Vibration Training Activity Booklet – CAT II Page 1 of 7

ANSWER KEY – CAT II

PRINCIPLES OF VIBRATION [4] Adjust the reading by 180 degrees if the

sensors are facing opposite directions.
[1] B. False
[5] Absolute phase using a tachometer,
[2] B. Frequency (Hz) = 1/Period (seconds) keyphasor or strobe as a reference. Relative
phase measured directly between two or
more vibration sensors.
[3] B. 5 Hz

PRINCIPLES OF VIBRATION: AVD [6] A. the phase difference between a point and
an arbitrary reference
[1] A. Displacement
[7] A. Absolute phase
[2] A. Displacement
[8] B. Relative phase
[3] B. Velocity
PRINCIPLES OF VIBRATION:
[4] A. Displacement OVERALL READINGS

[5] C. Acceleration [1] Pros: Easy to collect, easy to understand,

inexpensive equipment, intuitive, alarm
charts exist
[6] A. Displacement and Acceleration
Cons: Doesn’t tell what fault you have, can’t
make repair decisions, may go up when there
[7] 5 / 25.4 / 0.707 = 0.278 in/sec pk
is no fault, may not go up when there is a
fault, limited frequency range (ISO)
5 x (100 x 60) / 93712 = 0.32 G’s rms
[2] Analog, digital, calculate from spectrum
27009 x 5 / (100 x 60) = 22.5 Microns (µm) pk-
pk PRINCIPLES OF VIBRATION:
SPECTRA
[8] A. 10 mm/sec rms
[1] 8x, 80Hz, 4800 CPM
PRINCIPLES OF VIBRATION:
PHASE [2] A. 250 CPM

[1] C. degrees

[2] A. they reach their maximums (peaks) at the

same time

[3] C. one will reach its minimum when the

other reaches its maximum

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Page 2 of 7 Vibration Training Activity Booklet – CAT II

[3] [6] C. A series of fractional harmonics, for

example ½X, ¼X.

[7] C. The periodic change in the amplitude of a

signal

[8] C. Peaks at 180 Hz, 200 Hz and 220 Hz.

[9] C. Beating

[10] C. A throbbing sound with a period of

1 second

[4] 0.707 mm/sec rms SIGNAL PROCESSING

[5] 8910 CPM [1] B. Low pass

UNDERSTANDING SIGNALS [2] A. A straight/flat line

[1] [3] B. The sampling rate must be greater than

two times the highest frequency of interest

[4] A. The measurement will take longer to

acquire

[5] C. 4096 samples

[6] A. 40 Hz (1024 / (2.56 x 10))

(Notice the graph scale is 400 Hz, not [7] D. 0.16 seconds (1600 / 10000 = 4096 / (2.56
10 Hz) x 10000) )

[2] 3 x 0.707 = 2.121 mm/sec [8] A. 267 seconds (10 x 3200 / 120 = 10 x 8192 /
(2.56 x 120))
[3]
[9] 1600 lines and 200 Hz will work

[10] A. 250 ±0.5 Hz

WINDOWING

[1] A. The signal does not begin and end at zero

in the time record – it is “finite”.

[4] 0.707 mm/sec rms (the two signals subtract) [2] A. Hanning

[5] B. A series of harmonics: 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X, etc. [3] D. Uniform/Rectangular/No window

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Vibration Training Activity Booklet – CAT II Page 3 of 7

[4] B. Flat top [13] B. False

AVERAGING DATA ACQUISITION: SENSOR

LOCATION & MOUNTING
[1] B. 4-12 averages
[1] C. Good, safe access to the mounting
[2] B. Linear averaging location

[3] B. False [2] B. The path the vibration takes between the
source of vibration and the sensor
[4] C. Peak-hold averaging
[3] D. Permanently mount a sensor, and
DATA ACQUISITION: connect it to a junction box.
TRANSDUCER SELECTION
[4] D. All of the above
[1] B. Test repeatability.
DATA ACQUISITION:
[2] B. False RECOGNIZING BAD DATA

[3] A. Integrate the signal [1] A mound in the spectrum that starts high at
“0 Hz” and ramps down in amplitude
[4] A. True
Mechanical shock, thermal shock, ICP has not
[5] A. They are increased in amplitude settled after being powered on
Data collector electronics have not settled
[6] C. To filter out the low frequency signals after a setting change, electrical/wiring fault,
that are amplified during the integration etc.
process
Re-take the data (re-test the machine)
[7] A. Displacement non-contact eddy current
probe [2] C. The time it takes for the transducer to
generate a stable output.
[8] A. Charge mode accelerometers require an
external amplifier DIAGNOSING MACHINE FAULTS

[9] An accelerometer with an on-board [1] C. an integer multiple of the running speed.
integrator and an output in velocity. Used
with simple online alarm systems [2] B. less than the running speed frequency.

