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Laboratory or Field - Lysimeters: Different Methods To Measure ET

This document discusses various methods to measure evapotranspiration (ET) including lysimeters, field observations, and mathematical equations like Penman, Blaney-Criddle, and FAO crop coefficient. It then provides details on the Penman equation for calculating potential ET, including the variables and calculations involved. Finally, it discusses factors that influence infiltration rates like soil properties, precipitation, slope, and land cover as well as common infiltration equations like Horton's, Green-Ampt, Philip, and Kastiakov.

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lance carter
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50 views24 pages

Laboratory or Field - Lysimeters: Different Methods To Measure ET

This document discusses various methods to measure evapotranspiration (ET) including lysimeters, field observations, and mathematical equations like Penman, Blaney-Criddle, and FAO crop coefficient. It then provides details on the Penman equation for calculating potential ET, including the variables and calculations involved. Finally, it discusses factors that influence infiltration rates like soil properties, precipitation, slope, and land cover as well as common infiltration equations like Horton's, Green-Ampt, Philip, and Kastiakov.

Uploaded by

lance carter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Different methods to measure ET

◦Laboratory or Field – Lysimeters

◦Field observation

◦Various Mathematical Equations


Penman; Modified Penman; Blaney-
Criddle (SCS and FAO); FAO Crop
Coefficient , Wright Crop Coefficient;
Hammon, Thornthwaite
Penman Equation For Potential Evaporation

Location of the field (latitude in degrees)


Elevation of the field (mean sea level)
Day-of-the-year for the prediction
Mean air temperature for this day
• A measure of the average humidity for
this day (Relative humidity or Dew Point
Temperature or Vapor Pressure)
• Daily Solar Radiation
• Average wind speed for this day
PENMAN EQUATION
D
 ET0  Rn  G  
D 

6.43(1.0  0.53V2 es  ed 
D 
D  0.20 ( 0.0073 8T  0.8072 )  0.000116
7

D is the slope of the vapor pressure-


temperature curve at the mean air
temperature.
T is the mean air temperature in oC
 = the latent heat of vaporization of water at
the mean air temperature in MJ / kg

  2.501  0.002361T
P  101.3  0.01055EL
EL is the field elevation in meters above
mean sea level.
P = the atmospheric pressure in kPa at this
field elevation.
P
  0.00163

 is the psychrometric constant for this
temperature and pressure in kPa / oC.

es  3.38639 [ (0.00738 T  0.8072 ) 8

 0.00019 | 1.8T  48.0 |


 0.001316 ]
es is the saturation vapor pressure in kPa at
the mean air temperature
ed  (RH )(es ) / 100
• RH is the mean relative humidity for this
site and this day
• ed is the actual vapor pressure for this
temperature and relative humdity in kPa.
OR
• Can be determined by using es equation
and substituting the mean dew-point
temperature for T.
Rn  1    R s
 T 4
0.34  0.139 e 0 .5
d 
 n 
 0 .1  0 .9 
 N

Rn is the estimated net radiation energy supply


to this field on this day in MJ / m2 / day
 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant for radiant
energy emission
= 4.903 x 10-9 MJ / m2 / day / 0k4
n / N is the ratio of actual to possible sunshine
for this day
n
Rs / Rso  0.35  0.61
N
Now the maximum clear-day solar
radiation at a location for any day can be
estimated from the following equation.
Rso = A + B cos ( 2p / 365 ( J-172 ))
langleys / day
PENMAN EQUATION
MJ
ET0  2
m day
MJ

kg
 MJ  kg  1m3  1000mm 
ET0   2    
 m day  MJ  1000kg  m 
 mm / day
Crop Coefficient for a Grass reference crop, ETo
Blaney – Criddle Method
 Developed for ET from Climatic and irrigation
data in 1950
U = KP(0.46T +8.13)

 U = Monthly ET, mm
 K = Monthly ET coefficient (from local data)
 T = Mean monthly Temperature, 0C
 P = Monthly % of total day time hours of the year
(Monthly day time hours x 100/total annual day
time hours)
PENMAN EQUATION

MJ
ET0  2
m day
MJ

kg
 MJ  kg  1m  1000mm 
3
ET0   2    
 m day  MJ  1000kg  m 
 mm / day
Rough estimates of ET (mm/day)

Mean daily temperature

Climatic low (less medium high (more


zone than (15-25°C) than 25°C)
15°C)
Desert/arid 4-6 7-8 9-10

Semi arid 4-5 6-7 8-9

(Moist) Sub- 3-4 5-6 7-8


humid
Humid 1-2 3-4 5-6
Infiltration

 Infiltration is the actual rate at which water is


entering the soil at any given time(SCSA, 1976).
 Infiltration capacity: Maximum rate (LT-1).
Factors affecting infiltration
 Precipitation: Intensity and duration

 The infiltrated water often seeps into streambeds


with extended period of time, and stream often
continues to flow which is called ‘baseflow’ when
there is no direct runoff from recent precipitation.
 Soil characteristics: clay vs. sand

 Soil saturation: Soils already saturated from previous


rainfall or irrigation will produce more surface
runoff than infiltration.
Factors affecting infiltration
 Land cover: Significant impact on infiltration.
Vegetation can slow the movement of runoff.
Impervious surfaces act as a "fast lane" for rainfall
to streams.
 Agriculture and tillage changes the infiltration
patterns.
 Slope: Water falling on steeper slopes runs off more
quickly and infiltrates less than water falling on flat
land.
 ET: Some infiltrated water stays in the root zone
where plants use by the process of ET, and water
moves back into the atmosphere.
q Q
A K DH
L
 The flux density, q, is the
rate of water movement H1 A
through a medium.
 q is a function of ΔH and the
hydraulic conductivity of the
medium. Ksat
L
 ΔH = H1 – H2 is the
difference between total
water potential inlet and
outlet.
H2
 H = Pressure head +
Gravitational head
Horton‘s Equation
• Horton's theory is based on the fact that
infiltration is faster in dry ground, so as rain
continues and the ground becomes wetter, the
infiltration rate decreases.

• The reason that infiltration is faster when the


ground is dry is that there are more spaces for
the water to fit so capillary forces that pull the
water down into the ground are stronger.
Horton’s Equation
– Solve the equation for the rate of moisture
diffusion at soil surface f(t) = fc + (f0 – fc) e–kt
– k = positive constant ~ T-1
– f0 and fc are initial and final infiltration capacity
(in/hr) of the soil
Limits to Horton's Theory


( f0- fc)
F= fdt  f c t + - kt
[1 - e ]
k
• Horton's equation and integral assume that
the rainfall rate, R is greater than the
infiltration rate throughout the rain.
• If at any time the rainfall rate is slower than
the infiltration rate, the ground will lose
some water to lower levels, and Horton's
theory must be modified.
Infiltration Equations
• Green-Ampt (1911):

i = ic + b/I
Where I is cumulative infiltration,
ic and b are constants.
• There are several other equations:
• Horton (1940)
• Philip (1957)
• Philip Equation:

I = Sp (t)0.5 + Ap (t)

I = Infiltration depth, cm
t = time of infiltration, min
Sp = Sorptivity constant, cm/(min) 0.5
Ap = Conductivity constant, cm/min
• Kastiakov Equation:
I = C(t)α
I = Infiltration depth, cm
t = time of infiltration, min
C and α are empirical constants

• SCS Equation: (Intake family concept)


I = a(t)b + C
I = Infiltration depth, cm
t = time of infiltration, min
a and b are function of intake family

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