is a real or complex number
that is not algebraic. For examples; 4 cos 3x, In e, and 5 log x + e2x.

Examples of transcendental functions

1. Inverse function
2. Exponential function
3. Natural logarithm
4. Inverse trigonometric function
5. Hyperbolic function
 Inverse Function
Inverse
It means the opposite in effect. It is extremely useful in mathematics to be able to
undo something that you have done. For example you can think of addition being
“undone” by subtraction and multiplication being “undone” by division.

Terms Inverses Values Conditions

+ -
x ÷ Don’t divide by 0
1 1 x and y are not 0
x y
x2 √y x and y ≥ 0
xn 1 n not 0 (different rules
√n y or y n when n is odd, even,
negative or positive)
ex ln(y) y>0
ax log a ( y) y and a > 0
Sin(x) sin−1( y) −π π
¿+
2 2
Tan(x) tan−1 ( y ) 0 to π
Cos(x) cos−1 ( y ) −π π
¿+
2 2

Examples of Inverse Type

1. Linear function
A function with only 1 exponent of its variable. Possibly, both domains and range
can be all elements of real numbers. Ex: f(x) = 2x+10

2. Quadratic Function
A function with one or more variables in which the highest-degree term is of the
second degree. Ex: f(x) =3 x 2+8x-5

Note: There is a restriction on their domain to where the x values produce a graph that
would pass the horizontal line test, then I will have an inverse function.

3. Cube root function

The cubing function is an odd function, symmetric with respect to the origin.
Ex: f(x) = √3 x−4 +1

4. Rational Function
x +1
Is any function which can be defined by a rational fraction. Ex: f (x)=
x−5
Inverse function
Inverse functions in the most general sense, functions that "reverse" each other.
Note: Not all functions have inverses. Only functions which are bijections, those which
are both injections (one-to-one) and surjections (onto) have an inverse. This should
pass the vertical and horizontal line test with one intersection.

Representing the idea of function and its inverse.

Explanation: The top diagram shows a function f with an input of x with the output f(x).
The lower diagram shows that if the output of the function f acts as the input to its
inverse of f −1then the resulting output is x.

Ways of finding the inverse of a function

1. Flow Chart Method

The inverse function formula is

Explanation: First multiply the input by 2 and then subtracting 3. The inverse of this
process is taking an input and adding 3 then dividing by 2.

Note: Check if it is a bijection to proceed on the FC Method. To do this check if each

output is paired with only one input value.

2. The three way steps

3 Easy Steps
Step 1: Write y=f(x)
Step 2: Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible).
Step 3: To express f −1 as a function of x, interchange x and y.
 The resulting equation is y= f −1 (x).

Example: Find the inverse function of f(x) = x 3+ 2

Solution:
S1: y = x 3+ 2
S2: x = y 3 +2
y 3=x−2
√3 y 3=√ x−2
y = √ x−2
S3: f −1 ( x)= √ x−2

Properties of Inverse Function Graph

1. The reflection of the point (a,b) about the line y = x is the point (b,a).
2. The graph of f −1 is the reflection about the line y = x of the graph of f.
3. A function f has an inverse if and only if the graph passes the vertical line test.
4. If no horizontal line intersects the graph of f more than once, then f does have an
Inverse.

Inverse Function Examples

Example #1
Below is shown the graph of f(x) = 2 x 3 - 1 

a. Find
the

inverse of and check your answer using some points

b. Sketch the graph of the inverse of f in the same system of axes.
Solution:
a. Write the given function f(x) = 2 x 3 - 1 as an equation in two unknowns.
y=2x3-1
Solve the above for x.
2x 3 = y + 1
x3 = (y + 1) / 2
y+ 1
x=
√
3

2
Interchange x and y and write the equation of inverse function f -1:
x+ 1
y=
√
3

 The points (1, 1), (-1, 0) and (-3, -1) used above to sketch the graph of the inverse
function are on the graph of f-1. 

b. Graphing the inverse

 Locate few points on the graph of f. Here is a list of points whose coordinates
(a, b) can easily be determined from the graph: (1, 1), (0, -1), (-1, -3) 
 On the graph of the inverse function, the above points will have coordinates
(b, a) as follows: (1, 1), (-1, 0), (-3, -1) 
 Plot the above points and sketch the graph of the inverse of f so that the two
graphs are reflection of each other on the line y = x as shown below. 

Example #2
 2
The one to one function f ( x )=−
√ x
−1 is graphed below.

a. Find f -
b. What is the domain and range of f? 
c. Sketch the graph of f -1. 