[10] C. 1000 mV/g [3] D. a non-integer multiple of the running

speed.
[11] B. The voltage output would be small, and
the amplitude resolution of data would be
unacceptable

[12] C. The sensor would 'saturate' and the

vibration data would be poor

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Page 4 of 7 Vibration Training Activity Booklet – CAT II

[4] (Note that the L and R phase readings are [2] Prepare the job, determine balance goal, set
axial readings taken on the left and the right up tachometer and sensor, understand
of the shaft. The axial phase readings have safety and lock out procedures. Take an
been adjusted – as if they were all taken in original run, calculate the trial weight, place
the same direction.) the trial weight on the rotor, take a second
run; calculate the balance weight and
The levels are very high at 1X in vertical and location (leaving trial weight on or removing
horizontal (at bearings 1 and 2) – higher in trial weight). Add balance weight to rotor.
the horizontal - so it is motor imbalance Take a reading. Check reading against
standard, if not good enough do a trim run.
If not good enough after 2 trim runs, start
Also notice the 90 degrees phase difference
over.
between vertical and horizontal

[3]
[5] 1X axial (on bearings 2 and 3) are high. You
would expect 1xA to be lower than 1xH and
1xV. There is a 180 degrees phase difference
across the coupling in the axial direction.
Therefore there is angular misalignment.

DIAGNOSING UNBALANCE

[1] C. a high peak at 1X in the vertical and

horizontal direction.

[2] C. a high peak at 1X in the vertical, horizontal

and axial directions.

[3] C. a high peak at 1X in the radial (horizontal)

[4] B. 30% or 30 degrees
directions.
[5] 300 grams
[4] D. The machine speed squared.
[6] O is original run - measured, O+T is second
[5] D. be mostly sinusoidal (look somewhat like
run with the original unbalance plus the trial
a sine wave).
weight – measured, T is calculated by
subtracting O from O+T – this is the effect
[6] A. the two ends of the machine in the the trial weight had, we can now figure out
vertical direction will be in phase. how to adjust it to get the effect we want.

[7] B. the two ends of the machine in the

vertical direction will be 180 deg out of
phase.

[8] D. All statements are true.

BALANCING

[1] A. Yes

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Vibration Training Activity Booklet – CAT II Page 5 of 7

[7] One set of standards is based on vibration [2] A. Rotating looseness.

amplitude at 1x. Vibration causes damage to
the machine, to nearby machines and [3] C. Structural looseness (foundation
structures. Vibration can cause quality flexibility).
problems with the product you are
producing. Vibration can annoy and injure [4] D. Pedestal bearing looseness.
people. Therefore the goal of reducing
vibration is a good one. [5] C. Yes, the lack of a phase relationship helps
you to distinguish looseness from
Another set of standards is based on balance misalignment and other fault conditions.
quality - this is the actual amount of residual
unbalance left in the shaft after balancing. It BELTS
is given as a mass x radius / mass of shaft
weight at a given speed. This measure is
[1] A. lower than the machine RPM
directly related to the amount of force
generated by the unbalance.
[2] A. a strong 1X component in the direction of
belt tension
DIAGNOSING MISALIGNMENT
[3] B. a series of harmonics of the belt rate
[1] B. a high amplitude peak at 1X.
frequency
[2] A. out-of-phase in the axial direction.
[4] C. a strong 1X component in the axial
direction
[3] B. a moderate-high amplitude peak at 1X and
a high 2X peak.
[5] A. a strong 1X component in the radial
direction
[4] B. Out-of-phase in the radial direction.
[6] S2 = S1 (D1/D2) = 2970 (100/35) = 848.6 RPM
[5] D. All of the above.
[7] BR = 3.14 x S1 x D1 / BL = 3.14 x 1 x 20 / 190 =
[6] D. high vibration level (increases stresses) 0.33x. S2 = S1 (D1/D2) = 1 x (20/17) = 1.176x.
can damage bearings and cause premature Blade pass = number of blades x S2 = 6 x
failure. 1.176x = 7.06x = FB

[7] B. Because both conditions result in 1X

vibration in the axial direction.

DIAGNOSING BENT SHAFT

[1] B. Because both conditions result in 1X

vibration in the axial direction.

[2] C. Out-of-phase when measured axially.

DIAGNOSING LOOSENESS

[1] C. Wear within a rolling element bearing.

