CH-2: POLYNOMIAL

POLYNOMIAL

2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Introduction
In earlier classes, we have learnt about polynomial in one variable,

2.2 Polynomials S
their degrees, factors, multiples and zeros (or roots). In this chapter,

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we will study about the geometrical representation of linear and

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quadratic polynomials and geometrical meaning of their zeros. We
will also study about the relationship between the zeros and coefficients

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of a polynomial.
2.3 Relationship between
zeroes and coefficients of
a Polynomial
2.2 C
POLYNOMIALS

2.4 Division Algorithm for EG

A function p(x) of the form
Polynomials
V p( x)  an x n  an1 x n 1  ......  a1 x  ao

M where ao, a1, a2....an are constants and an  0 and n is a non zero

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negative integer (i.e. whole number) is called polynomial.
OR
An algebric expression in which the variables involved have only non
negative integral powers is called a polynomial.
For example,
x 2  a 2 , ax 2  bx  c, x 3  3 x 2  3 x  1, y 3  7 y  6 etc.
If the power of x or y be in either increasing or decreasing order, the
polynomial in x or y is said to be in standard form
For example, 2 y 4  y 3  y 2  3 y  14 or

14  3 y  y 2  y 3  2 y 4

2.2.1 Additive Inverse of a Polynomial

A polynomial Q is the additive inverse of a polynomial P if the sum of
Q and P is zero, e.g. 3x2-5x+7 is the additive inverse of -3x2+5x-7.
The additive inverse of a polynomial is obtained by reversing the sign
of each of the coefficients of the polynomial.
Example : Additive inverse of - 5x2+3x2-3x+11 is 5x3-3x2+3x-11

2.2.2 Value of a Polynomial

If f(x) is a polynomial and  is any real number, then the real number
obtained by replacing x by  in f (x), is called the value of f (x) at x
=  and is denoted by f(x).

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2.2.3 Zero of a polynomial

A real number a is zero of a polynomial f(x), is f (a) = 0
Finding a zero of a polynomial f(x) means solving the polynomial equation f(x) = 0

2.2.4 Graphs of polynomial

In algebraic language the graph of a polynomial f(x) is the collection of all points (x,y), where y = f(x).
In geometrical or in graphical language the graph of a polynomial f(x) is a smooth free hand curve
passing through point (x1,y2), (x3, y3), (z3, y3) ----------etc, where y1, y2, y3 are the values of the polynomial
f(x) at x1, x2, x3 - respectively. In order to draw the graph of a polynomial f(x), we may follow the
following algorithm.

Algorithm
Step - 1:- Find the values y1, y2...... yn of polynomial f(x) at different points x1, x2......xn and prepare
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a table that gives values of y or f(x) for various values of x.
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Step - 2:- Plot the points (x1y1), (x2,y2), (x3, y3)........ (xn, yn) on rectangular coordinate system. In
plotting these points we may use different scales on the x and y axes.

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Step -3:- Draw a free hand smooth curve passing through points plotted in step 2 to get the graph of the
polynomial f(x).

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Graph of a Linear Polynomial :- Consider a linear polynomial f(x) = ax + b, a  0. We know that the

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graph of polynomial y = ax + b is a straight line, so it is called a linear polynomial. Since a straight line can
be determined by two points, so only two points need to be poltted to draw the graph of y = ax +b. The

V
graph of y = ax + b crosses the x axis at exactly one point namely 
 b 
,0  .
M  a 

SA y
a o
b
+
ax
y=

x' o x
(–b/a,o)

y'

Graph of a Quadratic Polynomial :- Consider a quadratic polynomial f(x) = y = ax2 + bx + c. We

know that the graph of quadratic polynomial is a cup shaped graph known as parabola.
In order to draw the graph of a quadratic polynomial f(x), we may follow the following algorithm.