Solution:
a. Write f(x) as an equation in y and x.
2
y=−
√ x
−1

 Solve the above equation for x. Square both sides of the above equation
2
y2= −1y
x
2 2
=y +1
x
2
x= 2
y +1
 Interchange x and y and write the inverse function
2
y= 2
x +1
2
f−1(x) = 2
x +1
b. Domain and range of f-1 are the range and domain of f . Hence, domain of f-1:
(-∞ , 0) range of f-1: (0 , 2)
c. Graphing the inverse
 Points on the graph of f (2 , 0) , (1 , -1)
 The above points on the graph of the inverse function, will have
coordinates (b , a) as follows: (0 , 2) , (- 1 , 1)
 Plot the above points and sketch the graph of the inverse of f so that
the two graphs are reflection of each other on the line y = x as shown
below.
Example #3
If f(x) = ln(x) + 4 x - 8, what is the value of f -1(- 4)?

Solution:
 Let a = f -1(- 4).
 Then f(a) = f(f -1(- 4)) = - 4 (Using the property f(f -1(x)) = x of the inverse function). 
 We now need to find a such that f(a) = - 4, hence the equation to solve. 

ln(a) + 4 a - 8 = - 4 
ln(a) = 4 - 4 a 

 The above equation cannot be solved analytically but its solution may be
approximated graphically as the x coordinate of the point of intersection of the
graphs of y = ln(x) and y = 4 - 4x as shown below.

The intersection of the two graphs is close to x = 1 which can easily be checked that it is
the exact solution to the equation ln(x) = 4 - 4 x. Hence  f-1( - 4) = 1
Exponential Function
An exponential function is obtained from a geometric sequence by replacing the
counting integer n by the real variable x. The graph below shows the exponential
functions corresponding to these two geometric sequences.
Functions that involve exponents, but there is a big difference, in that the variable is
now the power, rather than the base.
Example:
f(x) = x 2 is not considered as exponential function. While

g(x) = 2 x where the base is the fixed number, and the power is the variable.

Exponential Function Form

f(x) = e x
Where x is a variable, and a is a constant called the base of the function. Where e is the
transcendental number which is equal to approximately 2.71828.

Note: When the exponent in this function increases by 1, the value of the function
increases by a factor of e. When the exponent decreases by 1, the value of the function
decreases by this same factor (it is divided by e.)

Example:
f(x) = 10 x
When the exponent increases by 1, the value of the base-10 function increases by a
1
factor of 10; when the exponent decreases by 1, the value of the function becomes .
10

Parts of Exponential Function

1. Exponential growth
Exponential growth is exhibited when the rate of change the change per instant
or unit of time of the value of a mathematical function of time is proportional to the
function's current value, resulting in its value at any time being an exponential function
of time, where a function in which the time value is the exponent.

Formula:

y= AO e kt
AO = value at time zero
e = Euler's constant
k = positive rate
t = time

2. Exponential decay
Occurs in the same way when the growth rate is negative.
Formula:

y= AO e kt
AO = value at time zero
e = Euler's constant
k = negative rate
t = time

Characteristics of Exponential Function y= AO e kt

 One to one function

 Horizontal asymptote: y=0
  Domain: (−∞ , ∞ ¿
 Range: (0,∞ ¿
 x-intercept: none
 y-intercept: (0, AO )
 increasing if k > 0
 decreasing if k < 0

Properties of Exponential Graph

1. The point (0, 1) is always on the graph of an exponential function of the form y=b x
because b is positive and any positive number to the zero power yields 1.
2. The point (1, b) is always on the graph of an exponential function of the form y=b x
because any positive number b raised to the first power yields 1.
3. The function y=bx takes on only positive values because any positive number b will
yield only positive values when raised to any power.
4. The function y=bx has the x-axis as a horizontal asymptote because the curve will
always approach the x-axis as x approaches either positive or negative infinity, but will
never cross the axis as it will never be equal to zero.