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Page 6 of 7 Vibration Training Activity Booklet – CAT II

DIAGNOSING BEARING FAULTS [3] D. the slip frequency times the number of
poles = (1800-1740)x4 = 240 RPM
[1] Pros – gives you an idea of where to look for
bearing defects. Can help you determine the [4] C. The number of rotor bars times the
optimal Fmax settings for spectra and running speed
demodulated tests. Cons: Bearing defects do
not always show up at the calculated [5] D. harmonics of 1X with pole-pass sidebands
frequencies so it is better not to rely on around each harmonic
them. Your graphs need to be order
normalized for the peaks to line up with the [6] B. an increase in the amplitude at the rotor
fault cursors. You might have the correct bar frequency with twice line-frequency
bearing number but it could have a different sidebands
number of balls and therefore different
frequencies than shown in the database. If [7] D. Detect broken rotor bars
you do not keep track of every repair the
bearing information entered in your vibration GEARBOX ANALYSIS
software may not match the bearings
actually installed in the machine. [1] C. Peaks at 31x, 32x, 33x

[2] Inner race rotating: BPFO – non synchronous [2] C. You can detect damage to individual
peak, no sidebands. BPFI – non synchronous teeth
peak, shaft rate sidebands. BSF, non
synchronous peak, FTF (cage rate)
[3] D. Amplitude modulation
sidebands. FTF = 0.33 – 0.48x. Outer race
rotating, swap BPFO and BPFI patterns, FTF
will be 0.52 – 0.67x [4] D. Time waveform analysis

[3] Bearing tones are always non synchronous. [5] GMF = S1 x T1 = 39x = 39 x 1480 RPM = 57720
When the graph is in orders it is very easy to CPM / 60 = 962 Hz. S2=S1(T1/T2).
identify non synchronous peaks S2=1x(39/15) = 2.6x = 2.6 x 1480 = 3848 CPM /
60 = 64.1 Hz. Vane pass (CV) = # vanes x S2 =
12 x 2.6x = 31.2x = 31.2 x 1480 = 46176 CPM /
[4] C. you should continue monitoring for
60 = 769.6 Hz
additional signs of wear.
[6] GMF= S1 x T1 = 1450 x 24 = 34800 CPM. S2 = S1
[5] C. inner race fault
(T1/T2) = 1450 (24/76) = 458 CPM. GMF2 = S2 x
T3 = 458 x 32 = 14,656 CPM. S3 = S2 (T3/T4) =
[6] B. when you see an increase in amplitude at 464 (32/89) = 165 CPM. Note you can round
the bearing forcing frequencies off the numbers – as long as you are close it
is OK.
DIAGNOSING ELECTRIC MOTORS

[1] B. increased amplitude at twice line

frequency

[2] C. increased amplitude at 1X vibration and

twice line frequency, with pole-pass
sidebands

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Vibration Training Activity Booklet – CAT II Page 7 of 7

DIAGNOSING RESONANCE SETTING ALARMS

[1] A natural frequency is a property of a [1] Mask alarms are drawn around a reference
structure related to its mass stiffness and spectrum. Any peak going above the mask
damping. Resonance is the resulting will trigger an alarm. If the limits or set too
condition when a forcing frequency low there are too many false positives, if
coincides with a natural frequency they are et too high you might miss bearing
problems. If the software cannot normalize
[2] Each natural frequency coincides with a the data they do not do well with minor
shape or form of movement called a “mode” speed changes. Band alarms or analysis
or “mode shape.” Some points in the mode parameter sets look at the overall RMS
shape do not move. These are called energy in the bands you set. Little bearing
“nodes” tones that will never cross a peak alarm may
add enough to the energy to trip the band
alarm, making this alarm type slightly more
[3] √ An increase in mass (m) reduces sophisticated than the mask alarm. Often
the natural frequency (w) and decrease in one can also set alarms based on the peak
mass increases w. An increase in stiffness (k) amplitude in a band.
increase w and a decrease in k decreases w.
A change in damping does not affect the [2] Short term operation allowable.
natural frequency by much. An increase in
damping reduces the amplification (Q) at [3] 7919 is for proximity probes, 10816 is
resonance and a decrease in damping primarily for measurements taken on the
increases the amplification (Q) at resonance) bearing caps with accelerometers

[4] Bump test, run up or coast down test, [4] Refer to the alarm chart in your manual. The
calibrated hammer test, shaker test. fan is a BV-3. Find the rigidly mounted, rms
column under criteria for “Start up” 4.5
[5] Modal analysis is the study of the natural mm/s rms
frequencies (modes and nodes etc) of a
structure. It is done with a machine NOT [5] Acceptance tests are done on new or
running. A known force or vibration is overhauled equipment before “accepting”
injected into the structure with a shaker or ownership of them. Many machines are
force hammer. ODS animates vibration. The damaged during shipping and installation.
machine is running or the structure is Machines or parts in stores can also be
vibrating during the test. If the structure is damaged. Acceptance testing is done to
not in resonance then ODS tells you nothing identify these defects before the machine is
about its natural frequencies. Finite element put into service and to make the OEM
analysis creates a software model of a contractually responsible for solving the
structure to predict its natural frequencies problem when possible
(among other things). Modifications to
structures can be experimented with in [6] Slight unbalance. The key word is “large” so
software before implementing them in real multiply the alarm limits by 1.6. This makes
life. the lower alarm limit in mm/s rms = 2.5 x 1.6 =
4 mm/s. 3.0 mm/s is less than 4.0 mm/s so it is
“Slight.” Note, a 1500 RPM machine will run
at 1440 or thereabouts due to slip – so this is
not a “slow” machine.

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