Algorithm
Step -1:- Write the given quadratic polynomial f(x) = y = ax2 + bx + c.
Step -2 :- Determine the zero of the polynomial , if they exist. This can be done by putting y = 0 i.e.
ax2 + bx +c = 0 .
Step -3 :- Calculate D = b2 - 4ac
Step - 4 :- Determine the point where the curve intersects y - axis. This can be done by putting x = 0
in the given function and calculating the value of y.

 b  D 
Step - 5 :- Determine the vertex i.e.,  , .
 2 a 4a 

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Step - 6 :- Prepare a table of selected values of x and corresponding values of y (generally two or three
points on the left and two or three points on the right of the vertex.)
Step - 7 :- Draw a smooth curve, through these points.

y = ax2+ b + c

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b D
 , 
vertex  2a 4a 
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Graphs of Quadratic Polynomial : The graph of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, a  0 in a

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parabola which opens upwards or downwards as a > 0 or a < 0, we have the following possibilities :-
Case I :

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The graph of ax2 + bx + c, or the curve y = ax2 + bx +c, a  0 cuts the x - axis at two distinct points, A

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and B.

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a>0 a<0

Y Y

A
X’ 0 A B X X’ O B X

Y’ Y’

The x coordinates of these points are the two zeros of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c

Case II : When polynomial ax2 + bx + c is factorizable into two equal factors.

In this case, the graph of polynomial ax2 + bx + c, a  0, touches the x - axis at exactly one point A,
 b 
 ,0 
 2a 

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Y Y

A
X’ 0 A X X’ 0 X

Y’ Y’

So, in this case the x -coordinates of A gives two equal zeros of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, a  0.

Case III : When the polynomial ax2 + bx + c is not factorizable

The graph of polynomial = ax2 + bx + c, a  0, does not cut or touch x - axis.

Y
E S Y

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X’ O X
LA X’ O X

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EG
V
Y’ Y’

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Parabola y = ax2 + bx + c opens upwards and remains completely above x-axis if a>0. The parabola
opens downwards and remains competely below x axis, if a<0.

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2.2.6 Graph of Cubic Polynomials : Consider a cubic polynomial f(x) = ax + bx2 + cx + d. The
graph of a cubic polynomial does not have fixed shape, but the graph will always cross the x-axis at least
once or at most thrice.
Let us draw the graph of the equation y = x3 – 4x2 – 7x + 10.
We may prepare a table and write the corresponding values of x and y.
x 1 2 –1 –2 0 4 5
y 0 –12 12 0 10 –18 0
Y

12
(–1,. 12)
10 (0,1 0)

6
4

2
A B (1, 0) (5, 0)
(–2,.0) C
X’ X
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6

–2

–4
– 7x + 10

–6
–8
Y = x3 – 4x2

– 10

– 12

– 14

– 16

– 18
(4,.–18)

Y’

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Illustration 1
Draw the graph of quadratic polynomial x2-2x+3 & read off zeros from the graph.
Solution:
Let y = x2–2x + 3
Put y = 0
x2–2 x + 3 = 0
D = b2 – 4ac = (–2)2 – 4 × 1 × 3 = 4 – 12 = –8
–8<0
Hence no real zeros :
Now vertex of the parabola
 b D   (2) (8) 
=   ,  =   ,  = (1 , 2)
 2a 4 a   2  1 4  1 
Required table for y = x2 – 2x + 3
x
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y=x 2-2x+3 y

x2
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1 1 -2 3 2

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2 4 -4 3 3

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0 0 0 3 3

3 9 -6 3 6

V 4 16 -8 3 11

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-1 1 2 3 6

-2 4 4 3 11
Putting the ordered pairs :
(1,2) (2,3) (0,3) (3,6) (-1,6) (-2,11) and (4,11)

10

8
7

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 Y1 1 -2 -3 -4 -5
Since the graph of the polynomial does not meet or intersect the x-axis at all, therefore the given
polynomial has no real zeros.
= x3–3x2–6x +8

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Illustration 3
Look at the graphs given below. Each is the graph of y = p(x) where p(x) is a polynomial. For
each of the following graphs, find the number of zeroes of p(x).