Exponential Function Example

Example #1
If the base b is equal to 2, then we have the exponential function defined by f(x) =
2x. f(x) =2x. Here we can see the exponent is the variable. Up to this point, rational
exponents have been defined but irrational exponents have not. Consider 2 √7, where the
exponent is an irrational number in the range,
2.65 <√7 <2.64
We can use these bounds to estimate 2√7,
22.64<2√7<22.656
23<2√7 <6.28
Using rational exponents in this manner, an approximation of 2 √7 can be obtained
to any level of accuracy. On a calculator,
2^ √7≈6.26
Therefore the domain of any exponential function consists of all real numbers
(−∞,∞). Choose some values for x and then determine the corresponding y-values.
 Because exponents are defined for any real number we can sketch the graph
using a continuous curve through these given points:

Example #2
f is a function given by
f (x) = 3(x + 1) – 2
a. Find the domain and range of f.
b. Find the horizontal asymptote of the graph of f.
c. Find the x and y intercepts of the graph of f if there are any.
d. Sketch the graph of f.
Solution:
a. The domain of f is the set of all real numbers. To find the range of f, we
start with
3x > 0
Multiply both sides by 3 which is positive.
3x3 > 0
Use exponential properties
3(x+ 1) > 0
Subtract 2 to both sides
3(x+ 1) -2 > -2
This last statement suggests that f(x) > -2. The range of f is (-2, +∞).

b. As x decreases without bound, f(x) = 3(x+ 1) -2 approaches -2. The graph of

f has a horizontal asymptote y = -2.

c. To find the x intercept we need to solve the equation f(x) = 0

3(x + 1) - 2 = 0
Add 2 to both sides of the equation
3(x + 1) = 2
Rewrite the above equation in Logarithmic form
x +1 = log3 2
Solve for x
x = log3 2 - 1
The y intercept is given by (0,f(0)) = (0,3 (0 + 1) - 2) = (0 , 1).

d. So far we have the domain, range, x and y intercepts and the horizontal
asymptote. We need extra points.
(-2 , f(-2)) = (-2, 3(-2 + 1) - 2) = (4 , 1/3-2) = (4 , -1.67)
(-4 , f(-4)) = (-4, 3(-4 + 1) - 2) = (-4 , 2-3) = (-4 , -1.99)
 Let us now use all the above information to graph f.

Example #3
It is important to point out that as x approaches negative infinity, the results
become very small but never actually attain zero. For example,
1
f(−5)=2−5= ≈0.031252
25
1
f(−10)=12-10= ≈0.00097662
210
1
f(−15)=12−15= ≈0.00003052
215
This describes a horizontal asymptote at y=0y=0, the x-axis, and defines a lower
bound for the range of the function: (0,∞).
The base b of an exponential function affects the rate at which it grows. Below
we have graphed y=2x, y=3xand y=10x on the same set of axes.

Natural Logarithmic Function

The Latin name is "logarithmus naturali," giving the abbreviation ln. The natural
logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, where
e is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718281828459.
The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, loge x, or sometimes, if the base e
is implicit, simply log x.
Note: Parentheses are sometimes added for clarity, giving ln(x), loge(x) or log(x). This is
done in particular when the argument to the logarithm is not a single symbol, to prevent
ambiguity.
Trivia: The concept of the natural logarithm was worked out by Gregoire de Saint-
Vincent and Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa before 1649

Natural Logarithm Rules and Properties

Rule name Rule Example
Product rule ln(x ∙ y) = ln(x) + ln(y) ln(3 ∙ 7) = ln(3) + ln(7)
Quotient rule ln(x / y) = ln(x) - ln(y) ln(3 / 7) = ln(3) - ln(7)
Power rule ln(x  y) = y ∙ ln(x) ln(28) = 8∙ ln(2)
ln of negative number ln(x) is undefined
when x ≤ 0
ln of zero ln(0) is undefined
ln of one ln(1) = 0

Properties of Natural logarithm Graph

1. When graphed, the logarithmic function is similar in shape to the square root function,
but with a vertical asymptote as x approaches 0 from the right.
2. The point (1, 0) is on the graph of all logarithmic functions of the form y=log b x, where
b is a positive real number.
3. The graph of the square root function resembles the graph of the logarithmic function,
but does not have a vertical asymptote.

Natural Logarithmic Function Example

Example #1 GRAPHING A HORIZONTAL SHIFT OF THE PARENT FUNCTION y=log b
(x)
Sketch the horizontal shift f(x)=log(3)(x – 2) alongside its parent function. Include
the key points and asymptotes on the graph. State the domain, range, and asymptote.
Solution:
 Since the function is f(x)=log(3)(x – 2), we notice x+(-2).
 Thus c = –2, so c < 0. This means we will shift the function f(x)=log 3 (x)
right 2 units.
 The vertical asymptote is x=−(−2) or x = 2.
 Consider the three key points from the parent function,
1
3( )
, -1 , ( 1,0 ) , and ( 3,1 )

 The new coordinates are found by adding 2 to the x coordinates .

