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The Cellular Concept-System Design Fundamentals: Dr. M A Matin

The document discusses the key concepts and design fundamentals of cellular networks. It covers topics like frequency reuse, channel assignment strategies, handoff methods, interference management techniques like cell splitting and sectoring, and performance metrics like Erlang B and Erlang C.

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Md. Mazharul Islam 1935366
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170 views25 pages

The Cellular Concept-System Design Fundamentals: Dr. M A Matin

The document discusses the key concepts and design fundamentals of cellular networks. It covers topics like frequency reuse, channel assignment strategies, handoff methods, interference management techniques like cell splitting and sectoring, and performance metrics like Erlang B and Erlang C.

Uploaded by

Md. Mazharul Islam 1935366
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Cellular Concept-

System Design Fundamentals

Dr. M A Matin
Introduction

 Major breakthrough for solving spectral congestion


and user capacity.
 It replaces high power transmitter with many low
power transmitter.
 Each base station has a portion of channels from the
entire system.
 Neighbouring base stations are assigned with
different channels.
Frequency Reuse

 Each cellular base station is allocated a group


of channels to be used within a small
geographic area called a cell.
 The actual radio coverage of a cell is called
footprint.
 It is determined from field measurement or
propagation prediction models.
Frequency Reuse

Mobile station (MS)


is under tower 1. so
it receives desired D
signal from tower 1.
1

MS
Frequency Reuse
19-cell reuse example (N=19)

Figure 3.2 Method of locating co-channel cells in a cellular system. In this example, N = 19 (i.e., I = 3, j =
2). (Adapted from [Oet83] © IEEE.)
Frequency Reuse

 S is the number of duplex channel.


 Each cell allocated a group of k channels (k<S).
 S channels are divided into N cell, so that S=kN
 The N cells which collectively use the complete set
of available frequencies is called a cluster.
C= System capacity
M=number of clusters
S=number of duplex channels in a
C=MS cluster
Cluster Size=N
S=kN, where k is the number of
duplex channel in a cell
Frequency Reuse

 If a cluster is replicated M times: C=MkN=MS


 So the capacity is directly proportional to the
number of times a cluster is replicated.
 The factor N is called the cluster size.
 The frequency reuse factor of cellular system is
given by 1/N.
 Example on page-61. C=MS, C∞M
We should maintain a minimum M= number of clusters, M Cluster size D I Q
distance btween co-channel cells
to ensure QoS M= number of clusters, M C
Channel Assignment

 Fixed or Dynamic.
 Fixed: predetermined number of voice
channels for each cell. Can use borrowing
strategies.
 Dynamic: Voice channels are not allocated
for each cells permanently.
Handoff Strategies

 Dwell time: Time in a cell without handoff.


 It is governed by a number of factors- propagation,
interference, distance between the subscriber and
the base station.
 In first generation signal strength was measured by
the base station and supervised by the MSC.
 In second generation systems, handoff decisions are
mobile assisted.
Handoffs – the basics
Practical Handoff
Consideration
 High speed vehicles
 Pedestrian users.
 Large “Umbrella” cell for high speed.
 Cell dragging – When user moves from one
base to other.
Umbrella Cells
Smaller N is greater capacity
Interference and System
Capacity
 Interference causes cross talk.
 Large number of base stations and mobiles.
 Co-channel Interference
 Adjacent channel Interference
 Frequency reuse implies several cells have same
frequency. These cells are called co-channel cells.
 The interference between signals from these cells is
called co-channel interference.
Co-channel cells for 7-cell
reuse
Adjacent Channel Interference

 It results from the imperfect receiver filters


which allows nearby frequency to leak into
the passband.
 Near-far effect.
Improving Coverage and
Capacity
 Demand
 Cellular design techniques needed to more
channels.
 Cell splitting
 Sectoring
Cell splitting

 Smaller radius than the


original cells (called
micro-cells).
 Reducing the radius of
each cells.
Sectoring

 The co-channel
interference in a
cellular system may be
decreased by replacing
a single omni-
directional antenna.
 A cell will be
partitioned using three
120 degree sectors.
Sectoring improves S/I
Key Definitions for Trunked
Radio
Erlang B
Erlang C

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