Solution
(i) Since the graph intersects the x-axis at one point only, the polynomial p(x) has only one zero.
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(ii) Since the graph intersects the x-axis at two points, the polynomial p(x) has two zeroes.
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2.5 SS
DIVISION ALGORITHM FOR POLYNOMIALS

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If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x)  0, then we can find polynomials g(x) and r(x) .
Such that:
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p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)

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Where r(x) = 0 or degree of r (x) < (degree of g(x).
In case r(x) = 0, g(x) is called a factor of p(x).
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Note : Division algorithm helps in determining the other two zeroes of a cubic polynomial when one zero
is known.
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Illustration 4
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Divide p (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5 x – 3 by the polynomial :
g (x) = x + 2 , & find the quotient and the remainder :
Solution

X2 - 5x + 15
3 2
X+2 X3 - 3x 2 + 5x - 3
X + 2x
- 5x22 + 5x - 3
- 5x - 10x
+ +
15x - 3
15x + 30
- 33

Thus quotient = x2 – 5x + 15 and remainder = –33.

Illustration 5
Find the integral zero of the polynomal : f (y) = 4y3 – 8y2 – y + 2
Solution
Suppose K is an integral zero of the polynomial :
f(y) = 4 y3 – 8y2 – y + 2

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Thus K is a factor of 2, then possible value of k are 1, -1, -2

Now : f (1) = 4 (1)3 – 8(1)2 – 1 +2
= 4 – 8 – 1 + 2 = –3
f (-1) = 4 (–1)3 – 8(–1)2 - 1 + 2
= –4 –8–1 +2 = - 9
Since f (-1)  0 – 1 is not a zero of f (y)
f (2) = 4(2)3 – 8(2)2 – (2) + 2
= 32 – 32 – 2 + 2 = 0 So 2 is zero of f(y).
f (-2) = 4 (–2)3 – 8 (–2)3 + (–2) + 2
= –32 – 32 + 2 + 2 = –60  0
Since f (-2)  0 –2 is not a zero of f (y)
The only integeral zero of f(y) is 2. If these are other zeroes then they are not integers.

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SS
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EG
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EXERCISE-I
1. Draw the graph of the polynomial x 2  2 x  3 and read off zeros from the graph.
2. Whether the following parabolas open upwards or downwards ?
(i)  3 x  2 x  x 2 (ii)  2 x 2  4 x
3. Find the zeros of the following polynomial and verify the relationship between the zeros and their coef-
ficients
(i) 4 s 2  4 s  1 (ii) t 2  15 (iii) 4u 2  8u (iv) 6 x 2  3
4. Find the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are (i) 2 and 6 (ii) – a and –1/9
5. Form a cubic polynomial with zeroes  =3,  =2 and  = 1 and hence find
(i)      (ii)      (iii) 
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6. Show that the polymonial z + 4z + 5 has no zeroes.
4 2

7. Obtain all the other zeroes of the polymonial x 3  3 x 2  4 if one of its zero is -1.

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Find the zeroes of quadratic polynomial x  3 x  10 and verify the relationship betwen its zeroes and
2
8.
coefficients.
9. C
Find the cubic polymonial whose zeroes are  ,  ,  such that

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      1 ,       10 ,   8

10.  and
1
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are zeros of polynomial 4x2 – 2x + (k + 4), find value of k.

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SA
11. Find a cubic polynomial whose zeros are –2, 1 and 4.
12. The graphs given below represents polynomial y = p(x). For each of the following graph, find the no. of
zeros of p(x).

13. Find the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = x3–12x2 + 39 x – 28, if it is given that the zeros are in A.P.
14. Find all the zeroes of the polynomial 4x4 -20x3 + 23x2 + 5x - 6. If two of its zeros are 2 and 3.
15. What must be subtracted from 8x4 + 14 x3 - 2x2 + 7x - 8. So that the resulting polynomial is exectly
divisible by 4x2 + 3x – 2 ?
16. Find all the zeroes of x3 – x2 – 4x + 4. If one of zeroes is –2.

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EXERCISE-II
1. If  and  are the zeroes of the quadratic polymonials f (x )  ax 2  bx  c , then evaluate:

2 2
(i)   
4 4
(ii) 2  2
 
2. If  and  are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial f (t ) = t 2  4t  3 , find the value of
 4 3   3 4
3. If  and  are the zeroes of the qudratic polynomial such that     24 and     8 , find a
quadratic polynomial having  and  as its roots.