7
( )
 Label the points 3 , -1 , ( 3,0 ) , and ( 3,1 )
 The domain is (2,∞), the range is (−∞,∞) and the vertical asymptote is x =
2.
Graph:
Example #2 GRAPHING A VERTICAL SHIFT OF THE PARENT FUNCTION y=log B (x)
Sketch a graph of f(x)=log3(x)−2 alongside its parent function. Include the key
points and asymptote on the graph. State the domain, range, and asymptote.
Solution:
 Since the function is f(x)=log3(x)−2, we will notice d = –2. Thus d < 0.
 This means we will shift the function  f(x)=log3(x) down 2 units.
 The vertical asymptote is x = 0.
1
( )
 Consider the three key points from the parent function. , -1 , ( 1,0 ) , and ( 3,1 )
3
 The new coordinates are found by subtracting 2 from the y coordinates.
1
( )
 Label the points  , -3 , ( 1,-2 ) , and ( 3,1 )
3
 The domain is (0,∞), the range is (−∞,∞), and the vertical asymptote is x = 0.
Graph:

Example #3 COMBINING A SHIFT AND A STRETCH

Sketch a graph of f(x)=5log(x+2). State the domain, range, and asymptote.
Solution:
  Remember: what happens inside parentheses happens first.
 First, we move the graph left 2 units, then stretch the function vertically by
a factor of 5.
 The vertical asymptote will be shifted to x = –2.
 The x-intercept will be (−1, 0).
 The domain will be (−2, ∞).
 Two points will help give the shape of the graph: (−1, 0) and (8, 5).
 We chose x = 8 as the x-coordinate of one point to graph because when x
= 8, x + 2 = 10, the base of the common logarithm.

Graph:

Inverse Trigonometric Function

The inverse trigonometric functions are the inverse functions of the trigonometric
functions. Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent,
secant, and cosecant functions, and are used to obtain an angle from any of the angle's
trigonometric ratios.

Trigonometric functions
Called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions are real
functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths.

The Six Functions in Trigonometry

1. Sine ~ sin
2. Cosine ~ cos
3. Tangent ~ tan
4. Cotangent ~ cot
5. Secant ~ sec
6. Cosecant ~ csc

Trigonometric Ratios
Name Ratios
Sine Opposite/hypotenuse
Cosine Adjacent/ hypotenuse
Tangent Opposite/ Adjacent
Cosecant (1/sine) Hypotenuse/ Opposite
Secant (1/cosine) Hypotenuse/ Adjacent
Cotangent (1/tangent) Adjacent/ Opposite

Inverse trigonometric functions

Are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions. Specifically, they are the
inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions, and
are used to obtain an angle from any of the angle's trigonometric ratios.

Inverse Trigonometric Notations

1. arcsin(x) or sin^-1(x)
2. arccos(x) or cos^-1(x)
3. arctan(x) or tan^-1(x)
4. arccot(x) or cot^-1(x)
5. arcsec(x) or sec^-1(x)
6. arccsc(x) or csc^-1(x)

Note: Since none of the six trigonometric functions are one-to-one, they are restricted in
order to have inverse functions. Therefore the ranges of the inverse functions are
proper subsets of the domains of the original functions.

The Six Inverse Trigonometric Relations

1. Inverse sine function

2. Inverse cosine function

 3. Inverse tangent function

4. Inverse Cosecant Function

5. Inverse Secant Function

6. Inverse cotangent Function

Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Graph

1. Sine - the domain is now the range and the range is now the domain. Because the
domain is restricted all positive values will yield a 1 st quadrant angle and all negative
values will yield a 4 th quadrant angle.

2. Cosine - the domain of the inverse cosine function is [ − 1 , 1 ] and the range is [ 0 ,
π] . That means a positive value will yield a 1 st quadrant angle and a negative value
will yield a 2 nd quadrant angle.
3. Tangent - The domain of the inverse tangent function is ( − ∞ , ∞ ) and the range is
( − π/ 2 , π /2 ) . The inverse of the tangent function will yield values in the 1 st and 4 th
quadrants.

Inverse Trigonometric Function Example

Example #1
Solve for x the equation 3 arcsin(x) = π / 2.
Solution:
 Divide both sides of the equation by 3.
arcsine (x) = (π / 2) / 3
arcsine (x) = π / 6
 Apply sin to both sides and simplify.
sin (arcsine(x)) = sin(π / 6)
 The above simplify to
x=1/2
Because of the domain of arcsine(x), we need to verify that the solution obtained
is valid.
x=1/2
 Right side of equation: 3 arcsine (1 / 2) = 3 (π6) = π / 2.

