UNIT I

PEMOVEN (MOVEMENTS ENHANCEMENT)

INTRODUCTION

Physical Education, using movement as its medium of learning and expression, is an integral
and unique part of the educational process. It is the art and science of human movement
with the ultimate goal of providing you with a variety of learning experiences aimed at
developing the whole being through thinking, feeling, and doing. Its uniqueness is
exemplified through the development of acceptable levels of fitness and physical skills which
enhance your ability to experience a full and satisfying life. This development is acquired
through sequential programs of personalized physical education activities. Consistent with
this is an awareness of and appreciation for individual differences.

UNIT LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, you must be able to:

1. Differentiate the types of stretching
2. Record a video showing your basic stretching exercises.

Getting Started

HOW IMPORTANT IS MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT

Since the evolution of human beings, movement has always been a part of our
lifestyle, to say the least. Take for example the Stone Age, you were either a prey or a
predator, which means in order to survive, you had to hunt. There were no butcheries
or retail stores - man had to go out and look for food. This involved lots of movement.
Cases of obesity, which are rampant these days, were unheard of back then. This is
because, with all this movement and exercise, man was able to maintain certain body
fitness.

The Science of Human Movement

The human body movement is a movement of a body

segment toward the midline of the body. Circumduction
is a movement where the joint is the pivot and the body
segment moves in a combination of flexion, Extensions,
adduction and abduction.
The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial
joint is determined by its structural type.
While the socket joint gives the good range of movement
at the individual joint.
 Movement kinds are generally paired, with the opposite
side of the other.
Body movements are described in a relation to the
anatomical position of the body.
Upright stance, with supper limbs to the other side of the
body and palms facing forward.

TWO COMPONENTS OF THE BODY THAT CAUSE HUMAN BEINGS TO MOVE.

Skeletal System

The skeleton provides a strong, internal framework that supports the body,
and provides protection for vital organs. These bones meet and joints the majority of
which are freely movable, making the skeleton flexible and mobile.
Major Bones and Bone Groups
Bone of the Head (skull-29)
Vertebral Column 7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal Vertebrae

Functions of the Skeletal System

o Physiological Functions
1. Provide a site for blood formation
2. Serves a storehouse for calcium which are essential for nerve
conduction, blood clotting and energy formation
3. Play a role in our immune function

o Structural Functions
1. Give supports to the body
2. It protects the delicate organs of the body
3. Bones are rigid lever of locomotion

o Skeleton is divided into two groups

1. Appendicular Skeleton- which is composed of the upper extremity and
lower extremity
2. Axial- which is composed of the skull, ribs trunk, vertebral column, and
pelvic.
 o Factors Influencing Bone Health
1. Heredity- is an important determinant of bone mass density (BMD),
this is a limiting factor on the amount of (BMD) an individual can attain.
2. Nutritional Status- nutrition is important in maintaining bone health.
Calcium is important nutrient for the bones mass.
3. Hormonal Status- the hormone oestrogen plays an important role in
attaining bone mass. While the female can develop a lower peak bone
mass than females with regular monthly period. Acceleration on the
rate of bone loss is also likely happen on menopausal women due to
loss of oestrogen.

Kinds of Muscle Fiber

Muscles are the exert forces thus, they are the major contributor to human
movement. Muscles are used to hold a position, to raise or lower a body
part, to slow down a fast moving segment, and to generate great speed in
the body or in an object that is propelled on the air. The muscles only has
the ability pull and creates a motion because it crosses a joint.
Muscles Tissues Properties
Four Properties of Muscle Tissues
1. Irritability – is the ability to respond to stimulus.
2. Contractility – is the ability of the muscles to generate tension and
shorten when it receives sufficient stimulation.
3. Extensibility – is the muscles ability to lengthen, or stretch beyond
the resting the resting length.
4. Elasticity – is the ability of the muscles fiber to return to its resting
length after the stretch is removed.
Functions of Muscles
1. Produce Movement
 Skeletal Movement is created as muscle actions generate
tensions that are transferred to the bone. The resulting
movements necessary for locomotion and other segmental
manipulations.
2. Maintain Postures and Positions
 Muscle action of a lesser magnitude is used to maintain
postures. This muscle activity is continuous and results in
small adjustments as the head is maintained in position and
the body weight is balanced over the feet.
3. Stabilize Joints
 Muscles action also contribute significantly to stability of the
joints. Muscles tension are generated and applied across the
joints via the tendons, providing stability where they cross
the joint.
4. Other Functions
 Muscles support and protect the visceral organs and protect
the internal tissues from injuries.
 Tension in the muscles tissues can alter and control
pressures within the cavities
  Skeletal muscles contributes to the maintenance of body
temperature by producing heat.
Three types of Muscles in the Body
1. Skeletal muscles- Voluntary muscles, attached to the bones of
skeleton
2. Smooth Muscles – Involuntary muscles, hollow organs like a small
intestines and blood vessels
3. Cardiac Muscles- Involuntary muscle, heart