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4.
k. S S
If one zero of the quadratic polynomial f ( x)  4 x 2  8kx  9 is negative of the other, find the value of

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5. Find the condition that the zero of the polynomialf ( x)  x  px  qx  r
3 2
may be in arithmetic pro-

6.
gression.
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If the zeroes of the polynomial f ( x)  x 3  12 x 2  39 x  k are in A.P. Find the value of k.

7.
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If one zero is the polynomial f ( x)  x 4  6 x3  26x 2  138x  35 is 2  3, find other zeroes of poly-
nomial . V
8.
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Find the values of a and b so that x4  x3  8x2  ax  b is divisible by x 2  1 .

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9. What must be subtracted from 8 x 4  14 x 3  2 x 2  7 x  8 so that the resulting polynomial is exactly
divisible by 4 x  3 x  2
2

10. m, n are zeros of ax2 – 5x + c, find the value of a and c. If m + n = mn = 10.

EXERCISE-III
SECTION-A
 Fill in the blanks
1. A polynomial of degree 1 is called _________
2. A quadratic polynomial can have _________ zeros.
3. If are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 then _________
4. Graph of a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c is a _________ open. If a < 0
5. If discrimant D < 0, a quadratic polynomial ax 2  bx  c has ________ real roots.

SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers
1. Zeros of p(x) = x2 – 2x – 3 are
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) -3
2. If one root of the polynomial 5x2+13x+K is reciprocal of the other, then the value of k is :
1
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D)
6

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3. If are the zeroes of the polynomial f(x) = x2 - p(x+1) - c then (+1) (+1) is equal to :
(A) 1 + c (B) 1 – c (C) c – 1 (D) c
4. Quadratic polynomial having zeroes 1 and –2 is :
(A) x2 – x + 2 (B) x2 – x – 2 (C) x2 + x – 2 (D) x2 + x + 2
5. If a, b, c are three natural numbers such that c is a factor of ab and c is coprimes to a then :
(A) b is a factor of c (B) c is a factor of b (C) a is a factor of b (D) b is a factor of a

EXERCISE-IV
SECTION-A
 Multiple choice question with one correct answers
If deg p (x ) = m and deg q ( x )  n , then deg  p( x)  q( x) equal to:
,1.
(A) max m, n (B) min m, n
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(C) m  n (D) m  n
2.
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p (x ) and q(x) are two reducible (factoriable) unequal polymonial with real coefficient and neither of

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them is a factor of the other. If  and h are their LCM and HCF respectively, then  and h must
satisfy the equality:
(A) p ( x )  hq ( x )
C
(B) hp ( x )  q ( x ) (C) p ( x ) q ( x )  h (D) h = 1

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3. The G.C.D. of ( x  a ) 2 and x 3  a 3 is

(A) ( x  a )
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2
(B) x  a 2
2 (C) x  a (D) x 2  a 2

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y
4. The graph of the polynomial f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c is as shown below,,

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then which of the following is are true:- y = f(x)
(A) a > 0, c > 0, D > 0, D < 0 (B) a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, D > 0
(C) a < 0, b < 0, c > 0, D > 0 (D) a < 0, b > 0, c < 0, D < 0 x' x

y'

y
5. The graph of the polynomial f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c is as shown in fig,
x' x
then which of the following is/are true:-
(A) a > 0, b > 0, c < 0, D < 0 (B) a < 0, b > 0, c > 0, D < 0 y = f(x)
(C) a < 0, b > 0, c < 0, D < 0 (D) a < 0, b < 0, c < 0, D > 0
y'

6. If  and  are the zeroes of the polynomials f ( x)  x 2  5 x  k such that     1 , then value of
k is:-
(A) 4 (B) –6 (C) 6 (D) 12
7. If zeroes of the polynomial f ( x)  x 3  3 px 2  qx  r are in A.P, then