 Left side of equation: π / 2.

 The solution to the above equation is x = 1 / 2. The graphical approximation to

the solution to the given equation is shown below. The x coordinate of the point
of intersection of the graphs made up the left side and the right of the given
equation is 0.5 which is the solution found analytically.

Example #2
Solve for x the equation 3 cot (arccos(x)) = 2.
Solution:
 Divide both sides of the given equation by 3 and simplify. cot (arccos(x)) = 2 / 3 

 Let A = arccos(x) and apply cos to both sides to obtain.

cos (A) = cos(arccos(x)) = x
 Using definition of A above, the equation may be written as.
cot (A) = 2 / 3 Use cot (A) = 2 / 3
 to construct a right triangle and find cos(A).
 Find hypotenuse h first.

h = √(13) 
We now use the same triangle shown above to find cos (A).
x = cos(A) = 2 / √(13) ≈ 0.55

The graphical approximation to the solution to the given equation is shown below.

Example #3
Solve for x the equation arccos(x) = arcsin(x) + π / 2. 
Solutions:
 Apply cos function to both sides.
cos(arccos(x)) = cos( arcsin(x) + π / 2 )
 Simplify left side using the identity cos(arccos(A)) = A.
x = cos( arcsin(x) + π / 2 )
 Expand the right side using the identity cos(a + b) = cos(a).cos(b) - sin(a)sin(b).
x = cos( arcsin(x)) cos(π / 2) - sin( arcsin(x)) sin(π / 2)
  Use cos(π / 2) = 0 , sin( arcsin(x)) = x and sin(π / 2) = 1 to simplify the right side
of the equation.
x=-x
2x=0
x=0
 Verify the solution found.
Left side: arccos(0) = π / 2
Right side: arcsin(0) + π / 2 = π / 2
x = 0 is a solution to the given equation
The graphical approximation to the solution to the given equation is shown below. The x
coordinate of the point of intersection is equal to 0 exactly as the value calculated
analytically above.

Hyperbolic function
 Are defined in terms of exponentials, and the definitions lead to properties such
as differentiation of hyperbolic functions and their expansion as infinite series. They're
written like the trig functions cosine (cos), sine (sin), tangent (tan), but they have an 'h'
at the end. Cosh is pronounced 'kosh;' sinh is pronounced 'sinch;' and tanh is usually
read as 'tan h' but sometimes we say 'tanch.'
Trivias:
 Was introduced in the 1760s independently by Vincenzo Riccati and Johann
Heinrich Lambert.
 It is used to refer to circular functions and to refer to hyperbolic functions.

The Six Functions in Hyperbolic Hyperbolic Function Notations

1. Sine ~ sin 1. Sine ~ sinh
2. Cosine ~ cos 2. Cosine ~ cosh
3. Tangent ~ tan 3. Tangent ~ tanh
4. Cotangent ~ cot 4. Cotangent ~ coth
5. Secant ~ sec 5. Secant ~ sech
6. Cosecant ~ csc 6. Cosecant ~ csch

Formulas

Properties of Hyperbolic Graph

1. Sine - the domain and range of this function are both the set of real numbers. This
function is also one-to-one.
2. Cosine - the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis and it has a minimum
vertex at (0, 1). The domain of this function is the set of real numbers and the range is
any number equal to or greater than one.
3. Tangent - the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. The lines y = 1 and y = -1
are both horizontal asymptotes. The domain of the function is the set of real numbers.
The range is the open interval (-1, 1).
4. Cotangent - the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. The lines y = 1 and y =
-1 are both horizontal asymptotes. The y-axis is a vertical asymptote. The domain of the
function is the set of real numbers excluding zero. The range is (-infinity, -1) union (1,
infinity).
5. Secant - The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. The graph is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis. The domain of the function is the set of real numbers. The range of the
function is the half-open interval (0, 1].
6. Cosecant - both the x and y axes are asymptotes. The graph is symmetric with
respect to the origin. Both the domain and range of the function are the set of real
numbers excluding zero.