BODY REGIONS

Head and Nick Region

 Head houses the brain and major sense organs; framework
of the face.
Trunk (or torso)
 The central part of the body
2 sections
 Thorax
 Abdomen
Upper Extremities
3 Regions
 Arm
 Forearm
 Hand
Lower Extremities
 Thigh
 Leg
 Foot
Orientations/Directions
 Superior- above or towards the head
 Inferior- below or toward the lower part of the body
 Anterior – towards the front of the body
 Posterior- towards the back of the body
 Medial- at or nearer to the center plane or in the inner side
of the body
 Lateral- away from the centred plane of the body
 Proximal- nearer to the centred of the body
 Distal- father the center of the body
 RANGE OF MOVEMENTS

Types of Motion
1. Active Range of Motion- limb is actively moved, with muscle contraction
2. Passive Range of Motion – Limb is passively moved, no muscles
contraction
Spinal Column
o Flexion & Extension
o Lateral Flexion
o Rotation
Shoulder Girdle
o Abduction
o Adduction
o Depression
o Elevation
Elbow Joint
o Pronation
o Supination
o Flexion
Wrist Joint
o Flexion
o Extension
o Adduction
o Abduction
o Circumduction
Hip Joint
o Flexion
o Extension
o Adduction & Abduction
o Later Rotation
o Medial Rotation
Knee Joint
o Flexion
o Extension
Ankle Joint
o Inversion
o Eversion
o Dorsi Flexion
o Plantar Flexion
 FOUR BASIC MOVEMENTS IN FLEXIBILITY

1. Flexion- Bending of the body segment

2. Extension- straightening of body segment
3. Abduction-moving a limb away from the body
4. Adduction- moving the limb toward the body

Flexibility Movement

Shoulder : Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Internal Rotation
External Rotation

Hip : Extension (Flex Knee)

Flexion (Flex Knee)
Extension (Straight leg)
Flexion (straight leg)
Abduction
Adduction

Knee : Flexion
Extension

Ankle : Dorsi Flexion

Plantar Flexion

Trunk: Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Lat, Flexion

Muscle Endurance
Cardiovascular Fitness
Body Composition

Skill/Performance : Agility
Coordination
Balance
Speed
Power
Reaction Time
 TYPES OF STRETCHING

1. Passive assisted stretching – Partner assisted stretch

2. Static stretching – technique is widely used and effective techniques of
stretching. This technique involves passively stretching a given
antagonist muscle by placing it in a maximal position of stretch and
holding it there for an extended time at least 3-6 seconds. The best way to
improved flexibility is to do it progressively.
3. Ballistic Stretch- involves an explosive, bouncing, rhythmic movement of
a specific part of the body.

Unit Summary

The very essence of physical education involves movement. In turn, movement education
in the form of physical education makes, or can make a unique contribution to the
education of all and is key in sowing the seeds in the formation of the physically educated
person. Components of the Body that Cause Human Beings to Move:
 Skeletal System
 Body Regions Range of Movements
 Active Range of Movement
 Passive Range of Motion
 Four Basic Movement Flexibility
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
 Types of Stretching Passive assisted stretching
Static stretching
Ballistic stretching

For your Midterm Requirements, you must submit the following:

 worksheet no. 1
 written Midterm Exam and Video
Note:
Midterm exam is at the last part of the module