(A) 2 p 3  pq  r (B) 2 p 3  pq  r (C) p 3  pq  r (D) None of these

8. If the sum of two roots of the polynomial f ( x)  x 3  px 2  qx  r in zeroes, then which of the
following condition holds good:-
(A) p 3  r 3 (B) pq  r (C) p 3  pr  r  0 (D) p 2 q 2  r3

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9. The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola 4u 2  8u

(A) (1,0) (B) ( 1,4) (C) (1,4) (D) (1,4)
10. The product of the zeroes of the polynomial bx( ax  b)  c ( ax  b) is -

ac  b 2
(A) c b (B) (C)  c a (D)  b a
ab
SECTION-B
 Multiple choice question with one or more than one correct answers
1. If the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c are equal but opposite in sign then
(A) a = b –c (B) c = 0 (C) b = a (D) b = 0
2. If the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial x2 + x +  are reciprocals of each other than
(A) =  (B) =  (C) – = 0 (D) = +
3. The following polynomials of degree 2 is/are
(A) xy + 1 (B) x2 + ax + c
E S
(C) x2 + 5x + y3 (D) xy+yz+xz
x  px  q S x  mx  n,
If  x  a  is the factor of the polynomials
S
2 2
4. and then which of the following
is/are true:-

L A nq mq
(A) am  p  n  q  0 (B)
C a  m p
am  pm  an  q (C) (D) a 
n p
5.
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If ( x 2  1) is a factor of ax 4  bx 3  cx 2  dx  e , then which of the following is/are correct:_
(A) a + c  e  b  d (C)
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abcd e  0 abe  cd
(B) (D) a  c  e  0
6.
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What are the value of a for which 3 x 5  9 x 4  7 x 3  5 x 2  3ax  3a 2 is divisible by x  1 ?

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(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) -1 (D) 1
7. What is the remainder when 3 x 3  2 x 2 y  13 xy 2  10 y 3 is divided by x  2 y ?
(A) x  y (B) 0 (C) 0x9 (D) x  2 y
8. If x  y = 1 and x2 + y2 = 41, then the value of x  y will be
(A) 5 (B) 9 (C) 4 (D) –9
9. If (x + a) is the HCF of x 2 px  q and x 2  x  m , then the value of ‘a’ is given by:-

qm p qm  (m  q)

(A) (B) (C) (D)
p qm p p
10. If the polynomial f ( x)  ax 3  bx  c is divisible by the polynomial g ( x)  x 2  bx  c , then
(A) ab  1 (B) ac  2b 2  0 (C) ac  2b 2 (D) ab  1  0

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Answers

EXERCISE-I
1. Since the, graph does not meet x-axis, given polynomial has no real zero.
1 1
2. (i) upwards (ii) downwards 3. (i) ½, ½ (ii)  15, 15 (iii) 0, –2 (iv)  ,
2, 2
4. x2 + 4x – 12 5. x3 – 4x2 + x + 6, (i) 4, (ii) 1, (iii) –6
6. (**) 7. 2, 2 8. –5, 2
9. x3 – x2 – 10x – 8 10. k = 0 11. x3 - 3x2 - 6x + 8
12. (iii) Three zeroes (iv) One zero (v) One zeroes (vi) four zeroes
13.  = 7,  = 4, = 1
16. –2, 1, 2
14. 2, 3, –½ and ½
E S 15. 14x – 10

NOTE: (**) proof required

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EXERCISE-II
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(b 2  2ac) 2  2a 2 c 2 C
(b 2  2ac) 2  2a 2 c 2

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1. (i) (ii) 2. 108
a4 a 2c 2
3. K (x2 – 24x + 28) 4. 0 5. 2p3 – 9pq + 27r = 0
6. K = – 28 V 7. 2  3 ,7,5 8. a = 1, b = 7
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9. 14x – 10 10. a = ½, c = 5

EXERCISE-III
Section-A
1. Linear polynomial 2. At most 2 3. c/a
4. parabola, down wards. 5. no

Section-B
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (B)

EXERCISE-IV
Section-A
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (C)
7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (C)

Section-B
1. (D) 2. (B,C) 3. (ABD) 4. (AC) 5. (ACD) 6. (AD)
7. (BC) 8. (BD) 9. (AD) 10. (AB)

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