Hyperbolic Function Example

Example #1
(sinh x)= ex- e-x/2
= e2x- 1/ 2ex
If x=0 then, y=0
Y= e2(0)- 1/ 2e0
= 1- 1/ 2
=0
if x=1 then, y=1.2
y= e2(1)- 1/ 2e1
= 7.3-1/5.4
= 6.3/5.4
= 1.2
if x= 2 then y= 3.6
y= e2(2)- 1/ 2e2
=
e4- 1/ 2e2
= 53-1/ 14.6
= 52/14.6
 =3.6
Graph:
Domain= Range
Range= Range
Example #2
(cosh x)= ex+ e-x/2
= e2x+1/ 2ex
If x=0 then, y=1
Y= e2(0)+ 1/ 2e0
= 1+1/ 2
=1
if x=1 then, y=1.5
y= e2(1)+ 1/ 2e1
= 7.3+1/5.4
= 8.3/5.4
= 1.5
if x= 2 then y= 3.7
y= e2(2)- 1/ 2e2
=
e4+1/ 2e2
= 53+1/ 14.6
= 54/14.6
=3.7
Graph:
 Domain= Range
Range= (1, insert infinity sign)
(tanh x)= ex+ e-x/2
= e2x-1/ e2x+1
If x=0 then, y=0
Y= e2(0)-1/ e2(0)+1
= 1-1/1+1
=0
if x=1 then, y=0.76
y= e2(1)-1/ e2(1)+1
= e2-1/ e2+1
= 7.3-1/7.3 +1
= 6.3/8.3
= 0.76
if x= 2 then y= 0.96
y= e2(2)-1/ e2(2)+1
=
e4-1/ e4+1
= 53-1/53+1
= 52/54
=0.96
Graph:
Domain = Range
Range = (-1, 1 )
Definition of Terms

Algebraic function - is a function that can be defined as the root of a polynomial

equation. Example, f(x)= 1/x.

Analytic function - is a function that is locally given by a convergent power series.

Asymptote - is a line or curve that approaches a given curve arbitrarily closely.

Bijective Function - the set X to the set Y has an inverse function from Y to X. If X and
Y are finite sets, then the existence of a bijection means they have the same number of
elements.

Circular Function - this set of functions is considered "circular" because the functions
describe a point on a circle as the function of an angle, which is defined by radians.
Cube root function - cubing function is an odd function.

Domain - the domain of a function is the complete set of possible values of the
independent variable.

e (Euler's Number) - the number e is a famous irrational number, and is one of the
most important numbers in mathematics.

Exponential decay - is the decrease in a quantity according to the law.

Exponential function - a function whose value is a constant raised to the power of the
argument, especially the function where the constant is e.

Exponential growth - whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the
growing total number or size.

Flow Chart Method - another useful tool for arriving the inverse of a function.

Function - a relation from a set of inputs to a set of possible outputs where each input
is related to exactly one output.

Horizontal line test - is a test used to determine whether a function is injective.

ln (Natural Logarithm) - the natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base
of the mathematical constant e.

Infinite series - a description of the operation of adding infinitely many quantities, one
after the other, to a given starting quantity.

Injective Function - or one-to-one function is a function that preserves distinctness.

Inverse - means the opposite in effect. The reverse of terms.

Inverse function - a function that reverse each other.

Inverse trigonometric functions - are the inverse functions of the trigonometric

functions. Specifically, they are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent,
secant, and cosecant functions, and are used to obtain an angle from any of the angle's
trigonometric ratios.

Johann Heinrich Lambert - he made the first systematic development of hyperbolic

functions.

Linear function - is a function with only 1 exponent of its variable.

Logarithm - the logarithm of a number is the exponent by which another fixed value,
the base, has to be raised to produce that number.

Polynomial - is an expression consisting of variables and coefficients, that involves

only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer
exponents of variables. Example, x3 + 2xyz2 − yz + 1.

Quadratic Function - is a function with one or more variables in which the highest-
degree term is of the second degree.

Range - the range of a function is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the
dependent variable, after substituting the domain.

Rational Function - is any function which can be defined by a rational fraction.

The Six Trigonometric Functions - defined as ratios of sides in a right triangle. Their
values depend only on the angle and not on any particular right triangle.

Transcendental function - is an analytic function that does not satisfy a polynomial

equation, in contrast to an algebraic function.

Trigonometric function - a function of an angle, or of an abstract quantity, used in

trigonometry, including the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant, and
their hyperbolic counterparts.

Trigonometry - (from Greek trigōnon, "triangle" and metron, "measure") is a branch of

mathematics that studies relationships between side lengths and angles of triangles.

Vertical line test - is a method that is used to determine whether a given relation is a
function or not.

Vincenzo Riccati - he studied hyperbolic functions and used them to obtain solutions of
cubic equations.